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8
Steel Structures (As Per IS 800-2007)
8.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages It has high strength per unit mass. Its quality is assured speed of construction is high. It
can be strengthened at any other time, if there is need. It can be fabricated in workshop and
transported to site. Material is reusable.
Disadvantages It is susceptible to corrosion. Maintenance cost is high.

Types of Steel
Structural steel – Rolled steel sections are made of such steel. It is also known as Fe-410 or E-250
steel. Fe – 410 – Cu – S means copper bearing steel with ultimate tensile strength of 410 MPa.
Weldable quality steel Fe 540 (E 410), Fe - 570 (E 450) and Fe 590 (E 450) steel are also available.

Properties of Steel
Irrespective of its grade physical properties of steel may be taken as given below:
Unit mass r = 7850 kg/m3
E = 2 × 105 N/mm2
m = 0.3
G = 0.769 × 105 N/mm2
a = 10 × 10-6/°C

Rolled Steel Sections

Rolled steel sections are available in the form of I–sections, channel sections, angle sections, T–
sections, bars, tubes, plates, flats and strips.
Various types of sections and their properties may be seen in steel tables.

Considerations in Steel Design

It involves
1. Selecting suitable size and shape
2. Avoiding buckling
3. Providing minimum thicknesses
4. Detailing and designing connections

Loads
1. Dead loads
2. Imposed loads which include live load, crane load, snow load, dust load, impact loads
 horizontal loads on parapets, hydrostaticFROM
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3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Erection loads
6. Accidental loads
7. Secondary effects
IS 875 may be referred to get magnitude of loads

Methods of Design
IS 800–2007 suggests use of limit state design widely and restricts working stress method only
wherever limit state design cannot be applied.

8.2 PRINCIPLE OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Design Requirements
1. Structure should remain fit with adequate reliability during its lifetime.
2. Should have adequate durability under normal maintenance.
3. Should not suffer overall damage or collapse disproportionately under accidents.
To achieve all the above it is not enough if the members are designed to take the expected internal
forces for load transfer. It is necessary that all structural elements are suitably connected and
anchored.

Limit States
* The major categories of limit states are limit state of strength and limit state of serviceability.
* Characteristic actions It is defined as the values of different actions which are not expected to be
exceeded with more than 5 per cent probability, during the life of the structure. In the absence of
statistical analysis, the loads presented in IS 875 and other codes may be considered as
characteristic actions.
* Design Actions (Loads) To take care of uncertainties involved in analysis, design and construction,
code specifies taking design actions as partial safety factor times the characteristic actions. Table 4
of IS 800–2007 gives partial safety factor gf for limit state.
* Design strength To take care of manufacturing defects, IS 800–2007 recommends reduction in the
strength of material by a partial safety factor gm, where

gm =

where Su = ultimate strength and

Sd = Design strength
These values are given in Table 5 of IS. 800–2007.
* Deflection Limits
• Deflection limits are specified with the consideration
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to finishing. Deflections are to be checked to adverse but realistic combinations of service loads.
• Table No. 6 of IS 800–2007 gives deflection limits.
Fire Resistance Fire resistance level is specified in terms of minutes depending upon the purpose for
which the structure is used and the line taken to evacuate in case of fire. For detailed specifications
refer to section 16 of IS. 800–2007.

8.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

* Riveted connections were made by inserting ductile metal pins called red hot rivets into holes and
hammering to form heads. Rivet hole diameter is 1.5 to 2.0 mm larger than rivets and after forming
the connection it is assumed that rivet fills the hole completely and hence effective diameter is 1.5
to 2.0 mm more than nominal diameter. After weldable quality steel is introduced and high strength
friction grip bolts are developed riveting is given up.
* Bolted connections are preferred for making connections at site.
* Bolts are classified as
1. Unfinished (black) bolts
2. Finish (turned) bolts
3. High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts
1. Unfinished Bolts The shank is unfinished, i.e., it is rough as rolled. These bolts are designated as
M 16, M 20, M 24, etc., in which the number indicates diameter of bolts. The yield strength of
commonly used bolts is 240 N/mm2 and ultimate strength 400 N/mm2.
2. Finished Bolts These bolts are formed from hexagonal rods, which are finished by turning to a
circular shape. Actual dimensions of these bolts are 1.2 mm to 1.3 mm larger than nominal
diameter. Bolt hole is kept 1.5 mm larger than nominal diameters. These bolts are used in special
jobs like connecting machine parts subjected to dynamic loading. Black bolts and turned bolts are
also known as bearing type bolts.
3. HSFG Bolts Instead of mild steel, for these bolts high strength steel rods are used. These bolts are
tensioned using calibrated wrenches and then bolts are tightened. As a result of it bolts exert high
pressure on plates connected and friction grip is achieved. Bolts are subjected to shear, only after
friction grip force is exceeded. Commonly available nominal diameter HSFG bolts are 16, 20, 24,
30 and 36 mm.
* Advantages of bolted connections:
1. Easy to make connections, even with ordinary labour.
2. Making joints is noiseless and quick.
3. Accommodates minor discrepancies in dimensions.
4. Alteration, if any can be easily done.
* Disadvantages of bolted connection
1. Strength is reduced considerably due to reduction of area and stress concentrations at the root of
threads.
 2. Joints are not very rigid.
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3. Due to vibrations nuts are likely to loosen.
* Terminology
1. Pitch of the bolts (p) It is centre-to-centre spacing of bolts in a row, measured along the direction
of load.
2. Gauge distance (g) It is the distance between the two consecutive bolts of adjacent rows and is
measured at right angles to the direction of load.
3. Edge distance (e) It is the distance of centre of bolt hole from the adjacent edge of plate.
4. End distance (e) It is the distance of the nearest bolt hole from the end of the plate.
5. Staggered distance (Ps) It is the centre-to-centre distance of staggered bolts measured obliquely.
* Specifications for spacing and edge distances of bolt holes.
1. Pitch p shall not be less than 2.5 d
2. Pitch p shall not be more than
(a) 16 t or 200 mm, whichever is less, in tension members
(b) 12 t or 200 mm, whichever is less, is case of comp. members.
(c) In case of staggered pitch, pitch may be increased by 50% provided gauge distance is less
than 75 mm.
3. In case of butt joints maximum pitch is to be restricted to 4.5 d for a distance of 1.5 times the
width of plate, from the butting surface.
4. The gauge length g should not be more than 100 + 4 t or 200 mm whichever is less.
5. Minimum edge distance shall not be
(a) less than 1.7 × hole diameter in case of hand flame cut edges.
(b) less than 1.5 × hole diameter in case of rolled machine flame cut, sawn and planed edges.
6. Minimum edge distance should not exceed

(a) 12 t e where e =

(b) 40 + 4 t, if exposed to corrosive influences.

7. In case of a member made up of two flats, or angles or tees or channels, tacking rivets/bolts are
to be provided along the length:
(a) not exceeding 1000 mm, if it is tension member
(b) not exceeding 600 mm, if it is compression member.

Design of Bolted Connections

* Assumption in design of bearing bolted connections:
1. The friction between the plates is negligible.
2. Shear is uniform over the cross section of the bolt
3. The stress distribution between bolt holes is uniform
4. Bolts in a group subjected to direct loads share the load equally.
* Principles observed inDOWNLOADED
design: FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
1. The centre of gravity of bolts should coincide with the centre of gravity of connected members.
2. The length to connection should be as small as possible.
* Design tensile strength of a joint is least of the following:
1. Tensile strength of plate

Tdn =

where gmc = partial safety factor = 1.25

fu = ultimate stress
An = net area of the plate

where h = width of plate

t = thickness of thinner plate
do = diameter of bolt hole
g = gauge length
Ps = staggered pitch
n = number of bolt holes at critical section
2. Shear capacity of bolts

Vdsb =
where fub = ultimate tensile strength of bolt
nn = number of shear planes with threads
ns = number of shear planes with threads intercepting shear planes (in shank)
Asb = nominal shank area of the bolts
Anb = net area of the bolt at threads

= , where p = pitch of thread

= 0.78 for ISO threads.

Reduction factors for shear strength:
(a) For long joints: If the distance between first and least bolt exceed 15 d, the reduction factor

blj =

Subjected to 0.75 £ bij £ 1.0

(b) Reduction factor, if grip length is larger,FROM
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blg =
(c) Reduction factor if packing plates used are more than 6 mm thick:
bpk = 1 – 0.0125 tpk

where tpk = thickness of thicker packing in mm

Thus, the bearing capacity of the bolts in shear is

3. Bearing capacity of bolts

Vdpb =

where gmb = partial safety factor of material = 1.25

and kb is smaller of

where e = end distance

p = pitch distance
do = diameter of hole
d = nominal diameter of bolt
t = thickness of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress in the same direction.
Nominal diameter of bolts (d): 12 14 16 20 22 24 30 36

Diameter of bolt hole: 13 15 18 22 24 26 33 39

* Efficiency of Joint :

h=

where strength of solid plate =

Eccentric Connection
(a) Line of action of load is in the plane of group of bolts
Direct shear F1 =

Due to bending F2 =

If F2 acts at q to line joining CG of bolts and the point,

\F=
This value should be within the limit.
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Fig. 8.1 Line of action of load in the plane of group of bolts

(b) Load causing moment in the plane perpendicular to the plane of group of bolts

Fig. 8.2 Load causing moment in the plane perpendicular to the plane of group of bolt
On compression side the connecting angle assists in transferring load to column while on tension side
only bolts have to resist. Hence, N – A is assumed at a distance th depth of the bracket.
\ Total moment resisted by bolts on tension side

M¢ =

\ Tensile force in a bolt at distance yi from CG of bolts

Tbi =

Design requirement for bolts in combined action of shear and moment is

£1
* If bolts are to be provided in 2 vertical rows, number of bolts in each row required is

n=
where M at joint and V isDOWNLOADED
design shear strength
FROM of bolt and p is pitch.
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Try the above number and check with interaction formula.

HSFG Bolts
Nominal shear capacity of HSFG bolts
Vnsf = mf ne kh Fo
where mf = coefficient of friction, as given in Table 20 in is 800–2007 for different surfaces.
ne = number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to the slip
(ne = 1 for lap joint, 2 for double cover butt joint)
kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes.
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and long slotted holes loaded perpendicular
to the slot
= 0.70 for fasteners in long slotted holes parallel to the slot
Fo = Anb Fo

where Anb = net area of the bolt in threads

= 0.78
and fo = proof stress = 0.70 fub

Slip resistance Vsf =

in which gmf = 1.10, if slip resistance is designed at service load

= 1.25 if designed at ultimate load
Tension capacity of HSFG bolts

Tnf = 0.9 fub An £ fyb Asb

Hence, Taf =

gmb = 1.25, gmo = 1.1

fub for holts of grade 8.8 i.e., 800 MPa
and fyh = 640 MPa
* Interaction formula for combined shear and tension
Prying Forces DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
* If HSFG bolts are used, additional forces develop at connected point due to the flexibility of
connected plates.

q=

where lv = distance from bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet weld or half the root radius for rolled
sections.

Fig. 8.3 Prying forces Q

lc = distance between the prying forces and bolt centre line is the minimum of either the end distance
on the value given by

lc =

where b = 2 for non-pre-tensioned bolts and 1 for pre-tensioned bolts

h = 1.5, be = effective width of flange per pair of bolts
fo = proof stress, t = thickness of end plate.

8.4 WELDED CONNECTIONS

Advantages
1. Welded structures are lighter due to absence of gusset plates, connecting angle, etc.
2. Absence of making holes for bolts, etc.
3. More adoptable and 100% efficiency can be achieved
4. Good aesthetic appearance
5. Less noise
6. Alterations in connections can be easily made
7. No problem of mismatching of holes.
Disadvantages
1. Needs skilled workers
2. Not good to resist fatigue stresses
3. Likely to get distorted due to uneven heating and cooling
 4. Inspection of joints is difficult and expensive
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5. Proper welding in the field is difficult

Types of Welded Joints

* Butt welds Square, V, U, J welds, may be single or double.
* Fillet welds Approximately triangular connections when the cross section of fillet weld is isoceles
triangle with face at 45°, it is known as a standard fillet weld. In this case t = = 0.7s where s is
size and t is throat thickness.
* Slot weld and plug weld To make slot weld a circular hole is made in one plate, kept on another
plate and fillet welding is made along the periphery of the hole.
Plug weld is made by making small holes in one of the plates to be connected, and then weld
material is filled in the holes after keeping the plate on the other plate to be connected.

Important Specifications for Welding

Butt weld It is specified by throat thickness
1. In case of double U, double V, double J and double level butt welds, the thickness of weld, is
taken as complete penetration of butt weld and hence it is equal to the thickness of thinner plate
2. In case of single U, single V, single J and single level, it is taken as × thickness of thinner plate
connected.
3. Minimum weld length shall be 4 × the size of weld.
4. If intermittent butt welding is used, it shall have an effective length of not less than 4 × the weld
size and space between the consecutive weld shall not be more than 16 times the thickness of
thinner plate joined.
Fillet Weld
1. The size of normal fillet weld shall be taken as the minimum leg size.
2. Minimum size of s, specified are:
For less than 3 mm plates 3 mm

For 10 to 20 mm plates 5 mm

For 20 to 32 mm plates 6 mm

For 32 to 50 mm plates 8 mm

3. Effective throat thickness shall be ks where s is size and k is constant, depending upon angle
between fusion faces as given below
Angle of fusion face 60° – 90° 91° – 100° 101° – 106° 107° – 10° 114° to 120°

k 0.7 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.5

4. In the drawing only effective lengths areFROM
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It is to be noted that actual length shall be equal to
the effective length + twice the size of weld.
5. Lap joint shall be a minimum of 4 times the thickness of thinner member or 40 mm which-ever is
more.
6. If intermittent weld is used it shall not be less than 4 times the weld size or 40 mm whichever is
more.
Plug weld The effective area of a plug weld shall be considered the nominal area of the hole.
* Design stresses
1. In butt weld, same as that in parent metal.

2. In fillet, slot or plug welds fwd =

where fu = smaller of ultimate stress in weld or of the parent metal

gmw = 1.25 for shop welds
= 1.5 for field welds
The following provisions are made in the code :
(i) If fillet weld is to the square edge,
max size = t – 1.5 mm
(ii) If fillet weld is to the rounded toe of rolled section

s = × thickness of section at toe

(iii) Reduction in design stresses for long joints:
If the length of welded joint lj , is greater than 150 t, where t is throat thickness, the design capacity
of weld fwd shall be reduced by the factor

Blw = 1.2 –

(iv) Combined axial and shear stress

The equivalent stress fe shall satisfy the following:

fe =
where fa = axial stress
q = shear stress
\ If eccentric connection gives rise to moment at right angle to the plane of weld.
Direct shear stress

q=
Bending stress
 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
f=

Fig. 8.4 Combined axial and shear stresses on welds

Take trial depth take h = 1.1 h¢ where

h¢ =

8.5 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

* The section should be compact and in order to minimize stress concentration, it should be so
arranged that as large portion of it as possible is connected to the gusset plate.
* Design strength is the lowest of the following:
1. Design strength due to yielding of gross section Tdg.
2. Rupture strength at critical section Tdn
3. The block shear Tdh
1. Design strength due to yielding of gross area:

Tdg =

2. Design strength due to rupture of critical section

Tdn =

where An =

For threaded rods and bolts, An =

3. Design strength due to block shear

Tdb =

or Tdb = , whichever is smaller

where Avg and Avn = Minimum gross and net area in shear
and Atg and Atn = minimum gross and net area in tension
* Design procedure: DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

1. Find Ag = where Tu = factored tensile force

2. Take A = 25 to 40 % more than Ag.

3. Select the section, design the connection and find the strength.
4. Redesign, if strength is less or too much higher compared to the load.
5. Check for slenderness ratio which should be within the limits specified in Table 3 of IS 800–
2007.
Tension member splices
* Strength of splice plate and joint should be at least equal to the design load.
* If packing thickness in connection exceeds 6 mm, the design shear capacity of bolts in shear should
be reduced by a factor
bpk = 1 – 0.0125 tpk .
Lug Angles
* Length of end connection of a heavily loaded tension member may be reduced by using lug angles.
* Use of lug angle may reduce the size of gusset plate, but it adds to the cost of connection.

8.6 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

1. Determine slenderness ratio of the member. If end conditions can be assessed, refer Table 11 in IS
code to get effective length. In case of bolted, riveted or welded trusses effective length shall be
taken as 0.7 L to 1.0 L where L is the actual length, depending upon the degree of end restraint
provided.
2. Various shapes of cross section are divided into buckling classes a, b, c and d for which Table 10
in IS 800–2007 may be referred.
3. Find imperfection factor a which is 0.21, 0.34, 0.49 and 0.76 for buckling class a, b, c and d
respectively.
4. Then, design compressive stress fcd of axial loaded column is given by

fcd =

where a = 0.5 [1 + a (l – 0.2) + l2]

and l = non-dimensional effective slanderners ratio

=
KL = Effective length
5. One can refer to Table No. 9 in IS 800–2007 also and use fcd straightaway.
Design of Laced Columns
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1. Lacing may be single or double.
2. Thickness of flats for lacing shall not be less than of its effective length for single lacing and
of the effective length for double lacing.
3. Lacing bars shall be at 40° to 70° to the axis of column.
4. The distance between the two members should be such that ryy > rxx.
5. Lacing shall be designed to resist shear Vt = 2.5 % of axial load in columns.
6. Effective length of laced column shall be taken as 1.05 times the actual maximum slenderness ratio.
7. Effective length of single laced column = L and that of double laced column = 0.7 L, where L is
actual length.
8. The slenderness ratio of lacing bars should not exceed 145.
Design of Battened Column
1. The number of battens should be such that the member is divided into not less than three bays.
2. ryy should be more than rxx.
3. Effective slenderness ratio = 1.1 × Actual slenderness ratio.
4. Battens shall be designed to carry moments and shear forces arising from transverse shear force Vt
= 2.5% of axial load.
5. The effective depth of end battens shall not be less than the distance between the centroids of main
members.
6. The effective depth of intermediate battens shall not be less than 3/4 th of the above distance.
7. Thickness of battens shall not be less than of the distance between the innermost connecting
lines of rivets/bolts/welds.

8.7 COLUMN SPLICE

* Ideal place for splicing in multistorey frames is at the point of inflection which is usually at 150 to
300 mm from the floor line.
* If ends are not milled, the joint is designed to transmit all forces. If ends are milled connection may
be designed for 50% of axial load.
* Types of column splices:
1. When the column are of the same size, milled ends are provided.
2. When the columns are of slightly different sizes, filler plates are used.
3. When the columns are of considerably different sizes, bearing plates are used.
Column Bases
Two types, 1. Slab base 2. Gussetted base
1. Slab-base If the load carried by column is not much, the column is directly connected to the base
 plate through cleat angles
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Design procedure is:
(i) Bearing strength of concrete pedestal = 0.45 fck
(ii) Area of base plate required

=
(iii) Select size of the base plate. As far as possible the projection in x and y directions should be the
same.
(iv) Find intensity of pressure

w=

(v) Thickness required

ts =
where tf = thickness of flange
Connection: Use 2 ISA 6565, 6 mm for connecting column to base plate. Use four 20 mm dia. and 300
mm anchor bolts to connect base plate to concrete foundation.
2. Gussetted Base For columns carrying heavy loads gussetted bases are used. In this case the
column is connected to the base through gussets, which transfers the load to the base party through
bearing and partly through gussets. Design procedure is as follows:

(i) Area of base plate =

(ii) Assume various members of gusseted base
(a) Thickness of gusset plate = 16 mm
(b) Size of the gusset angle selected is such that the leg connected to column should accommodate
two bolts in one vertical line and the other leg should accommodate one bolt in a row, say ISA 150
115, 15 mm thick.
(c) Width of gusset base is kept such that it will just project outside the gusset angle and hence
length =
(d) When the end of the column is machined for complete bearing on the base plate, 50% of the
total load is assumed to be transformed by the bearing and 50 per cent by fastening.
(e) The thickness of the base plate is computed by flexural strength at the critical sections.

8.8 DESIGN OF BEAMS

* Plastic neutral axis divides the cross section into two equal areas.
* When plastic hinge is formed at all fibres at the section all fibres are having yield stress, with
opposite nature on either side of N–A
* Zp = , for rectangularDOWNLOADED
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* The sections are classified as class 1 (plastic), class 2 (compact) and class (3 semi-compact)
classification of various sections into class 1 to class 3 may be found in Table 2 of IS 800–2007.
Design procedure
1. Select a trial section assuming it is going to be plastic section.
2. Find the class to which it belongs.
3. Check for bending strength, shear strength and deflection. Revise the section if necessary.
Bending strength
If , two cases
(a) If V £ 0 .6 Vd

Md = bb fy × for simply supported beams

= for cantilever beam

where bb = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections

= for semi-compact sections

(b) If V > 0.6 Vd
(i) Plastic or compact sections

Mdv =

where b =
Md = Plastic design moment of the whole section
Mfd = plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area
considering partial safety factor gmo
(ii) Semi-compact section:

Mdv =

Shear strength of a laterally supposed beams:

Vd =

where Av = shear area fyw = yield strength of web. Shear area is given by
 (i) I and channel sections:
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Major axis bending: Hot rolled, Av = h tw
Welded, Av = d tw
Minor axis bending Av = 2b tf
(ii) Rectangular hollow sections:
Loaded parallel to depth: Av =

Loaded parallel to width Av =

(iii) Circular: Hollow tubes Av =

(iv) Solid bars and plates Av = A

Deflection limits: Refer Table 6 in IS 800–2007.
Web Buckling Strength Certain portion of beam at support acts as a column to transfer the load from
beam to support and hence there is a chance for buckling of web. In this case dispersion angle of
beam may be taken as 45°. There is no need to check it for rolled section since the web thickness
are sufficient to avoid such buckling failures web buckling strength is given by
fcdw = (b1 + n1) tw fc
where b1 = width of stiff bearing on the flange

n = which h is the depth of section

fc = allowable compressive strength ratio corresponding to slenderness ratio

= 2.5
Web crippling Near the support web of the beam may cripple due to lack to bearing capacity.
Crippling occurs at the root of the radius.

Fw = (b1 + n2) tw
where b1 = stiff bearing length
nc = length obtained by assuring dispersion at a slope 1 in 2.5
fyw = yield strength of the web
* IS Table No. 15 gives effective length for simple beams with different end conditions.
Design of Purlins
* The effective length may be taken as centre-to-centre distance between the supports.
* Bending moment

M= in case of simply supported beams

 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
= in case of continuous purlins.
* Design procedure:
1. Resolve factored forces parallel and perpendicular to sheeting
2. Find moment and shear forces about z – z and y – y axis.

3. Zpz required = gmo

where gmo = 1.1

4. Check for shear capacity

Vdz =

Vdy =

where AVz = h tw and Avy = 2bf tf

5. Compute the design capacity of the section in both axes.

Mdz =

Mdy =

6. The condition to be satisfied is

7. Check for deflection. Simplified method of design of purlins: It assumes that the load normal to
sheeting is resisted by purlin and the load parallel to sheeting is resisted by sheeting, if
1. Roof slope is less than 30°
2. Width of angle leg perpendicular to sheeting

3. Width to angle leg parallel to sheeting

In such case bending moment about z – z axis should be taken as and there is need to check for
deflection.

Design of Bolted Beam Connections

Connection may be
1. Simple connection/flexible connection
2. Moment resistant/rigid connection.
1. Flexible Connection DOWNLOADED
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(a) Framed connection
(b) Unstiffened seated connection
(c) Stiffened seated connection.
(a) Framed connection If the shear to be transferred is less, the beam may be connected to the main
beam or column using cleat angles only.
(b) Unstiffened seated connection If shear force is larger the depth of cleat angle required for framed
connection may become more than the depth of beam to be connected. In such case seat angle is
connected to column over which beam rests. At top nominal cleat angles are provided.
(c) Stiffened seated connection If the shear to be transferred is still larger seat angles are stiffened
with angles.
2. Rigid/Moment Resistant Connection If moment to be transferred is small clip angle or split beam
connection may be made. If moment to be transferred is large, bracket connection may be used.

Design of Welded Beam Connections

For flexible connection framed connection, unstiffened seated connection or stiffened seated
connections can be used.
For rigid/moment resistant connections, double plated framed connections or double angle framed
connections may be used.

Design of Plate Girders

* Plate girder is a built up I-section beam with two flange plates connected to a web plate of required
depth.
* A plate girders need stiffeners to avoid buckling of web. Types of stiffeners used are:
(a) Transverse (vertical stiffeners)
(i) Bearing stiffeners
(ii) Intermediate stiffeners.
(b) Longitudinal (horizontal) Stiffeners
* If only one horizontal stiffener is provided, it will be at a depth 0.2d from compression flange. If
another horizontal stiffener is to be provided it will be at mid-depth of web.
* Self-weight of plate girder:

w= kN/m
where w = factored self-weight
W = total factored load on the girder.
* Economical depth: It is given by
 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
d=

where k = , M = factored maximum moment and fy = yield strength.

* Another practical guideline for selecting depth of plate girder is

= for girders in building

= for highway bridges

= for railway bridges.

* Flange thickness may be found by assuming that only flanges resist moment. Hence,

=M

To keep the section semi-compact should be 9.4 e to 13.6 e where e =

Hence, minimum is found from
13.6 t tf 2 = Af

* If £ 67 e, design as ordinary beam

If ≥ 67 e, provide stiffeners.
* Shear buckling strength may be found by simple post-critical method or tension field method.
* End panel may be provided with a single stiffener at the end or with double stiffeners.
* Buckling resistance of stiffeners is found taking effective section is full area or core area of the
stiffener together with an effective length of 20 tw of web on each side.
Design of Gantry Girders
* Gantry girders support a travelling bridge girder provided with crane and a control cabin. They are
commonly used in factories for moving heavy loads within the factory.
* The following imposed loads should be considered in the design:
1. Vertical load from crane.
2. Impact load from crane.
3. Longitudinal horizontal force along the crane rail.
4. Lateral thrust across the crane rail.
* Position of crane hook for maximum shear on gantry girder should be considered.
* On gantry girder the position of crane girder for maximum shear and bending moment should be
considered.
* The ideal profile for gantry girder is a I-section strengthened with a channel section on compression
flange. If necessary additional flange plates also may be used.
* Limitations on vertical DOWNLOADED
deflections are asFROM
shown www.CivilEnggForAll.com
in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Limitations on deflections of gantry girders
Category Max. deflection

Vertical deflection:
(a) Manually operated cranes L/500
(b) Electrically operated cranes upto 500 kN L/750
(c) Electrically operated cranes over 500 KN L/1000
Lateral deflection L/400

Design of Roof Trusses

* Roof trusses are supported on walls or a series of columns
* Bracings In the end panel of roof level bracings are to be provided using ISA 9060, 8 mm.
Diagonal bracings are provided in the last but one panel at bottom chord level. For very long
buildings additional diagonal bracings are provided at every 4 to 5 days.
* Members of Trusses
1. Top chord members
2. Bottom chord members
3. Struts: Compression members not belonging to top or bottom chords
4. Slings: Tension members not belonging to top or bottom chord.
5. Sag tie: Member subjected to zero forces but provided to reduce sag of bottom chord member.
* Pitch of truss
1. Minimum pitch for GI sheeting = .

2. Minimum pitch for A.C. sheeting = .

3. Preferable pitches: , if snow load is expected , if snow is not expected

* Spacing
(a) 3 to 4.5 m upto 15 m span

(b) 4.5 to 6.0 m for 15 to 30 m span

(c) More than 40 m span, spacing of 12 to 15 m may be used with cross trusses replacing purlins.
* Purlins
1. As far as possible should be located on panel joints of top chord members.
2. Angle iron purlins if spacing is 3 to 4 m.
3. Channels if spacing is 4 to 5 m.
4. For still larger spans use I-sections
DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
* If angles are used outstanding legs should be at top
* Sheetings 1 G.I. sheets
1. Common size
(i) 8 corrugation, 75 mm wide and 19 mm deep, overall width 660 mm
(ii) 10 corrugations, 75 mm wide and 19 mm deep, overall width 810 mm
2. Gauges 16, 18, 20, 22 and 25
3. Lengths 1.8 m, 2.2 m, 2.5 m, 2.8 m, and 3.0 m
4. Overlaps 1, 1 or 2 corrugations
5. End laps 100 mm, if slope is more and 150 mm, if slope is less than 20°.
6 Hooks 8 mm dia at a maximum pitch of 350 mm.
* A.C. sheets
Shapes Corrugated or trafford
Lengths 1.75 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m and 30 m
Thickness 6 mm or 7 mm
Maximum permissible spacing 1.4 m for 6 mm sheets and 1.6 m for 7 mm sheets
Overlap Longitudinal 150 mm
Side One corrugation
End Bearings
1. One end fixed or hinged. This is achieved by anchor bolt holes of circular shape.
2. Sliding end bearing is achieved by providing oval shaped holes for anchor bolts.
3. Foundation bolts embedded in concrete are used for anchoring.

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct options given in questions nos 1 to 157.
1. The advantage of steel structure is
(a) needs less space
(b) quality is assured
(c) speed of construction is high
(d) all the above
2. Weldability of steel is enhanced by alloying it with ______.
(a) carbon
(b) sulphur
(c) chrome
(d) nickel
3. Irrespective of grade, the following properties of steel are same
 (a) unit weight DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(b) modules of elasticity
(c) Poisson’s ratio
(d) all the above
4. The lightest I-section for the same depth is
(a) ISMB
(b) ISLB
(c) ISJB
(d) ISWB
5. The heaviest I-section for the same depth is
(a) ISMB
(b) ISJB
(c) ISWB
(d) ISHB
6. A channel section has
(a) two webs one flange
(b) one web two flanges
(c) one web one flange
(d) two webs and two flanges
7. Rolled steel tubes are referred by their
(a) outer diameters
(b) inner diameter
(c) average diameter
(d) outer radius
8. Maximum thickness of rolled steel strip are
(a) 2.45 mm
(b) 4.5 mm
(c) 6.0 mm
(d) 8.0 mm
9. Minimum thickness of rolled steel flats available is
(a) 5 mm
(b) 6 mm
(c) 8 mm
(d) 12 mm
10. Maximum width of steel plates manufactured are
(a) 1 m
(b) 1.5 m
(c) 2.0 m
(d) 2.5 m
11. IS 800–2007 recommends use of ______ connections as far as possible.
 (a) riveted DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(b) bolted
(c) welded
(d) any of the above
12. Limit state of strength includes
(a) loss of equilibrium of whole or part of structure
(b) fracture by excessive deformations
(c) fracture due to fatigue
(d) all the above
13. Which one of the following is not limit state of serviceability?
(a) Vibration
(b) Corrosion
(c) Loss of stability
(d) Fire
14. Which one of the following is not a variable action?
(a) Handling and erection loads
(b) Wind loads
(c) Earthquake loads
(d) Self-weight
15. Characteristic actions are those which do not exceed ______ percent probability.
(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 12%
(d) 15%
16. Partial safety factors for dead load and live load for limit state of strength are
(a) 1.5 and 1.5
(b) 1.5 and 1.0
(c) 1.5 and 1.05
(d) 1.0 and 1.05
17. Partial safety factor for limit state of serviceability for live load and dead load are
(a) 1.5 and 1.3
(b) 1.5 and 1.2
(c) 1.2 and 1.0
(d) 1.0 and 1.0
18. Partial safety factor for shop welding and field welding are
(a) 1.10 and 1.25
(b) 1.25 and 1.25
(c) 1.25 and 1.5
(d) 1.5 and 1.5
19 Size of rivet hole is kept ______ more them size of rivet
(a) 1 to 1.5 mm
 (b) 1.5 to 2 mm DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(c) 2–3 mm
(d) 3–4.5 mm
20. The effective diameter of a rivet is taken as
(a) nominal diameter of rivet
(b) rivet hole diameter
(c) rivet hole diameter +1.5 mm
(d) rivet hole diameter –1.5 mm
21. Which one of the following is not a type of bolt?
(a) Black bolt
(b) Turned bolt
(c) High strength friction grip bolt
(d) Hot rolled bolt
22. The yield strength and ultimate strength of M20 bolts are
(a) 20 N/mm2 and 28 N/mm2
(b) 200 N/mm2 and 280 N/mm2
(c) 200 N/mm2 and 400 N/mm2
(d) 240 N/mm2 and 400 N/mm2
23. Actual dimension of turned/finished bolts is
(a) nominal diameter –1.2 to 1.3 mm
(b) nominal diameter
(c) nominal diameter +1.2 to 1.3 mm
(d) diameter of bolt hole
24. To connect members subjected to dynamic loads which one of the following type of bolts is
preferable?
(a) black bolts
(b) turned bolts
(c) HSFG bolts
(d) both (b) and (c) types
25. The successful introduction of ______ bolts resulted into replacement of rivets.
(a) black bolt
(b) turned bolt
(c) HSFG bolts
(d) all of the above
26. The following types of bolts may be classified as bearing types bolts
(a) black bolt
(b) turned bolt
(c) HSFG bolt
(d) both black and turned bolt
27. Which one of the following is not the advantage of HSFG bolt?
 (a) No slip takes placeDOWNLOADED
in the joint. FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(b) Bolts are not subjected to shearing and bearing stresses.
(c) The load transfer is by shearing stresses.
(d) Less stress concentration.
28. Which one of the following is not an advantage of bolted connection over welded connection?
(a) Making joint is noiseless.
(b) Connection can be made easily.
(c) Accommodates minor discrepancies in dimensions.
(d) Alterations in connections can be made easily in the field.
29. If p is the pitch, d is nominal diameter and d¢ bolt hole diameter, minimum pitch is
(a) 3d
(b) 3d¢
(c) 2.5d
(d) 2.5d¢
30. If t is the thickness of thinner plate in a bolted connection of tension member, pitch shall not be
more than the
(a) 16t or 200 mm whichever is less
(b) 16t or 200 mm whichever is more
(c) 12t or 150 mm whichever is less
(d) 12t or 150 mm whichever is more
31. If t is the thickness of thinner member and p is the pitch in bolted connection of a compression
member, pitch shall not be more than
(a) 16t or 200 mm whichever is less
(b) 16t or 200 mm whichever is more
(c) 12t or 200 mm whichever is less
(d) 12t or 180 mm whichever is less
32. Minimum edge distance, in case of hand flame cut edges, shall not be less than ______times bolt
hole diameter.
(a) 1.2
(b) 1.5
(c) 1.7
(d) 1.8
33. In case of planed edges, minimum edge distance shall not be less than ______ times bolt hole
diameter.
(a) 1.25
(b) 1.5
(c) 1.75
(d) 2.0
34. In double angle tension member of a truss tacking bolts are provided at a distance not exceeding
(a) 600 mm
(b) 800 mm
 (c) 1000 mm DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(d) 1200 mm
35. In a compression member of a truss, consisting of double angle, tacking bolts should be provided
at a distance not more than
(a) 600 mm
(b) 800 mm
(c) 1000 mm
(d) 1200 mm
36. The assumptions made in the design of bearing bolted connections are
(i) the friction between the plates is negligible
(ii) the shear is uniform over the cross section
(iii) bolts in a group subject to direct load share the load equally
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i) and (iii) are correct
(d) all the three are correct
37. The principle to be observed in bolted connection are:
(i) the centre of gravity of bolts should coincide with the centre of gravity of connected members
(ii) the length of connection should be kept as small as possible
(a) only (i) is correct
(b) only (ii) correct
(c) both (i) and (ii) are correct
(d) none is correct
38. Minimum edge distances specified by the code should be maintained to avoid
(a) rupture of plate
(b) shearing of plate
(c) crushing of plate
(d) both (b) and (c)
39. If gml is partial safety factor, fu ultimate stress and An net effective area, the tensile strength of a
bolted connection is

(a) 0.8
(b) 0.9

(c)
(d) 1.1
40. In a width of plate b, thickness t, number of bolts n of diameter d, with hole diameter do net
effective area is
(a) (b – ndo) t
 (b) (b – nd) t DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(c) (b – 1.1 ndo) t
(d) (b – l.ld) t
41. In case of standard bolts of diameter d, the cross-sectional area at threads is approximately
(a) 0.78 p/n d2
(b) 0.85 p/n d2
(c) 0.9 p/n d2
(d) 0.95 p/n d2
42. In a bolt of diameter d, effective area for resisting single shear is
(a) 0.78 d2
(b) 0.85 d2

(c) 0.9 d2
(d) d2
43. In double shear a bolt of diameter d has effective area resisting shear is

(a) 1.5 d2
(b) 1.6 d2

(c) 1.78 d2
(d) 2.0 d2
44. The code does not suggests reduction factor for shear capacity in the case
(a) if the joint is too long
(b) if number of bolts exceed a specified number
(c) if the grip length is large
(d) if packing plate thickness exceeds 6 mm
45. If packing plate thickness tpk exceeds 6 mm the shear capacity is to be reduced by a factor
(a) 1 – 0.25 tpk
(b) 1 – 0.100 tpk
(c) 1 – 0.0125 tpk
(d) 1 – 0.01 tpk
46. With usual notations, bearing capacity of bolt is given by
(a) 1.5 kb dt fu
(b) 2.5 kb dt fu
(c) 1.5 kb dt fy
(d) 2.5 kb dt fy
47. In calculating bearing capacity of bolts constant kb to be used need not be smaller of
 (a) DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

(b) – 0.25

(c)
(d) 1.0
48. In a bracket, if load p acts at an eccentricity e producing moment in the plane of group of bolts, the
stress induced in a bolt at distance r from the centroid of the group due to moment alone is
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d) none of the above
49. In a bolt used for connecting a bracket, moment is in the plane of group of bolts. If F1 is direct
shear stress and F2, the stress due to moment, resultant stress is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
50. In a bracket, if groups of bolts are subjected to moment M in their plane approximate number of
bolts of design shear strength V, provided at pitch p required are

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
51. If Vsb is the factored shear force, Tb the factored tensile force, Vdb is design shear force and Tdb is
design tensile force, design requirement of bolted connection subjected to direct shear and axial
tension is

(a) £ 1.0

(b) £ 1.0

(c) £ 1.0
(d) £ 1.0
52. In the design of a bracket subjected toFROM
DOWNLOADED moment in the plane at right angles to the plane of bolts,
www.CivilEnggForAll.com
neutral axis is assumed to lie at a distance ______ of the depth of bracket, measured from the
bottom edge of the angle
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
53. If M is the moment to be resisted by bolts in a bracket subjected to moment normal to the plane of
bolts, total moment M¢ resisted by bolts in tension in terms of the distance yi of bolts from the
centroid of bolts is

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)

where h is the depth of the bracket.

54. For HSFG bolts, partial safety factor designed at service load and at ultimate load are
respectively
(a) 1.10 and 1.25
(b) 1.2 and 1.4
(c) 1.25 and 1.4
(d) 1.25 and 1.5
55. HSFG bolts transfer load mainly due to
(a) friction
(b) shearing
(c) bearing
(d) none of the above
56. Prying forces should be considered in designing
(a) black bolts
(b) turned bolts
(c) all bearing bolts
(d) HSFG bolts
57. For connecting circular tubes in tension, the best connection is by
(a) riveting
 (b) bolting DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(c) using HSFG bolts
(d) welding
58. Under fatigue stresses, which one of the following joint fails earlier?
(a) black bolted
(b) turned bolted.
(c) HSFG bolted
(d) welded.
59. If a plate with small hole is kept over another plate and the entire hole is filled with weld
material, the welded joint is known as
(a) fillet weld
(b) butt weld
(c) plug weld
(d) slot weld
60. The minimum length of butt weld shall be ______ times the size of weld
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 8
61. If intermittent butt welding is used, the space between two welds should not be more than ______
times the thickness of the thinner member connected.
(a) 12
(b) 16
(c) 20
(d) 24
62. For connecting 10 to 20 mm plates minimum size of fillet weld is
(a) 5 mm
(b) 6 mm
(c) 8 mm
(d) 10 mm
63. In showing welded connection the length of the weld shown should be
(a) effective length only
(b) effective length + size of weld
(c) effective length + 2 × size of weld
(d) effective length + 4 × size of weld
64. When welding is carried out, the length of the weld should be
(a) length shown in drawing
(b) length shown in drawing + size of weld
(c) length shown in drawing + 2 × size of weld
(d) length shown in drawing + 4 × size of weld
65. In lap joints with welding, lap should not
DOWNLOADED be less
FROM than
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(a) 4 × t or 40 mm
(b) 5 t or 50 mm
(c) 6 t or 60 mm
(d) 100 mm
66. If t is the thickness of thinner plate jointed by intermittent weld, minimum spacing recommended
in tension and compression joints are respectively
(a) 12 t and 16 t
(b) 16 t and 12 t
(c) 16 t and 20 t
(d) 20 t and 16 t
67. Design strength of shop weld in terms of ultimate stress of fu weld is

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
68. If a fillet weld is to the square edge, the size of weld shall be at least ______ less than the edge
thickness
(a) 1.5 mm
(b) 2.0 mm
(c) 2.5 mm
(d) 3.0 mm
69. If fillet weld is to the rounded toe of thickness t, a rolled steel section, the size of weld generally
not to exceed
(a) t – 1.5 mm
(b) t – 2.0 mm
(c) t
(d) 3/4 t
70. If the length of welded joint lj is greater than 150 t, where t is the throat thickness, the design
capacity of weld shall be reduced by
(a) 0.8
(b) 1.2 –

(c) 1 –
(d) 1.2 –
71. Figure Q. 71 shown below is a welded connection of a bracket. In this if throat thickness of weld
 is t, the direct shear stress is
DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

Fig. Q. 71

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d) none of the above
72. In Fig. Q. 71, maximum bending stress in weld is

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d) None of the above
73. If a weld is subjected to axial stress fa and shear stress q, equivalent stress fc to be considered is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
74. In the welded bracket connection shown in Fig. Q. 74 direct shear stress in weld is

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d) , where t is thickness of weld
 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

Fig. Q. 74
75. In the bracket shown in Fig. Q.74 maximum bending stress in the weld is

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

76. In the design of a connection of tension member to a gusset plate, the principle to be followed is
(a) section should be compact
(b) as large portion of it as is possible is connected
(c) centre of gravity of member should be through the middle of thickness of gusset plate
(d) all the above
77. The design strength of tension member is
(a) design strength of gross section due to yielding
(b) rupture strength of section
(c) block shear strength
(d) lowest of the above
78. In the four bolt connection shown is Fig. Q. 78, block shear strength is along
(a) 1 – 2 – 3 – 4
(b) 1 – 2 – 3 – 5
(c) any one of (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above

Fig. Q. 78
79. From the consideration of tearing of section strength of an unequal angle section in tension is
______ when short leg is connected compared to when its long leg is connected.
 (a) more DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(b) less
(c) equal
(d) may be any one of above depending
upon the ratio of length of the legs
80. In a roof truss a member normally acting as tension member but occasionally subjected to
compression due to wind load, slenderness ratio should not exceed
(a) 150
(b) 250
(c) 350
(d) 450
81. The following are the statements about lug angle used to connected heavily loaded tension
member to gusset plates.
(i) The length of end connection is reduced
(ii) By using lug angles there will be saving in the gusset plate
(iii) Cost of connection increases due to additional fasteners and angle required
(a) only (i) and (ii) are correct.
(b) only (i) and (iii) are correct.
(c) only (ii) and (iii) are correct.
(d) all the three are correct.
82. Which one of the following is not a correct statement about lug angle connection?
(a) By using lug angle, there will be saving in gusset plate.
(b) The connection of lug angle to main member shall preferably start in advance of the member to
the gusset plate.
(c) Minimum of two bolts are used for connecting lug angle to the gusset plate.
(d) Maximum of five bolts should be used in the connection.
83. Load carrying capacity of compression member depends upon
(a) cross-sectional area
(b) end condition
(c) slenderness ratio
(d) all the above
84. IS 800–2007, divides sections into ______ number of buckling classes.
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
85. The most economical section for a compression member is
(a) rectangular
(b) I-shaped
(c) circular (d) hollow circular
86. For compression members most preferable
DOWNLOADED FROM I-section is
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(a) light beam (b) junior beam
(c) medium beam (d) heavy beam
87. Lacing and battening of columns is to increase ______ of column.
(a) sectional area
(b) least radius of gyration
(c) section modulus
(d) none of the above
88. In case of bolted lacing, the width of lacing bars shall be ______ times the nominal diameter of
the bolt.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6
89. For single lacing the thickness of flat lacing bars shall not be less than ______ times the effective
length.
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
90. For double lacing the thickness of lacing bar shall not be less than ______ times the effective
length.
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
91. Maximum spacing of lacing bars shall be such that the maximum slenderness of the main member
between consecutive lacing connection is not more than
(a) 30
(b) 40
(c) 50
(d) 60
92. Lacing shall be designed to resist transverse shear Vt equal to
(a) 2.5% of P
(b) 4.0% of P
(c) 5.0% of P
 (d) 10.0% of P DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
where P is axial compression.
93. For welded and double laced joints, effective length of lacing is ______ times the actua1 1ength.
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.7
(d) 0.85
94. The slenderness ratio of lacing bars should not exceed
(a) 105
(b) 125
(c) 145
(d) 160
95. The effective slenderness ratio of laced columns shall be taken as ______ times the actual
maximum slenderness ratio, in order to account for shear deformation effect.
(a) 1.05
(b) 1.10
(c) 1.15
(d) 1.20
96. The number of battens should be such that the member is divided into not less than ______ bays.
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
97. The effective slenderness ratio of battened columns shall be taken as ______ times the maximum
slenderness ratio of the column
(a) 1.05
(b) 1.10
(c) 1.15
(d) 1.20
98. Effective depth of intermediate battens shall not be less than ______ of the distance between the
centroid of main members.
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
99. Thickness of battens shall not be less than ______ of the distance between the innermost
connecting lines of bolts.
(a)
 (b) DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

(c)
(d)
100. The length of the weld connecting batten plate to the member shall not be less than ______ the
depth of batten plate.
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d) 1
101. It is recommended that columns should preferably spliced at
(a) point of maximum shear
(b) point of zero shear
(c) point of contraflexure
(d) anywhere
102. In a column splice, if ends are milled, the connection and splice plates may be designed for only
______ percent of axial load.
(a) 50
(b) 60
(c) 70
(d) 80
103. When the two columns to be spliced are of slightly different size
(a) milled ends are provided
(b) filler plates are used
(c) bearing plates are used
(d) milled end and bearing plated are used
104. Column splice plates may be assumed to act as columns with slenderness ratio
(a) zero
(b) 40
(c) 80
(d) 120
105. The beam sections in which the extreme fibre in compression can yield stress, but cannot
develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling are classified as
(a) plastic sections
(b) compact sections
(c) semi-compact sections
(d) slender sections
106. In a beam if the elements of cross sections buckle locally even before reaching yield stress, it
 belongs to DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(a) plastic section
(b) compact section
(c) semi-compact section
(d) slender section
107. The shear area of a rolled steel I-section for minor axis bending is
(a) h tw
(b) b tf
(c) 2 b tf
(d) h tf
where
h = overall depth
b = breadth
tw = thickness of web
tf = thickness of flange
108. In an industrial building with brittle cladding, vertical deflection of beams should not exceed

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
109. Figure Q. 109 shows a top layer of grillage foundation. Length of beams is L and top plate in that
direction is a. The beams of top layer should be designed for moment M and shear force V where
M and V are

(a) and P(L – a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
where P is total load from column.

Fig. Q. 109
110. Minimum cover beyond the edges of steel
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(a) 25 mm
(b) 50 mm
(c) 75 mm
(d) 100 mm
111. In a grillage foundation a minimum clear space of ______ should be maintained
(a) 50 mm
(b) 75 mm
(c) 100 mm
(d) 125 mm
112. Which one of the following is not a flexible connection of beams?
(a) Web angle connection
(b) framed connection
(c) unstiffened seated connection
(d) stiffened seated connection
113. Economical depth of a girder is given by

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) 1.2
where M is maximum moment
k= assumed
tw = thickness of web
fu and fy = ultimate and yield stresses respectively
114. In a plate girder, when transverse stiffeners are not provided, minimum thickness of web to be
used is

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
115. In a plate girder if vertical stiffeners are provided at distances less than the depth of the girder,
minimum thickness of web to be used is
 (a) DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

(b)

(c)
(d)
116. In a plate girder with vertical stiffeners at less than 0.74 depth of girder and a horizontal
stiffener, web thickness should be at least

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
117. In a plate girder with vertical stiffeners and two horizontal stiffeners, minimum thickness of web
is
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
118. In a plate girder of depth d, if one horizontal stiffener is to be provided, it should be at ______
below compression flange.
(a) 0.2 d
(b) 0.25 d
(c) 0.3 d
(d) 0.5 d
119. In a plate girder, if two horizontal stiffeners are to be used they should be at depth ______from
compression flange.
(a) 0.2 d and 0.4 d
(b) 0.2 d and 0.5 d
(c) 0.33 d and 0.67 d
(d) 0.4 d and 0.8 d
120. Assuming moment is resisted by flanges only, flange area of a plate girder may be found by using
the equation

(a) Af =

(b) Af =
 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(c) Af =
(d) Af =

where M is the moment, d depth of plate girder, fy and fu yield and ultimate stresses respectively.
121. Simple post-critical method may be used for finding shear buckling resistance of web in case of
plate girder
(a) without vertical stiffeners only
(b) with vertical stiffeners only
(c) with or without vertical stiffeners
(d) with vertical and horizontal stiffeners.
122. The following are the statements about tension field method of finding shear buckling resistance
of plate girded: which one of them is correct statement?
(a) It may be used if end and intermediate vertical stiffeners are provided.
(b) As the web begins to buckle, it loses the ability to resist diagonal compression.
(c) It gives higher value of shear buckling strength of web compared to simple post-critical method.
(d) All the above.
123. According to tension field method as web begins to buckle
(a) horizontal component of diagonal compression in web due to shear is resisted by flange
(b) vertical component of diagonal compression in web due to shear is resisted by vertical stiffener
(c) web resists only diagonal tension
(d) all the above statements are correct
124. In designing connection between web plate and flange plate, shear stress is calculated using
moment of inertia of
(a) web plate only
(b) web plate and flange plates
(c) half the web plate and a flange plate
(d) one flange plate only
125. Slenderness ratio l of a vertical stiffener in a plate girder may be taken as
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.7

(c) 0.75
(d)
126. For finding buckling resistance of a stiffener in a plate girder the area of web to be added is
(a) 20 tw from one side of stiffner
(b) 20 tw from each side
(c) 28 tw from one side
(d) 28 tw from each side
127. Bearing stiffeners are provided at FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
DOWNLOADED
(i) supports (ii) the mid span
(iii) the point of application of concentrated loads
The correct answer is
(a) only (i)
(b) both (i) and (ii)
(c) both (i) and (iii)
(d) all the three
128. Gantry girders are designed to resist
(a) vertical load from cranes
(b) longitudinal and vertical loads
(c) lateral, longitudinal and vertical loads
(d) lateral and longitudinal loads
129. In the design of gantry girders impact factor for vertical loads for electrically operated cranes is
taken as
(a) 10%
(b) 15%
(c) 20%
(d) 25%
130. In the design of hands operated gantry girders, the impact factor for vertical loads to be
considered is
(a) 10%
(b) 15%
(c) 20%
(d) 25%
131. In designing gantry girders impact factor for horizontal force along rails is taken as
(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 15%
(d) 25%
132. In manually operated gantry girders vertical deflection is limited to

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
133. In gantry girders lateral deflection should be restricted to

(a)
 (b) DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

(c)
(d)
134. In roof trusses bracings should be provided at top chord level in the
(a) end panels using flats
(b) end panels using angles
(c) last but one panel using flats
(d) last but one end panel using angles
135. In roof trusses bracings should be provided at bottom chord level in the
(a) end panels using flats
(b) end panels using angles
(c) last but one panel using flats
(d) last but one panel using angles
136. The type of trusses shown in Fig. Q. 136 is known as
(a) King post
(b) Howe
(c) Fink
(d) Pratt

Fig. Q. 136
137. The truss shown in Fig. Q. 137 is known as
(a) King post
(b) Howe
(c) Fink
(d) Pratt

Fig. Q. 137
138. The truss shown in Fig. Q. 138 is known as
(a) King post
(b) Howe
(c) Fink
(d) Pratt
 DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com

Fig. Q. 138
139. Pitch of a roof truss means

(a)

(b)

(c) inclination of top chord

(d) none of the above
140. Minimum pitch, if AC sheets are used is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
141. Minimum pitch if GI sheets are used is
(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)
142. Preferable pitch, if snow load is expected is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
143. If span of a roof truss is between 15–30 m, preferable spacing is
(a) 3.0 to 4.5 m
(b) 4.5 to 6.0 m
(c) 6 to 8 m
(d) 10–12 m
144. If span of truss is 40 m and above, preferable spacing of trusses is
(a) 4.5 to 6 m
(b) 6 to 8 m
 (c) 8 to 10 m DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(d) 12–15 m
145. For spacing of trusses 3 to 4 m, purling used are
(a) angle iron with outstanding leg at top
(b) angle iron with outstanding leg at bottom
(c) channel sections
(d) I-sections
146. For 4 to 5 m spacing of trusses purling used are
(a) angles with outstanding leg at top
(b) angles with outstanding leg at bottom
(c) channel sections
(d) I-sections
147. 8 corrugation A.C. sheets are having width of
(a) 500 mm
(b) 660 mm
(c) 810 mm
(d) 1000 mm
148. 10 corrugation A.C. sheets have width of
(a) 600 mm
(b) 810 mm
(c) 1020 mm
(d) 1240 mm
149. In A.C. sheet roofing side lap should be at least
(a) 1 corrugation
(b) 1 corrugation
(c) 2 corrugation
(d) more than 2 corrugations
150. In A.C. sheet roofing, if slope is more than 20°, end lap should be at least
(a) 100 mm
(b) 125 mm
(c) 150 mm
(d) 175 mm
151. In A.C. sheet roofing, if slope is less than 20°, end lap should be at least
(a) 125 mm
(b) 150 mm
(c) 175 mm
(d) 200 mm
152. The A.C. sheets should be fastened to purlins by 8 mm hook bolts at a maximum pitch of
(a) 300 mm
(b) 350 mm
 (c) 400 mm DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
(d) 500 mm
153. If 6 mm A.C. sheets are used for roofing, maximum spacing is
(a) 1.4 m
(b) 1.6 m
(c) 1.8 m
(d) 2.0 m
154. If 7 mm thick A.C. sheets are used maximum spacing of J bolts is
(a) 1.4 m
(b) 1.6 m
(c) 1.8 m
(d) 2.0 m
155. Unit weight of G.I. sheets is
(a) 65 N/m2
(b) 85 N/m2
(c) 105 N/m2
(d) 125 N/m2
156. The roof covering weight including A.C. sheets, laps, connector etc. may be taken as
(a) 100–125 N/m2
(b) 125–150 N/m2
(c) 150–170 N/m2
(d) 170–200 N/m2
157. To account for weight of electrical fixtures like lights and fans, on lower panel points of trusses
additional occasional load to be considered is
(a) 5–10 kN
(b) 10–15 kN
(c) 15–20 kN
(d) 20–30 kN

II. Match List-I with List-II selecting the answer code given below each item No. 159–162
158.
List I List II
Alloying with Effect on steel
A. Carbon 1. Increases corrosion resistance
B. Phosphorus 2. Improves resistance to high temperature
C. Chrome and nickel 3. Increases brittleness
D. Copper 4. Increases tensile strength but reduces in ductility

Codes:
 (a) A– 1
DOWNLOADED B– 2 C–3
FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com D–4

(b) A– 2 B– 3 C–4 D–1

(c) A– 4 B– 3 C–2 D–1

(d) A– 4 B– 3 C–1 D–2

159.
List I List II
Terminology in bolted connection Meaning of the terminology
A. Pitch 1. Distance between two consecutive bolts measured at right angles to the direction of load.
B. Gauge distance 2. Nearest bolt hole distance from end of plate.
C. Edge distance 3. Nearest hole distance from adjacent edge of plate.
D. End distance 4. Centre-to-centre distance of the bolts along the direction of load.

Codes:

(a) A– 1 B– 4 C–2 D–3

(b) A– 4 B– 1 C–2 D–3

(c) A– 1 B– 4 C–3 D–2

(d) A– 4 B– 1 C–3 D–2

160.
List I List II
Type of beam connection Connecting members used
A. Framed connection 1. Flange cleats only
B. Unstiffened seated connection 2. Flange and web clips
C. Stiffened seated connection 3. Web cleat only
D. Rigid connection 4. Flanged cleats and stiffener angle

Codes:

(a) A– 3 B– 2 C–1 D–4

(b) A– 4 B– 1 C–2 D–4

(c) A– 4 B– 3 C–2 D–1

(d) A– 3 B– 1 C–4 D–2

161.
List I List II
Member shown in Fig. Q. 161 Nomenclature
 A. l 1. bottom chord
DOWNLOADED FROM www.CivilEnggForAll.com
B. 2 2. strut
C. 3 3. sling
D. 4 4. tie

Fig. Q. 161
Codes:

(a) A– 1 B– 2 C–3 D–4

(b) A– 2 B– 1 C–4 D–3

(c) A– 2 B– 1 C–3 D–4

(d) A– 1 B– 2 C–3 D–4

III. Select your answer according to the coding system given for the Assertion (A) and Reason (R)
given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
162. Assertion: Trusses comprise triangular figures.
Reason: A pin-jointed stable figure is a triangle
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
l. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (a)
36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (a)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (a)
56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (a)
 61. (b) DOWNLOADED
62. (a) FROM 63.
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(a) 64. (c) 65. (a)
66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (d) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (c)
76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (c)
81. (d) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (d)
86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (d) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (c) 95. (b)
96. (a) 97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (c)
106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (b) 109. (b) 110. (d)
111. (b) 112. (a) 113. (b) 114. (a) 115. (c)
116. (d) 117. (d) 118. (a) 119. (b) 120. (a)
121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (d) 124. (d) 125. (b)
126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (c) 129. (d) 130. (a)
131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (c) 134. (b) 135. (c)
136. (b) 137. (c) 138. (d) 139. (a) 140. (a)
141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (b) 144. (d) 145. (a)
146. (c) 147. (b) 148. (b) 149. (a) 150. (a)
151. (b) 152. (b) 153. (a) 154. (b) 155. (b)
156. (d) 157. (a) 158. (c) 159. (d) 160. (d)
161. (b) 162. (a)