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Modeling with PV Elite ®

Written by Ray Delaforce

Engineer and PV Elite Trainer at the Intergraph® Corporation, ICAS Division
Copyright© 2016 - CAD Training Technologies, LLC, All Rights Reserved
Modeling with PV Elite®

Ray Delaforce, Course Author

Produced and Edited by Anthony W. Horn

First Edition - September 2016

©2016 CAD Training Technologies, LLC Houston, TX USA
http://www.pipingdesignonline.com
No duplication permitted without express written consent

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 Welcome to these Special Videos for Modeling
with PV Elite®

These PV Elite training videos were developed by Ray Delaforce, engineer and
PV Elite trainer at the Intergraph® Corporation, and are designed to teach you
PV Elite in the easiest, fastest way possible. As you watch the videos and follow
along doing the exercises you'll learn many of the commands, features, and
techniques that will make you more productive and accurate in your work. It
won't take long before using PV Elite becomes automatic and you'll master its
intricacies as you explore the world's leading Pressure Vessel Design and
Analysis software system!

So thank you for your commitment to training, and let's get started!

Anthony W. Horn, Editor

2016

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Trademark Information

The material, applications, and routines presented in this book have been
included for their instructional value. They have been tested for accuracy, but
are not guaranteed and are designed for training purposes only. The author and
copyright holders do not offer any representations or warranties, nor do they
accept any liabilities with respect to this video and written material, instructions,
software applications, or routines. This material in these documents and
accompanying videos is solely owned and copyrighted ©2016 by CAD Training
Technologies, LLC, Houston, Texas, USA. Duplication in any manner is strictly
prohibited without express written consent. All pipe stress and pressure vessel
design and analysis should be done according to the appropriate industry codes
and under the direct supervision of a professional engineer.

Trademarks
Intergraph®, the Intergraph logo®, PDS®, SmartPlant®, SmartMarine®,
FrameWorks®, SmartSketch®, I-Route®, I-Export®, ISOGEN®, SPOOLGEN®,
SupportManager®, SupportModeler®, TANK®, PV-Elite®, CADWorx®,
CADWorx DraftPro®, GT STRUDL® and CAESAR II® are trademarks or
registered trademarks of Intergraph Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United
States and other countries. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks
of Microsoft Corporation. MicroStation® is a registered trademark of Bentley
Systems, Inc. AutoCAD® is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark office
by Autodesk, Inc. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their
respective owners.

Intergraph® provides the programs, CAESAR II®, PV Elite®, GT STRUDL® and

CADWorx® Plant Professional, “as is” and with all fault. Intergraph® specifically
disclaims any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use.
Intergraph® Corporation does not warrant that the operation of the program will
be uninterrupted or error free.

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About the Author and Editor

Drawing from over 40 years of engineering, technical

support, and training experience, Ray Delaforce has
created an outstanding course in Modeling with PV Elite.
Serving as an Engineer and PV Elite Trainer at the
Intergraph® Corporation, Mr. Delaforce is recognized as
one of the top PV Elite trainers in the world. Now you can
benefit from his experience as he shares with you his
knowledge of Pressure Vessel Design and Analysis and
using PV Elite software in a powerful, yet easy to understand course.

Anthony Horn, the Editor of this video training series and

author of the CADWorx courses and the CAESAR II
Fundamentals Course is the owner and creator of
PipingDesignOnline.com. Launched in 2011,
PipingDesignOnline.com has issued over 2500 certificates
in CADWorx and CAESAR II software in more than 40
countries, and is the largest Intergraph CADWorx and
Analysis Solutions software training organization in the
world.

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 MODELING WITH PV ELITE

Table of Contents

LESSON 1
Video 1 Starting the Test1 Model, Setting Units, Adding the Vessel Elements .......... 1
Video 2 Finishing the Test1 Model .............................................................................. 10
Video 3 Viewing Element Data, Running the Analysis,
Viewing Internal Pressure Calculations.......................................................... 16
Video 4 Viewing Elements and Node Numbers .......................................................... 23
Video 5 How to Build a Horizontal Vessel ................................................................... 30

LESSON 2
Video 1 Nozzles, Designating Orientation and Location, Nozzle Types ..................... 39
Video 2 Adding Nozzles, Input Options....................................................................... 46
Video 3 Adding a Hillside Nozzle ................................................................................ 58
Video 4 Adding Radial and Hilli side Nozzles in the Top Head ................................... 67

LESSON 3
Video 1 Nozzle Code Compliance, UG-37 and Appendix 1-10................................... .74
Video 2 Adding Nozzle Reinforcement to the Model using UG-37 ............................. 89
Video 3 Adding Nozzle Reinforcement to the Model using Appendix 1-10 ................. 102

LESSON 4
Video 1 Large Nozzles in Cylindrical Shells ................................................................ 120
Video 2 Using UG-45 for Large Nozzles ..................................................................... 130

LESSON 5
Video 1 Elliptical Heads and Torispherical Heads ...................................................... 138
Video 2 Designing for Vacuum.................................................................................... 143
Video 3 Cone to Shell Junctions ................................................................................. 159
Video 4 Inserting Components .................................................................................... 175

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LESSON 6
Video 1 Understanding Joint Efficiency....................................................................... 182
Video 2 Joint Efficiency and Welds using UW-12 ....................................................... 192
Video 3 Radiography and Weld Categories ................................................................ 201
Video 2 Modifying Joint Efficiency............................................................................... 209

LESSON 7
Video 1 Vessel Supports, Forces on Vessel Skirts ..................................................... 217
Video 2 Setting Wind Loads ........................................................................................ 230
Video 3 Designing and Analyzing a Skirt .................................................................... 240
Video 4 Viewing a Plot of the Base Ring and Analyzing Further ................................ 248
Video 5 Vessel Saddle Supports................................................................................. 262
Video 6 Saddle Design and Analysis .......................................................................... 270
Video 7 Vessel Leg Supports ...................................................................................... 286
Video 8 Designing and Analyzing Vessel Leg Supports ............................................. 290
Video 9 Lug Supports on Vessels ............................................................................... 302
Video 2 Designing and Analyzing Lugs on Vessels .................................................... 304

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 PipingDesignOnline Video Training
  PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video One
 
 

PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V1)

1. To start PV Elite, go to the icon on the desktop screen, and

double-click it.

The program takes a moment to open, and then you see the main
screen.

2. You can see another small screen that opens up and just for the moment, let’s completely
ignore it. Click OK.

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3. Now we can start building our vessel.

 
4. Now, before we start building our vessel, it is very good to actually save the model first.
Click Save.

5. You see the Save As screen, so give the model a name. I'll give it the name Test 1, then I hit
save. You must save this in a file where you can find it again or a folder where you can find it
again. Type a name for the model, and then click Save.
 

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6. Now we can see the name of the file is displayed at the top of the PV Elite window.

7. We are now ready to begin. We're going to build a vessel using the metric system. If you look
at the Units/Code panel, you see by default that we are using English units.
 

8. Now, we're going to change this so that it operates in the metric system. So we go to tools, you
can see this tab in the list of tabs. Click the Tools tab.

9. If you look on the Tools tab, you can see an icon that says Select Units. Click Select Units.

10. You see the Open dialog box

with the units file open. In the
units file, we look for a units
file called Newtons.fil. This is
the file for the metric system.
Click Newtons.fil, and then
click Open.

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11. We can see all the conversion factors, which I'm going to worry about later on. You don't have
to worry about it now. Click OK.

12. So, we've saved the file, and we've changed the units to metric units. Now we are ready to
start.

13. Before we start, you have to click the Home tab. After you click the Home tab, you then have
all the icons that we use to build the vessel.
 

At the moment, we are only going to use the icons on the Elements panel. In fact, we're only
going to use three of them.

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14. So let's, first of all, put it in a head. Click Ellipse.

15. Now, it's always good to give the components names. So we're just going to call this the
bottom head. Click Element Description in Element Data, and then type Bottom Head.

16. Now, the inside diameter is 1,000 mm. Click Inside Diameter, mm or press Enter to get to
the same in Element Data, and then type 1000.

17. The straight flange is 50 mm, it's about 2 inches. There is the straight flange at each end of the
elliptical head. It is the little distance outlined below. You are going to see this in more detail a
little bit later on.
 

18. Notice that we have two tabs here. We have a tab called 2D View
and a tab called 3D view.

19. Click the 3D View tab.

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We receive a 3D view of the model, where we can see the elliptical head.

Grab the elliptical head and pull down to view more:

20. We now continue putting information in Element Data. We know that the corrosion allowance is
going to be 3 MM. Click Internal Corrosion Allowance, and then type 3.

21. You may wonder why I haven't put in the thickness. Well, the reason should be very clear a
little bit later.

22. Now, we're going to put in the internal pressure, which is 1.5 MPa.
Click Internal Pressure, MPa, and then type 1.5.

23. We're going to put in the temperature, which is about 200 degrees Celsius.
Click Temp. for Internal Pressure, and then type 200.

24. We're going to put in an external pressure, 0.1 MPa. 0.1 MPa is around about 15 psi, which
you're probably more familiar with. Click External Pressure, MPa, and then type 0.1.

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25. We can put in the temperature for the external pressure as also 200. Click Temp. for External
Pressure, and then type 200.

26. Now, one of the things we can do, we can change the material. At the moment we have the
material SA-51617.
 

Let’s change this material so that we have a stainless

steel.

If you look at the Utility panel, you can see an icon

shaped like a little cylinder. This icon is called Select
Material. Click Select Material.

You'll notice that you're going to get about 2000

materials in the ASME Section II Part D, Customary
dialog box.

27. It can take quite some time to find a material. There is, however, a quick method of doing it.
We want to use the 316 material, 316 is stainless steel. Under Search Options in the
Material Search String, type SA240316.

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28. If you look in the Material Name column, you’ll notice that a grey bar appears over the material
that you just typed in. Click the grey bar.

We receive information about the selected material in the Material Properties dialog box.

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29. Notice that we're using 240, 316 material.

30. You can see all the stress values, which we don't have to worry
about for the moment.

31. We have various temperatures. This information is being given

in the metric system.

32. Click Select.

33. All right. Now, if you look at the bottom of the screen you see the Status line. Now, we can see
one of the items is in red font; it's called Tr, and gives us a dimension of 8.62.
 

34. Now, 8.62 is the required thickness of the head. Why is it in red? Just look at the Finished
Thickness, mm and you'll see the finished thickness is only 6.35. It has to be at least 8.62.

35. So what we can do is we have to choose a material which is 10 MM thick.

Click Finished Thickness, mm, and then type 10.

36. Now when you go down to the status line, you can see here it's all in black. Incidentally, if you
look down, still on the status line, you will see an item here Trext 5.745. This is the required
thickness for the external pressure. Tr, over here, is the required thickness for the internal
pressure.
 

37. Now, the external pressure, as we said here, was 0.1 MPa. At this point, you can now save
your model, and then you can pause the video and build your first head.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V2)

1. Now we continue and build a shell. Go to the icon indicated in the image below on the
Elements panel. This is the icon for a cylinder. You can see that in the tool tip.
Click Cylinder, and we now have the shell.

2. Let’s give it a name. We call that, for example, Shell #1.

Click Element Description in the Element Data, and then type Shell #1.

3. Now we can go down the screen just by pressing the Enter button, and we can put in the
length of that cylinder, which is 1,000 mm.
Press Enter until you get to Cylinder Length, mm, and then type 1000.
 

4. Now, look at that thickness again, which is being carried over from the last item.

5. If you look down on the status line, you'll see that that's perfectly fine. Also, as far as the
external pressure is concerned, we're still OK.
 

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6. So always remember, use descriptions. Later on, it's going to be very important, so get used to
it now.

7. Now we put in the next element, which is the cone. There it is.
Click Cone, and the cone inserts.

8. We call it, well, obviously, Cone.

Click Element Description in the Element Data, and then type Cone.

9. Now we put in the cone length. We see that in the Element Data. The length of that cone is
310 MM.
Press Enter until you get to Cone Length, mm, and then type 310.

10. The finished thickness is also 10 mm.

11. We see the ‘From’ End Diameter, mm dimension of 1,000 mm is actually the dimension of the
bottom point of the cone, as seen in the image below.

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12. We must put in the top point of the cone dimension, which is found down in the Element Data
and is called ‘To’ End Inside Diameter, mm.

13. We're going to discuss the To Node and From Node a little later.
 

14. So now we can put in the length the cone, which is 710 mm.
Click ‘To’ End Inside Diameter, mm, and then type 710.

15. So we now have the cone completely designed. We see the thickness of the internal pressure
and the thickness of the external pressure.
 

16. Now we can put in the next item, which is another shell.
Click Cylinder to insert the next shell.

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17. This is Shell #2. Click Element Description in the Element Data, and then type Shell #2.

18. The diameter of that new shell has used the diameter of the cone.
 

19. We now just have to put in the length of that shell, the cylinder length, which actually happens
to be 355 mm.

20. Notice in the status bar that the required thickness is 7 mm and approximately 5 mm.

21. We can change that thickness to 8 mm.

Click Finished Thickness, mm, and then type 8.

22. Now, we can put in the final item, which again is another head.
Click Ellipse to insert an elliptical head.

                        

23. We can call this the top head. Click Element Description, and then type top Head.

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24. This element has used all the dimensions actually from the bottom head, at least as far as the
thickness is concerned.

25. We can change that to 8 mm.

Click Finished Thickness, mm, and then type 8.

26. Check that the cylinder called Shell #2 is also 8 MM.

Click Shell #2, and then check the Finished Thickness, mm.

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Now we have the complete model.

 

27. At this point, I suggest that you save the model. Pause the video now, and build this vessel to
completion.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V3)

1. Now, I want to show you some more interesting stuff. Remember, if we clicked on a particular
item, we get the information for that item in the Element Data.
Click the bottom elliptical head.

2. If you go into the 2D screen, click 2D View.

You see that the item that we click on becomes the current item. Click the larger cylinder.
After clicking, the item turns light green, and you see all the information in the Element Data for
that item.

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3. Click the Cone.

4. Now, down the bottom on the status bar, we saw the minimum thickness for the internal
pressure (Tr: 9.29) and the external pressure (Trext: 5.124), but we don't see any calculations.
So let's have a look and see what the output looks like.
 

5. I want you to click on the Analyze button. You'll notice it's in the Analyze panel, and that
produces all the calculations for this vessel. Click Analyze.
 

6. We receive a warning, something to do with the Cone to Shell Junction. Ignore that for the time
being. That's for a later discussion. So, we just click OK.

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Then, the Output Processor displays. Click Maximize to maximize the screen.

7. If you look just at the internal pressure calculations, we can get all the calculations for the
internal pressure.

8. Click Internal Pressure Calculations.

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9. Now, if you look at these two tables at the top, you see a summary of the calculations.

10. If we look here for the bottom head, for example, we look at the last two columns. 10.0000 is
the thickness that we entered, and 8.61508 is the calculated thickness.

11. We can see the same for the shell. If we look at the shell, 10.0000 is the thickness we entered,
and 8.69171 is the calculated thickness.

12. If we scroll down, you can see the advantage of using descriptions for each item, because you
can see the description in this list.
 

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13. I want to draw your attention to the description of the cylinder, Shell #1, for example. Now look
very carefully at the details shown in the image. You see we have the actual formula from the
code. This is ASME Section VIII Division 1. You can see the formula for the code below.
 

These are the numbers substituted into the formula or equation.

This is the result.

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14. This formula is the one that was shown in that output screen. I just made it a little larger.

There's the equation.

There's the substitution.

There is the result.

15. Let's look at that in more detail to find out what those variables are.

So P is the pressure.

R is the radius. Notice that the radius is in the corroded condition and it also includes the
corrosion allowance, because it's now 503 MM.

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We have the design stress. That's the strength of the metal.

We have the corrosion allowance.

Finally, the joint efficiency. If you don't know what the joint efficiency is, or how to assign that
joint efficiency is, just hang in there, and we'll show it later.

16. So let's just continue. Below you can see the formula as it appears in the code.

In this image you can see the values substituted into the formula.

In this image you can see the thickness. Notice that the thickness is the same as the thickness
that we obtained in PV Elite. It's always a very good idea to do a hand calculation.

17. So this point is very good to save your model, and then we continue a little later.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video Four

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V4)

1. Now, let's start something new.

2. Click the elliptical head at the bottom of the vessel.

Notice it turns light green, as stated before.

If you look at the Element

Data, you can see the
node numbers. There is a
From Node and a To Node.
For example, the From
Node is 10, and the To
Node is 20.

3. Click the Cylindrical, and we notice that the node numbers change to 20 to 30.

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4. This continues as you click the other elements. Click the cone and you get 30 to 40.

5. Click the upper cylindrical and you get 40 to 50.

6. Finally, click the upper elliptical head and you get 50 to 60.

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7. So let's look at the bottom head in more detail. Click the bottom elliptical head.

Let's have a look and see what we're doing here. You see the bottom head
exists between two node numbers. Now let's look at some features of the
bottom head.

For example, you can see the actual head just below the tangent line and
then also see the straight flange.

The tangent line-- the yellow dotted line shown in the image above-- and the red weld line
where it is attached to the next item, are where the two node numbers would appear.

8. So this is node 10, for example, and this is node 20. You'll notice for the bottom head the node
numbers display in the Element Data. So we've got those settled.

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9. Now what about the next item, the cylindrical? Well, again, we have the large shell, and this
cylinder number one exists between node 20 and node 30.

10. We can go to the next item, and we notice that the cone exists between node 30 and node 40.

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11. We just continue. Cylinder number two, node 40 to node 50.

12. On to the top head, this is node 50 to node 60.

 

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13. Now notice the node numbers always ascend, in other words they go from small node
numbers to large node numbers, as we climb up the vessel.

Remember that when we built this vessel, we

started at the bottom head. Then, we built the large
cylinder, the cone, the small cylinder, and the top
head in that order. Those numbered node numbers
follow the order. So, I state in the slide, that the
assembly is always from bottom to top as shown by
the arrow in the image.

Of course, we've been dealing with a vertical vessel

environment.

14. What is the situation with a horizontal vessel? Let's have a look. The node numbers are exactly
the same, but you notice that the numbers work from left to right. So we start at 10, and we
end up with 60.

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15. I'm not showing you how to build a horizontal vessel at the moment. That's coming in a later
video.

16. If we look at one of these components, for example, the main shell, you can see the From
Node and the To Node. We are going from the left side of the cylindrical to the right side of the
cylindrical as we build the vessel.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson One, Video Five

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V5)

1. Now we're going to build a horizontal vessel. So far, we've only considered a vertical vessel.
But we should really learn how to do a horizontal vessel. Now the two methods of flipping the
model. We're going to discuss those in a moment. We want to flip it from the vertical to the
horizontal position or from the horizontal to the vertical position.

2. If you only have one component in you model, let's say that that component is a head. This is
the first component. It is possible to flip that component from the vertical position to the
horizontal position.

3. Now, PV Elite by default assumes you're going to build a vertical vessel. And that is why the
bottom head is orientated that way. Now look at the icon in the image below screen, this icon
will be at the top of the screen in PV Elite. This is the flip icon. Or, as it says in the image, the
Flip Element Orientation. So you first click Flip Element Orientation.

4. So click on that model and then you will re-orientate it. It will go
from the vertical to the horizontal position like in the image to the
left. Of course, you can flip it backwards and forwards from horizontal to
vertical as many times as you like.

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5. Now let's add a cylinder to the model. Now we have two components. We have a head and we
have a cylinder.

6. Now click on the head to select it.

7. Now click on the flip icon and see what happens.

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8. This is what happens. It doesn't re-orientate it from the horizontal position to the vertical
position. It actually inverts the head. We need another method to change the vessel from
horizontal to vertical.

9. So we can see how we can do this by looking at the Tools tab. So click the Tools tab.

10. Then, click Flip Model Orientation.

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11. Then the model changes from the horizontal to the vertical position. You can change it back
and forth as much as you like.

12. Remember, if you only have one component on the screen, you use Flip Element Orientation,
the method on the left in the image below. If you have a number of components on the screen
comprising the vessel, you have to use Flip Model Orientation, the method on the right in the
image below.

13. Now we can demonstrate what we have learned. Open up PV Elite to

start a new model and let's just put one component in the drawing.
We're going to put in a head. This is an elliptical head. Click Ellipse.

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14. Now I told you that we can flip this head from the vertical position by
building a vertical vessel and then choosing the Flip Element Orientation
button. You can find the Flip button in the Utility Panel. Click Flip Element
Orientation, and it re-orientates the head for building a horizontal vessel.

15. Now we can add a cylinder. Click Cylinder.

16. Click on the head to select it.

17. You can see that in the 2D screen. Click 2D View.

We've selected the head.

Click 3D View to return to
the model.

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18. Click Flip Element Orientation again. Flip it, and then pan and turn it so you can see that the
head has gone inverted, which is not what you want.

19. So we can flip the head again. Click Top to make it orientated again.

20. Make sure that the head is selected. You can select it by clicking Previous Element on the
General Input palette. You see that the head is selected.

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21. Now, we click Flip Element Orientation again, and it turns the head back again, just as
we wanted.

22. Click the Tools tab, and then click Flip Model Orientation.

23. We want to flip the model so, click Flip the Model Now.

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24. You can see the model is now in the vertical position. If you want to flip it back again, we can
do so. We can do that as many times as we like.

25. So now you know how to build both vertical and horizontal vessels.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Two, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L2_V1)

1. Before we install a nozzle in a vessel, let's have a look at some of the ways in which we can
place that nozzle. The nozzle obviously exists around the vessel, and it can exist anywhere in
a shell or a head. So look at some of the principles that are involved.

2. Looking at a vertical vessel, we have a vessel where you can see the 0 position for the
installation of a nozzle is at 0, and 90 degrees is to the right. So that means we're moving
around in the clockwise direction, as indicated by the arrow at the top. Obviously, the nozzle in
the image is located at the 180 degree position.

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3. However, we can have different orientations. For example, in the image below we have the 0
position on the right hand side. We have the nozzle on the right hand side, and the 90-degree
position is at the top. So we are going around in the counterclockwise direction. This time, our
nozzle is placed at the 270-degree position.

4. So how do we arrange this? Well, PV Elite has a neat way of doing it. But before we do that,
let's have a look at some other principles.

5. So we can think of the nozzle position in another way. For example, let's say that the positions
are north, south, east, and west as pictured below.

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6. So, we can place the zero position at any position. For example, here we place the zero
position at the east, and it moves in the counterclockwise direction. So you also see the 90-
degree position. So if the nozzle were located at the top, it would be in the 90-degree position.

7. We can also place it in a different method. We can have the 0 position, or the datum position,
at the top, as in the north position. We will be moving around in the clockwise direction, and
again, our nozzle places at 180 degrees.

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8. So there are various ways in which we can set up the nozzle and PV Elite can accomplish this.
We're going to deal with that in the next module.

9. Now, what about positioning a nozzle? In the case of a vertical vessel, we have a From node
and a To node. The position is placed at a distance from the From node. So you place a
nozzle at a position from the From node. That's how we do it in PV Elite.
 

10. Now, if we look on top of this vessel, we can place this nozzle around the vessel.

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11. So supposing the north position, the east position, the zero position, and the 90-degree
position are as seen in the image below, and we're moving around in the clockwise direction;
the nozzle would obviously be placed at 120 degrees.

12. Now, let's look at a nozzle, for example, mounted in a head. If we have the north position and
the east position as shown in the image below and we set the 0 degrees at the top, move
around in the clockwise direction, we can easily see the position of this nozzle at 45 degrees. It
is 45 degrees from that 0 position located on the head. So that's a way we can locate a nozzle
on a head.

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13. There are other things to consider, such as the difference between a Radial nozzle and a
Hillside nozzle. Now, look at the two nozzles on the head in the image below. One of them is a
Radial, and the other one is a hillside.

14. Now, if you notice that the Hillside nozzle’s center line is parallel with the centerline of the
vessel.

15. In the case of a Radial nozzle, it is placed at right angles to the surface. You'll notice that
nozzle is at 90 degrees to the surface. So you can see clearly the difference between the
Radial nozzle and a Hillside nozzle.

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16. In the case of a cylindrical shell, we can have the same thing. We can have a Radial nozzle
and obviously, a Hillside nozzle. Again, notice that the Hillside nozzle centerline is parallel with
one of the major axes of the vessel.

17. This is the important point. The hillside nozzle is pointing in the zero direction, and you see the
offset of the nozzle from the centerline of the vessel.

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18. Let's have a look at another Hillside nozzle. Now, this Hillside nozzle is pointing in the 90
degrees position. There's the 90 degrees, and there is the offset.

19. Now, remember, we're moving in a clockwise direction from 0 to 90 to 180 to 270. So if we put
another nozzle in here, that will be at the 200 position, because the distance around there is
200 degrees.

20. So that ends our session just for the moment. In a little bit, we're going to look at how to install
a nozzle in a vessel and to use these features that we've just been learning.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Two, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L2_V2)

1. If for any reason you closed down your file from the last time, you can easily get your model
back. It's a fairly simple process, just click the File tab, and in Recent Documents click
on the particular model, whatever name you gave it, and there we have our model back.

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2. I have set the model to the 2D screen, and we're going to

start installing a nozzle.

3. We're going to install a nozzle in the large cylinder.

4. Now the rule in PV-Elite is if you're going to install a nozzle, you have to tell PV-Elite where
you're going to install it. So we click the large cylinder to make it the current item, you see this
is shell one. If we install a nozzle, it will be installed in this section.

5. Now if you look up at the ribbon, you'll find a group called

Details.

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6. Now these details are all the parts that I actually glued or stuck on to the main pressure
envelope. One of the icons is a nozzle. So if you look up at the ribbon and you look at the tool
tip, it'll tell you that we're going to install a nozzle. So click Nozzle Input.

7. Now if you look at the Diameter of the nozzle, the Schedule and the Diameter, you'll notice, for
example, although we set the model in mm, it actually comes up in inches. That's not what we
want.

8. So we just close down the nozzle window again, and we just go to the List Dialog icon in the
Auxiliary group. Click List Dialog.

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9. If you look down at the bottom right corner of the Detail Listing dialog box, you'll see Nozzle
Database and change options.
 

10. At the moment, we're using Imperial units for the nozzle.

11. So all we have to do is click the units drop-down, and then select Ansi Metric. Don't
worry about those other metric standards, click on Ansi Metric.

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12. Then click OK, and we go back to our nozzle.

13. Now, if you have a nozzle already installed on the 2D screen, all you
have to do is right-click on the nozzle, and you get the dialog
screen. Notice that our nozzle now is in metric units.

14. So we'll install our first nozzle, which we're going to call N1.
Type N1 in the Existing Nozzle Description box.

15. The N1 nozzle is going to be 200 mm in diameter, which is eight inches. You'll notice that there
are two items shown-- first of all, we have the schedule, then the diameter.
Type 200 in the Diameter box.

16. Let's put the schedule as well, of 80. Click the Schedule drop-down, and then select 80.

17. Now we actually have a corrosion

allowance in this nozzle, but don't
worry about that just for a moment.

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18. Now we set the distance from the From node. Now in the previous video, I showed you how to
set the nozzle from the From node, which is the weld line. We'll set it up at a distance of 500
mm. Type 500 in the Distance from ‘From’ node | Elev box.

19. Now we set it at an angle of 45 degrees. Type 45 in the

Layout Angle box.
 
20. Now at the moment, this nozzle has problems, because you see this red font at the bottom.
This immediately tells us that the nozzle is not adequately reinforced. We're going to ignore
that for the moment, just click OK.

21. Now let's just go to the 3D screen, and we said we're going to
set that nozzle at 45 degrees. Click 3D View, then click the
model and orbit it down till you get a view like below. It's set
at 45 degrees from the position shown by the red arrow in the
image below, but do we want to set the zero or the datum line at that position?

22. So let's have a look at another screen. In the

Auxiliary group, click Set Configuration
Parameters.

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23. Click the third tab, called Default Value Settings.

 

24. Take a look at the Default Angle Direction and Orientation, which is where we set up the
position, the datum position, the zero position, and whether the nozzle's going in the clockwise
or the counterclockwise direction.

25. So let's set this nozzle up in the north position for the zero position of the nozzle.
Click the Default 0 Angle Position, and then select North.

26. We're going to send it around in the clockwise direction.

Click the Default Rotation Direction, and then select Clockwise.

27. Click OK, and then click Yes. That's acceptable.

 

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Click OK.

28. If we tip the model over, our zero position is in the north. Click the model and orbit it down
till you get a view like below. Remember, I said its set in the north position, that's the red
arrow, and the nozzle is at 45 degrees for that position.

29. In the 3D screen, if we double-click on the nozzle, we get back the nozzle input screen.

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30. Again you see that 500 from the Distance from ‘From’ Node—I'll show that to you. Below
marked by red lines you see the distance from the From node, up to the position of the nozzle.

500mm 
Position of 
the nozzle

From node

31. Let's put another nozzle in this vessel. You can click on the nozzle icon again, but make sure
that you have the shell selected. Select the large cylinder.

32. Again, we can look at the 2D screen to make sure we have it

connected. Click 2D View.

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33. We have the shell connected, and now let's put in another nozzle. Click Nozzle Input.

34. Let's look at the first nozzle, there's our first nozzle.

35. Now we're going to add another nozzle.

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36. Now it's very, very tempting just to put all the dimensions in the nozzle, just as this screen
stands. But if you look down at the bottom of the nozzle screen, you see Add New Nozzle. So
you have to click on that nozzle button, otherwise you're going to override the first nozzle that
you installed. So click Add New Nozzle.

37. We'll call this nozzle N2. Type N2 in the New Nozzle Description box.

38. We'll have this nozzle 150 mm nominal diameter, which is six inches.
Type 150 in the Diameter box.

39. We can set it a distance of 500 mm, as before.

Type 500 in the Distance from ‘From’ Node box.

40. However, the angle we shall set at 90 degrees. Type 90 in the Layout Angle box.

41. Now notice that in this nozzle, this is nozzle two of two nozzles. Just look at the part of the
screen shown below all the time and it'll tell you where you are working.

42. So if we click OK, now you can see your two

nozzles.

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43. So let's look at the 3D screen, and there are our two nozzles.
Click 3D View, then click the model and orbit it down till you
get a view like below.

44. Remember, our first nozzle, N1, was set at 45 degrees from the zero position. Our second
nozzle was set at 90 degrees from the zero position.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Two, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L2_V3)

1. Now we're going to install a Hillside Nozzle in the shell indicated below.

2. So make sure this shell is selected. Click the shell to select it.

3. You can make sure by looking at the 2D screen. Click 2D View to

check if the shell is selected. The light blue color indicates the
selection.

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4. Click Nozzle Input in the Details panel.

5. Now, this is our first nozzle (orange). That's nozzle one of two (purple). Click Goto Next
Nozzle (red).

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6. That's nozzle N2 (orange). That's two of two (purple). Now, we're going to add a new nozzle.
Click Add New Nozzle (red).
 

7. So let this nozzle be the same size nozzle. We're going to call this N3. Type N3 in the New
Nozzle Description box.

8. We're going to put the distance from the From node at 300 mm. Type 300 in the Distance
from ‘From’ Node | Elev box.

9. This time however, we're not going to put a layout angle in the
nozzle.

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10. Notice that this is a Radial Nozzle. PV Elite assumes we're going to install a Radial Nozzle.

11. Instead of that, click Layout.

12. Notice that we can install either a Radial Nozzle or a Hillside Nozzle.

13. So we're going to install a Hillside Nozzle. Select Hillside Nozzle.

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14. We’re going to make this nozzle point in the 180-degree position, and the offset, we're going to
set to 200 mm. Type 180 in the Reference Angle alpha box, then type 200 in the Nozzle
Offset Dimension L box, and then click OK.

15. Notice that the Radial check box is now unchecked because we are dealing with a Hillside
Nozzle. Also the image to the right changes as well.
 

16. Now, let's have a look at the model. Click OK.

There you are.

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17. Notice, the offset of 200 mm.

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18. Perhaps you can see it a little better if we tip this model up. Click the model and then drag
upwards to move the model to the view below.

19. That's a Hillside Nozzle. It's tipped at an angle. It's pointing in the 180-degree position.

20. Let’s just confirm that. Click Front View, and then click the top and drag down to view it as
below.

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21. Below you see indicated the 0 position, the 90-degree

position, and that the nozzle points in the 180-degree
position.

0 position

90 

180 

22. Click the top of the vessel and drag upwards to view the nozzle as shown below. We can
now see our offset from the center line of the vessel.

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23. Now that should be fairly simple to do. To reset the

model in its original position, click Front View.

24. Now, why don't you go ahead and build this model.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Two, Video Four

(Reference Video: PVE_L2_V4)

1. Now, we are going to install a nozzle in the Top Head. We're going to install a Radial Nozzle.

2. Click the Top Head, and then click 2D View to look on the 2D
screen to see that it's selected.

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3. For this Radial Nozzle, we're going to set it slightly offset. So we go to our Nozzle icon in the
Details group. Click Nozzle Input in the Details panel.

4. We're going to call this nozzle N5. Type N5 in the New Nozzle Description box.

5. We'll make Diameter, should we say, 100 mm in diameter. That's a four-inch nozzle. Type 100
in the Diameter box.
 

6. We're going to offset it a distance of 100 mm. Type 100 in Offset Dimension L.

7. The Layout Angle, we're going to make 180 degrees.

8. So this is nozzle one of one and it's installed in

the Top Head.

9. Now, let's have a look at that nozzle. Click OK, and there it is. Click the vessel and drag it
to see the top.
 

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10. Click and drag to see it from the front. Notice it is slightly offset, and it is radial because it's
canted over at an angle.
 

11. Now, let's install another nozzle in the head, but this time we're going to make at the Hillside
nozzle.

12. Double-click the nozzle on the head, which opens the Nozzle Input/Analysis screen.

13. Make sure that you have an Add New Nozzle button on the screen.
 

14. So we're going to add a new nozzle. Click Add New Nozzle.

15. We're going to call this N6. Type N6 in the New Nozzle Description box.

16. We'll make the Diameter 150 mm, a six-inch nozzle. Type 150 in the Diameter box.

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17. We're going to put the nozzle at the 45-degree position. Type 45 in Offset Dimension L.

18. Remember, we use the Layout button if we're going to install a Hillside Nozzle. Click Layout.
 

19. So again, select the Hillside Nozzle radio button.

20. We're going to put it at an angle of 45 degrees, and the offset there is going to be 200 mm.
Type 45 in the Reference Angle alpha box, then type 200 in the Nozzle Offset Dimension
L box, and then click OK

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21. Click OK, and then we can have a look at our model. N6 is our Hillside Nozzle.
 

22. If we tip this model over slightly, click the top of the vessel and drag down to view the
nozzle from the top. That is our Hillside Nozzle there with 0 degrees up above it as indicated
below, and it's set at 45 degrees. See that? 45 degrees.

0 degrees

23. Click Front View.

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24. Now you'll notice that in this exercise, if we look at any of these nozzles—double-click the N2
nozzle--for example.

25. We have this red font down at the bottom of the Nozzle Input/Analysis window. The red font
tells us that this nozzle is not correctly reinforced. That is what we're going to discuss in the
next module.

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26. So just close the Nozzle window by clicking OK.

27. I suggest you save your model. Click Save on the File panel. We wait for our next module.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Three, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L3_V1)

1. In the last session we looked at a nozzle, and we found that the nozzle actually didn't comply
with the code. So in this session we’re going to discuss how we could make the nozzle comply
with the code.

2. In other words, we are going to reinforce that junction so that it's sufficiently strong to support
that nozzle against the internal pressure. So we really going to discuss for the moment the
principle of ensuring the nozzle to shell junction complies with the code.

3. Now in the ASME code, there are two methods that you can use:

 First of all, you have the method in UG-37. That's in the main part in the code.

 Then, you have the method in Appendix 1-10. That's in the appendix part of the code.
 

4. These two methods are slightly different.

 For example, the UG-37 method is called Area Replacement. I'm going to discuss that in
greater detail in a moment.

 The method in Appendix 1-10 is known as the Pressure-Area method.

 

We're going to have a look at these two different methods and how to analyze a nozzle using
these methods.

5. So first, we're going to consider the method in UG-37, which is the area replacement method.

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6. So consider a wall of a pressure vessel. This is just a wall of a cylindrical shell, for example.

7. Consider we know that it has an actual thickness of, shall we say t?

 

8. It also has a minimum calculated thickness of tr. So, therefore, the plate is actually thicker than
the required calculation thickness.

9. Now, let's put a nozzle into this vessel.

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10. Then we can see the calculated thickness of the nozzle, for example, trn. The nozzle is only
just a simple shell. It's calculated in exactly the same way as you calculate the thickness of a
cylinder.
 

11. We also have the actual thickness of the nozzle, tn. So there's a complete picture.
 

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12. So let's look at the area replacement method. Now the area in grey is the actual area that has
to be replaced.

That is the diameter of the nozzle times the calculated thickness.

Calculated 
Thickness 

We’re not talking about the actual thickness, but the calculated thickness, which is called A.
Now that is the area that has to be replaced, because it's the area that's being removed, and
we have to replace it. So any thicknesses that are over and above the calculated thicknesses
can be used for nozzle reinforcement. So let's have a look.

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13. Now, first of all, the shell is actually thicker than required. The thickness is t, required thickness
is tr, so the excess thickness can be used for reinforcement or putting metal back.

Excess Shell 
Thickness 

14. What about the excess thickness of the nozzle? That can also be used. So we think of the
excess thickness of the nozzle outside the shell. That's called A2.

15. We also have excess thickness of the nozzle inside the vessel, and that is called A3. Notice
that we use the whole thickness because the pressure on the outside of the nozzle and the
inside of the nozzle are equal. You don't have it to have a calculated thickness of the nozzle.

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16. So if A1 plus A2 plus A3 is greater than the removed area A is adequately reinforced.

17. If it is not adequately reinforced, we can add a reinforcing pad or a re-pad. So there is a re-pad
that is called A5.

18. The welds can also be used for reinforcement.

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19. Now, when you look at the width of A1, why can't that A1 width extend all the way down to the
end of the shell?

20. Well, there's a reason for the width of A1. Basically, it has to fit into the envelope shown in the
image below.

Envelope 

21. So just have a quick look at this design.

 The area removed is A.

 The area put back is A. A2, A3.

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 A4 for the welds.

 A5 for the re-pad.

22. Now, if A1 plus A2 plus A3 plus A4 plus A5 is greater than the area removed A, the nozzle is
adequately reinforced.

23. Now, if we look at the figure from the code-- that's figure UG-37-- we can clearly see where all
these areas are.

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24. There's the A1, I spoke about.

There's A2.

There's A3.

A4 of a nozzle welds.

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A5 is the re-pad. So that's the method in UG-37.

25. What about the method in Appendix 1-10? Before we go on to that method, I suggest that you
read UG-37 in the code to fully understand it. You will see how those areas are calculated, and
you can see this is the envelope I told you about, around the vessel, and any metal outside
that envelope is excluded from the reinforcement calculation. It's completely ignored.

26. Now let's look at the Appendix 1-10 method, which is the Pressure-Area method. It works on a
slightly different principle.

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27. First, let's look at a nozzle located in a cylindrical shell, for example.

28. Now let's look at the internal pressure. Obviously, internal pressure is really trying to split the
vessel. It is not strong enough. Let's look at the area over which the internal pressure acts.
That happens to be called Ap.

29. So now that is pressure that is trying to actually split the shell. But how do we glue the shell
together? Well, of course, there's always these stresses induced in the metal itself of the shell
and the nozzle. So we have another area to consider. Let's have one for the area of the metal
that is resisting the splitting force of the pressure. That's called A1. 

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30. Now let's have a look at a slightly different view. Let's consider the forces acting. Now, the
force trying to split the vessel is obviously the pressure times the area. It's just the standard
form of force. Its pressure times area.
 

31. So we have the internal pressure acting over the red area below, and it's p for the pressure,
times Ap the area.

32. What is the force holding the vessel together? Well, there it is. That's the force in the metal.
 

33. The force, again, is stress times area. So that force is the stress in the formula, the allowable
stress of the material, times the area, A1.

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34. So let's look at a slightly different view. Let's look at the top view. Now, well, let's see what's
actually happening in this example.
 

35. Now, the pressure tries to split the cylinder. There's the pressure, and it's trying to split the
cylinder.

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36. But the resisting force of the metal prevents this, so it holds the vessel together.
 

37. So we have considered two methods of reinforcing the nozzle junction.

 First of all, we have the method in UG-37, which is the Area Reinforcement method.

 We had the method in Appendix 1-10, which is the Pressure-Area method.

 

38. Now the method used in Appendix 1-10 under certain circumstances has serious
disadvantages:

 For example, you cannot use it when you’re calculating the nozzle reinforcement for a
vessel subject to vacuum.
 

 It can only be used for nozzles that are in-stored in cylinders and cones but not heads or
spheres.

 So what actually happens when that occurs, PV Elite then uses UG-37 instead of Appendix
1-10.
 

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39. So now we can put all these things into practice, but before we do, let's have a look at what
happens when you open up the nozzle dialogue screen, which we did a little earlier.

40. You'll see in the top left-hand corner six little thumbnail sketches. We're only interested in the
leftmost four sketches. Now, what do these sketches mean? The first little sketch in the lower
left-hand side is an inserted nozzle with no re-pad.

41. The upper sketch is an inserted nozzle. You can see where it's actually inserted into the shell
there, is with a re-pad.

42. Over on the other side, we have what is known as a set-on nozzle. If you look very closely at
this nozzle, you can see it does not penetrate the shell. That's why it's called a set-on nozzle.
It's a nozzle with a re-pad. You can see the re-pad in the image.

43. Finally, we have a set-on nozzle with no re-pad. So PV Elite actually calls the set-on nozzle an
abutting nozzle.

44. So now we're going to go to a model and correct one of those nozzles that did not comply with
the code.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Three, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L3_V2)

1. If you can retrieve the model that we used last time, the one in the image below, you may
notice that I have had slightly larger font for this annotation. I'll show you later on how to
change the size of that font. However, just for the time being, just look at this particular model.

2. Now first of all, we're going to do the nozzle reinforcement in accordance with UG-37. To do
that, go to the tabs below the General Input palette, and you will see the Load Cases tab. You
can see the little tool tip indicating that tab. Click the Load Cases tab.
 

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3. Go near the bottom of the Load Cases palette, and you will see an item that says Use
Appendix 1-10 instead of UG-37.

4. You'll notice that the Use Appendix 1-10 instead of UG-37 box is checked. That means we're
going to use Appendix 1-10.

5. So if we uncheck that box, then we're going to use UG-37. Clear the Use Appendix 1-10
instead of UG-37 box.

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6. Click to go back to the General tab.

7. Now, we're going to change a particular nozzle. Pan to see the nozzle we're going to change.
It's the nozzle indicated in the image below, which is N1. Now, to open up the nozzle
dialogue screen for nozzle N1, you can double-click on that nozzle.

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The Nozzle Input/Analysis dialogue box displays where we have the nozzle failure as indicated
below.

8. Click OK to close that again.

9. If you're in the 2D screen, click 2D View,

and you can find the N1 nozzle, you can right-
click on that particular nozzle, and it will also
open up the nozzle screen seen above.
Close the Nozzle screen.

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10. So let's go back to the 3D view, click 3D View.

11. We can actually find this nozzle, if we had a lot of nozzles in the drawing, and we wanted to
find nozzle N1 quickly, by going to the Display Nozzle list. Click Display Nozzle List.

The Nozzle List of all the nozzles in the model displays. Select nozzle N1, and then click
Edit Nozzle.

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Again you see the nozzle dialogue screen comes up.

12. Now, I did discuss the little thumbnail sketches in Nozzle Attachment. You'll notice that the first
thumbnail sketch that is selected just has a nozzle, which is an inserted nozzle. But there's no
reinforcing pad.
 

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13. Now you'll notice the red text at the bottom of the screen above the buttons (shown below) that
we have the values A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5. A5 is zero and A4 is the actual welds. Further
down the red text it says AAV, which is the Area Available. Then, we have the AR, Area
Required. Notice that the Area Available (591.302) is less than the Area Required (1153.082).

14. If you use the calculator button, you can look through the calculation. Click Calculator.

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15. Let’s look at one feature, scroll to Results of Nozzle Reinforcement Area Calculations.
In the image below you can see we have the area that has to be reinforced. That's the number
highlighted in red in the image below, and then we have the areas that are put back, A1 A2,
A3, and A4, and A5 shown in purple in the image below. You'll notice that the area put back is
less than the area we require.
 

16. So now we're going to add a repair to this nozzle in the hopes that we can get this nozzle to
pass. Select the Insert Nozzle with Reinforcement Pad radio button.
 

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17. Now, we have to select the material.

18. Notice that the Pad or Hub Properties part of the screen has become active. This is the
information for the repad. We actually want to use the particular material shown in this area.

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19. Select the first SA-240 316 material in the ASME Section II Part D Customary list.

The Material Properties for SA-240 316 screen displays. Click Select.

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20. If you look at the repad details under Pad or Hub Properties it actually defaults to a repad
320mm in diameter, and it is 50mm wide all around the nozzle.

21. Now, notice that the text above the buttons, shown in the image below, the nozzle is fully
reinforced as far as the nozzle reinforcement is concerned. You can see that the area available
is now greater than the area required.
 

22. Now, if we look at this in the calculation, and scroll down to where the table exists, we can see
the area required. Click the Calculator button and then scroll down to the Results of
Nozzle Reinforcement Area Calculations. You now see the area required highlighted in red.
WE also see the area that added back highlighted in purple. The area added back value is
greater than the area required, so the nozzle is adequately reinforced.

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23. For the moment, I want you to ignore the External column. We're going to discuss that a little
bit later on.

24. If you look at the bottom of the Nozzle screen, there's still some red font that has something to
do with the flange.
 

25. This flange is a 150-pound flange, or a class 150 flange, and the allowable pressure is 1.37
MPa. This flange is actually not strong enough for this vessel.

26. So what we do is we make this a class 300 flange. Click the Flange Class drop-down, and
then select 300.

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The nozzle goes away.

27. So this nozzle is now adequately reinforced. We can close this box down.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Three, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L3_V3)

1. Now, let's use the other method for reinforcing the nozzle.

2. So we go back in the Load Cases tab. Click the Load Cases tab.

3. Scroll down to the bottom. Where it says Use Appendix 10 instead of the UG-37, select
the box and the calculation will be done by Appendix 1-10.

4. Let's get back to the general screen. Click the General Input tab.

5. Let's just turn this around a little. Click the model and orbit to the left to get a view similar
to below.

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6. Remember, that we can access the dialog screen for this nozzle by double-clicking on the 3D
screen.

7. Or we can go to the 2D screen, click 2D View, and by right clicking

on the nozzle again, we can get at the nozzle dialogue screen again.

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8. This time, the reinforcement is done to appendix 1-10.

9. We can just quickly have a look at that, and you'll see the layout is slightly different. Click
Calculate.

10. You still have the Results of Nozzle Reinforcement Area Calculations information with the A1,
A2, A3, A4, et cetera. In this particular case, we can see that the external pressure controls,
but we're going to deal with external pressure a little bit later on. Click OK twice.

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11. Now, there's another thing I would like you to look at. If we go to the
input screen, let me get to the 3D screen, click 3D View, it's a little
better.

12. Let's do the calculations again. Click Analyze.

13. You will get a number of messages on the screen, just click on the left mouse button or press
the Enter button just to get rid of them. Then, we shall finally get the calculation. Here are the
calculations.

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14. What I want to draw your attention to is the Internal Pressure Calculation. Let's have a look at
that. Click Internal Pressure Calculation.

15. Now, notice that it at the bottom of the screen in red text it reads: the MAWP or the MAP, or
maximum allowable working pressure, is limited by a flange. However, it can be limited by a
nozzle.

16. Let's close this down again. Click the X to close.

17. What I want to do is to delete some of these nozzles in the drawing. I'm just going to leave only
the N1 nozzle in the drawing.

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18. So, click on the N2 nozzle and delete it.

19. Click Delete twice. Do not delete nozzle N1.

20. Leave nozzle N1 in the model, and click OK.

21. Now, click on the top head to select it.

22. Click 2D View.

You see you selected it in the 2D screen.

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23. So we clicked on the top head, (click 3D View to get back)
and we're going to delete the nozzles on that top head.

24. This time, we'll get the

Nozzle screen by using the Nozzle
button. Click Nozzle Input.

25. Click Delete twice, and then click OK.

26. Click and orbit the model to the left, to see we now have just one nozzle.

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27. Click Analyze. We may get a couple of little problems. When you get a problem, click the
Enter button, or just press the Enter button, and they will go away.

28. In the Calculation screen let's have a look at the Internal Pressure Calculation. Click Internal
Pressure Calculation, and scroll down to the Element Required Thickness and MWAP.
Ignore the note highlighted below in red for just for the moment. Instead look at the M.A.W.P
Corroded MPa column highlighted below in orange. We find that the MAWP of the vessel is
1.84 MPa.
 

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29. Now, if we go back to our nozzle, (click to close the calculations screen). Double-click on
the nozzle, and then click Calculate.

30. You can see that our calculation is down to a lower pressure. So in this particular case, our
nozzle could limit the MAWP of the vessel. So how do we fix that? Before we do that, let's
have a real at a PowerPoint presentation, which explains how MAWP is arranged.

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31. Now, in this presentation we consider the implications of the MAWP of the vessel, and the
effect that it has on the nozzle. We're concerned at the moment with the nozzles. So what is
MAWP?

We get a definition from Appendix 3 of ASME section 8, division 1. It's very simple. First of all,
it's the maximum pressure that can be sustained by the weakest component. It might be a
head, a shell, a cone, or even a nozzle.

This pressure is measured with a gauge, or the pressure gauge, at the highest point, which
really means it's above any contained liquid.

32. Now, at the moment, we've only considered the design pressure at this stage, and we have
actually designed our nozzle to the design pressure. So it's possible that the MAWP of the
vessel can be controlled by the nozzle, but that's not what we want.

33. So why do we have to consider the MAWP? Let's have a look at a typical ASME, or A-S-M-E
nameplate. Now, I want you to notice one particular point. We can see that we have to stand
the pressure on the nameplate, but what pressure is that?

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34. Well, that pressure is not the design pressure. It actually is the MAWP of the vessel. So note
that. You can see that pressure is the maximum. In fact, the ASME code doesn't even consider
the design pressure. It only considers the MAWP of the vessel. So if we don't want our nozzle
to limit the MAWP of the vessel, we have to do something about it.
 

35. So how do we find the MAWP? Well, it's very simple.

First of all, how do we find the required thickness of
the vessel? Using a simple formula from the code. You
might recognize the formula from UG-27.

36. You see the data.

37. And now here is the substitution.

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38. Then, of course, we finally have the required thickness. But of course, you can't buy a plate
that is 8.69 mm thick. You'll have to buy the next size up, which is a 10 mm plate.

39. Now, we consider the 10 mm plate. Now, what we ask ourselves is what pressure can the 10
mm plate sustain?

40. So what we actually do, we take the same formula, but we turn it around to make P the subject
of the pressure. It's just the same formula but turned around. Note that when we consider the
actual thickness that we're going to put into this equation, we use the corroded thickness. So
let's go ahead and do that.

41. So there are the substitutions. So now, we see that although we designed this vessel to 1.5
MPa, it can actually take 1.842 MPa.

42. So perhaps, we should really consider this higher pressure, the MAWP. You don't have to, but
very often, you must. There are various reasons why you would choose the MAWP to design
the nozzles.

43. So let's actually have a look at this nozzle.

 First of all, we use the design pressure of the vessel, which was 1.5 MPa.

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 We are going to consider the MAWP of the vessel, which is 1.842 MPa.

 But our vessel has a number of components. For example, we consider the MAWP of the
Shell #1, and you see it was 1.842 MPA.

 We have a number of components in the model. For example, this component has a
different MAWP.  

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44. So remember the definition of the MAWP?

 It's the maximum allowable working pressure of the weakest component.

 Pressure gauge mounted at the top of the vessel so it's above any liquid.

45. So let's look at the MAWP of out vessel, and I'm going to show you how to apply this to the
nozzle. So we just close this screen down, and we go back to our model. Remember, that the
N1 nozzle is designed basically to the design pressure.

46. Now, what we can do, we can go into the Load Cases, which we already have selected. If it's
not selected on your screen, select it.
 

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47. You'll notice that under Nozzle Design Options, we can see it says the Nozzle Clip Design
Pressure options. You can ignore the word clip, so it's Nozzle Design Pressure options.

48. Now, if you look at the screen, you can see that it's designed to the MAWP, but, by default, it
normally is set to Design Pressure plus Static Head. Select Design P + Static Head.

49. So it's set to the design pressure. Let's

just click on that nozzle and look at it
again when we set it to the design
pressure. Double-click the N1 Nozzle.

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50. Click Calculate, and we can look at the calculation.

We can see here that it does the calculation to the design pressure.

51. So let's get out of the calculation, click OK.

52. This time let's set Nozzle Design Pressure to the MAWP plus static head. In other words,
generally choose number one. It's the best one to choose. Click the Nozzle/Clip Design
Pressure drop-down, and then select MAWP + Static Head to Element Bottom.

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53. Now, go back to the N1 nozzle, double-click it, and look at the actual pressure. Click
Calculate.

54. We can see now it does it to the MAWP.

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55. Remember that design pressure according to the calculations, if we look at the actual
calculations, if you just click Review we can bypass that-- well, when you're doing the
calculations, we can look at the last time we looked at the calculations. Click Review.
 

56. Click Internal Pressure Calculations. Scroll and you'll notice that the internal pressure was
actually controlled not by the MAWP of the shell, which is the one in the image below, but it
was controlled by something to do with the cone. We're going to discuss that cone a little bit
later in another video.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Four, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L4_V1)

1. Let's consider nozzles in cylindrical shells.

2. Now nozzles in cylindrical shells require special treatment, especially if they are large nozzles.
I'm going to show you why, and the problems that can occur, and what problems are going to
occur when you design large nozzles.

3. Now what actually is a large nozzle? Well there is a definition in the code, it's found at UG-36.
If a vessel has an inside diameter of up to 1,500 mm-- that's actually 60 inches-- the nozzle
diameter is limited to half the diameter of the shell, but it cannot exceed a nominal size of 500
mm.

4. If the vessel, however, is larger than 1,500 mm diameter, you can still have a nozzle up to half
the diameter of the shell, but it mustn't exceed a nominal size of a 1,000 mm.

5. We've got to see the reason why this occurs, and why large nozzles in cylindrical shells require
special treatment.

6. Below you see an image of two nozzles-- and I really want you to concentrate on the nozzle on
the right.

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7. In the image below you can see what can actually happens to the nozzle under pressure.

8. Did you notice that the nozzle is flared out at the bottom? Why did it flare out at the bottom?
Well it opens up at the cylindrical junction for a reason. The reason this happens is that there
were very large stresses in the shell, and it tends to pull the nozzle out of shape.

9. So let's have a look at a plan view of this nozzle in the cylinder. So you see the nozzle to the
left in the image below-- we're looking directly down on the top.

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10. Notice that the forces in direction A are greater than the forces in direction B. So notice we
have longer arrows in direction A than in direction B. This is because the stresses in the shell
in the hoop-- the red circle is known as the hoop direction--so the stresses in the hoop
direction are twice as great as the stresses in the longitudinal direction. This can distort the
nozzle.

So it can cause a nozzle to become deformed. So there we have a nozzle that's deformed, and
that is the case. Because there are actually large moments on the nozzle-- and I'm not going to
go into the details of that-- but be aware of the fact that, if you have nozzles inserted in a
cylinder, they can have a limited size.

11. You don't use just UG-37 to design the nozzles; you have to use another appendix. You can
either use Appendix 1-7 or 1-10 to design nozzles in cylindrical shells, when they are a very
large size.

12. Now we're going to investigate such a nozzle in a model.

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13. Now what I want you to do is get back to the model that we used before.

14. We're going to have a look at the N1 nozzle in the drawing. So let's just turn the vessel around
slightly to get a better view of the nozzle. Click the model and drag the mouse to the right
to orbit the model to the left.

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15. Double-click the N1 nozzle.

The Nozzle Input/Analysis screen opens.

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16. We're going to turn the nozzle into a large nozzle. Should we say 400 mm?
Type 400 in the Diameter box.

17. Now let's have a look at the calculation. Click Calculate.

18. In the Quick Results Dialog, scroll down to Results of Nozzle Reinforcement Area
Calculations. In the first part of the calculation it does the calculation, probably in accordance
with UG-37, as I explained to you before.

19. Scroll down some more to Nozzle Calculations per App. 1-10: Internal Pressure Case.
It's used Appendix 1-10 because this is a large nozzle-- by definition.

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20. So it continues down with the calculation, right the end-- and obviously you can have a look at
this, at your own leisure. Click the X to close.

21. Now we're back to the model, and I want you to consider the N1 nozzle the same nozzle.

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22. Double-click the N1 nozzle, and change it back to 200 mm for the Diameter.

23. Now the N1 nozzle is a schedule 80 nozzle. Let's change it to a schedule 40 nozzle. Click the
Schedule drop-down, and then select 40.

24. Immediately you can see the text at the bottom changes to a lot of red font, which means we
have a problem. The problem is right at the end. It says UG-45 failed. Now let's have a look
and see why that is.

25. So the question is, why do we have a UG-45 failure? What is a UG-45 failure?

26. Now consider a nozzle-- for example, in a cylinder. Below you see we have a nozzle in a
cylinder. Now it is likely subjected to external loads-- perhaps forces and moments.

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It is possible that that nozzle can fail under such circumstances. Now why? This is because the
nozzle wall is too thin.

27. Now UG-45 tries to give a nozzle thickness that will withstand external loadings on nozzles-- it
doesn't withstand any loadings, but any general loadings on the nozzles that are not too heavy.

28. So UG-45 sets these criteria for the thickness of the nozzle. It also adds a corrosion allowance,
at the same time. Let's have a look at them.

29. First of all, it uses the symbol shown below-- ta-- and that's a required thickness of the nozzle
for internal pressure off external pressure. So obviously, the nozzle must withstand the
pressure inside the vessel.

30. Now tb1, which is the required thickness of the shell for internal pressure. That's just a normal
calculation for the internal pressure, but always includes the corrosion allowance.

31. tb2 is the required thickness of the shell for external pressure. You may have a vacuum.

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32. tb3 is the thickness of a schedule standard pipe. Let's look and see how that works.

33. UG-45 has this little formula to determine the required thickness.

34. tb-- that's a required thickness—

---is a minimum tb3 and the maximum of tb1 and tb2. That might seem a little confusing at first,
but you will soon see how this works.

35. The actual required thickness of the nozzle to satisfy UG-45 is the formula shown below.

Let's see how this works in the next video.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Four, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L4_V2)

1. So we're going to do an example calculation to see how this works.

2. Now, ta is the required thickness of the nozzle for the internal pressure.

3. Tb1 is a required thickness for the computed thickness of the shell for internal pressure. Notice
we add the corrosion allowance.

4. Tb3, that's a required thickness of a standard schedule nozzle.

5. tb is, according to this little formula, and we'll get a thickness.

6. Finally, we work out the required thickness of our nozzle using this other formula. Now you
would be very well advised to read UG-45 in the code to really understand this, basically.

7. Now let's see the situation with our nozzle and why it failed.

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8. Now, the required thickness of the nozzle, including corrosion allowance, as you can see in the
image, is 9.3348 mm.

9. Now we choose a standard schedule pipe, which is 8.1788 mm.

10. We deduct 12.5%, because there's a 12.5% mill tolerance on this nozzle.

11. So the conclusion is the required thickness as 9.3348, but the actual thickness is 7.1564. That
is why our nozzle failed.

12. So what is a solution? The solution is to select a schedule 80 pipe, which is 12.7 mm thick.

13. So we deduct the under mill tolerance of 12.5%.

14. This passes because the nozzle is 11.1125, which is greater than the UG-45 required
thickness of 9.3348.

15. So you can go back to your model, and you can change it back to a schedule 80 pipe so that it
continues to work in the future.

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16. Just to remind ourselves, let's have a look at the actual calculation in PV Elite.

We have all the values in the calculation, ta and all the other values as well.

It does the calculations.

Finally calculating the required thickness for a UG-45. It gives us the thickness that was on the
previous page, which was 9.3349.

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And it shows that it failed.

17. So we can go back to our model. We can change it back to a schedule 80 nozzle. Go back
the model, close the Nozzle Input/Analysis screen, and then double-click the N1 nozzle.

18. In the Nozzle Input/Analysis screen, click the Schedule drop-down, and then select 80.

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19. You can now see that it passes. You do not have a UG-45 problem.

20. Now, one thing we haven't looked at yet, are the welds. Let's have a look at the welds.

21. For example, the weld of the nozzle to the shell. The required nozzle size, the fillet size is
actually calculated at 7.921 mm, but we have a weld here of 10 mm.

22. Let's make that weld too small. Swipe and erase 10, and then type 6 in the first Nozzle to
Pad Fillet Weld Leg box. Notice that immediately, the second box turns red. That is a warning
that the nozzle fillet weld is too small.

23. So we change it back to 10. Swipe and erase 6, and then type 10 in the first Nozzle to Pad
Fillet Weld Leg box.

24. Let's have a look and see why these nozzles have to have certain size welds. So click OK.

25. We're going to look at the other screen, so we can see the possible problems with your welds.

26. So we're going to consider, for a moment, weld strength and weld failure paths. We're going to
show you what they are in a moment.

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27. Let's consider the nozzle below with a weld. There we have a small fillet weld. It's shown here
in red.

28. Now, obviously, there is a force on that nozzle. That force on the nozzle is the pressure times
the area. You see the formula in the image below.

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29. The pressure times the outside diameter gives us the force, and that force could be sufficient
to actually separate the nozzle from the shell. So you can have a situation like you see below.
Now that's not very desirable, so that means that the weld is too small.

30. We have in the nozzle what we call a failure path. Now, passing from 1 to 1 if this weld here is
too small, then the nozzle is going to fail, and you don't want that to happen. So any path that
fractures the nozzle, or tends to fracture the nozzle, is called a failure path.

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31. We can look at this in the code, for example. Below you see figure 41.1. There we have a
number of failure paths. For example, from 2 down to 2, if the two welds indicated below in red
fail, then the nozzle will part company. Or, we can go from 3 down to 3, and if the welds
indicated in orange fail, then you're going to have a problem. So these are samples of failure
paths, and they're dealt with by PV Elite.

32. We won’t go into how the calculation is done. You can look that up in the code.

33. Below you can see another example with the failure paths.

34. So you can see that it's very important that the nozzle welds are sufficiently large to maintain
the nozzle inside the shell.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Five, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L1_V15)

1. Just to open up a PV Elite screen, I want to show you something new. If you look up at the
Elements panel, we can see we have two heads. If we let the mouse hover over the first head,
we can see that is an Elliptical Head or Ellipse.

2. If we let the mouse hover over the second head, that is a Torispherical Head or Torisphere.

3. Let's have a look at the difference between the elliptical head or the ellipsoidal head and
Torispherical head.

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4. Now note the elliptical head is based on a true ellipse.

There are two axes, a major axis and a minor axis.

For a two to one elliptical head, or ellipsoidal head, the major axis is 2 times the minor axis.
That's where you get that two to one factor in there. And that's known as a two to one
ellipsoidal head.

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Below is an image of your elliptical head. Incidentally, you can see the skirt in the image below.

There's the skirt.

5. Now let's have a look at a Torispherical head. Now the Torispherical head is actually based on
three circles.

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6. Then we have a crown radius in the ASME code. This is labeled L and we have a knuckle
radius, labeled lower case, r.

7. You can see in the image below that our head fits into that format.

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8. Now Torispherical head can be treated as an Ellipse head according to the ASME code, but
under special circumstances and here they are. There's a statement in UG-32d that says the
following-- "An acceptable approximation of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one with a knuckle radius
of 0.17 times the diameter, that's the skirt diameter, and a spherical radius of 0.9 times the
diameter.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Five, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L5_V2)

1. Now we're going to consider vacuum design. Vacuum design is very important, and it can be
very expensive. Take a look at this vessel, below for example. That's a rail car, but it was
subjected to a vacuum.

2. This is what actually happened to it. It's amazing that just air pressure can do this to a vessel.

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3. What about this vessel? You can the problems we have, so vacuum design is something that's
very, very important.

4. Now I would really appreciate it if you followed my instructions exactly, because you're really
going to learned something if you do.

5. So we're going to consider a particular vessel. The vessel below is the one we're going to
design. So what I want you to do is to stop the video, design this vessel, and make sure that
you get the design exactly as shown on the screen.

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6. Your design should look something like this. We can see the heads on the end and the shell in
the middle.

7. Make sure that your dimensions look exactly like this, because we're going to use these
dimensions to describe exactly how you should do a vacuum design. So if you don't have
those dimensions exactly like that, just pause the video, go back, and redo your model.

8. So now the first thing that we need is the depth of the head. The depth of the head is as
indicated below.

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9. Now we have a shell. Notice that the length of the shell is the 4,000 mm, and that extra little
piece on the end, which is labeled SF 100 mm, is really the straight flange on the head.

10. Now one of the things we have to do is to calculate the depth of the head. The depth of the
head for a two to one elliptical head is the diameter divided by 4, which is 375 mm.

11. You can see that dimension down at the bottom of the screen.

12. So we find that length is 125.

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13. Now we put certain dots on the screen. We're going to discuss these dots in a moment, but
those dots are very important. The distance between these dots is the effective length of the
shell. It is important that you understand this.

14. So the length of the shell itself is 4,000 mm.

15. Now you've got 2 times the depth of the head, or a third of the depth of the head. You see
those dimensions in the image below.

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16. You have 2 times the straight flange. You see the straight flange in the image below.

17. So if we just add them up, we can get the effective length of the vessel.

18. When I demonstrate how this vacuum design is done, you will see a status line come up in PV
Elite. The status line is right at the bottom of the PV Elite screen, and it looks like this:

19. What I want you to look at on the status line are the two items indicated below.

20. Now TREXT, which is 10.543 mm, is the required thickness of the
shell for the length of the shell for that effective length.

21. However, the shell is only 9 mm thick. That is why we have a problem with this vessel.

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22. Now SLEN, the second arrow, really is the maximum length to
which a 9 mm shell can be subjected when you have full vacuum.

23. Now, remember the length of the shell is 4,450 mm, but the maximum length as shown in Slen
is only 2,582.1 mm. So the shell is too long for the vacuum.

24. Now the points down at the bottom, those dots, they are called points of support. It's very
important that you understand this.

25. Now any effective length that exists between points of support is an effective length. Let me
give an example. For example, if we put in another point of support as indicated in the image
below, the shell is divided into two lengths, L1 and L2. Then the effective length would be the
greater of L1 or L2, and that will be L2.

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26. Now let's solve all the problems in our model. So stop the video, and then we should come
back here to analyze what we have done.

27. Now below you see the vessel that you should have designed, and you can see all the
dimensions on the left.

28. What we're going to do is we're going to add an extra point of support to this model, so that the
shell is not too long for the vacuum condition. What we're going to do is we're going to put a
vacuum ring in the location indicated below.

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29. Now, click the Home tab and what we're going to do is we're going to put an extra point of
support in this vessel to reduce its effective length.

30. So we have two effective lengths. Now what we do is we click Stiffening Ring.

31. We don't have to change the description.

32. However, we do need to know the distance from the From node-- remember that the From
node is in the indicated location of the shell.

The To node is in the indicated location as seen below.

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33. We need the distance from the From node to place that ring. We put it at a distance of 2,355
mm. Type 2355 in the Distance from ‘From’ Node box.

Now you're wondering, perhaps, why we're putting it at a distance of 2,355 mm. That's going to
be made plane in a moment, when I show you how this is done.

34. Now, notice at the moment the shell is not thick enough.

Now when I click OK, you'll notice that that red font goes away, and the shell is now thick
enough. Let's have a look to see what we did.

35. Now we have the status line from PV Elite on the screen, and you can see the dimensions of
required thickness for the external pressure, and the effective length-- the required effective
length.

36. Now, what we do, we're going to reduce that effective length by 2 mm, because PV Elite might
not work absolutely accurately to the last decimal point. So we just reduce it to a round
number. We're going to set that the effective length at 2,580 mm.

37. So there it is. We can now see the effectively length.

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38. Now, don't forget that it goes from the first point of support, and then the ring itself will actually
make another point of support. So we get a new point of support at the ring. So now we have
an effective length on the left hand side at 2,580.

39. We need to know the distance from the From node. Now, just remember where the From node
is. The From node for the shell is as shown in the image below, and we need to know the
distance from that From node to the point of the new support under the ring.

Distance to 
compute

40. So let's see how we compute that.

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41. We know that the third of the height of the head is 125 mm.

42. We know that the straight flange is 100 mm for the head.

43. We just do this simple calculation. We subtract the 125 mm, we subtract 100 mm, and we have
there 2,355 mm from the left hand side, and that is our distance from the From node.

44. Now, if you go back and you look at the model, you can see why I put in a distance of 2,355.
But don't forget that's the left hand side of the ring. There's also a side on the right hand side of
the ring.

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45. So on the left hand side of the ring we have 2,580 mm from the point of support. On the right
hand side, we have 1,870 mm to the right hand point of support.

46. So here's the calculation. On the left hand side, you'll note that it uses the length in the
calculation of 2,580 mm.

On the right hand side, it uses the dimension of 1,870 mm.

So that's how the calculation is done, because PV Elite calculates all the effective lengths
along with shell whether you have one shell or you have a number of shells.

47. In a later lesson, I'll show you step by step how to complete this calculation by hand.

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48. What I want you to do in the meantime is to study these figures. Notice that we have vacuum
rings providing points to support. The ring can either be on the outside or on the inside.

49. Notice also that we have effective lengths of support. The main calculation will be based on the
greatest length of support.

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50. Also, I'd like you to study this diagram as well, because there's something important in this
one.

51. Now in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, you can then find out how to do this calculation by
looking in UG-28, although, as I said, we're going to do this exercise later on.

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52. Now there's a very, very important thing we have to consider, which we have not discussed.

53. Notice in the image below that we have two junctions between the shells and the cone. They
have to be given special consideration.

Maybe support rings will be required at those areas. I'll show you why in a moment. Maybe
they won't be required.

54. But first we deal with another important subject next.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Five, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L5_V3)

1. So now let's consider the cone to shell junction, and how important it is. First of all, let's have a
look at a problem that we had with our very, very first test model.

2. Remember, we got the following message. Notice it says that, warning cone to shell junction,
Area or Inertia, was not adequate. That is the problem that we have to solve.

3. So let's have look at the situation and the analysis of cone junctions in general. So in this
session, we are going to look at the main problem, and how it can be solved.

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4. Now look at the following diagram, just for a moment. You can see I've separated a cylinder
from the bottom cone.

5. Now notice the forces that are involved. So we have a force as indicted by the arrow below,
and that is connecting the cone to the cylinder. However, there are certain resultant forces in
this model.

6. We have a force, which can be resolved into two orthogonal directions. Like this.

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7. To maintain equilibrium we would have equal and opposite forces on the cylinder. So we just
blow the corner of that cylinder up a little bit, and we have a look at those forces. The force
indicated below is the source of the trouble-- it's the trouble that can actually damage our cone
to shell junction.

8. Let's have a look at those forces in more detail. Now I've removed the cylinder in the image,
but you can see-- at the junction-- it's trying to pull the cone at that junction inwards, thus
crushing the cone to shell junction, at that particular point.

9. So a way we can solve this problem-- if we need to is we can actually put a ring around the
cylinder. Now the ring actually has to be placed fairly close to the junction. Note the distance
from the ring to the junction. If it's further away, PV Elite ignores the ring altogether. So a ring
might or might not be necessary.

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10. Now this also is a point of support where that ring is located. So let's try and understand the
principles from ASME Section VIII, Division 1.

11. You see to the right we have a set up.

Now generally, we can find the points of support-- here they are the,
points of support.

12. Now this is the thing that you really must understand, this is a
very important principle. Supposing the two shell to cone
junctions are not considered as being reinforced-- note this
point-- this is the effective length of each cylinder. The one at
the top and one at the bottom.

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13. You might imagine that the effective length of the cylinder would be as indicated below by the
red arrow, and as indicated below by the purple arrow. If these junctions are not reinforced-- or
are not considered as being reinforced-- then the effective length for the little cylinder is L, and
effective length of the big cylinder is also L.

If not reinforced, 
then is this length. 

14. Now if the junctions are considered as being reinforced, then we have a different situation.
Then we can see the effective length of the upper and lower cylinders.

Because we get two extra points of support,

where the cone junctions are reinforced. 

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15. So the cone junctions may be reinforced with or without a ring.

Or it's possible we made need rings there to give support-- adequate support.

So we would need rings like this:

16. We're going to do with the analysis of the cone junction. We're going do with this separately a
little bit later on, but meanwhile I'd like to consider this point.

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17. Now look at a real life example of a cone subjected to some internal pressure. The cone is
being subjected to hydraulic pressure. We've got a hydraulic pump down at the bottom of the
screen, and this-- we actually have the pressure gauge right at the top.

18. See what actually happens when we over pressurize this vessel. Note we get wrinkling where
the junction between the cone and the cylinder exists. It's as though the cone to shell junction
is being crushed, and being made smaller. So we get this wrinkling effect, and this is the thing
that we want to avoid. That is one of the reasons why we have to consider that cone to shell
junction as being reinforced.

19. The metal might be thick enough to adequately reinforce the con to shell junction without a
ring, but if the cone or the shell thickness is not enough, then we would need a ring.

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20. Now this is another configuration for the manufacture of cones, I would like you consider. A
cone can have a knuckle and a flare. You can see below the flare, and the knuckle.

21. So the cone can be divided into three parts. We have the flare at the top, the knuckle at the
bottom and in the middle we have the cone, as we first encountered it, without the flare and the
knuckle.

22. Now for a vacuum calculation, the cone is turned into an equivalent cylinder.

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23. We modify the thickness, the diameter, and the length of that equivalent cylinder.

24. Then, we do the calculation, just as though we're doing a vacuum calculation for a cylinder,
and the dots shown below become the points of support. Those are the points of support just
for the cone, which does not include the cone to shell junctions in any way.

25. So we get back to a model, and now we are going to fix the problems.

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26. So let's load the model you first dealt with-- the very, very first model you built.

27. What I'm going to do is I'm going to look at the 2D screen, so we can
see which items we are selecting. Click 2D View.

28. Now we're going to reinforce this cone junction, but now let's have a look at this cone first of
all. Select the cone in the 2D drawing.

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29. Scroll down in the Additional Element Data and you will notice we can consider that
both ends are going to be a line of support.

30. That means that both ends of the cone-- both the small end and the large end, are going to be
considered as being reinforced. Now remember, when we ran this model before, we had a
problem with the cone junction, and that is what we're going to fix.

31. So where are we going to put our first ring? I suggest we put our first ring on the bottom shell.
So select the bottom shell, and then go click Stiffening Ring to put a ring on that cylinder.

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32. Remember, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the top of the cylinder is 1,000 mm.

1000 mm 

33. We put it at a distance of 975 mm, just for a start.

Type 975 in the Distance from “From” Node box.

34. You can see the default values, we can use the
default values as the inside diameter of the ring,
which fits the outside diameter of the shell-- the
thickness-- and the outside diameter of the ring.

35. There's one more thing that we have to do. We have to tell PV Elite we are using this as a
cone to shell junction ring. That's very important. Notice the Cone to Shell Junction Ring check
box at the bottom right of the screen. We let PV Elite know that we're doing a cone to shell
junction ring. Select the Cone to Shell Junction Ring check box.

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36. Notice after we click the Cone to Shell Junction Ring check box the area beneath it changes to
red font. What is it telling us? Remember I told you the ring has to be a certain distance, or it
cannot be more than a certain distance away from the cone to shell junction. It can only be 14
mm away, but at the moment it's 25 mm away.

37. So we will have to change the position from the from node of that particular ring, so we'll make
that 990 mm. Type 990 in the Distance from “From” Node box.

38. Now notice now, that red font goes away, so we can just click OK.

39. We can now see our ring in the model.

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40. Now we want to put a ring on the small cone to shell junction. Again, we put it on the shell. We
can put these rings on the cone, but it's always easier to put them on the shell. Click the small
cylinder, and then click Stiffening Ring.

41. We put that up a distance-- shall we say-- of 20 mm.

Type 20 in the Distance from “From” Node box.

42. We use the default sizes of the rings: the outside diameter, the inside diameter, and thickness.

43. Again, remember you have to click the Cone to Shell Junction Ring check box.

44. Again, we have a problem. It can't be more than the 10.651 mm distance away from the cone
junction.

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45. So we change that to-- we say-- 10 mm.

Type 10 in the Distance from “From” Node box.

46. Click OK, and there is our model.

47. Now let me just show you in the 3D model, click 3D View. There are our rings.

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48. Now let's run the calculation, but before I do-- remember--
when we ran this calculation before, when we did not have the
cone to shell junction reinforced, the M-A-W-P-- the maximum
allowable working pressure-- was limited by the cone to shell
junction. Now, when we run the calculation, you'll notice the
cone to shell junction will not limit the M-A-W-P.

49. So let's run this calculation. Click Analyze.

50. The calculation opens. Now we look at the internal pressure calculation, click Internal
Pressure Calculations, and you'll notice that the M-A-W-P now is limited by the cone, but not
by the cone junction. So you see below the M-A-W-P of the cone-- we had that M-A-W-P. Now
everything works out, and the cone junctions do not limit what is actually happening to the
maximum allowable working pressure.

51. So there we have it. So now you know how to put on vacuum rings, and you know now how to
put on cone junction reinforcement rings.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Five, Video Four

(Reference Video: PVE_L5_V4)

1. We have now added components to our model. So, what if you want to insert a component or
delete a component? Let's have a quick recap and see how we built the model.

2. We built the first item which is item 10 to 20, showed the vertical position and the horizontal
position.

Then the next component is 20 to 30.

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Then from 30 to 40.

Finally, from 40 to 50. Notice that the node numbers increase as we ascend, or we go up with
the vertical model and as we go right in the horizontal model.

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3. But suppose we want to insert a cylinder in the location indicated in the image below.

4. Now we can't just add a component, because it will be put on the top of the vessel or to the
right of the vessel. So first we have to click a component to select it. We want to know where
the inserted component is going to be placed. So say we select the item shown in blue in the
image below. Now we're going to insert the item after this component. Before would be below,
and after would be above.

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5. So the first thing we do is we go to the Insert icon.

6. So you would click on the Insert icon and then you get the
Insert screen.

7. Now, notice that we click both the cylinder, and the fact that we going to insert that item after
that selected showcase. Then, we just click OK.

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After you've selected the component it will be inserted.

8. Notice now that you have two new node numbers, 50 and 60. PV Elite has kept track of the
node numbers.

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9. Now, suppose we want to delete an item. Again, we have to first select that item. There's the
item we selected and that is the item we're going to delete.

10. So click Delete. It looks like a little trash can.

11. The item is now deleted.

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12. Notice we lose node 20, because there's no node 20 to 30. So we lose node 20. So it's glued
back together again. Now, notice the node numbers, node number 20 is missing, but if you're
unhappy about that you can also renumber the nodes. It's very easy.

13. So look for the Tools tab on the top of your screen.

14. Then, find Renumber the Nodes, click, and you're nodes are renumbered automatically.

15. I'm not going to show you a demonstration of this, this is something you can practice yourself,
so get practicing. Thank you very much.
 

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Six, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L6_V1)

1. Today we're going to discuss joint efficiency. Up until the present, we just used a joint
efficiency of one, but that is not really correct. So let's have a look at joint efficiency and what it
means.

2. Now, all vessels have welded joints. Below you see a vessel and all the joints in the vessel.
Notice those joints each have a location. We have longitudinal welds and we have
circumferential welds and we have welds in heads.

3. We're going to ask ourselves the question of: How strong are these joints? Are they as strong
as the parent plate? Maybe they're weaker. We could ask a different question. For example,
how strong is the joint compared to the strength of the parent plate?

Below we have a weld in the parent plate. The parent plate is either side of the weld.

4. This, in turn, brings us to the definition of joint efficiency. What is a joint efficiency? So we first
consider a very simple principle.

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5. Let's consider just for a moment just a simple chain. Below we have a chain.

Now, we know that a chain is as strong as its weakest link.

If the weakest link breaks, then the chain breaks.

6. So that's a situation perhaps with a weld, because if we have a weld, that can also break.

7. So what is a definition of joint efficiency? I've already given you the clue. It's just simply the
following:

Joint efficiency is the strength of the welded joint compared with the strength of the parent
plate. So it would just be a number.

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8. We can't see the strength of the weld just by looking at it. The weld can have internal flaws,
cracks, lack of fusion, porosity. For example, below we see a radiograph showing some of the
internal defects.

You can see there's porosity. That's just little bubbles inside the weld.

We have lack of fusion where we didn't get a full meld to the welded metal.

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There's also lack of penetration when the weld doesn't go right the way through to the welded
joint.

So those are the problems that we can have.

9. Where we would have such a radiograph is necessary to do repairs. Now, if the weld is as
strong as the parent plate. Looking at that equation.

So the strength of the welded joint is the same as the strength of the parent plate, obviously,
the joint efficiency would be one.

If the weld is weaker than the parent plate, then it would be less than one.

10. So before assigning a joint efficiency to a weld, we need to know something else. We have to
know the meaning of weld type. So we just discussed this for a few moments.

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11. There are six types in ASME Division 1. We're only going to discuss the first three types, as
the others are rarely used.

 Type number one. This is where we have plates join together and they're welded from both
sides. What do I mean by welded from both sides? You would weld the first side, then you
would turn the plate over and then you would gouge out any bad materials in there. If there
are cracks in the porosity and there are other defects and then you will weld up the second
side.

 There is another type one. If you have a weld and it's only welded from one side, you might
have a removable backing strip. It has to be removable. So this packing strip is not fused to
the shell. It might be made of copper and when you weld the steel, it will not fuse to the
copper and it can actually be removed.

 Let's consider type two for a moment. Type two is a joint where the backing strip stays in
place. As you can see, the weld has fused to the metal backing strip. This metal backing
strip is made of the same material as the parent plate or compatible material. But the
backing strip is not removable. So the backing strip is permanently fused to the shell.

 Now we have a type three joint. Now, a type three joint is welded from one side only.
Because you only perhaps have access to one side, you can't get inside the vessel.

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12. There is an interesting statement in the code. It says basically any weld that achieves the
same quality of weld as a type one-- remember, type one is welded from both sides or has a
removable backing strip. So I just read that again. Any weld that achieves the same quality of
weld as a type one joint can be considered as qualified as a type one joint.

13. So this is very, very important. So you might have a joint that's welded from one side. That is
the plate on the left, and you want to qualify it as the same as the weld on the right, which is a
two-sided joint, which is type one.

So if you can get that full fusion of the same quality as it says in that statement above, then
perhaps you can be qualified as a type one joint. Only if you had the same quality of weld as a
type one joint.

14. We can now state what the requirement is to determine the joint efficiency. We use the letter
E. The capital letter E.

The important points are:

 The weld type.

 The amount and degree of radiography that we apply to the weld.

So those two characteristics are very, very important, and that's what we're going to
concentrate on.

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15. However, there's just one more thing to consider. We have to consider the category of the
weld. So we're just going to concentrate on that just for a moment.

16. Look again at the vessel with its welded parts.

17. The category is the location. Notice these welds are in different locations.

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18. A category A weld, for example, is a longitudinal weld. We see a longitudinal weld as
highlighted below.

Then, there's another longitudinal weld also as seen below.

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19. A category B weld is a circumferential joint. We have one as shown below.

We have another one, for example, as seen below.

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20. However, the category A weld, as mentioned is also any weld in a head. You see the welds in
the head? Perhaps these heads would be made of more than one piece of plate.

21. So that is a category A and the category B weld. So those are the main ones you should be
concerned with.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Six, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L6_V2)

1. Now the head on the right is an ellipse, or a Torispherical head. I discussed that earlier.

2. However, suppose that we had a hemispherical head, instead. Now, you see a hemispheric
head, which is really half a sphere.

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3. Now, notice this very important point-- notice that, although I said the circumferential welds are
type B welds, when it comes to a hemispherical head, the circumferential weld is a type A
weld. So notice a difference between those two. I'll discuss the reason for that in a moment. So
just remember that. It's a very important point.

4. A hemispherical head is not allowed to have a straight flange. Now, for a complete
explanation, please consult, in the code, UW-3, in the ASME code.

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5. Note the method of joining a hemispherical head to a cylinder. Do you notice that the head is
thinner than the shell? In fact, the head might be half the thickness of the shell. That is the
reason why you can't have a straight flange on a head, because the straight flange would form
part of the shell, and it would not be thick enough, because a cylinder has to be twice the
thickness.

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6. This illustration you see below is from ASME, showing all the welded joints and their locations
or category. Remember, category equals location. So I advise you to read that section of the
code, UW-2 and UW-3.

7. So let's sum a few things up.

 Weld Type is the method of welding the joint. That's really the joint geometry. We
discussed those types of joints.

 Weld Category is the location of the weld, and we discussed those locations.

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 Also, remember that category A for hemispherical head, that's also very important.

8. We're now in a position to deal with joint efficiencies. I haven't discussed how we assign a joint
efficiency, so let's have a look in the code and see how it is done.

9. Definition of the welding joint is found in table UW-12 of the ASME code. It's a little bit difficult
to read, because the print is very small.

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10. Let's just magnify it very slightly, and we see the type. If you look we see types one, two, and
three.

11. We also see the definition of the type, as I explained just previously.

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12. Running along the top, we also have the category-- the categories that are qualified to be
welded, according to the Joint Description information, which I shan’t go into just at the
moment.

13. Then we have the degree of radiography.

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14. Also the joint efficiencies.

15. So, let me just give you an example. We take a type 1 joint. It may be one of these category
welds. OK, if it's a category A weld-- you'll recall, that's a longitudinal joint. If we have full
radiography, we can assign it a joint efficiency of one.

16. If we only do spot radiography, it would have a joint efficiency of 0.85, or 85%.

17. If we have no radiography, 0.7, or 70%.

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18. What is meant by a degree of radiography?

 Well, no radiography means just that-- you don't do any radiography at all.

 Spot radiography means one x-ray shot, or radiographic shot, in 50 feet, 15 meters, or
about 5% of all the welds.

 Now full radiography-- well, there is a misunderstanding on the part of many folk. This is
really misunderstood, this meaning of the word full radiography, and I'm going to go into
that in a little more detail. The definition of full radiography is found in UW-11(a)(5)(b). This
was obviously written by an attorney-- I'm just joking of course-- because it's very
convoluted.

19. So let me just break down what this statement is actually trying to say. This is what that
paragraph is trying to say with regard to full radiography.

 A category A must be radiographed for its entire length.

 A category B weld must be at least spot radiographed.
 We can ignore references, for the moment, to category C.

20. So let me just go over these points again. It means that any category A weld-- that is, a
longitudinal weld-- to qualify for full radiography has to be radiographed for its entire length.
But at the same time, any category B weld, or circumferential weld, either side of that category
A weld, must as a minimum be spot radiographed. That is the secret. That's all there is to it,
but so many people misunderstand.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Six, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L6_V3)

1. So look at this setup below, for example. Suppose a degree of radiography is like seen below.
Now you notice those longitudinal joints are radiographed for their entire length. That's where I
use the word 100%. That means for its entire length.

2. Now just look at the longitudinal joint indicated below. Now does that qualify for a full
radiography?

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3. Well let's apply the rules shown below:

4. For Category A weld must be radiographed for its entire length. Well yes it has been.

5. Any adjacent Category B weld must be spot radiographed as a minimum. Look at the indicated
weld below. There's no radiography at that weld.

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6. So the weld indicated below cannot qualify for full radiography. So it doesn't get the joint
efficiency of 1.00. So this joint doesn't qualify for full radiography even though it's being
radiographed for its entire length because it has failed the requirement as stated in the rules.

7. However, the longitudinal joint indicated below does qualify for full radiography because both
of the other joints are spot radiographed as seen below.

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8. That's all there is to it. It's very simple to understand. So both Category B welds must be
subjected to spot radiography. Both of the welds indicated by the green arrows below.

9. The left-hand circumferential joint didn't qualify. So just note those points.

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10. What about the Category A weld in heads, for example? It's exactly the same story. Below we
see a Category A weld. You'll recall that all welds in heads are Category A. Because there is
no radiography of the joint indicated below, the weld on the head does not qualify for full
radiography.

11. However, the other weld on the other head does because the indicated joint has been spot
radiographed. Simplicity itself.

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12. Now we are in a position to look at table UW-12.

13. So look at the left-hand side of the vessel for the longitudinal seam. It's a Type 1. That's a
Type 1 weld.

14. Has it been fully radiographed? Well, it didn't qualify. So it actually is demoted to the next one
down, so you only get a joint efficiency of 0.85.

15. Note that point. The joint efficiency, therefore, is 0.85 instead of 1.00.

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16. So if you do not understand joint efficiency principles, go over this item again. It's extremely
important to the design engineer.

17. We're now in a position to see how PV Elite deals with joint efficiency. So look at the General
tab. If you look at the General tab in PV Elite, we see two items that deal with joint efficiencies.

18. We see the Category A weld and the Category B weld. It doesn't state it on the input screen,
but nevertheless, that's what it means. So make sure you understand everything we have said.

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19. Now I want you to set the Units File to inches, we're going to change to inches. Remember
how to do that.

20. The model you see below is the model I want you to build. Now when you've built that model,
you can come back and then I will show you how to deal with joint efficiencies.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Six, Video Four

(Reference Video: PVE_L6_V4)

1. You may recall that the longitudinal seam efficiency-- or joint efficiency-- is for the category A
weld.

As you'll recall that is the long seam shown in the image below.

2. The circumferential seam efficiency is for the circumferential weld, as shown below.

Also, you might notice that PV Elite always defaults to one for these values.

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3. Now what we're going to do is we're going to change the joint efficiency for this main shell. So
I'm going to click on it to select it.

4. Now, I want you to look at the Status Bar at the bottom of the screen while I change the joint
efficiency, because it says the required thickness for internal pressure is 0.1505.

5. Now, if I change the joint efficiency—click in the Longitudinal Seam Efficiency box and I
change it to 0.85.

6. When I press Enter, you'll notice that the Tr value, down on the status bar changes. So we see
it changed now to 0.1771.

So it shows you that the joint efficiency does affect the quality-- or the thickness-- of your
cylinder.

7. Now, I did tell you about UW-11(a, 5, b) So how do we invoke it? Well, let's look at the
Longitudinal Seam Efficiency. Do you see the little ellipsis button? So if we press the
Longitudinal Seam Efficiency ellipsis, we can then select the type of radiography you're
going to do to this longitudinal weld seam. We will choose full radiography.

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8. Now, we might have no radiography for the circumferential seam efficiency-- no radiography at
all. Select No Radiography per UW 11(c) type 1.

9. Now, when I click OK, you can see how it sets this up. Although we had full radiography--
or we radiographed the long seam for its entire length-- has been set to 0.85, because we
didn't satisfy spot radiography for the circumferential seam.

10. So let me go back into the Longitudinal Seam Efficiency.

11. So we have full radiography for the longitudinal seam. So, now this time let's set spot
radiography for the circumferential seam. Select Spot Radiography per UW-11(a,5,b) Type 1.
Then, we now click OK.

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Now we see the longitudinal seam has a joint efficiency of one, and circumferential seam has a
joint efficiency of 0.85.

12. Now, if we run the calculation, click Analyze.

13. Then, we see the analysis. If we look at the analysis, we click Internal Pressure and we just
scroll down until we come to that shell.

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14. Now we can see that the longitudinal seam-- that's a category A weld-- is set to full
radiography per UW- 11(a). However, the circumferential seam is set to spot radiography per
UW-11(a, 5, b).

15. Now let's go back to the model. Now let's go ahead and look at the
head selected in the image below. Let’s use the 2D screen. Click 2D
View, and select the head.

16. Now, let's just imagine that this head has a category A weld in it. It's been in radiograph for its
entire length. So we can set the longitudinal joint seam to one.

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17. Now, let's click the Circumferential Seam Efficiency ellipsis and look at the
circumferential seam.

18. Again, let's set the longitudinal weld seam to full radiography type 1.

19. We set the category B weld to no radiography, and then we press OK.

20. Although the head has been radiographed for its entire length, we get a Category A weld joint
efficiency of only 0.85. Don't worry about the Circumferential Seam Efficiency joint efficiency
for the time being. You may recall from an early video that PV Elite-- and the ASME code--
only bases its calculations on the category A weld, not on the category B weld for internal
pressure.

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21. Now let's just imagine that this selected head is now a seamless head. This head is now
seamless.

22. Let's have a look and see what happens. Click the Longitudinal Seam Efficiency ellipsis.

23. Now we set this up as a seamless head, but we have no radiography for the category B
weld. Again, we click OK.

24. Then, we see we only get a joint efficiency of 0.85 even though this head is completely
seamless.

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25. Let's go in there again. Click the Longitudinal Seam Efficiency ellipsis.

26. Now we set the radiography for the category B weld to spot radiography. This is a type
1 weld. Set it to spot radiography, and then we click OK.

Now we have a joint efficiency of one.

27. Now, if you don't fully understand this, I advise you to go back in your video and look at my
video on joint efficiencies and then you will get a full understanding.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V1)

1. For this lesson, we're going to talk about vessel supports. Obviously every vessel has to be
supported somehow; otherwise, of course it would just rest on the ground.

There are four basic types of supports that we're going to consider:

 First of all there's a vessel supported on a skirt.

 There's a vessel supported on legs.

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 A vessel supported on lugs.

 A vessel supported on saddles.

2. We're principally concerned with the vessels supported on a skirt. We shall consider each in
turn, but first we consider the vessel supported on the skirt. Now a vessel on a skirt is
subjected to its own weight, it may have product inside. However, there can also be lateral
loads coming in from the horizontal direction from wind or seismic loading, as you can see in
the image below.

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3. Naturally we'll want to see the effect that they would have on the vessel. So consider what
happens from the lateral load. The lateral load tends to rotate the vessel as shown in the
image below, or wants to rotate the vessel like the image below.

4. However, look what's actually happening at the junction, right down at the bottom as seen in
the image below.

5. So we consider it in more detail and notice

how the foundation is compressed as the vessel
presses down on it, and the foundation really
resists as though it's made of rubber, because
concrete has elastic properties.

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6. So there are stresses pressing on to the bottom of your base ring, as seen below.

7. There are also lateral forces that are forcing that vessel over to the right.

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If they are too great, obviously, the vessel can rotate out of the concrete foundation and fall
onto its side. So we don't want that to happen.

8. So to prevent the vessel from falling over, we would have foundation bolts that would hold the
vessel firmly down on the foundation.

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9. Now let us look at the forces that are acting on the skirt at the base ring.

 First of all we have the weight of the vessel.

 We have the force pressing upwards from the concrete, notice the direction of those
arrows.

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 We have force acting downwards from the foundation bolts.

So basically, there are three forces that we have to consider.

10. So those forces have to be in equilibrium. So we can end up with a

very, very simple equation. It looks so simple. You think the analysis
is easy, but there is a problem.

11. If you look at the image below, we want to know exactly where the point is as shown in the
image below. Let me do that again. Look closely what happens to the point. We need to know
exactly where the point is and that is the problem in understanding the fc equals W plus fb
equation.

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12. Now let's have a look at the footprint on the foundation from the base ring of the vessel, which
you can see below. So that's that portion of the base ring pressing into the foundation.

13. Now there's an equivalent ring. These are from the bolts. Now let me just explain this for a
moment. Although, we have bolts which appoint loads distributed around that foundation. We
can make those bolts, the area, into an equivalent ring because it makes it much easier to
analyze. So you see those bolts, and so that red circle represents the bolts in tension, and the
arc to the right represents the concrete in compression.

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14. Now because we have this point that we're trying to find, the axis or the neutral axis now shifts.
Notice how it shifts to the right.

15. So, again, we have to find that point, and that point is the location of that footprint from the
concrete compression. So PV Elite has to figure out where that point is, and it requires a
special analysis which is too detailed for me to go into at this juncture.

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16. So these forces have to be in equilibrium. Again, we end up with

that simple equation. It seems very simple.

Again, we need to know exactly where the point is located.

So locating that point is complicated. PV Elite can find that point

by a special computer routine. It can then find the pressure on
the concrete and the tension in the bolts.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17. Now look at various types of Base Ring that PV Elite can deal with.

 First of all we have a plain Base Ring, the one on the left.

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 We can have a Base Ring just with plain gussets. Should we say this design below?

 We can have a Base Ring with chairs that look like the image below.

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 Finally, we can have a ring beam or a double ring and that is what the Base Ring assembly
would look like.

So they're very, very simple. So you have a choice in PV Elite of those four types of Base Ring
in combination with other elements.

18. So before we start using, please set PV Elite to use inch units.

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19. Can you remember how to do this? First of all we click on the Tools tab.

20. Then, we click Select Units.

21. When the screen comes up, we select Inches.fil.

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22. Now this is the vessel that we are going to build. Take note of the dimensions carefully. Make
sure that you give this file a name, skirt_support. Remember the name so that you know where
to find it. Don't forget the descriptions. Always put in descriptions as shown. We shall add the
skirt and base ring in a moment. So, please pause the video while you build this vessel.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Two

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V2)

1. Your vessel should look like the image below, just as you built it, just with the three shell
sections.

2. Now, we have to set up a lateral load, which is a wind load. You can see it below as illustrated
on the side of the vessel.

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3. We don't want any seismic loads at the moment, which is going to simplify the presentation. So
pause the video momentarily as you enter the wind load. I'll show you how to do that, first of
all. Find and click the Seismic tab at the bottom of your screen.

Now you get the Seismic Data screen.

4. Click on the Seismic Design Code tab. You see the little drop-down arrow? You will get the
down menu, and from that menu, select No Seismic Loads. So therefore, it sets no seismic
loads.

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5. Now we have to deal with the wind. Now click on the Wind Load tab.

You get the Wind Data screen.

6. Click the Wind Design Code drop-down menu, and we're going to select User Defined.
So we're going to define the wind load.

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7. Now, this Wind Data screen is where we enter the wind load information. Now first of all, if you
look on the left hand side you see the “To” Height: in of 300. That means we're going to have
a wind load up to the height of 300”, and the wind load that we're going to have is 30 psf. So fill
in that information exactly as shown below, and then close down the screen. There is now a
uniform wind pressure of 30 psf over the whole vessel, represented by these arrows.

There is now a uniform wind pressure of 30 psf over the whole

vessel, represented by these arrows.

8. Now, make sure you click the General tab again, because
we're going to work on the model.

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9. Now look at this field in the General tab. It has the designation Wind Diameter Multiplier. What
does that mean? Well, let's discuss the significance of this item for a moment.

10. Consider for example, shell number one. That is the bottom shell. Its 45.5 inches outside
diameter and it is 6” high.

11. Now we multiply the outside diameter by 1.2. That's because there might be items attached to
the cylinder. We can account for those items by artificially increasing the outside diameter of
the vessel. So if you increased it to 1.2 times 45.5, which is 54.6”. So that is the size of the
shell that we're going to consider. So the wind basically sees the diameter of 54.6 inches.

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12. So that extra diameter makes allowances, as I said, for various attachments. There might be
pipework or some process vessel attached to the vessel, and we artificially increased the
outside diameter. So the area, the projected areas, obviously the height times the diameter,
which is 56.6, which is the increased diameter multiplied by the height of the section, which is
60”. We get those dimensions there-- 3,276 inches squared or 22.75 square feet. So that is the
projected area.

13. Now, we've already defined the wind pressure as 30 psf. The pressure acts, should we say, at
the centroid. This is the common way of doing it. So we just imagine the hold of that pressure
acts at the centroid.

14. Now, force equals pressure times area. So we have the force here, which is pressure times
area, which is the 30 psf multiplied by 22.75, which equals 682.5 lb.

Which it's acting at the centroid.

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15. Now this force causes a moment to be experienced by the bottom shell. Notice that the
moment arm is half the height. Remember the height of this section is 60”. So the height of the
centroid is 30”. So the moment is the 30” multiplied by the projected area, which is the 30’ psf
multiplied by the projected area. That comes to 1,706.25 lbf. That is the moment that is
actually acting on the vessel.

16. Now, the wind moment tries to tip the vessel over, obviously.

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17. The vessel is prevented from tipping over by the base ring.

18. Now in the results, which we're going to show you a little bit later, you will see the wind force
on the skirt. Now look at the beginning of this table. We're going to show it you again a little bit
later when we build this vessel. I'm going to show you how to put the skirt in the vessel.

First of all, we have the wind height, which we discussed the 30”.

We have the wind diameter, which is the outside diameter of the vessel multiplied by the 1.2
wind multiplier.

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We have the wind area. This time it's shown in square inches.

We have the wind pressure that we defined ourselves.

Finally, we have the force acting on the side of the vessel.

19. So what we're going to do, we're going to add a skirt to the vessel. We're going to look at the
results for the wind pressure. We're going to determine if the vessel can sustain the load, as
obviously from the loads on the base ring. So let's go to it. Now, I want you to pause the video,
and then I'm going to show you how to add that skirt.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Three

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V3)

1. All Right, here is your vessel. You may have a skirt on the bottom of the vessel and you may
not. If you don't have a skirt on the bottom of the vessel, I'm going to show you how to do it.

2. First of all, I want you to click Wind for the wind data.

3. Then, I want you to select User Defined for the Wind Design Code.

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4. Then, type the height to which the wind pressure is going to be

applied, 300”.

5. Finally, type the pressure, 30 psf.

So now you have the wind determined exactly as I showed you earlier.

6. Let's click on the General tab.

7. Now what we need is a skirt right at the bottom of the vessel. Now
you remember how to do insert. I usually advise people to click on
the 2D screen so you can clearly see which item you have selected.

8. Then, we go up to that part of the screen where we can actually insert an element. So we
click Insert Element

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9. We're going to insert a skirt, select Skirt. We're going to insert it before the current element.
Before means below. Select Before. All we have to do is click OK.

10. Does the skirt separate two independent pressure chambers? No, there's only one vessel so
there are no independent pressure chambers, so I can just click No.

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Then, we see my skirt.

But note, the name or the description is carried forward from the element to
which you attached the item.

So let's change this name to Skirt. Type Skirt in Element Description. 

Now let's get the dimensions right. The inside damage is 45”. The skirt length is
60” and the thickness of the skirt is 0.25” or a quarter of an inch. Make sure your
screen is set up like that.

11. We can go back to the 3D screen.

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12. Make sure you have your skirt selected and now we're going to put in the basering. We have
the skirt, but now we need the basering. So if you look under Additional Elements, you'll
see an item Perform Basering Analysis. You just click that particular field and you get a
little checkbox. You click on that box.

Then, the skirt and basering dialog screen opens up.

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13. We see the thumbnail sketches.

14. What we're going to do, we're going to select Anchor Chair with a cap or a bridge piece.
So we just click that box.

15. Now we just go down and we set up our basering.

The thickness of the basering is 1”.

16. We go down to the next item. The base ring inside

diameter is 44”.

17. The basering outside diameter, 50”.

18. The bolt circle diameter, we make that 47”.

19. We don't have any corrosion allowance in the basering. We choose next the bolt. We're just
going to have 1” bolts. We can either select the bolts using the ellipsis or you can directly enter
the number in Nominal Bolt Diameter. We can select a 1” bolt.

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20. Now we have the Number of Bolts and of course the

anchor chairs as well, 8. We'll leave the Bolt Material.
We're going to have an SA-193 B7 bolt.

21. We won't have any corrosion allowance for the

bolt. We don't have to insert the root area of
that bolt at the bottom of the threads. That will
be looked up by PV Elite. We don't really need
to worry about working out a shear load.

22. Now we come over to the other side.

Now this is the way I want you to set it
up. From the Basering Design
Option, choose Analyze. Now Analyze
basically means we're going to analyze
the ring that we are going to install.

23. Now remember I told you that about

the neutral axis being shifted, so
select that, the Neutral Axis Shifted.

24. We now need Young's modulus. We can just leave

that value as it is for E for Plates. We need the yield
stress for the bolt, for the basering, so leave Sy for
Plates as it is.

25. We need the gusset thickness. Remember, the gussets are in the basering.

We need the gusset thickness and we'll make the

Gusset Thickness 0.75 of an inch, 3/4 of an
inch.

26. The distance between the gussets is 3.5”

27. Now we need to know the amount that the gusset

sticks out from the shell. At the bottom of the
vessel, it is 4.75 and at the top of the vessel, it
is 4.75. I should show you that in a moment.

28. We need the height of the gussets. The height

of the gussets, we're going to make 9”.

29. We need to know the thickness of the top plate,

which is the bridge piece.

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30. The top plate width, well it will stick out the
same amount as the gussets stick out, 4.75.

31. The radial width of the top plate, also 4.75. Now let's have a look at this bolt hole diameter
for a moment. This bolt hole diameter, we
should make a little bigger than the bolts.
Remember, when you're mounting the
vessel, you may be mounting the vessel in
the wind and it's being held up by a crane. You want to have plenty of room around those bolt
holes so that you can slip the bolts into the basering. So actually we can probably make
this, should we say 1.25 diameter.

32. I think we filled everything in.

33. If you look over to the other side at the

Concrete Strength F’c/Fc, this is really the
ultimate tensile strength of the concrete and
the design strength of the concrete.

34. Now the Modular ratio Eplates/Ec item is the

Young's modulus, or the elastic modulus, of
the steel divided by the elastic modulus of
the concrete, which is a value usually between 8 and 10, usually.

35. So I think we filled everything in, so let's have a look and see if we have any bolted chairs.
Click OK. I just moved this up a little bit so that you can see. There are all our chairs.

36. Now all we have to do now is to look at the results.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Four

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V4)

1. I just want to show you something. If we just click on Perform Basering Analysis again, we
get the Basering Dialog screen up.

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2. Then, we can click the little button called Plot.

3. We can actually look at our base ring. As you can see, I haven't got very good proportions, but
nevertheless, we will still get a calculation. So, we can close the Basering Graphics.

We see the top plate

We see the gussets

We see the basering

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4. We can then click OK to close the Basering Dialog.

5. Now, we can actually have a look at the calculations.

So, just click on the running man, click Analyze. I won't
go into great detail with the basering because the
calculations are a little bit complicated.

Then we can see the calculations in the Output Processor.

6. Now, you'll notice down near the bottom of the Report List we have the Basering Calculations.
So, we just click Basering Calculations.

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7. Then, we see the analysis for the basering. We've got all the dimensions that we entered. I'm
just going to show a few features in this analysis.

8. Now remember, the tower is subjected to a wind load, so we will have a wind moment. You
can see the wind moment indicated in the image below.

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9. Then, we have the weight. You see in this example the dead weight and the operating weight
of the vessel. So, the moment and the weight are very important, because remember that the
weight is obviously pressing on the concrete, and the bolts are in tension.

10. So, the very first thing we should do is scroll down to see if there's any red font at the bottom. .
There's no red font, so we've passed the first phase. Now, let's have a look at the calculations
in a little more detail.

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11. The image you see below is where the calculation starts. For example, we're calculating the
actual bolt load. That's the tension in the bolt.

12. Then, you can see the formula as indicated in the image below.

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We see the moment in the formula.

We see actually the bolt circle diameter.

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We see the weight of the vessel.

13. Then, we see the load on the bolt. That's the tension in the bolt.

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14. Now, if we've got the tension in the bolt-- we know the tension-- and we know the stress value
of the bolt, we can work out the required area of each bolt.

So, we can work out the area required in a single bolt.

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15. So, we just scroll our way down, and we can see the load on the concrete.

16. We see the pressure on the concrete. Remember when we looked earlier at the details for the
concrete, the concrete allowable stress is 1,200.

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17. Now remember, I've told you also that the neutral axis is shifted, and this is where the
calculation is done. Scroll down to see the Neutral Axis. This is just a few iterations of that
calculation, and we see the K value that it's trying to work out. So, it goes through a long
calculation, which we won’t go into right now because it's very detailed.

18. So in the basering, we can find the thickness of the basering with the neutral axis shifted and
the required thickness of the basering. Scroll down to see the thickness, which you can see in
the image below.

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19. We can see the required thickness of the top plate. Remember, that was 3/4 of an inch.

20. So, the calculation goes on. We can look at the cap plate also, the required thickness.

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21. We can look at the stress in the top plate, required thickness of the gussets. Remember, the
gussets are in compression. They're acting like little columns. So, when we have a column, we
naturally have to have a unity factor.

22. So, we see the summary of the basering calculation. We can read down through the summary.
I'm not going into the details because it's a little bit theoretical, but we've seen that there's no
red font.

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23. We can go right down to the bottom. It obviously calculates the weld sizes. It also gives a little
note. "The calculated weld sizes need not exceed the component thickness."

24. Then we get a summary of the required results. Remember, if there's no red font, then
everything is OK.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Five

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V5)

1. Now we've got to consider saddle supports. This is the next item that we're going to discuss.

2. What you see in the image below is a typical design of saddle supports. You can see the
saddles on the bottom of the vessel.

3. So let's look at some very, very basic principles. These principles you should understand.

 Firstly, a pressure vessel on saddle supports really is a simply supported beam. So we put
in the supports, the simple supports.

 Naturally, the beam will deform under its own weight, especially if it has liquid inside. Of
course, you can't see it by eye, but it will deform to a very small degree, somewhat
exaggerated, and it would look something like the image below. So you can see where it's
sagging over the saddles.

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4. There are tensile stresses and compressive stresses, as there would be in any beam. So we
can put those in.

So these stresses are not normally troublesome. They're usually very, very low.

5. Now we consider the shear stresses. Now there is a force acting on the saddle. So it's trying to
press into the saddle and it will give rise to shear stresses on either side of the saddle. If the
saddle is rather near the head, you will also get shear stresses in the head. So there are two
sets of shear stresses, but these stresses are usually very low and often they can be neglected
but they are included in the Zick analysis.

Force acting on 
the saddle 

Saddle is rather near the 
head, you will also get 
shear stresses in the head 

Gives rise to shear stresses on 
either side of the saddle 

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6. Now we consider the circumferential stresses. This is a different set of circumstances.

7. So here again we have the force or the weight. It's trying to press down onto the horns of the
saddle. So you will get some deformation.

8. So this is actually what can happen at the horns of the saddle. You get sagging over the horns
of the saddle just as shown below. This is, of course, very much exaggerated. So there are
obviously bending stresses in this region, and these are the stresses that can be very
troublesome.

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9. So let's summarize these stresses for a moment.

 First of all, we have the longitudinal stresses. Not usually troublesome except in very long
vessels or very, very thin walled vessels.

 Then we have the shear stresses. These can usually be neglected. They are so small.

 Then we have the circumferential stresses. Now these can be quite considerable and they
can be troublesome.

10. So let's have a look at some other features, first of all. Now we've built a vessel which is
supported on the saddles. Let's study some of the dimensions that are important.

 First of all, we had what is known as the saddle contact angle, and that usually is denoted
by the Greek letter alpha.

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 Then we have a wear plate. You'll notice this wear plate in the model. There it is around the
base of the vessel between the vessel and the saddle, and this has to subtend an angle
right at the end of at least six degrees beyond the angle of the saddle.

So that's a minimum of six degrees. So the wear plate would usually subtend an angle of alpha
plus 12 degrees, whatever alpha is. It is customary to set alpha at 120 degrees, and therefore
the wear plate will be set at 132 degrees.

11. Now some other important dimensions. Now you see in the image below the distance from the
'from' node which you remember in our early discussion. This is the from node of the shell of
this cylinder item. The distance from the 'from' node, we need to know that.

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12. We need to know another dimension, which is called the A dimension, which is used in the
Zick analysis. Dimension A is the distance between the tangent line at the head and the
distance to the saddle. Usually a straight flange is 50 mm or 2”, so the A distance would be the
distance from the 'from' node plus the distance of the straight flange.

13. We need to know the centerline distance. That's an important dimension.

14. We need to know the distance of the bolts from the edge of the base plate of the saddle. That
just shows you the distance from the edge.

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15. We need to know the number of bolts in tension. For example, we have a wind or seismic
lateral load tending to tip the vessel over. So these bolts on the left would be in tension, and
these bolts on the right are not doing anything. So we need to know the number of bolts in
tension.

16. There may be a ring to reduce circumferential stresses or to prevent overhang. That's quite
possible.

17. However, there could be a Wear Plate. This is a little extra plate that is between the saddle
and the shell.

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18. Perhaps you might use a thicker section. So a piece of the shell actually would be thicker at
the location of the saddles, so as to reduce the stresses in the shell.

19. Now what I want you to do-- I want you to build this vessel exactly as I've shown. Then, we've
got to do the saddle analysis.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Six

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V6)

1. Now, the model you see below is the model you should have built.

2. Now, we first select the shell. Make sure the shell is selected.
Click 2D View.

We made sure that the shell in the middle is the light green highlight color. We don't want to
select the head. We want to select the shell.

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You can set it back to the 3D screen. Click 3D View. It doesn't

really matter.

3. Now we're going to install a saddle at the

locations indicated in the video. So we go to the
Saddle icon. Click Saddle Input.

Then, the Saddle Dialog screen displays.

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4. So we type in the description. Type Left Saddle in the Detailed Description box.

5. The next thing we want to put in is the distance from the "From" node, which is 350 mm. Type
350 in the Distance from “From” Node box.

Let me show that to you. So the left saddle is going to be placed 350 mm down the length of
the shell. So we have our first saddle at the location indicated in the image below.

6. The next thing we have to put in is the width of the saddle itself-- how wide the saddle looks
from that elevations. So the saddle will have a certain width at the location above. Type 250
in the Saddle Width box.

7. The next thing we have to put in is the A dimension. I’ll just put the dimension in and then I
shall explain how I'm using that dimension. Type 400 in the Dimension a box.

You'll notice that the dimension is 50 mm greater than the distance from the "From" node.
Now, why is that?

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If you look at the model, you see we have the tangent line of the head running down. The
saddle of the a dimension is measured from the tangent line. We have 50 mm for the straight
flange plus the 350 mm for the saddle. That brings us up to the 400 mm.

8. We'll need the centerline distance. The centerline distance is going to be 1,200 mm. Type
1200 in the Centerline Dimension B box.

Let me show that to you. So, that really is a distance from

the bottom of the base plate to the centerline of the vessel.

9. The next thing we need is the Saddle Contact Angle. I already showed you what that Saddle
Contact Angle is in my PowerPoint presentation. If you don't understand it, go back to it so
that you can understand what it is. So it is actually 120 degrees.

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We do not have a wear plate in the saddle, so we can cancel the width. We can cancel the
thickness, and the wear right has no contact angle. Type 0 in the Wear Plate Width,
Thickness, and Wear Plate Contact Angle boxes.

10. Now we come down to this other item, the Moment Factor, Ftr, which is 3. Do not change that
unless you really know what you are doing.

11. Then we come down to the dimension of the base plate itself. We'll deal with that in a
moment. But also, you are asked for the Coefficient of Friction. Remember that I told you
when the shell expands; one of those saddles will be dragged along the ground, putting a
horizontal force on the base of the saddle. So we can just set it to 0.3. It's a good value. It
doesn't really matter what it is. Type 0.3 in the Friction Coefficient Mu.

12. Now, that deals with the main items that are to do with the shell. With these items, we can find
the stresses in the shell. However, if we want to analyze the saddle itself, we have to go over
to the top right side of the screen and click the Perform Saddle Check ? check box.

13. We see the saddle allowable stress. Just leave it.

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14. The Material Yield Stress-- you can just leave that.

15. The Young's modulus or elastic modulus-- you can just leave that.

16. So, we have the base plate length. That's the length of the base plate-- 1,500 mm. Type 1500
in the Baseplate Length box.

17. The thickness of the base plate is going to be 26 mm. We can just leave that as 26.

18. We have a width to the base plate, which is 250 mm. Type 250 in the Baseplate Width box.
You'll see all these dimensions in a moment when you see the saddles on the model.

19. The number of ribs-- we're going to have five ribs. It's probably overkill, but nevertheless, we'll
have five ribs. Type 5 in the Number of Ribs box.

20. The thickness of the rib is 10 mm. The thickness of the web plate is also 10 mm.

21. The height at the center, which I'm going to explain in a

moment, we'll set it to 300 mm. Type 300 in the Height of
Web at Center box.

That height in the center basically is the height from the base
plate to bottom of the shell for the center rib as seen to the
right.

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22. Now we can place the ribs so that they're centrally placed
either side of the webbed plate, or we can set them to one
side. So what I'm going to do, I'm just going to set it to
the left. You'll see what I mean in a moment. Select
Side Left from the Web Location list.

23. The next thing we're going to do, we're going to select the analysis for the bolting because if
you remember the model might be subjected to wind and seismic loading. It tends to tip it
over. So we need bolts to hold it down. Click the Perform Anchor Bolt Calculation ? check
box.

24. So now we have the number of bolts. We'll choose four. Type 4 in the Number of Bolts box.

25. Two of those bolts will be in tension. Type 2 in the Num of Bolts in Tension box.

26. The Edge Distance-- that's the distance from the edge to the bolt's centerline-- we'll set that to
50 mm. Type 50 in the Edge Distance box.

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27. We can then choose the Thread Series. Just choose the metric bolts, Tema Metric.

28. The bolts that we're going to choose are 30 mm. Well, we can choose it from the ellipsis.
Click the ellipsis.

So there we are 30 mm. Select 30.

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29. Now we put all the information in for the left saddle. However, now we need another saddle on
the right-hand side. So we can do something without having to enter all this stuff again for the
right saddle. What we can do, we can click Add New Saddle.

Now we are in saddle 2 of 2 saddles.

30. So now we are viewing the right saddle. So we can put in the description. Type Right Saddle
in the Detailed Description box.

31. Now, the distance from the "From" node for this saddle—the saddle shown in the drawing
below was 350 mm. You want to place the other saddle symmetrically on the shell.

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32. Well, we don't have to figure out how far down the shell we have to set that saddle. We can let
PV Elite do that. Notice, that we have the Same as First button in the Saddle Dialog. If you
click on Same as First,

it now resets the current saddle to the right position.

33. So let's have a look at our saddles. Click OK. Let me just enlarge the model very slightly and
turn it. We can now see the ribs, the five ribs, and the base plate.

Turn again to see the plate at the back is a web plate.

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34. So all we have to do now is to look at the calculations. So we click on the running man--
that's the Analyze button.

35. So we have the analysis. So now we click on the Horizontal Analysis. The first one is for the
operating condition.

36. The second one is for the test condition-- the hydro test.

37. So we just look at the horizontal analysis for the operating condition. Click Horizontal Vessel
Analysis (Ope.)

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38. We see the analysis.

39. Now, the first thing you would normally do is you just run this scroll bar right the way down to
the bottom to see if you have any red font. If you had red font, then you have problems, and
you will have to fix them.

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40. So let's actually have a look at some of these calculations. First of all, we have a table right at
the top here. Now, you may recall I told you in the PowerPoint presentation about the
longitudinal stresses. That's when the vessel acts as a beam resting on simple supports. I
also told you about the tangential stress, and I told you about the circumferential stresses. \

41. So let's actually have a look at them. We're just going to spot a couple of them. If we look at
the longitudinal stress at the top at the mid-span-- that's in the center of the vessel-- we notice
the actual stress is 52 and something MPa. The allowable stress is 128 MPa.

42. Let's spot another one down in the table. Let's look at the longitudinal stress at the top of the
saddle. That's also 52 MPa, and the allowable stress is 128.

43. Now, I did mention that the shear stresses are always very small and they're very rarely
troublesome. There you are. You can see there's proof. It's only just over one MPa, and you
can have up to just over 100 MPa.

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44. The main circumferential stress is the one highlighted below. The circumferential stress of the
shell is also very low-- these two stresses. Now, why is it so low when I told you they would be
troublesome? That's because we had a rather thick shell and we had a thick wear plate.

45. Scroll on down, and then finally it gives the final load on the left-hand saddle. That's called the
Q dimension.

46. Then it does all the calculations. It requires a number of geometric factors, which I'm not going
into. Perhaps in a later video, I'll go through this complete calculation with you.

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47. So then we have all the stresses in the shell.

First of all, we calculate those moments I told you about.

Then it calculates all those stresses. We show you all the equations.

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48. Then down at the bottom, we get the results for the saddle itself, which I'm not going to go into
in great detail.

49. It gives the minimum thickness of the base plate.

50. It does some other calculations. It then does a unity check. It treats the saddle plate as
though it's a column. We have a load on the base plate. We have a vertical load on the
saddle, and there are also moments in the saddle. So we want it to do a unity check, and
below you see a unity check on the saddle. The unity check comes out a 0.01. Well, you can
have a unity up to one. So these saddles are actually over-designed.

51. So that really finishes off this video.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Nine, Video One

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V7)

1. Now we're going to consider leg supports. We've already done the saddle, but now we're
considering the leg supports. Leg supports are used quite commonly on vessels. The vessel
you see below has four legs.

2. The legs have to support the vessel for vertical load, that's the weight of the vessel, and any
load that is thrown on it from the side, should we say from wind or seismic loading.

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3. So what you see below is actually what happens. Obviously, it's exaggerated, but the legs
bend like this:

This is a gross exaggeration, but notice also if you look at that right-hand diagram, that the
vessel's actually tipped over. So that right-hand leg there, that extreme right-hand leg, is
actually shorter than the left-hand leg. So it's obviously subjected to a very, very heavy
downward force as well as a bending moment.

4. So we have a heavy force on that leg. You can see that heavy force shown below. So we have
to take that into consideration.

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5. There's also a bending moment that's induced in the shell from that bending moment on the
leg. So we have a bending moment in the shell.

6. So therefore, the leg is subjected both to its compressive loads and to bending loads.

7. Now PV Elite analyzes the leg being subjected to bending and compressive stresses, but it
also considers the stresses that are actually induced in the shell, as shown below. So there are
stresses induced in the shell, and there are bending and compressive loads in the leg.

There are bending and 
compressive loads in the leg 

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8. So we're actually going to use the same model that you used for saddle supports, but we're
going to turn it around into the vertical position. Now you should by now know how to do that. If
you don't know how to do that, go back to a previous video where I do discuss that. Save that
file, and just call it "Legs." Then we're going to discuss it, and I'm going to show you how to do
this with PV Elite.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Eight

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V8)

1. You may recall that the last time we dealt with vessels on saddles, I asked you to turn that
vessel into the vertical position. If you can't remember how to do that, go back to an earlier
video where I do discuss that topic.

2. However, we're going to install legs on the vessel in the image below. But before we do, we
have to ensure that we install the legs on the right component, which in this case is the shell.

3. So the best thing to do is to go to the 2D screen, click 2D View, and make sure that the shell
is selected. Of course, it's light green. Then you know that you're going to install the legs on
that component. Click 3D View.

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4. So all we have to do is to go up to the icon for the legs. You

can see the little tool tip, Leg Input. Just click on Leg Input,
and you should get the Leg Dialog screen.

5. The first item you are asked for is the distance from the From Node. Let me just type that in,
type 300, and I'll explain exactly what that it. That is the distance from the From Node shown
by the red circle to the distance at the other red circle in the image below.

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6. The next thing we need, it asks for the Leg Centerline Diameter. Just ignore that for a moment.
I'm going to show you how to deal with that.

7. Now, we're being asked the orientation of the leg, whether it's going to be the Strong Axis or
the Weak Axis. I'm going to select the Weak Axis, and I'll show you exactly what that means
in a moment.

8. The Number of Legs-- well, that should be fairly obvious. We'll have 4 legs.

9. Now the Overall Length of the Legs really is the overall length from the top of the leg right the
way down to the foundation. We make that, shall we say, 1500 mm. The effective length of
the leg really is from the lower From Node, down to the bottom. So we'll make that length
1,500 minus 300, which would be about 1,200 mm.

10. Now what particular database are we going to choose for the legs-- which material database or
the structure database? We have a number of them here we can choose from, but we'll
choose the American one, the AISC.

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11. Now, we're going to select the actual rolled section we're going to use for the leg. So you click
the LookUp button, and the Select a Leg Shape from the Database dialog displays the
selections that we have. I'm going to select a channel which is about 8”. You will see that in a
moment.

12. Now we scroll down so we can see all the channel, sand then we can choose an 8” channel.
That will be an 8” wide channel—8” wide on the flange. So we select MC8X21.4, and then
click Select Section.

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13. We're given some information about its properties. Always we have the cross-sectional area,
the depth of the section, the web thickness, et cetera, et cetera. We can just close that
screen by clicking OK.

14. If we go down the Leg Dialog screen a little bit further, we can see if there's any other
information we must put in there. No. I'll leave it just as it is.

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15. We can add a repad behind the legs. The image below is the part of the screen where we can
do that. I'm not going to add that repad, so we just click OK.

16. Now if you look carefully, it seems that all the legs are bunched together right at the very
bottom of the bottom head. That's not very convenient, so we double click on the legs to get
the Leg Dialog screen up again.

17. It's because the centerline diameter, or the position

where the legs are placed around the shell, has not been
specified.

18. Well, we don't know exactly what that number

should be. What we can do, we can click Compute
Centerline Diameter, and we can let PV Elite do the
work for us. Click OK.

There are the legs around the bottom of the screen.

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19. Now, if you tilt the vessel around to look at it from the top, you can see the way in which the
channels are welded to the shell.

20. If we selected the Strong Axis, they would be set round a different way. If you don't understand
that, you can do some experimentation yourself.

21. We can also put pads on the bottom of the legs. Double-click the legs and then click the
Base Plate Parameters Tab. We see we get to the pads, or the base plates. We can perform
a base plate analysis. Select the Perform Baseplate Analysis check box.

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22. So we can put a length, shall we say the length of the leg
is 300 mm; the width of the leg, 300 mm. The thickness,
shall we say, is 10 mm. It doesn't matter if it's right or
wrong.

23. We've selected the Tema Metric type of thread.

24. The Nominal Diameter of the bolt? Well, we can use 24, just as it is now, and the number of
bolts in the leg or the foot plate is 4. The number of legs in tension is 2, and we can have the
distance from the edge-- should we say that can be about 50 mm. It doesn't really matter.
So then we can click OK.

Then, you can see our pads on the bottom of the legs.

25. Now all we have to do now is to have a look at the output, or the
analysis. So we click on the running man, the Analyze
button. Just takes a little time to generate the report.

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26. Then, we see the report. I'll just maximize it. Then we have the leg check down near the
bottom of the Report List. Our legs happened to fail, but that doesn't matter. We can figure out
what the problem is.

27. So we can click on Leg Check, (Operating Case) in the report list.

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28. The first thing we do is to scroll down to the bottom of the screen and see if we have any red
font. We see we have a problem. Right, so we've got to go back, and we can see if we can fix
that.

29. It was the baseplate. Double-click the lets and go back to the Base Plate Parameters Tab.
So to save us any problems, just for the moment, you can play with the baseplates if you want.
However, I'm not going to do the baseplate analysis. I'm going to leave that off. Clear the
Perform Baseplate Analysis check box. We'll just click OK.

30. So we no longer have these plates at the bottom, and now again, we shall have a look at the
calculation. You can add those foot plates to the legs yourself, and you can play with it.

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31. Click Analyze.

32. You now see the report. Maximize it. Now we can look at the leg check. Click Leg Check
(Operating Case).

33. The first thing we would do is to scroll right the way down to the bottom of the screen and see
if we have any problems. Well, there are no problems because there's no red font.

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34. The major thing we want to have a look at down here is what is known as the Unity Check.
Because remember, as I told you when I did the presentation in the PowerPoint, the legs are
subjected to a compressive stress and also a bending stress. Those stresses are here in the
Unity Check equation. I shan't go into it in great detail. I told you that the unity check must not
exceed 1. Well, 0.1278 is the unity check, so that shows that the legs are perfectly satisfactory.
We may even be able to use lighter sections as well.

35. So that basically is all I need to say about the legs. Now, you can play with those legs for
yourself. So that's the end of this particular video.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Nine

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V9)

1. The last support system we're going to discuss are lugs. These are just brackets on the side of
a vessel. We're going to use the same vessel we used for installing the legs.

2. So when you can get that model up and running just a little bit later, you can delete the legs.
You can click on the leg icon. You have to select the shell first, and then you can press the
Delete button in the Leg Dialog screen. The legs will then just disappear.

3. So now we can install some lugs. So we have that original shell we've got currently. But we
can to install a new shell at the location indicated by the arrow in the image below.

4. Now, if you don't know how to do that, go to an earlier video where I discussed inserting
components. So there is the other shell. Now we can see the reason why we need that extra
shell because the lugs have to be on its cylinder. So you need at least two cylinders in your
model.

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5. If you only have one cylinder and you want the length to remain the same-- should say 1500
mm--, then put in two shell lengths-- shall we say 750 mm long. Then, just install the lugs. I'm
going to show you how to do that giving you all the details when we start using PV Elite.

6. Name the file "Lugs" or whatever you want to name it. Remember where you saved it, and
then in the next video, I'm going to show you how to install those lugs and have a look at some
of the reporting items.

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PV Elite Training - Lesson Seven, Video Ten

(Reference Video: PVE_L7_V10)

1. Although I showed you the model in the vertical position, I'm going to use the vessel you see
below, which has saddle supports. I'm going to remove those saddle supports and then apply
the lugs. So let me get in to remove them. I'm just going to double-click on the saddle
support indicated below.

2. Click Delete and click Delete again because there's still the other saddle support in the
model. So I'll click Delete. Then I click OK.

Now your saddles have gone.

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3. Now, also what I'm going to do, I'm going to have to tip this vessel into the vertical position.
This is just by way of a recap. So we're going to go up to Tools, and if we go over to the
right in the ribbon, we can click Flip Model Orientation.

It just asks us if we want to continue with this action. Yes we do. Click Flip the Model Now.

Now it's in the vertical position.

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4. Now, if we look at this model very, very carefully, (click 2D View)

we can see that this model comprises of one shell.

If you're going to apply lugs to a vessel, it needs to be on its own shell. So you need a
minimum of two shells. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to insert another shell above the
other shell, so that I end up with a total length of 3000 mm.

5. So let me go ahead and do that. Click Home and then click Insert Element. Notice that I
have first selected the shell as seen in the image above.

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6. I'm going to insert a cylinder, and this cylinder is going to be inserted after. After means above.
So I'm going to insert it after. Select Cylinder, select After, and then click OK.

7. Now we have this extra cylinder. However, the model is now 6 m long. So
what I'm going to do is change the Cylinder Length to 1500 mm.

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8. Change the other Cylinder Length also to 1500 mm.

9. Now we have our original model. It looks just like the original vessel
that we had, but you can see the weld line in the middle. Click 3D View.

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10. Now what we're going to do is apply the lugs onto the
top shell. It doesn't matter which one you apply it to, but
I'm going to apply it on the top shell. To add the lugs to
the vessel, you click Lug.

The Lug screen appears.

11. We've already said we're going to apply it on one of the shell courses. We have three types of
lugs. Just with gussets only, you can see the gussets as seen below.

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With the gussets and the top plate, just like the lug shown below.

Then, with two continuous ring beams.

12. What we're going to do is choose the second one.

13. Don't take any notice of that number dialog, just click OK on it. Now what are we going to do,
dimensions have already been put in the data, and it's going to assume that you want to build
the vessel with four lugs, which is exactly what we're going to do. We need the distance from
the bottom node of the shell. I’ll make it, should we say, 1000 mm.

14. We have to give a definition to this. So I'm going to use a very fancy definitions, I'm just going
to call it Lugs. Type LUGS in the Detail Description box.

15. Now let's see if that works. Click OK.

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Then, we have the lugs added to the vessel. That was easy, wasn't it?

16. Let's have a look at the actual calculation. I'm not going into great detail with discussing this
calculation, but we'll just have a look at the calculation. The main concern that we have is that
we don't want to have anything that fails. So I'll click on the Analyze button.

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Then, we see the Output Processor screen. I'll maximize it.

17. You can see down in the Report List that we do have support lugs in it. It's for the operating
condition. We didn't call for a hard dry test; otherwise it will do the lugs for the hard dry test as
well. Let's have a look at the calculation. Click Sup. Lug Calcs. Ope:

18. First of all, we have all our inputs.

That's all the information we gave to
the PV Elite.

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19. Now we can scroll down. The first thing you do is just to scroll all the way down to see if
you have any red font. No. There's no red font.

20. So we now deal with the force on the lug. That comes from the wind moment. You see the
wind moment below, and also the weight of the vessel. That gives us the total loading on the
lug.

21. Now the top bar, it treats it as a simply supported beam.

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22. It checks the bending stress in the bottom plate.

23. It calculates the plate required thickness.

24. So that's basically how the calculation is done.

25. Now, let's go back. Now you maybe are asking, what about the stresses in the shell?
Obviously, if this lug is going to be subjected to a load under it from the support, the lug is
going to tend to dig into the shell. So what other stresses are induced in the shell?

26. Well, our output didn't show that. So let's go back into the lugs again, and this time we're going
to perform a WRC107 calculation. Double-click a lug.

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27. I'll click the Perform WRC 107 calculation check box, and then click OK.

28. Now I go back, and I go into the

calculation again. Click Analyze.

Now let's have a look at the calculations. Click Sup. Lug

Calcs. Ope:

29. We have all the calculations that we had before, but now there are some extra calculations.
Notice we have the calculation according to WRC107. WRC107 really estimates the stresses
induced in the shell when there are forces on attachment, such as nozzles, lugs, and clips.

30. So we go, scroll right down to the bottom of the screen.

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31. We can see the actual stresses induced in the shell.

We see the actual stress.

We see the allowable stress.

32. We go down and we look at all these actual stresses and all these allowable stresses. As long
as the actual stresses did not exceed the allowable stresses, we know the shell is OK. If you
do get red font, you may have to have a thicker shell section.

33. So that really brings us to the end of our discussion. Thank you for going through this training
on PV Elite. I hope you enjoyed it and it benefits your work as a pressure vessel designer.
Thanks again. I look forward to working with you in future videos.

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