REPORT NO.

: GI/JUL/83/A

CLIENT : RSRDCC, UNIT - BARMER

LOCATION : PIT-1, ITI COLLEGE, BHANIYANA,

POKHRAN, JAISALMER, RAJASTHAN
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
REPORT

CLIENT
RSRDCC, Unit - Barmer

PROJECT
Soil Investigation for Building

LOCATION

Pit - 1, ITI College, Bhaniyana, Pokhran, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Er.Manish Gehlot Er.Madhav Gehlot

(B.E. Civil) (B.Tech. Civil)
(M.E Geotech.) (M.E. Structure)

Date of Testing: 15 July 2022

Date of Completion: 23 July 2022
 CONTENTS

S. NO. ITEMS PAGE

List of Symbols 4
1. Introduction 6
2. The Site & Description 6
3. Scope of Investigation 6
4. Soil Exploration Plan 7
5. Field Investigation 7
6. Laboratory Tests 8
7. Analysis of Test Results 9
8. Allowable Bearing Pressure 9
9. Conclusions & Recommendations 10
10. Project Location Map 12
11. Site Location History 13
12. Topographical Map 15
13. Location Area Drainage and Contour Map 16
14. Geology of the Area 17
15. Seismicity of the Area 18
16. Seismic History of the Area 19
17. Borehole Log (Cross-Section of Strata) 20
18. Field and Laboratory Test Data Table 21
19. Bearing Capacity Calculations 22
20. Site Pictures 25
List of Symbols as per IS 6403 : 1981 and IS 2809 : 1972

A = Area of footing in cm2

A' = Effective area of footing in cm2
B = Width of strip footing, width of footing, side of square footing,
diameter of circular footing in cm
B' = Effective width of footing in cm
b = Half of B
c = Cohesion in kgf/cm2
c1 = Undrained cohesion of the top layer in kgf/ cm2
c2 = Undrained cohesion of the lower clay layer in kgf/ cm2
Df = Depth of foundation in cm
Dw = Depth to water table in cm
D = Depth of top clay layer with undrained cohesion c1
dc, dq, dγ = Depth factors
e = Eccentricity of loading in cm
eB= Eccentricity of loading along the width in cm
eL = Eccentricity of loading along the length in cm
H = Horizontal component of loading in kgf
ic, iq, iγ = Inclination factors
Kd = Depth factor (varies linearly from 1 for depth Df = 0, to 1.33 for
depth Df = B)
L = Length of footing in cm
L' = Effective length of footing in cm
N = Corrected standard penetration value
Nc , N’c , Nq , N’q , Nγ , N’γ = Bearing capacity factors
Nɸ = tan2 ( π/4 + ɸ/2)
q = Effective surcharge at the base level of foundation in kgf/cm2

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qa = Net soil pressure for a specified settlement of 25 mm in kgf/cm2
qc = Static cone penetration resistance in kgf/cm2
qd = Net ultimate bearing capacity based on general shear failure in
kgf/cm2
q’d = Net ultimate bearing capacity based on local shear failure in kgf/cm2
R = Relative density of soil
W' = Correction factor for location of water table
sc ,sq ,sγ = Shape factors
α = Inclination of the load to the vertical in degrees
ɸ = Angle of shearing resistance of soil in degrees
γm = Bulk unit weight of foundation soil kgf/cm2

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1. INTRODUCTION
The work for conducting Soil Investigation of Building at Pit-1, ITI College,
Bhaniyana, Pokhran, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan for RSRDCC, Unit - Barmer, dated 15th July
2022. It was desired that appropriate sub-soil exploration including field investigation
at specified location and relevant laboratory tests on soil samples to be conducted for
determining allowable bearing pressures for designing the foundations of structure and
determining soil swelling characteristics for the same.

2. THE SITE & DESCRIPTION

The Trial Pit is located at Pit-1, ITI College, Bhaniyana, Pokhran, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
Geotechnical Investigation including field and laboratory testing has been carried out
by us.

3. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
The primary objective of the investigation is to determine appropriate parameters for
design of foundations of the proposed structure. The scope of work included the
following:

 Subsurface stratigraphy within the limits of test pit(s) and (or) borehole(s).

 Field investigation & laboratory tests to identify and determine the strength
characteristics of the underlying soil strata. Physical and engineering characteristics of
the subsurface materials (strata) encountered.

 To obtain and interpret the relevant soil parameter for safe and economical design of
foundations for the proposed construction.

 To recommend type of foundation and allowable bearing pressures for the soil at
various depths.

This report contains a brief yet comprehensive description of various field and
laboratory phases of the geotechnical investigations and the general subsoil conditions
encountered during the exploration. Our recommendations for appropriate depth and
type of foundation, allowable bearing capacity along with some aspects for foundations
are also included in this report.

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4. SOIL EXPLORATION PLAN
The following operations were proposed to be taken up.

 One Trial Pit was proposed to be excavated to a depth 3.0 m below ground level or up to
the required hard strata with the help of excavator/standard equipment.

 Standard penetration tests were to be conducted in the trial pit(s) as per Indian Standard
Specifications (IS: 2131-1981) to obtain the N-values for help in obtaining the
settlement values of soil strata at various depths.

 Disturbed and Undisturbed representative soil samples were to be collected with the
help of augers and sampling tubes or any other suitable method, as the case may be, for
laboratory testing of soil as per IS: 2132 & IS: 4453.

 Following laboratory tests have been carried out on disturbed and undisturbed soil
specimen in order to establish the following characteristics of the soil at various depths.
a) Grain size distribution for fine and coarse-grained fraction of the soil.
b) Moisture content, bulk density and Specific gravity of soil solids.
c) Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Plasticity index of soil.
d) Direct Shear Test for shear parameters of soil.
e) Free Swell Index and Swelling Pressure for swelling characteristics of soil.

 The data thus obtained were to be analysed for obtaining the allowable bearing pressure
at various depths.

 A detailed soil investigation report to be prepared suggesting suitable type of

foundation and allowable bearing pressure for permissible settlements of the proposed
structure as detailed hereinafter.

5. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
General

Reconnaissance and preliminary investigations at site indicated that it will be possible

to conduct subsurface exploration with the help of Standard penetration test.
Geotechnical investigation was conducted and one trial pit was excavated at proposed
site.

The subsurface exploration through borehole/trial pit was carried out as per standard

Page 07
 practice which involved, excavation, sampling operation and conducting Standard
Penetration Tests (SPT) at location specified in Location Map.

The observed SPT N-values at various depths in different trial pits are mentioned in
their respective bore logs.

Collection of Disturbed / Undisturbed Sample

Disturbed/Undisturbed soil samples were collected at required depths and were sealed,
labelled and preserved properly for being referred to laboratory for testing. Disturbed
samples were collected with the help of auger/excavator whereas undisturbed samples
were collected using sampling tube.

6. LABORATORY TESTS
The disturbed/undisturbed soil samples, collected from the trial pits, were brought to
the laboratory and tests for their physical properties were conducted for ascertaining
their engineering characteristics as below:

 Visual & Engineering Classification

 Bulk Density

 Natural Moisture Content

 Liquid Limit

 Plastic Limit

 Specific Gravity

 Grain Size Distribution

 Shear Strength

 Free Swell Index

 Swelling Pressure

All tests were conducted in accordance with the procedures as prescribed in IS: 2720.
The results obtained from field and laboratory testing of soils are given in soil
characteristics sheets provided.

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7. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS
The salient features of the soil strata at different depths of Trial Pit as inferred from field
and laboratory tests are indicated below:
Soil type & characteristics:
Soil strata mainly consists of SP- Poorly Graded Sand G.L. to 0.9 m and SP-GP - Poorly
Graded Sand with Gravels from 0.9 to 1.9 m and Weathered Rock from 1.9 to 2.0 m.

Water table:
Water Table was not encountered up to a depth of 2.0 m from N.G.L.
Free swell & swelling pressure:
No Free Swell & Swelling Pressure were observed.
Natural moisture content:
Natural Moisture Content in the soil were observed in the range from 0.2 % to 1.3 %.
Specific gravity:
Specific Gravity of soil ranges from 2.65 to 2.70.

8. ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE

Allowable bearing pressure is the minimum of the safe net bearing capacity (determined
from considerations of shear failure) and safe bearing pressure (determined from
considerations of permissible settlement). Shear strength parameters obtained from Lab
tests on soil samples has been used for calculating net safe bearing capacity using shear
failure criterion as per IS:6403-1981 for checking the safety of the foundations against
shear failure. To understand allowable bearing pressure, the definitions of the terms
related to it are as follows.

Ultimate bearing capacity (qu ) is the gross pressure at the base of the foundation at
which soil fails in shear.
Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnu)is the net increase in pressure at the base of the
foundation that causes shear failure of the soil.
qnu = qu - ϒmDf
ϒm is the unit weight of the soil in foundation and
Df is the depth of the foundation.

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 Net safe bearing capacity (qns) is the net soil pressure which can safely be applied
considering only shear.
qns = qnu/F
here, F = factor of safety
Gross safe bearing capacity (qs) is the maximum gross pressure which the soil can
carry safely without shear failure.
qs= qns + ϒmDf = (qnu/F) + ϒmDf
Net safe settlement pressure (qnp) is the net pressure which the soil can carry without
exceeding the allowable settlement.
Net allowable bearing pressure (qna) is the allowable bearing pressure which can be
used in the design of the foundation considering both settlement and shear.
qna = qns if qnp > qns
qna = qnp if qnp < qns

Considering the proposed structure and taking into account the ‘N’ values, an allowable
settlement of 25 mm in case of cohesion-less soil and 40 mm in case of cohesive soil has
been adopted for evaluating the safe bearing pressure. The Trial Pit(s) were done to
determine the bearing pressure of soil for laying down the foundation for desired
construction, the foundation size for the calculation purpose is estimated for square
footing of width 2.0 m at 1.0 m, 1.5 m & 2.0 m depth. The bearing capacity values have
been tabulated hereinafter.

9. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

 The strata in the Trial Pit(s) is suitable for Isolated Foundation.

 The soil strata in the Trial Pits generally consist of SP- Poorly Graded Sand G.L. to 0.9
m and SP-GP - Poorly Graded Sand with Gravels from 0.9 to 1.9 m and Completely
Weathered Rock from 1.9 to 2.0 m.
 No Free Swell & Swelling Pressure were observed.
 Water Table was not encountered up to a depth of 2.0 m from N.G.L.
 The bearing capacity values have been tabulated hereinafter.

Page 10
 Bearing Capacity Table

Trial Pit / SBC from Shear SBC from Allowable Bearing

Depth (m) Width (m) Length (m) Soil Classification 2 2 2
Bore Hole Parameters (t/m ) Settlement (t/m ) Pressure (t/m )

1.00 2.00 2.00 9.9 9.3 9.30

SP - Poorly Graded Sand with

TP-1 1.50 2.00 2.00 13.5 14.4 13.53
Gravels

2.00 2.00 2.00 17.4 50.0 17.40

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 PROJECT LOCATION MAP

LOCATION: New ITI Building Bhaniyana, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Location Coordinates : Latitude 26°37’14.77”N
Longitude 71°52’02.06”E
Location Elevation : 229 m from MSL
Page 12
SITE LOCATION HISTORY

IMAGE DATE 06-11-2021

IMAGE DATE 12-07-2014

Page 13
SITE LOCATION HISTORY

IMAGE DATE 27-05-2012

IMAGE DATE 04-11-2006

Page 14
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

Page 15
LOCATION AREA DRAINAGE AND CONTOUR MAP

LOCATION AREA DRAINAGE : EAST

Page 16
GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

Page 17
SEISMICITY OF THE AREA

Page 18
SEISMIC HISTORY OF THE AREA

Page 19
 BOREHOLE LOG (Cross-Section of Strata)

TP-1

Depth (m)
G.L. 0.0

0.5
SP - Poorly Graded Sand

0.9 0.9

1.5
SP-GP - Poorly Graded Sand with Gravels

1.9 1.9

Completely Weathered Rock

2.0 2.0

Page 20
 FIELD AND LABORATORY TEST DATA TABLE
TP No. 1
Depth of each Run SPT Blows 'N' Shear Strength

Symbolic Representation

Bulk Density ( gm/cm3)

Atterberg Limits Grain Size Distribution Swelling Properties

Water Table Level (m)

Nature of Sampling
(m) Value Characteristics

Plasticity Index (%)

Swelling Pressure
Angle of Internal

Differential Free
Plastic Limit (%)
Liquid Limit (%)

Friction φ ( ° )
Cohesion 'C'
Silt/Clay (%)
Gravels (%)
Classification of Soil

Depth (m)

Swell (%)
Sand (%)

(kg/cm2)

(kg/cm2)
N' Value
From To

0.0 0.5 - 0.5 - - - - - - 1.64 - - - -

SP - Poorly Graded Sand
Not Encountered

0.5 0.9 SPT 0.9 10 Nil Nil NP 2 92 6 1.64 0 26 Nil Nil

0.9 1.5 DS 1.5 SP-GP - Poorly Graded - - - - - - 1.68 - - - -

Sand with Gravels
1.5 1.9 SPT 1.9 >50 Nil Nil NP 23 70 7 1.68 0.02 29 Nil Nil
Completely Weathered
1.9 2.0 DS 2.0 - - - - - - 2.02 - - - -
Rock

Page 21
 Calculation of SBC for Shallow Foundation Based on Shear Parameter (For Soil)

As per IS 6403: 1981

INPUT DATA

Trial Pit No. 1

Type of Footing
1 Continuous Strip
2 Rectangular 3 Square
3 Square
4 Circular

Angle of Internal Friction ф 29.00 degree

Cohesion c 0.02 kg/cm2
Direction of Load with Vertical 0 degree
Density of Foundation Soil ϒm 1.68 gm/cm3
Factor Of Safety 2.5

Size of Foundation

S. No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) Length L (m)

1 1.0 2.0 2.0
2 1.5 2.0 2.0
3 2.0 2.0 2.0

SHEAR FAILURE CRITERIA

Assumptions & formula used in calculation as per IS:6403-1981

The Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity in case of general shear failure is given by
1
qnf = c Nc sc dc ic + 𝜎ത Nq − 1 Nq sq dq iq + ϒ B Nϒ sϒ dϒ iϒ 𝑊′
2 m

The Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity in case of local shear failure is given by
2 1
qnf = c N′c sc dc ic + ഥ
σ N′q − 1 sq dq iq + ϒ B N′ϒ sϒ dϒ iϒ 𝑊′
3 2 m

Net Safe Bearing Capacity (qns)

𝑞𝑛𝑓
qns =
2.5

Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil (qs)

qs = 𝑞𝑛𝑠 + (γ𝑚 𝐷)

Type of Failure Local Shear Failure

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CALCULATIONS & RESULTS

Bearing Capacity Factors

Angle of Internal Friction ф 29.00 degree

φ' = tan-1 (0.067 φ)

ф' 20.30 degree

N'c 15.02
N'q 6.52
N'ϒ 5.53

Shape Factors

S. No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) sc sq sϒ

1 1.00 2.00 1.30 1.20 0.80
2 1.50 2.00 1.30 1.20 0.80
3 2.00 2.00 1.30 1.20 0.80

Depth Factors

S. No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) dc dq dϒ

1 1.00 2.00 1.17 1.08 1.08
2 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.13 1.13
3 2.00 2.00 1.34 1.17 1.17

Inclination Factors

S. No. Depth D (m) ic iq iϒ

1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Water Table Correction Factor

S. No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) W'

1 1.00 2.00 1
2 1.50 2.00 1
3 2.00 2.00 1

Safe Bearing Capacity

2 2 SBC
S. No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) qnf (t/m ) qns (t/m ) 2
qs (t/m )
1 1.00 2.00 20.45 8.18 9.86
2 1.50 2.00 27.53 11.01 13.53
3 2.00 2.00 35.09 14.04 17.40

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 Calculation of SBC for 25 mm Settlement (For Soil)
As per IS 8009 (Part 1) - 1976

TP- No. 1

Shape of Foundation SQUARE

Size of Foundation
S No. Depth D (m) Width W (m) Length L (m)
1 1.0 2.0 2.0
2 1.5 2.0 2.0
2 2.0 2.0 2.0

"N" Value at 1.0 m 10

"N" Value at 1.5 m 14
"N" Value at 2.0 m 50

2
Settlement for 1 kg/cm at 1.0 m 33.0 mm
2
Settlement for 1 kg/cm at 1.5 m 21.0 mm
2
Settlement for 1 kg/cm at 2.0 m 4.8 mm

Net Allowable Bearing Pressure at 1.0 m 7.6 t/m2

Net Allowable Bearing Pressure at 1.5 m 11.9 t/m2
Net Allowable Bearing Pressure at 2.0 m 52.1 t/m2

2
Allowable Bearing Capacity at 1.0 m 9.3 t/m
2
Allowable Bearing Capacity at 1.5 m 14.4 t/m
2
Allowable Bearing Capacity at 2.0 m 55.4 t/m

Page 24
Site Pictures

Page 25
TRIAL PIT - 1

Page 26