CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.

CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module in
RC301: Technology Research 2

Preliminaries
I. Lesson Number 3
II. Lesson Title Interpretation and Presentation of the Results
III. Brief Introduction Interpretation is the process of attaching meaning to the
of the Lesson data. After identifying and analyzing, coding, and organizing a
presentation, and identifying the themes and patterns, the next
step is to interpret the results. In this process, the results are
synthesized into a coherent whole. Meaning and significance are
attached to the analysis of data. The themes and patterns explain
the findings. The implications of the study are highlighted in this
section as a preface for the final parts of the research paper
which are the summary of the findings, conclusion, and
recommendations.
IV. Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
a. interpret data gathered using suitable techniques
b. conceptualize framework of the research paper

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
Study the series of graphs below, and then answer the following questions in each graph.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activity.

II. Discussion

The following terms will be encountered in the lesson:

• Data Interpretation- is the process of making sense of numerical data that has been
collected, analyzed, and presented.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

• Data presentation- Data interpretation methods are how analysts help people make
sense of numerical data that has been collected, analyzed and presented.

Interpreting the Data

Interpretation is the process of attaching meaning to the data. After identifying and
analyzing, coding and organizing a presentation, and identifying the themes and patterns,
the next step is to interpret the results. In this process, the results are synthesized into a
coherent whole. Meaning and significance are attached to the analysis of data. The themes
and patterns serve to explain the findings. The implications of the study are highlighted in
this section as a preface for the final parts of the research paper which are the summary of
the findings, conclusion, and recommendations.

The following are the steps in interpreting research findings:

a. Points or important findings should be listed.
b. The lessons learned and new things should be noted.
c. Quotes or descriptive examples given by the participants should be included.
d. The new found knowledge from other settings, programs, or reviewed literatures should
be applied.

The following are the levels of interpretation as considered in organizing the discussion of
the results (Ducut & Pangilinan, 2006):
a. Level 1. Data collected are compared and contrasted and any unexpected results may
be included. Comments on certain shortcomings of the study may be made but they should
not overly emphasize the flaws.
b. Level 2. The internal validity of the results, as well as their consistency or reliability, is
explained. The causes or factors that may have influenced the results are described.
c. Level 3. The external validity of the results, that is, their generally or applicability of the
external condition is explained.
d. Level 4. The data are related to theoretical research or with reviewed literature.

The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done properly.
Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and has a tendency to enter the analysis
process with haphazard ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. That is
to say, the nature and goal of interpretation will vary from business to business, likely
correlating to the type of data being analyzed. While there are several different types of
processes that are implemented based on individual data nature, the two broadest and
most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.
Yet, before any serious data interpretation inquiry can begin, it should be understood that
visual presentations of data findings are irrelevant unless a sound decision is made
regarding scales of measurement. Before any serious data analysis can begin, the scale
of measurement must be decided for the data as this will have a long-term impact on data
interpretation ROI. The varying scales include:

• Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared

quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.
• Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical
order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good,
very good, fair, etc., OR agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
• Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and
equal distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point.
• Ratio: contains features of all three.
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

How to Interpret Data

When interpreting data, an analyst must try to discern the differences between correlation,
causation and coincidences, as well as many other bias – but he also has to consider all
the factors involved that may have led to a result. There are various data interpretation
methods one can use. In this part, we will look at the two main methods of interpretation of
data: with a qualitative and a quantitative analysis.

Qualitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative data analysis can be summed up in one word – categorical. With
qualitative analysis, data is not described through numerical values or patterns, but through
the use of descriptive context (i.e., text). Typically, narrative data is gathered by employing
a wide variety of person-to-person techniques. These techniques include:
• Observations: detailing behavioral patterns that occur within an observation
group. These patterns could be the amount of time spent in an activity, the type of activity
and the method of communication employed.
• Documents: much like how patterns of behavior can be observed, different
types of documentation resources can be coded and divided based on the type of material
they contain.
• Interviews: one of the best collection methods for narrative data. Enquiry responses can
be grouped by theme, topic or category. The interview approach allows for highly-focused
data segmentation. A key difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis is clearly
noticeable in the interpretation stage. Qualitative data, as it is widely open to
interpretation, must be “coded” so as to facilitate the grouping and labeling of data into
identifiable themes. As person-to-person data collection techniques can often result in
disputes pertaining to proper analysis, qualitative data analysis is often summarized
through three basic principles: notice things, collect things, think about things.

Quantitative Data Interpretation

If quantitative data interpretation could be summed up in one word (and it really can’t) that
word would be “numerical.” There are few certainties when it comes to data analysis, but
you can be sure that if the research you are engaging in has no numbers involved, it is not
quantitative research. Quantitative analysis refers to a set of processes by which numerical
data is analyzed. More often than not, it involves the use of statistical modeling such as
standard deviation, mean and median. Let’s quickly review the most common statistical
terms:

• Mean: a mean represents a numerical average for a set of responses. When dealing with
a data set (or multiple data sets), a mean will represent a central value of a specific set of
numbers. It is the sum of the values divided by the number of values within the data set.
Other terms that can be used to describe the concept are arithmetic mean, average and
mathematical expectation.
• Standard deviation: this is another statistical term commonly appearing in quantitative
analysis. Standard deviation reveals the distribution of the responses around the mean. It
describes the degree of consistency within the responses; together with the mean, it
provides insight into data sets.
• Frequency distribution: this is a measurement gauging the rate of a response
appearance within a data set. When using a survey, for example, frequency distribution
has the capability of determining the number of times a specific ordinal scale response
appears (i.e., agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.). Frequency distribution is extremely
keen in determining the degree of consensus among data points.

Typically, quantitative data is measured by visually presenting correlation tests

between two or more variables of significance. Different processes can be used
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

together or separately, and comparisons can be made to ultimately arrive at a

conclusion. Other signature interpretation processes of quantitative data include:
• Regression analysis
• Cohort analysis
• Predictive and prescriptive analysis

Why Data Interpretation Is Important

The purpose of collection and interpretation is to acquire useful and usable information
and to make the most informed decisions possible. From businesses to newlyweds
researching their first home, data collection and interpretation provides limitless benefits
for a wide range of institutions and individuals.
•Comparing and contrasting of data
•Data Identification and explanation
• Identification of data outliers
• Future predictions

Data analysis and interpretation, in the end, helps improve processes and identify
problems. It is difficult to grow and make dependable improvements without, at the very
least, minimal data collection and interpretation. What is the key word? Dependable. What
are a few of the business benefits of digital age data analysis and interpretation?
1) Informed decision-making: A decision is only as good as the knowledge that
formed it. Informed data decision making has the potential to set industry leaders apart
from the rest of the market pack.
2) Anticipating needs with trends identification: data insights provide knowledge,
and knowledge is power. The insights obtained from market and consumer data analyses
have the ability to set trends for peers within similar market segments.
3) Cost efficiency: Proper implementation of data analysis processes can provide
businesses with profound cost advantages within their industries.
4) Clear foresight: companies that collect and analyze their data gain better knowledge
about themselves, their processes and performance. They can identify performance
challenges when they arise and take action to overcome them. Data interpretation through
visual representations lets them process their findings faster and make better-informed
decisions on the future of the company

Presenting Data for Interpretation

Various methods of data presentation can be used to present data and facts
based on available data set. Widely used format and data presentation techniques
are mentioned below:
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

1. As Text – Raw data with proper formatting, categorization, indentation is most

extensively used and is a very effective way of presenting data. Text format is
widely found in books, reports, research papers and in this article itself.
a. With the rearranged data, pertinent data worth mentioning can be easily recognized.
The following is one way of presenting data in textual form.
b. Stem-and-leaf Plot is a table which sorts data according to a certain pattern. It
involves separating a number into two parts. In a two-digit number, the stem consists
of the first digit, and the leaf consists of the second digit. While in a three-digit number,
the stem consists of the first two digits, and the leaf consists of the last digit. In a one-
digit number, the stem is zero.
Below is the stem-and-leaf plot of the ungrouped data given in the example.

Utilizing the stem-and-leaf plot, we can readily see the order of the data. Thus, we can say
that the top ten got scores 50, 50, 50, 49, 48, 46, 46, 46,45, and 45 and the ten lowest
scores are 9, 17, 18, 20, 23,23,24,25,26, and 27.

2. In Tabular Form – Tabular form is generally used to differentiate, categorise, relate

different datasets. It can be a simple pros & cons table, or a data with corresponding value
such as annual GDP, a bank statement, monthly expenditure etc. Quantitative data usually
require such tabular form.
A frequency distribution table (FDT)- is a table which shows the data arranged into
different classes(or categories) and the number of cases(or frequencies) which fall into
each class.

a. Relative FDT
relative frequency = class frequency
sum of all frequencies
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

b. Cumulative FDT or Complete FDT

c. Contingency FDT-This is a table which shows the data enumerated by cell. One type
of such table is the “r by c” (r x c) where the columns refer to “c” samples and the rows
refer to “r” choices or alternatives.

A complete FDT has class mark or midpoint (x), class boundaries (c.b), relative frequency
or percentage frequency, and the less than cumulative frequency (<cf) and the greater
than cumulative frequency (>cf).
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

3. In Graphical Form – Data can further be presented in a simpler and even easier form
by means of using graphics. The input for such graphical data can be another type of data
itself or some raw data. For example, a bar graph & pie chart takes tabular data as input.

The tabular data in such case is processed data itself but provides limited use. Converting
such data or raw data into graphical form directly makes it quicker and easier to interpret.
a. Bar Charts/Bar Graphs: These are one of the most widely used charts for showing the
grown of a company over a period. There are multiple options available like stacked bar
graphs and the option of displaying a change in numerous entities.
b. Line Chart: These are best for showing the change in population, i.e., for showing the
trends. These also work well for explaining the growth of multiple areas at the same time.
c. Pie Charts: These work best for representing the share of different components from a
total 100%. For eg. contribution of different sectors to GDP, the population of different
states in a country, etc.
d. Combo Chart: As the name suggests it is a combination of more than one chart type.
The one shown in the figure below is a combination of line and bar graph. These save
space and are at times more effective than using two different charts. There can even be
3 or more charts depending on the requirement.

III. Application

Activity 1

Activity 2

IV. Assessment
CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

V. Reflection
Answer the following as brief as you can.
1. How do you know the appropriate technique to be used in interpreting the data
gathered? (2 points)
2. What do you think is the importance of crafting framework of your study? (5
points)
VI. References
Carey, Teresita G., Naval, Victoria C., Prieto, Nelia G. (2017). Practical research 1
qualitative research. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Cabauatan, Ronaldo R., De Castro, Belinda V., Grajo, Jeanette P., Uy, Chin (2016).
Practical research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

Diga, Reu Amor A., (2020). Inquiries, investigation, and immersion. Philippines:
Department of Education

Hernandez, Marvin P., (2020). Practical research 2. Quezon Province: Department of

Education

Saludez, Luis Miguel P., (2020) Beginning writing research. Lucban, Quezon: Southern
Luzon State University

Skills You Need. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2020, from

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/whatiscommunication.html#:~:text=Communicati
on%20is%20simply%20the%20act,a%20message%20and%20a%20recipient.&text
=These%20include%20our%20emotions%2C%20the,communicate%2C%20and%2
0even%20our%20location.

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

JOEL M. BREGONDO Jr., MATE JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS

Instructor Program Head, School of Teacher Education
 CSTC COLLEGE OF SCIENCES TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION, INC.
CSTC College Bldg. Gen. Luna St. Maharlika Hi-way, Pob. 3, Arellano Sub. Sariaya Province of Quezon R4A
Registrar’s Office: 042 3290850 / 042 7192818
CSTC IT Center: 042 7192805
Atimonan Contact Number: 042 7171420

Validated by: Approved by:

JENIFFER OESTAR, Ph.D. JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

Internal Validator, English Vice President of Academic Affairs External