CLASS – X Er.

ATUL SHRIVASTAWA
PHYSICS B.Tech, M.Sc. 7524885566

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

INTRODUCTION
It was found that magnetism and electricity are related to each other. This means that electricity
can be used for the generation of electromagnetic effect and this effect is called electromagnetism.
Similarly changing magnetic field can produce electricity, this is called electromagnetic induction.

MAGNET
A substance which attracts small pieces of iron, nickel, cobalt and steel and points in North-
South direction when freely suspended (or hanged freely) is known as a magnet.
Natural magnets are irregular in shape, moreover they are weak magnets. An iron bar can be
made a magnet by rubbing it with a natural magnet. Such a magnet is known as Man-made or
artificial magnet. Like magnetic poles (i.e. North and North or South and South) repel each other
while unlike magnetic poles attract each other.

Try yourself
1. What is a magnet?
2. Can the poles of a bar magnet be separated?

MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

Magnetic Field: It is the space surrounding a magnet upto which its influence i.e., (force of
attraction)can be felt.

(Magnetic field of bar magnet) (Magnetic field of horse shoe magnet)

Magnetic field of a bar magnet is Non-Uniform which can be represented by curved lines or
unequidistant parallel lines as shown in above figure (a). If we sprinkle some iron filings around
the bar magnet iron filings arrange themselves as shown in figure along the field lines. Magnetic
field between pole pieces of a horse shoe-magnet is uniform as represented by equidistant parallel
lines as shown in figure (b) (near the pole N and S).
Magnetic lines of force: These are defined as the lines (straight or curved), along which a
hypothetical free unit N-pole moves.

PLOTTING OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES OF A BAR MAGNET

These can be traced on paper by using a small magnetic compass.
(i) Fix a white paper on drawing board with drawing pins.
(ii) Place the bar magnet in the middle and draw its boundary.
(iii) Place the magnetic compass at one end say N-pole and mark dots at the ends of compass
needle as shown in figure till it reaches the other end (S-Pole of magnet). Join all these points
with dotted lines. It is the curved line of force of bar magnet.

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In this way we can draw more lines. These lines will represent the field of bar magnet as
shown in figure given above. This magnetic field is non-uniform and changes its magnitude
and direction at all points.

PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

(i) These start normally from North Pole and converge (or enter) at South Pole.
(ii) These are continuous closed curves and inside the bar magnet these are directed from S-pole
to N-pole.
(iii) Two lines of force can never intersect each other because if they do so, then at the point of
intersection there will be two directions of magnetic intensity at the same point .P. along PT1
and PT2 (as shown in figure below). which is not possible.

(iv) These behave like a stretched bow and have a tendency to contract length wise, which shows
attraction between two opposite poles as shown in figure given.

(v) Lines of force exert a lateral force of repulsion on each other which explains repulsion between
two similar poles as shown in figure below. (No line of force exists in the region between two
similar poles.

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Illustration 1
What is neutral region in a magnetic field?
Solution
The region in the magnetic field where magnetic field lines do not exist is called neutral region.
Try yourself
3. What do you mean by magnetic lines of force?
4. At what angle magnetic lines of force lie w.r.t. a bar magnet.
5. What is the use of a magnetic compass?

MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

OERSTED EXPERIMENT:
From his experiments Oersted came to the conclusion that when anelectric current is passed
through a conductor, a magnetic field isproduced surrounding it and hence there is intimate
relationbetween Electricity and Magnetism.

As shown in figure (a) and (b) when current ‘I’ is passed through a conductor PQ with battery,
key,rheostat (to vary current), then themagnetic field lines around the conductor are circular
around the wirein perpendicular plane to the current.Direction of magnetic field lines of straight
conductor due to current are given by following rule.

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Right Hand Thumb Rule: If the fingers of right hand are curled around the conductor
carrying current(without touching it), with thumb pointing in the
direction of current then the direction of curled fingers gives the
direction of magnetic field as shown in figure given below. The direction
of magnetic field is shown by arrow as shown in figure below:

Magnetic field B due to a long current carrying conductor at

adistance .r. in air from conductor depends as,
 2l
B  1/r & B i  B 0 
4 r

When 70 = 4 10–7Tesla meter/Ampere (T-mA.1)

Illustration 2
At what distance will a straight conductor carrying current of 2A will produce a magnetic field of
10.5 Tesla? (Given: µo = 4× 10.7 Tm/A)
Solution
B = 10–5 T, I = 2A, then r = ?
  2I 
B 0  
2  r 
 2I 4  107 2  2
r 0   5  4 cm
4 B 4 10

Try yourself
6. What type of magnetic lines of force exist around a straight conductor carrying current.
7. Astraight conductor is carrying a current of 2Athen, find themagnetic field strength due to it at
a distanceof 1 cm.

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERN DUE TO A CIRCULAR COIL CARRYINGCURRENT

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To study the pattern of magnetic field, we take a long wire,bent in the form of circular coil with 20
- 30 turns, passedthrough a cardboard, (kept in horizontal position) with halfof circular coil
above and half of it below the cardboard piece.On passing current of a few ampere through this
coil by a batteryand magnetic lines of force are plotted around wire on white paperfixed on
cardboard with the help of a small magnetic compass.It is seen that lines of force are concentric
circle.(Shown in figure).
Direction ofmagnetic field inside and outside the coil can be obtained by applying right hand
thumb rule.

Magnetic field B at the centre of coil,

 I
B  n 0 
 2r 
where r = radius of coil, n = no of turns, I = current flowing through the coil.

MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERN DUE TO CURRENT CARRYINGSOLENOID

Solenoid:It is a long spring, cylindrical, in shape, with large number of turns of insulated
copper wire as shown in figure below.

.
When electric current, I is passed through the solenoid of n-turns,magnetic field set up around it
is shownin figure (b) which is just similar to a bar magnet, in which one end of solenoid becomes

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S-pole and theother N-pole.At the end Q current is clockwise in the coil and it becomes S-pole
and at the end P, currentis anticlockwise in the coil and it becomes N-pole. Inside the solenoid,
magnetic field is uniform (well inside the solenoid) and magnetic field B well inside the solenoid
is given by
*B = 0 nI . (For air core)( 0  4 107 T  mA1 Magnetic permittivity of free space).
= nI(  0r ) where  r is relative magnetic permeability.

ELECTRO MAGNETS
When soft iron core is used inside a long current carryingcylindrical solenoid, core gets strongly
magnetized temporarilyfor the time current is passed through it. Magnet, so formed iscalled
Electro-magnet. (in the form of a bar-magnet) figure (b)given above But if the iron core is of U-
shape, then theelectromagnet formed by passing current through Solenoidwound around core is
horse Shoe Shaped electro magnet (Shown in figure). figure (b)
Uses:These are used in electric bells, Electric horns, telephone receiver, electric relays, etc. When
fitted oncranes, these can lift heavy iron pieces, scrap iron etc.

Permanent Magnets: When steel core is used inside solenoid carrying large current, it forms
strongpermanent magnet after sometime and current can be switched off after that. Alloys such
as Alnico (ofAI, Ni, Co) and Fe form even stronger permanent magnets. These are used in
Ammeters, Voltmeters,microphones, magnetic compass, loudspeakers, etc.

Illustration 3
A solenoid of length 50 cm having 100 turns carries a current of 2.5 A. Find the magnetic field
strength inside the solenoid. (Given: 0 4 107 TmA 1 )
Solution
Given: 0  4 107 TmA1; I = 2.5 A
n = number of turns per unit length = 100/0.5 = 200 per metre
B = µ0nI
 4 107  200  2.5  6.28 104 T

Illustration 4
A circular coilhaving 100 turns having a radius of 10 cmis carrying a current of 4A. Find the
magneticfield at the centre of the coil. Given: 4× 10–7TmA–1;
Solution
Given : n= 100, r = 10  10–2 m, I = 4A

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 I
B = n 0 
 2r 
100  4  107  4
B=  8  104
2  101T

MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A

MAGNETIC FIELD
When a magnetic compass is placed close to a straight
conductor carrying current, its needle gets deflected due
toexertion of force on compass needle by the magnetic
fieldof conductor carrying current. Now if a straight
conductor,PQ (free to move when suspended) carrying
current due to battery is made to lie inside the magnetic field
B (Normal to it),then magnetic force F acts on the
conductorwhich is normal to both the current and
magnetic field as shownin figure.The wire flies off due to
the magnetic force on wire, when thecurrent is switched on
by key K.
Direction of magnetic force, in this experiment is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE: it states that if the fore finger, the middle finger and the
thumb ofleft hand are stretched mutually perpendicular to each other, such that fore finger
points in the direction of B (magnet field), the middle finger in the direction of current (I), then
thumbwill point in the directionof force on the conductor.(as shown in figure (a) and (b)) B is
along OX, I along OZ and force Falongy-axis (represented by thumb).

Magnitude of force F acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is found
todepend as
F  B , (Magnitude of the strength of magnetic field)
 I (Strength of current)
 I (Length of conductor)
 sin  (= angle between conductor (i.e. current I) and magnetic field, B
 F  BI sin  
 K BI sin  , K = Constant of proportionality = 1 (in S.I. system)

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 F  BI sin  (Newtons) (i)

If = 0°, Then F = 0
and If = 90 then F = maximum = BI (ii)
Bq
or F   BqV  V (Velocity of the charges) (iii)
t t
In Equation (ii), direction of F is given by Fleming’s Left-hand rule.
In equation (i) F  I(  B) (Direction of F is given by R.H. screw rule) (iv)
Or F  BqV sin  (v)
THE DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. (kinetic
energy).
There are two kinds of motors that we use in our day to day life.
(i) ac motor that uses ac supply e.g. motor of a fan
(ii) dc motor that uses dc supply e.g. motor of a battery operated toys.
Here we will study a simple dc (direct current) motor.
Principle:It is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor capable of moving
freely isplaced in a magnetic field, it experiences a force and begins to move in a direction given
by Fleming’sleft hand rule.

Figure: The basic components of a dc motor

Construction:Adc motor consists of the following components as shown in given figure.

(i) Armature coil: It consists of a large number of turns of a rectangular coil ABCD made of
copper wirewound over a soft iron laminated core.
(ii) Strong field magnets: Two poles of permanent magnets between which the armature coil is
roated.
(iii) Split rings or half rings: The two ends of the coil are welded to two semicircular metallic rings
R1 and R2.These rings are called the split rings or half rings. The function of the slip rings is to
change the directionof current flowing through the coil after each half rotation.
(iv) Brushes: Two carbon brushes B1 and B2 make a contact with the slip rings R1 and R2
The system of two half rings and the associated brushes are referred to as a split-ring
commutator. Thefunction of the commutator is to reverse the direction of the current flowing
through the coil after everyhalf turn of the coil.
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Working: The operation of amotor can be understood by considering in figure In figure the
current fromthe battery enters the coil through the left brush B1 and half-ring R1, goes
around the coil, and then leavesthrough the right half-ring R2 and brush B2.

Figure: (a) When a current exists in the coil, the coil experience a torque
(pair of forces) (b)Because of its inertia, the coil continues to rotate when
there in no current
According to Fleming’s left hand rule, the directionsof the forces on the two sides AB and CD of
the coilare as shown in the figure. The force onAB acts inwards whereas the force on CD acts
outwards. Theseforces forma couple and hence apply a torque (pair of forces) on the coil that
turns it. This is because thedirection of current in the two sides is opposite to each other.
Eventually the coil reaches the positionshown in figure. In this position the half-rings
momentarily lose electrical contact with the brushes, so that there is no current in the coil and
no applied torque. However, like any moving object, the rotating coil doesnot stop immediately for
its inertia of motion carries it onward. When the half-rings re-establish contactwith the brushes,
there again is a current in the coil and a magnetic torque again rotates the coil in thesame
direction. This time the force on AB acts outwards and that on CD acts inwards. But this time
therings are in contact with different brushes. Ring R1 comes in contact with brush B2 and ring
R2 comes incontact with brush B1.
The split ring commutator ensures that the current is always in the same direction to yield a
torque (pairof forces) that produces a continuous rotation of the coil. It should be remembered
that the two sidesABand CD are perpendicular to the magnetic field, hence they experience a
force, whereas the sides BC andDA are parallel to the magnetic field, therefore they do not
experience a force.The speed of the motor depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the
current and on the number ofturns in the armature oil.

Illustration 5
A charge of +2C enters in a magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic field of intensity 4T with
a velocity of 10 m/s. Find the force acting on the charged particle.
Solution
F = BqVsin90°

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= 4 × 2 × 10 = 80 N

Illustration 6
A current of 2A is flowing through a wire of length 50 cm. If this wire be placed at a angle of
60°with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 5 104 NA1m1 , how much force will act
uponthe wire?
Solution
F  BI sin 
F  2  0.5  5 104  sin 60º
 4.33 104 N

Try yourself
8. An electron moving with velocity 5 × 107 m/s enters a magnetic field of 1Wb/m2 at an angle of
30° to thefield. Calculate the force on the electron.
9. A current of 10A is flowing through a wire. It is kept perpendicular to a magnetic field of
5Wb/m2. Findout the force on its (1/10)m length

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION
Introduction
Oersted experiments revealed that magnetism is associated with electric current flowing through
aconductor i.e. production ofmagnetismfromelectricity, Faraday, after a series of experiments to
final itsreverse i.e. production of current from magnetism., found that electric current can be
produced in a coilmomentarily when a bar magnet is made to move quickly near or away from the
coil in closed formwithout the use of cells. This current produced is called .Induced current..

Electro Magnetic Induction (E.M.I.)

It is the phenomenon of production of induced current in a coil by changing magnetic field
crossing the coil, which lasts as long as the magnetic field actually changes, crossing the coil.

Faraday’s Experiments
As shown in figures (a) (b) and (c) the changing magnetic field is produced in figure (a) by moving
magnet near or away from coil quickly, in figure (b) by changing current in the neighboring coil,
in figure(c) by moving a straight conductor in between the pole pieces of a permanent magnet,
respectively.In all these figures, magnetic field crossing the coil is changing. Galvanometershows
momentary deflectionand it does not give deflection when the field near the coil is not crossed or
changed by stopping themotion of magnet in figure (a) or in conductor in figure (c) or when key is
off in figure (b).More greaterspeed of changing magnetic field, more is the deflection in
galvanometer (or current).

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Conclusions of these experiments are put in the form of two laws of Electromagnetic induction.
First Law : It states that whenever a magnetic field or flux linked with a coil changes, induced
e.m.f. isset up in it, which lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux crossing the coil
continues.

Second Law: Magnitude of induced e.m.f in the coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change ofmagnetic flux linked with it.
  1
e 2 where 2  1 = change in magnetic flux in time t.
t
d
or e ( d = small change in magnetic flux in small time dt.)
dt
   1  2  1
or e  K 2  K = Constant of proportionality = 1 (i)
 t  t
d d
or e  K  (include e.m.f.) (ii)
dt dt
e 1   1 d
(In the coil of resistance, R) Induced current I    2 1 
R R t R dt
–ve sign in .e. and ‘I’ shows that induced e.m.f. and current are of opposing nature.

Lenz’s Law : gives the explanation of direction of induced current in the coil.
It states that direction of induced current in the coil is always such as to opposes the very cause
of itsproduction (i.e. it opposes the motion of magnet or coil or conductor or it opposes the
changing current,responsible for change of magnetic flux linking the coil)Lenz’s law is according
to law of conservation of energy (i.e. energy can neither be created no destroyedbut it changes
from one form to another in the figure (a) and (b) it can be explained as follows.
In figure (a) When N pole of magnet is moved towards the coil or S pole of magnetism moved away
fromthe coil, the end of coil near the magnet acquires North (N) polarity and the other end South
(S) polarityso that it opposes N pole of magnet tending to move towards coil or it opposes the S
pole of magnettending tomove away fromcoil. Hence, work (Mechanical energy) has to be done for
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moving themagnetagainst the polarity developed in coil.Thismechanical energy is converted into

electrical energy.Directionof induced current in this coil is anticlockwise.
In Figure (b)When N pole of magnet is moved away fromcoil or S pole of magnet is moved towards
thecoil, the changingmagnetic flux induces the south polarity in the upper end of coil andNorth
polarity onthe lower end of coil, which opposes the motion of S pole towards the coil due to
repulsion by coil oropposes the motion of N pole of magnet moving away from coil due to
attractive force of coil. In boththese cases the mechanical work done in moving the magnet is
converted into electric energy in the coil.Direction of induced current in the coil is clock wise. It
verifies Lenz’s law. Same thing happens whenmagnet is at rest and coil is in motion i.e. it is the
relative motionbetween magnet and coil which produceschange of magnetic flux responsible for
this phenomenon.

Hence : Lenz’s Law does not violate the law of conservation of energy.

Direction of induced current

Direction of induced current in a conductor can be found from
Fleming’s right hand rule (or DynamoRule)
Stretch the fore finger, middle finger and thumb of right
handmutually perpendicular to each other such that fore finger
pointsin the direction ofmagnetic field and the thumb points in
thedirection ofmotion of conductor, thenmiddle (or central)
fingerpoints in the direction of induced current. (as shown in
figure).This rule is the practical form of Lenz’s law.
*Magnetic Flux,  it is the total number of magnetic lines of force
crossing the surface, held in a magnetic field B

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY OR MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY

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magnetic flux 
B 
normal area A
In figure (a)
For normal area PQRS.
  BA (i)

For oblique area (A) in figure (b),   B(A cos )

For n turns of coil,  = nBA (for normal area) (ii)
and   nBA cos  (for oblique area) (iii)
S.I. unit of magnetic flux,  = weber = 108 Maxwell (C.G.S. system)
S.I. unit of B (Magnet flux density), (tesla)
 1 weber 108 Maxwells
B  
A 1m2 (100cm)2
Maxwells
 104  10 Gauss (C.G.S. system)
cm2
Illustration 7
A coil having 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is placed normally in a magnetic field. The field
changesfrom 0.20 Wb m–2to 0.60 Wb m–2uniformly over a period of 0.01 s. Calculate the
emf induced inthe coil.
Solution
The magnetic flux through each turn of a coil of area A placed perpendicular to a magnetic field
ofmagnitude of B is given by
B  BA
The change in flux due to a change in B is
B  (B)A  (0.60  0.20) Wb m2  0.20 m2  0.08 Wb
By Faraday’s law, the magnitude of the induced emf is
B 100  0.08 Wb
|e|  N   800 V
t 0.01s

Illustration 8
A coil has an area of 0.04 m2 and has 1,000 turns. It is suspended in a magnetic field of 5 ×
10–5Wb m–2, perpendicular to the field. The coil is rotated through an angle of 90° in 0.2
second.Calculate the maximum magnetic flux associated with the coil, and the average emf
induced inthe coil due to its rotation.
Solution
The magnetic flux passing through each turn of a coil of area A, perpendicular to a magnetic field
ofmagnetic B is given by
B  BA
Here B = 5 × 10–5Wb m–2and A = 0.04 m2
B  (5.0 105 )  0.04  2 106 Wb
On rotating the coil through 90° the magnetic flux passing through it will become zero. Thus, the
changeinmagnetic flux is
B  0  B  0  (2 106 Wb)  2  106 Wb
The time taken for this change is t  0.2 s
Therefore, according to Faraday’s law the emf induced in the coil is
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B (2  106 Wb)

e  N  1000   0.01 V
t 0.2s

Illustration 9
The area of a coil of 25 turns is 1.6 cm2. This coil is inserted in 0.3 second in a magnetic
field of 1.8Wb m–2such that its plane is perpendicular to the flux-lines of the field. What
will be the inducedemf in the coil? If the resistance of the wire of the coil be 10 ohm, how
much total charge will flowthrough it?
Solution
The magnetic flux passing through each turn of a coil of areaA, placed perpendicular to a
magnetic fieldof magnitude B is
B  BA
Before the coil was inserted in the magnetic field, the flux was zero. On inserting it in the field in
0.3second, the flux becomes
B  B A  1.8 Wb m2  (1.6 104 m2 )  2.88 104 Wb
So, the change in magnetic flux is
B  B  0  2.88 104 Wb
According to Faraday’s law, the emf of the induced in the coil
B 2.88  104
e  N  25   2.4  102 V
t 0.3 s
The negative sign indicates that the induced emfopposses the increase in magnetic flux.
The resistance of the coil is R, = 10  . Hence, the current induced in the coil is
e 2.4  102 V
i   2.4  103 A
R 10
This current persists only during the flux-change (0.3 s). Hence the charge passed through the
coil is
q  i  t  2.5 102 A  0.3s  7.2 104 C

*10. Arectangular loop, 0.040m× 0.050 m is situated in a uniform vertical magnetic field of 0.80
Wb m–2. Findthemagnetic flux passing through the loop, when the plane of the loop is (i)
horizontal (ii) vertical.
*11. A rectangular loop of area 20 cm × 30 cm is placed in a magnetic field of 0.3 T with its plane
(i) normalto the field (ii) inclined 30° to the field, (iii) parallel to the field. Find the flux linked
with the coil in eachcase.
*12. The magnetic flux associated with a coil of 100 turns changes from0.5 weber to 0.3 weber in
0.1 second.Find the potential difference induced at the ends of the coil.

ADVANTAGES OF A.C.OVER D.C.

1. Generation of A.C. is cheaper than that of D.C.
2. A.C. can be easily controlled by using chokes, transforms, etc, without much power loss but
D.C. can becontrolled only with resistance with large power loss.
H  I2 .R.t
3. A.C. can be easily transmitted to longer distances by using transformers.
4. A.C. can be easily converted into D.C. by using Rectifiers, Battery eliminators, etc.

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DISADVANTAGES OF A.C.OVER D.C.

1. A.C. is more dangerous than D.C. because shock of A.C. is attractive, while that of D.C. is
repulsive. Shock of A.C. of same voltage as D.C. is more severe than that of D.C.
2. A.C. can’t be used for laboratory purposes such as in electrolysis, electroplating. etc.

DOMESTIC (OR HOUSE HOLD) ELECTRICITY

A.C. electricity generated at power station is transmitted to long distances using transformers. In
citiesand village households it is used at 220 volts (For factories 440 volts is used). Household
appliancesmakeuse of vast variety from electric bulbs, fans, fluorescent tubes to desert coolers,
Refrigerators, airconditioners,washing-machines,mixers, grinders, T.V., Computer, etc.

As shown in figure electric power is supplied to houses and factories through overhead wires and
underground cables frommain electric poles through transformers of various loads. Three wires
are usedfor all household, electricity inputs, one is known as phase wire (or Live-wire) red in
colour, second isNeutral wire (N), Potential difference between, Live wire and Neutral wire is kept
220 volts, w.r.t. eachother, third wire, known as Earth wire, (E) green colour in line wires,
maintained at zero potential byconnecting it frompower station to deep inside the earth with large
metal blocks. Electricity board puts afuse F before the meter.
Through fuse, the leads enter the ElectricityMeter (Watt-metterW) and through main switch to
variouselectricity household appliances all connected in parallel through different switches S1,
S2, S3, etc, shownin fig. Every appliance gets two insulated wires L and N through respective
switches in parallel so that ifone is switched off, other may work at the same time. Earth wire is
meant only for safety and has noconnectionwith power supplywire Land N.Wiring in different
roomswith various appliances to be usedis done systematically through various fuses F1, F2, F3,
etc. switches of different amperes and total loadof the appliances should be kept well below the
marked load on watt meter. If somehow a short circuit orover loading appear in one part of the
circuit, it willmelt that fuse and other connections ormains continueto work untill the main fuse
burns.Watt meter records the number of units consumed by the house andrespective bills are
paid.
FUSE SAFELY DEVICE
It is a safety device made of thin wires of material having low melting point, put in series with
Live wirefor commercial purpose a special piece of wire of an alloy of 63 % tin and lead (37%)

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which has a very, low m.pt. is used. But in households Cu wires (having low m.pt) of proper
thickness may be used fordifferent loads. Fuse wire is fixed between two Ushapedmetallic strips
fixed on porcelain holderwith cutouts and different ratings like 3A, 5A, 15A, 25A, etc. for different
appliances of various loads. Due toeither overloading or short circuiting large current flows in the
fuse circuit and melts the fuse, keeping theappliance safe and out of the circuit.

EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Electric iron, Heater, Toaster, Refrigerators, Geysers etc. having metallic bodies are touched by
barehands frequently. if by chance the insulation on Livewire melts or it is improper, then
livewiremay touchthe body of appliance and we may receive a severe shock. To avoided dangerous
effects of electricity,metallic bodies of all appliances must be earthed through the third pin in the
socket (thicker) and greenlead of all appliances is connected to this pin which connects the
appliance to earth directly and seves usfromsevere shock as current prefers to pass through low
resistance (metallicwires having lowresistancein comparison to human flesh), to deep into earth
through earth wire. Large current will flowthrough thisearthwire in comparison to Human body
and itmaymelt the fusewire in the circuit and electric appliancemay get switched off
automatically.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1
An electron is projected normally, with a velocity of 3 × 107 ms.1 in a magnetic field of
strength 10Wb m–2. Calculate the magnetic force on the electron and compare it with the
weight of the electron.Electronic charge is 1.6 × 10–19C and electronic mass is 9.1 × 10–31kg
(g = 9.8 ms–2)
Solution
The magnetic force on a charged particle moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by
F = q v B sin 
where q is the charge and  is the angle between the magnetic field B and the velocity v of the
chargedparticle.
Here q  e  1.6 1019 C; v  3 107 ms1, B  10 Wb m2 (or 10 NA 1m1 )and   90º (or sin   1)
 F  (1.6 1019 )  (3 107 ) 10 1  4.8 1011 N
The weight of the electron is
W = mg = (9.1 × 10–31) × 9.8 = 8.9 × 10–30N
The magnetic force is 5.4 × 1018 times the weight of the electron.

Example 2
A proton moving with a speed of 3.4 × 107ms–1enters a magnetic field in a direction
perpendicularto the field. The intensity of magnetic field is 2 Wb m–2. Calculate the force
acting on the protonand the acceleration produced in it. (Mass of the proton = 1.67 × 10–
27kg, fundamental charge,e = 1.6 × 10–19C)

Solution
Aproton has a positive charge equal to the fundamental charge.We know that a charged particle
movingin a magnetic field B with velocity v experiences a force F given by
F = q v B sin  
where q is the charge on the particle and  is the angle between the magnetic field B and the
direction ofmotion of the particle.

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Here q = e = 1.6 × 10–19C; v = 3.4 × 107 ms.1, B = 2 N A–1and = 90° (or sin  = 1)
F = (1.6 × 10–19) × (3.4 × 107) × 2 NA–1 × 1 = 1.09 × 10–11N
Mass of proton = 1.67 × 10–27kg. Hence the acceleration of the proton is
F 1.09  1011 N
a  27
 6.5  1015 N kg 1 (or ms 2 )
m 1.67  10 kg

Example 3
A current of 2 A is flowing through a wire of length 50 cm. If this wire be placed at an angle
of 60°with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 5 × 10.4 NA.1m.1, how much force
will act uponthe wire?
Solution
The magnetic force on a current carrying wire of length L placed in a magnetic field B at an angle
 withthe field is given by
F = i L B sin 
Here B = 5 × 10–4N A.1 m–1, i = 2 A, L = 50 cm = 0.50 m and  = 60°
F = 2 × 0.50 × (5 × 10–4) × sin60° (=0.866) = 4.33 × 10–4N
According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, this force will act perpendicular to both the wire and the
magneticfield.

Example 4
A long straight wire carries a current of 12 ampere. Calculate the intensity of magnetic
field at adistance of 48 cm from the wire.
Solution
The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance r meter from a long straight current carrying
wire isgiven by
 i
B 0
2 r

Where 0  2  107 N A 2
2

Example 5
5.5 × 10–4magnetic flux lines are passing through a coil of resistance 10 ohm and number
of turns1000. If the number of flux lines reduces to 5 × 10–5in 0.1 second, find the
electromotive force andthe charge flowing through the coil.
Solution
Initial magnetic flux, 1  5.5 104 Wb
Final magnetic flux, 2  5  105 Wb
change in flux,   2  1
= (5 × 10–5) – (5.5 × 10–4) = (5 × 10–5) – (55 × 10–5) = –50 × 10–5Wb.
The time interval for this change is  t = 0.1 s
Therefore, induced emf in the coil is
 (50  105 Wb)
e  N  1000   5V
t 0.1s
The resistance of the coil is, R = 10  . Hence induced current in the coil is
e 5V
i   0.5 A
R 10
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This current persists only during the flux-change (0.1s). Hence the charge passed through the
coil is
q  i  t  0.5A  0.1s  0.05C

Example 6
The magnetic field produced by a current carrying conductor coil having n turns is equal to
ntimes the magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil having a single turn.
Explain,Why?
Solution
As the direction of the current flowing in each turn of the coil is same, so the direction of the
magneticfield produced by each turn is also the same. The magnetic field produced by n turns.
Hence, magneticfield produced by a coil of n turns = n times the magnetic field produced by a coil
having a single turn.

Example 7
Current is flowing anticlockwise in a circular coil lying in the plane of a table. Using Right
HandThumb Rule, state the directionof the magnetic field inside and outside the coil.
Solution
Magnetic field inside the coil is perpendicular to the plane of the table and in upward direction.
However,the magnetic field outside the coil is perpendicular to the plane of the table and in
downward direction asshown in figure.

Example 8
What is the function of an earth wire?
OR
Earth wire in an electric system is used as a safety measures. Explain it
Solution
The metallic body of electric appliances like heater, toaster, refrigerator etc. is connected to the
earthwire. The electric current flows easily through this wire (because of its low resistance) to the
earth.As aresult of this, the potential of the electric appliance is same as that of the earth in case
of any leakage ofcurrent to themetallic body of the appliance. So if any person touches
themetallic bodywith bare footed,he will not get severe shock.

Example 9
Explain the meaningof short circuiting and overloading in an electric supply.
Solution
Short circuiting takes place when the live wire and the neutral wire come in direct contact (or
touch eachother). It can happen accidently or if the insulation on these wiremelts.When short
circuiting occurs, theresistance of the circuit becomes very small and hence huge amount of
current flows through it Largeamount of current in the circuit produces large amount of heat
which raises the temperature of the circuitto very high value.As a result of this, the circuit
catches fire. Overloadingmeans flow of large amount ofcurrent in the circuit beyond the
permissible value of current. It occurs when many electrical appliancesof high power rating like
geyser, heater, refrigerator, motor etc. are switched on simultaneously. Highcurrent flowing in the
circuit due to overloading causes fire.
*****

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HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. A charge whenever in motion has

(A)only magnetic field linked with it
(B)only electric field linked with it
(C)Both electric and magnetic field linked with it
(D)only gravitational field linked with it.

2. Magnetic forces
(A)are always attractive (B)are always repulsive
(C)may be attractive or repulsive (D)none of these

3. Magnetic field is generated by

(A)stone (B)mud (C)magnet (D)iron piece

4. A magnetic needle comes to rest in

(A)geographic east-west direction (B)geographic North-South direction
(C)Vertical direction (D)In North-East direction

5. The device used for producing electric current is called

(A)generator (B)galvanometer (C)ammeter (D)motor

6. In an electric motor, conversion takes place of

(A)Chemical energy into electrical energy (B)Electrical energy into mechanical energy
(C)Electrical energy into light (D)Electrical energy into chemical energy

7. A magnet can be demagnetized by

(A)hammering the magnet (B)Putting it in the water
(C)Coolingit (D)Putting in contact with iron
8. Which one of the following is the magnetic substance
(A)Mercury (B)Iron (C)Gold (D)Silver

9. Generally permanent magnets are prepared from

(A)Gold (B)Silver (C)Iron (D)Steel

10. If iron filings are sprinkled around a bar magnet then they arrange in a fixed pattern which is
(A)magnetic field lines pattern (B)Electric field lines pattern
(C)Faraday’s electric field lines pattern. (D)None of these

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1. The direction of magnetic lines of force produced by passing a direct current in a conductor is:
(A)Perpendicular to the conductor and coming outward
(B)Perpendicular to the conductor and going inward
(C)parallel to conductor
(D)surrounding the conductor and of circular nature

2. If the direction of the initial velocity of the charged particle is perpendicular to the magnetic
field, the orbit will be:
(A)a straight line (B)an ellipse (C)a circle (D)a helix

3. If the direction of the initial velocity of the charged particle in neither along nor perpendicular
to the of the magnetic field, then the orbit will be:
(A)a straight line (B)an ellipse (C)a circle (D)a helix

4. Particles having positive charges occasionally come with high velocity from the sky towards
the earth. On account of magnetic field of the earth, they would be deflected towards:
(A)north (B)south (C)east (D)west

5. A helium nucleus makes a full rotation in a circle of radius 0.8 m in two seconds. The value of
the magnetic field b at the centre of the circle will be:
(A)speed (B)energy
(C)direction of motion (D)none of these

6. A long wire is bent into the shape PQRST as shown in the P Q

following figure with QRS being a semicircle with centre O and I
radius r metre. A current of I ampere flows through it in the R
direction P Q R S T. Then the magnetic induction at the
point O is the figure in vacuum is T I S

 I I   I I  I 0I
(A) 0    (B) 0    (C) 0 (D)
 2r 4r   2r 4r  4r r

7. The magnetic induction at a point P which is distant 4 cm from a long current carrying wire is
10-3 tesla. The field of induction at a distance 12 cm from the same current would be:
(A)3.33 × 10-4 T (B)1.11 × 10-4 T (C)3 × 10-3 T (D)9 × 10-3 T

8. Three long straight wires A,B and C are carrying currents as shown in the A B C
figure. The resultant force on B is directed:
(A)towards A
(B)towards C I I I
(C)perpendicular to the plane of paper and inward
(D)perpendicular to the plane of paper and outward

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9. The magnetic induction at the centre O of the current carrying bent wire shown in the
following diagram is:
I
I
I R2 I
R1

O
0 I 0 I  0 I  1 1   0 I  1 1 
(A)  (B)  (C)    (D)   
4R1 4R 2 4  R1 R 2  4  R1 R 2 
10. An electric charge in uniform motion produce:
(A)an electric field only (B)a magnetic field only
(C)both electric and magnetic field (D)no such field at all

1. Two long parallel wires carry equal current I in the same direction. The length of each wire is l
and the distance between them is d. Force acting per unit length on each wire is:
 I2  I2  I  I
(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) 0
2d 4d 2d 4d
2. Two particles X and Y having equal charges, after being accelerated through the same
potential difference, centre a region of uniform magnetic field and describe circular paths of
radii R1 and R2 respectively. The ratio of masses of X and Y is:
(A)(R1/R2)1/2 (B)(R2/R1) (C)(R1/R2)2 (D)(R1/R2)

3. There is a magnetic field acting in a plane perpendicular to this sheet of  

   
paper, downward into the paper as shown in figure. Particles in vacuum
   
move in the plane of paper from left to right. The path indicated by the arrow
   
could be traveled by:  
(A)proton (B)neutron
(C)electron (D)-particle

4. In the given figure the electron enters into the magnetic field. It deflects in direction:
(A)positive x-direction Y
(B)negative x-direction   
e
  
(C)positive y-direction   
(D)negative y-direction   
X

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5. An electric potential difference will be induced between the ends of the conductor shown in
the figure when the conductor moves in the direction
M 

L Q
N S

P
(A)P (B)Q (C)L (D)M

6. An electric motor runs on a DC source of emf 200 volt and draws a current of 10 amperes. If
the efficiency is 40%, then the resistance of the armature is
(A)5 ohm (B)12 ohm (C)120 ohm (D)160 ohm

7. When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of induced e.m.f. changes in once
in each:
1 1
(A) revolution (B) revolution (C)1 revolution (D)2 revolution
4 2
8. The armature current in a DC motor is maximum when the motor has:
(A)picked up maximum speed (B)just started
(C)intermediate speed (D)just been switched off

9. Fleming’s left and right hand rules are used in

(A)DC motor and AC generator (B)DC generator and AC motor
(C)DC motor and DC generator (D)AC motor and AC generator

10. A transformer is used to light a 100 W and 110 V lamp from a 220 V mains. If the main
current is 0.5 amp, the efficiency of the transformer is approximately
(A)50% (B)90% (C)10% (D)30%

1. A metallic ring is attached to the wall room. When the north pole of a magnet is brought near
the ring, the induced current in the ring is:
(A)zero (B)in clockwise direction
(C)in anticlockwise direction (D)infinite
2. An aluminium ring B faces an electromagnet A. Which of the following statements is correct?
A B

I +

(A)If I increases, A will repel B

(B)If I decreases, A will repel B
(C)If I increases, A will attract B
(D)Whether I increases or decreases, B will not experience any force

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3. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R moves in its plane with a uniform velocity
v perpendicular to one of its sides. A magnetic induction B, constant in time and space,
pointing perpendicular and into the plane of the loop exists everywhere. The current induced
in the loop is:
Blv Blv
(A) clockwise (B) anticlockwise
R R
2Blv
(C) anticlockwise (D)zero
R

4. Two different loops are concentric and lie in the same plane. The current in the outer loop is
clockwise and increases with time. The induced current in the inner loop then is:
(A)clockwise
(B)zero
(C)counterclockwise
(D)in a direction that depends in the ratio of the loop radii

5. A metallic ring with a cut is held horizontally and a magnet is allowed to fall vertically through
it. Then the acceleration of the magnet is:
(A)equal to g
(B)non-uniform and less than g
(C)uniform and less than g
(D)more than g

6. A horizontal straight conductor (otherwise placed in a closed circuit) along east-west direction
falls under gravity; then there is:
(A)no induced e.m.f. along the length
(B)an induced emf across the length
(C)an induced current from west to east
(D)an induced current from the east to west

7. When a magnet is moved with its north polarity towards a coil placed in a closed circuit, then
the nearer face of the coil:
(A)shows south polarity
(B)shows north polarity
(C)shows south polarity and north polarity simultaneously
(D)shows sometimes north and sometimes south polarity

8. A car moves on a plane road. Induced e.m.f. produced across the axle is maximum when it
moves:
(A)at the poles (B)move at equator
(C)remains stationary (D)no e.m.f. is induced at all

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9. An electron moves along the line AB which lies in the same plane as a
circular loop of conducting wire as shown in the figure. What will be the
direction of the current induced if any in the loop?
(A)No current will be induced e
(B)The current will be clockwise A v B
(C)The current will be anticlockwise
(D)The current will change direction as the electron passes by

10. A magnet NS is suspended from a spring and while it oscillates the

magnet moves in and out of the coil C. If the coil is now connected to
galvanometer G as shown in the figure, then the magnet oscillates, G
shows
(A)no deflection N
(B)deflection on one side
(C)deflection to the left and right with constant amplitude S
(D)deflection to the left and right but amplitude steadily decreases
C G

1. Force between two parallel current carrying conductors is F. If the current in each conductors
is doubled, the force between them will be
(A)0.25 F (B)0.50 F (C)2F (D)4 F

2. Which of the following is experienced by a current carrying loop in a uniform magnetic field?
(A)force only (B)torque only
(C)both toque and force (D)neither torque nor force

3. Two parallel wires carrying current I and 2I have magnetic field B at the mid-point between
them. If the current 2I is switched off, the magnetic field at that point will be
(A)B/2 (B)B (C)2B (D)3B

4. The magnetic field due to a current element is independent of

(A)current through it (B)distance from it
(C)its length (D)none of the above

5. If we double the radius of a current carrying coil keeping the current unchanged, what
happens to the magnetic field at its center?
(A)becomes four times (B)doubled
(C)remains unchanged (D)halved

6. A current carrying coil is placed with its plane in the magnetic meridian of the earth. When
seen from the east side a clockwise current is set up in the coil. The magnetic field at its
center will be directed towards
(A)north (B)south (C)west (D)east

7. A current carrying power line carries current from west to east. What will be the direction of
magnetic field 1 m above it?
(A)North to south (B)South to north (C)East to west (D)West to east

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8. The strength of the magnetic field around an infinite current carrying conductor is
(A)same every where
(B)inversely proportional to the distance
(C)inversely proportional to the square of the distance
(D)directly proportional to the distance

9. P and Q are two points at the same distance and in the same horizontal plane from a current
carrying vertical conductor. The point P is located towards west and the point Q is towards
east. The current is vertically downwards. If Bp and Bq be the net magnetic field at P and Q,
then
(A)Bp = Bq
(B)Bp> Bq
(C)Bp< Bq
(D)Any one of the above relation may be true depending on the strength of current.

10. A metallic rod carried directly current. Which of the following statements about the existence
of magnetic field is true?
(A)It exists outside only (B)It exists inside only
(C)It exists both inside and outside (D)It exists neither inside or outside

1. A uniform magnetic field is at right angles to the direction of motion of protons. As a result,
the protons describe a circular path of radius 2.5 cm. If speed of the protons is doubled then
the radius of the circular path will be
(A)0.5 cm (B)2.5 cm (C)5.0 cm (D)7.5 cm

2. Current of 5 ampere and 2 ampere are passed through two parallel wires A and B respectively
in opposite directions. IF the wire A is infinitely long and the length of the wire B is 5 meter,
the force on the conductor B, which is situated at 20 cm distance from A will be
(A)5  10-5 Newton (B)2  10-5 Newton
(C)5 10 Newton
-7 (D)2 10-7 Newton

3. The strength of the magnetic field at a point distance 10 cm from a long straight current
carrying wire is B. The field at a distance 5 cm will be
(A)B/4 (B)B/2 (C)2B (D)4B
4. An electron at rest is accelerated by a potential V1 and it experiences a force F in uniform
magnetic field. When it is accelerated by a potential V2, the electron experiences a force 2F in
the same magnetic field. What is the ratio V1/V2?
(A)4 (B)2 (C)1/2 (D)1/4

5. A long wire carries a steady current. It is bent into a circle of one turn and the magnetic field
at the center of the coil is B. It is then bent into a circular loop of n turns. The magnetic field
at the center of the coil will be
(A)nB (B)n2B (C)2nB (D)2n2B
6. A proton is fired perpendicular to the magnetic field B with kinetic energy E. If the proton is
fired through a magnetic field 4B making angle 90o with it and in both cases the radius of the
circular path be R, then the kinetic energy of the proton should be
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(A)E (B)2E (C)4E (D)16E

7. A regular hexagon carries current I. the hexagon can be inscribed inside a circle of radius R.
What is the magnetic field at the center of the circle?
 2I  12I  I  12I
(A) o (B) o (C) o 3 (D) o 3
4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R
S
8. A circular coil is kept as shown in the figure horizontally. If a magnet falls freely
from the above then the magnitude of induced current in the coil is
(A)0
(B)infinite N
(C)indeterminable as values are not given
(D)none of the above

9. Figure shows three parallel wires carrying currents as shown. The force
on the wire b is
(A)towards c
(B)towards a 2A 4A 2A
(C)zero
(D)perpendicular to current
a b c
10. A rectangular loop carries a current Io. It is placed near a long straight conductor carrying
current I as shown in figure. What will be the nature of the force
experienced by the coil?
(A)no force
(B)repulsion Io I
(C)attraction
(D)it will experience a torque

1. The magnetic flux through a coil is inversely proportional to

(A)number of turns (B)area
(C)magnetic field (D)none of the above

2. If the magnetic field is parallel to a surface, then the magnetic flux through the surface is
(A)zero (B) small but not zero
(C)infinite (D) large but not infinite

3. Which of the following gives the direction of the induction emf?

(A)Faraday’s laws (B)Lenz’s law
(C)Ampere’s theorem (D)Biot Savart law

4. Which of the following phenomena makes use of electromagnetic induction?

(A)Charging a storage battery
(B)Magnetizing an iron piece with a bar magnet
(C)Generator of hydroelectricity
(D)Magnetizing a soft iron piece by placing inside a current carrying solenoid
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5. Which of the following is based on the law of conservation of energy?

(A)emf (B)electric current
(C)magnetic field (D)none of the above

6. Two coils are placed close to each other as shown in the figure. When the key K is pressed a
current flows in the secondary coil abcd. What happens on breaking the circuit?
a
+ d

P S
K
b c
(A)No current flows in the coils S
(B)A current greater in magnitude but same in direction flows through the coil
(C)The magnitude of the current is greater but direction is reversed
(D)The magnitude of the current is lower and direction is reversed

7. The current from which of the following devices does not vary in magnitude?
(A)Transformers (B)Dynamo (C)Cell (D)Induction coil
8. Dynamo is designed on the principle of
(A)electromagnetic induction (B)self induction
(C)mutual induction (D)none of the above

9. The force between two current carrying parallel wires is due to

(A)electrostatic interaction (B)magnetic effect of electric current
(C)electric effect of magnetic field (D)electromagnetic induction

10. Which of the following is used to determine the direction of induced current in a generator?
(A)Fleming’s left hand rule (B)Fleming’s right hand rule
(C)Maxwell’s cork screw rule (D)Ampere’s swimming rule

1. The current in the armature of dc motor is the maximum when the motor is
(A)switched off (B)switched on
(C)running at full speed (D)running at intermediate speed

2. The induced emf of 2V is generated when the current in the circuit changes from 4 A to 5 A in
one millisecond. What is the self inductance of the circuit?
(A)8 H (B)10 H
(C)80 H (D)none of the above

3. A transformer is used to light a 100 W and 110 V lamp from a 220 V mains. If the main
current is 0.5 a. The efficiency of the transformer is
(A)11% (B)50% (C)80% (D)90%

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4. The induced emf in a coil rotating in a magnetic field is maximum when the angle between the
plane of the coil and the direction of field is
(A)zero
(B)/4
(C)/2
(D)Some angle other than those mentioned above

5. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown in the figure. The abcd is a coil
adjacent to the path of electron. What will be the direction of current if any induced in the
coil?
a

b d

X Y
ELECTRON
(A)no current is induced
(B)abcd
(C)adcb
(D)The current will reverse direction as the electron goes past the coil

6. A step up transformer raised the voltage from 220 V to 11000 V. If the number of turns of the
secondary be 1000, what is the number of turns of the primary?
(A)2 (B)20 (C)200 (D)2000

7. Figure shows a straight wire placed between the pole pieces of a magnet. Induced emf will be
developed across the ends of the wire, when it is moved towards
P
Wire
N S

Q
(A)N (B)S (C)P (D)Q

8. What is the current through the primary coil of the transformer shown below?

230 V
S P S 115 
23 V

(A)0.08 A (B)0.04 A (C)0.02 A (D)0.01 A

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9. A circular coil carries current I. An insulated infinitely long wire placed along the diameter of
the coil is also carrying current I. The magnetic force on the wire is

I I I

(A)zero
(B)along the wire
(C)perpendicular to the wire and the plane of the coil
(D)perpendicular to the wire and in the plane of the coil

10. A wire loop consists of two parts as shown in the figure. It is placed in a
magnetic field directed into the plane of the paper and increases with time.
Which of the following shows the induced current correctly?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

1. In the circuit of figure the bulb will become suddenly bright if L B

(A)contact is made or broken
(B)contact is made
(C)contact is broken B
(D)would not become bright at all +  S

2. Two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 are placed so close to each other that the effective flux
in one coil is completely linked with the other, then the mutual inductance between them is
given by
(A) M  L1L 2 (B)M = L1 L2 (C)M = L1/L2 (D)M = L1 + L2

3. A long solenoid of length L, cross-section A having N1 turns has would about its center a small
coil of N2 turns. Then the mutual inductance of the two circuits is
 A  N1 /N2   A  N1N2  o A  N12N2 
(A) o (B) o (C) o A  N1N2  L (D)
L L L
4. An electric lamp is connected in series with a long solenoid of copper with air core. When the
circuit is joined to AC source, the bulb lights up giving a bright glow. Now an iron rod is
inserted inside the solenoid. What is the effect on the brightness of the bulb?
(A)No effect (B)Bulb shines brighter
(C)Bulb becomes dim (D)Bulb goes not glow

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5. As shown in the figure, a magnet is moved with a fast speed S N

towards a coil at rest. Due to this induced emf, induced charge
and induced current in the coil is e, q and I respectively. If the
speed of the magnet is doubled, the incorrect statement is G
(A)e increases (B)I increase
(C)q increases (D)q remains same

6. Two coils have self inductance L1 = 4 mH and L2 = 1 mH respectively. The currents in the two
coils are increased at the same rate. At a certain instant of time both coils are given the same
power. If I1 and I2 are the currents in the two coils at that instant of time respectively, then the
value of (I1/I2) is
(A)1/8 (B)1/4 (C)1/2 (D)1

7. Two coils are placed close to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends
upon
(A)currents in the coils
(B)materials of the wires of the coils
(C)relative position and orientation of the coils
(D)rates at which the current are changing in the coils

8. Shown in the figure is a small loop that is kept coaxially with the bigger loop. If the slider
moves from A to B, then
(A)current flow in both the lops will be in the opposite sense 2
(B)clockwise current in loop 1 and anticlockwise current in loop 2 will 1 B
R
flow A
(C)no current flows in loop 2
(D)clockwise current flows in loop 2

9. A small square loop of wire of side is placed inside a large square loop of side L (L >> ). If
the loops are coplanar and their centers coincide, the mutual induction of the system is
directly proportional to
(A) L / (B) /L (C) L2 / (D) 2 /L

10. When a magnet is released from rest along the axis of a hollow conducting S
cylinder situated vertically as shown in the figure, then
(A)the direction of induced current in the cylinder is clockwise as seen from N
the figure
(B)the magnet moves with an acceleration more than g = 9.8 m/s2
(C)the cylinder gets heated
(D)the speed of the magnet goes on increasing continuously if the cylinder is
very long

11. A conducting loop is pulled with a constant velocity towards a region

of uniform magnetic field of induction B as shown in the figure. Then     
the current involved in the loop is (d > r)     
(A)clockwise while entering r
(B)anticlockwise while entering     
(C)zero when partially outside     
(D)anticlockwise while leaving
d
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12. A loop is kept so that its center lies at the origin of the coordinate system. A magnetic field
has the induction B along z-axis as shown in the figure.
(A)an emf and current will be induced in the loop if it rotates about the x-axis.
(B)no emf is induced and no current
(C)emf is induced and induced current flows in the loop if the loop is made of copper and is
rotated about y-axis
(D)if the loop moves about z-axis with constant velocity current flows in it.

13. An infinitely long cylindrical conducting wire is kept parallel to y

uniform magnetic field along positive z-axis. The current induced on
 
the surface of conducting wire is   B 
(A)along the direction of magnetic field    
(B)zero x
   
(C)circulated in anti-clockwise direction when viewed from z-axis  
(D)circulated in clockwise direction when viewed from z-axis

14. Induced emf in the coil depends upon

(A)conductivity of coil (B)amount of flux
(C)rate of change of linked flux (D)resistance of coil

15. The primary and secondary coils of a transformer have 50 and 1500 turns respectively. If the
magnetic flux  linked with the primary coil is given by  = o + 4t, where  is in weber, t is
time in seconds and o is a constant, the output voltage across the secondary coil is
(A)120 volt (B)220 volt (C)30 volt (D)90 volt

16. The net magnetic flux through any closed surface, kept in a magnetic field is
(A)zero (B)o/4 (C)4o (D)4o/

17. If the coefficient of mutual induction of the primary and secondary coils of an induction coil is
5H and a current of 10 A is cut off in 5  10-4 s, the emf induced (in volt) in the secondary coil
is
(A)5  104 (B)1  105 (C)25  105 (D)5  106

18. A charge is fired through a magnetic field. The force acting on it is maximum when the angle
between the direction of motion and magnetic field is
(A)zero (B)/4 (C)/2 (D)

19. No force acts on the charge field through a magnetic field, when the angle between its velocity
and magnetic field is
(A) (B)3/4 (C)/2 (D)/4

20. A positively charged particle falls vertically downwards. The horizontal component of the
earth’s magnetic field will deflect it towards
(A)west (B)east (C)south (D)north

21. A uniform electric and a uniform magnetic field are pointing in the vertically downward
direction. An electron moves vertically downwards through them. Then electron

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(A)will turn left (B)will turn right

(C)have increase in velocity (D)have decrease in velocity
22. The force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field is maximum, when angle
between current and magnetic field is
  3
(A)zero (B) (C) (D)
4 2 4
23. What happens between the two streams of electrons moving parallel to each other in the same
direction?
(A)Attract each other (B)Repel each other
(C)Cancel the electric field of each other (D)Cancel the magnetic field of each other

24. A current carrying wire is placed along east-west in a magnetic field directed northwards. If
the current in the wire is directed eastwards, what will be the direction of force on the wire?
(A)Due west (B)Due south
(C)Vertically upwards (D)Vertically downwards

25. A straight wire 5 m long is placed parallel to an infinitely long straight wire carrying current
5A. The distance between the two wires is 10 cm and the 5m long wires is carrying current 2
A. The force on the shorter wire is
 
(A) o  103 N (B)103 N (C) o  107 N (D)10-7 N
4 4
26. A circular arc of wire subtends an angle /2 at the center. If it carries a current I and its
radius of curvature is R, then the magnetic field at the center of the arc is
I I I I
(A) o (B) o (C) o (D) o
R 2R 4R 8R
27. An infinite straight current carrying conductor is bent into a circle as shown in the figure. If
the radius of the circle is R, the magnetic field at the center of the coil is
(A)infinite
(B)zero
R
o 2I
(C)  I R
4 R
 2I
(D) o    1
4 R
28. What is the magnetic field at the center of circular loop in the circuit shown below?
 2I  2I I
(A) o 1    (B) o 1   
4 r 4 r
o I  I O r
(C) 1    (D) o 1   
4 r 4 r
From  To 
29. What is the magnetic field at the center of circular loop in the circuit shown below? The wires
crossing at P are insulated from each other.
 2I  2I
(A) o 1    (B) o 1    O r
4 r 4 r
 2I  2I I
(C) o (D) o From  To 
4 r 4 r

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30. Which of the following is the characteristic of magnetic lines of force due to bar magnet?
(A)They start from north pole and end at south pole
(B)They start from south pole and end at north pole
(C)They are continuous lines directed from north to south pole outside and from south to
north pole within the magnet
(D)none of these

31. Which of the following is the main source of magnetism in a bar magnet?
(A)spinning of electrons (B)spinning of atoms
(C)orbital motion of electrons (D)polarization of atoms

32. Which of the following is NOT supposed to be the cause of earth’s magnetic field?
(A)Molten charged fluid circulating in the core of the earth
(B)Huge magnet lying in the central part of the earth
(C)Rotation of the earth about its own axis and the existence of ions in the upper parts of
earth’s atmosphere
(D)Presence of iron and nickel in the core of the earth

33. Which of the following cannot be ferromagnetic?

(A)Solid (B)Gases (C)Liquid (D)None

34. A small piece of substance is repelled by a strong permanent magnet. The substance is
(A)diamagnetic (B)paramagnetic (C)ferromagnetic (D)ferrite

35. To which category of magnetic substances do the ferrite belong?

(A)Diamagnetic (B)Paramagnetic (C)Ferromagnetic (D)Ferrimagnetic

36. A thin bar diamagnetic substance is placed between two pole pieces. Which of the following
represents the orientation of bar (represented by thick black)?

(A) N S (B) N S

(C) N S (D) N S

37. To shield an instrument from an external magnetic field it may be placed in a cabinet made of
(A)wood (B)ebonite
(C)metal (D)diamagnetic substance

38. Which of the following is NOT a factor to determine the mutual inductance of the two coils?
(A)the number of turns of each coil (B)The shape of each coil
(C)current through each coil (D)separation between the coils

39. The north pole of a bar magnet is rapidly introduced into a solenoid at the end A. Which of the
following statements correctly depicts the phenomenon taking place?
(A)No induced emf is developed

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(B)The end A of the solenoid behaves like a south pole

(C)The end A of the solenoid behaves like a north pole
(D)The end A of the solenoid acquires positive potential
40. In which of the following cases with a bar magnet and the solenoid no induced emf is
produced?
(A)when magnet is inserted
(B)when magnet is withdrawn
(C)when coil moved towards or away from the magnet
(D)when the relative velocity of the coil with respect to the magnet is zero

41. A copper rod moves parallel to the horizontal direction. The induced emf developed across its
ends to earth’s magnetic field will be maximum at the
(A)equator (B)latitude 30o (C)latitude 60o (D)poles

42. Which of the following is NOT the name of the part of the a.c. generator?
(A)Armature (B)Field magnet
(C)Split ring commutator (D)Brushes

43. Two parallel wires in free space are 10 cm apart and each carries a current of 10 A, in the
same direction. The force, one wire exerts on the other, per meter of length, is
(A)2  10-4 N, attractive (B)2  10-4 N, repulsive
(C)2  10-7 N, attractive (D)2  10-7 N, repulsive

44. A positive charged particle moving due east enters a region of uniform magnetic field directed
vertically upwards. The particle will
(A)get deflected vertically upwards
(B)move in a circular orbit with its speed increased
(C)move in a circular orbit with its speed unchanged
(D)continue to move due east

45. Due to the earth’s magnetic field, charged cosmic ray particles
(A)required greater kinetic energy to reach the equator than the poles
(B)required less kinetic energy to reach the equator than the poles
(C)can never reach the equator
(D)can never reach the poles

46. A charged particle is moving with velocity V in a magnetic field of induction B. The force on
the particle will be maximum when
(A)V and B are in the same direction (B)V and B are in opposite direction
(C)V and B are perpendicular (D)V and B are at an angle of 45º

47. The vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field is zero at a plane where the angle of dip is
(A)0º (B)45º (C)60º (D)90º

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Assertion & Reason

Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark
yourresponses fromthe following options.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of .Assertion.
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of .Assertion.
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
48. Assertion: A magnetic field is produced around a current carrying conductor.
Reason: This was experimentally proved by Oersted.

49. Assertion: A changed particle (+vely charged) when enters normally to the magnetic field
follows anelliptical path
Reason: The magnetic force on the charged particle provides the necessary centripetal
force.

Match the following (one to one)

Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with
someentries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have thematchingwith the same
entries of column-II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
50. Match the following
Column I Column II
(A)  2I (P) Force on a charged particle q moving
B 0 with a velocity v in a magnetic field
4 r
(B) F  Bqv sin  (Q) Fleming’s left-hand rule
(C) Force on a current carrying conductor (R) mv
r
in a magnetic field qB
(D) Radius of the circular path of a charged (S) Magnetic field due to an infinitely
particle in a magnetic field longwire.

Multiple Correct Answer Type

This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of
which ONE or MORE is correct. Choose the correct options.

1. A moving particle of charge q and mass m enters a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to
the direction of field. Then
(A)its energy increases (B)its energy remains constant
(C)it follows a circular path (D)its velocity vector changes

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2. A straight wire carrying current i is parallel to Y axis

(A)The magnetic field at point P is parallel to X axis
(B)The magnetic field at point P is parallel to Z axis
(C)The magnetic lines are concentric circles having common
centre at the wire
(D)Magnetic field at P depends on length of wire

3. Two electrons beams are located parallel near to each other

(A)They attract each other
(B)They repel each other
(C)They experience only electric force
(D)They experience electric and magnetic force both
4. The magnetic field lines have which of the following properties
(A)They are closed curves (B)Field lines don’t intersect
(C)The are discontinuous (D)None of the above

5. Which of the following are magnetic materials?

(A)Gold (B)Iron (C)Steel (D)Silver

6. Magnetic field due to a current carrying solenoid on its axis is

(A)constant (B)variable
0 nI
(C) B  0 nI (D)At ends B 
2

7. Lenz’s law explains the following

(A)direction of induced emf (B)direction of induced current
(C)conservation of energy (D)direction of inducedmagnetic field
8. In a region where both nonzero uniform electric field and magnetic field coexist, the path of a
charged particle
(A)can not be a circle (B)may be a circle
(C)may be a straight line (D)may be a helix

9. Two charged particles M and N enter a space of uniform magnetic field, with velocities
perpendicular to the magnetic field. The paths are as shown in the figure. The possible
reasons are :
(A)the charge of M is greater than that of N
(B)the two charge will be of opposite sign
(C)specific charge of M is greater than that of N
(D)the speed of M is less than that of N

10. A charged particle with velocity v  xiˆ  yjˆ moves in a magnetic field B  yiˆ  xjˆ . The magnitude
of magnetic force acting on the particle is F. Which one of the following statement(s) is/are
correct?
(A)no force will act on particle if x  y  
(B) F  x2  y 2 if x  y
(C)the force will act along z-axis if x  y (D)the force will act along y-axis if y  x

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BRAIN TEASER
1. When North pole of magnetic approaches a circular coil, then the current in the coil as seen
from the magnet side is
(A)clockwise (B)anticlockwise (C)parallel (D)antiparallel

2. A vertical wire carries a current upward. The magnetic field north of the wire will be directed
(A)upward (B)eastward (C)westward (D)northward

Paragraph for next three questions

A man instals a horizontal wire carrying current from west to east. A charged particle of charged
2C ismoving normally to the field in the North direction with a speed of 10m/s. If the current in
thewire is 107Aand the point in the North lies at a distance of 1 m then answer the following
questions.

3. The strength of magnetic field at given distance in the North is

(A)1 Tesla (B)3 Tesla (C)2 Tesla (D)4 Tesla
4. The force on the charged particle is
(A)40N (B)30 N (C)10 N (D)5 N

5. The direction of magnetic field is

(A)Downwards (B) Upwards
(C)Towards north (D) towards south

Paragraph for next three questions

d B
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction is given by    .
dt

6. The negative sign in the equation indicates

(A)Induced emf is produced only when the magnetic flux decreases
(B)Induced emf opposes change in the magnetic flux
(C)Both (A) and (B)
(D)Neither (A) nor (B)
7. The magnitude of the emf induced in a conductor is directly proportional to the
(A)change in current (B)change in motion
(C)change in voltage (D)change in magnetic flux

8. A relative motion of the magnet and the coil sets up _____ in a coil
(A)induced current (B)magnetic field
(C)resistance (D)Both (B) and (C)

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9. The magnetic field at centre O of the circular portion of radius 3 cm carrying current 4
ampere in the wire is

(A)  8 /3 105 T (B)  8 /3 104 T (C) 2 105 T (D) 2 101 T

10. The magnetic induction at point P which is at a distance of 4 cm from a long current carrying
wire is 103 T . The field of induction at a distance of 12 cm from the same current carrying
wire will be
(A) 3.33 104 T (B)1.11104 T (C) 3 103 T (D) 9 103 T

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COMPETITIVE CORNER
Straight Objective Type
This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Choose the correct option.
1. A vertical wire is carrying current in the upward direction. Then the direction ofmagnetic field
in the west direction will be
(A) towards south (B) towards east (C) towards west (D) towards north

2. A charge of 1.6 × 10–19C enters in the magnetic field of 3 tesla normally with a velocity of
106m/s. The force on the charge will be
(A) 4.8 × 10–12m/s (B) 4.8 × 10–13m/s (C) 4.8 × 10–14m/s (D) 2×10–19m/s

3. The magnetic field due to an infinitely long wire carrying a current of 2A at a distance of 10 m
from it is
(A) 2 × 10–8T (B) 4 × 10–8T (C) 4  × 10–8T (D) 2 × 10–6T

4. The device used for producing electric current is called a

(A) generator (B) galvanometer (C) ammeter (D) motor

5. A moving charge will produce

(A) No field (B) An electric field
(C) A magnetic field (D) Both (B) and (C)

6. A positively charged particle moving with velocity v enters a region of space having a constant
magnetic induction B . The particle will experience the largest deflecting force when the angle
between the vectors is
(A) 45° (B) 90° (C) 180° (D) 30°

7. A magnetic field
(A) always exerts a force on a charged particle
(B) never exerts a force on a charged particle
(C) exerts a force, if the charged particle is moving across the magnetic field lines
(D) exerts a force, if the charged particle is moving along the magnetic field lines

8. Electric motor is a device which converts

(A) electrical energy into mechanical energy (B) mechanical energy into electrical energy
(C) chemical energy into mechanical energy (D) electrical energy into chemical energy

9. Conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by an electric motor requires a

rectangular coil called
(A) commutator (B) resistor
(C) armature (D) metallic half rings

10. The direction of magnetic field produced by a current carrying conductor can be found by
(A) Fleming’s left hand rule (B) Fleming’s right hand rule
(C) Ampere’s right hand rule (D) all the above

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11. The magnetic field lines inside a long current carrying solenoid are nearly
(A) straight (B) circular (C) parabolic (D) elliptical

12. You have a coil and a bar magnet. You can produce an electric current by moving
(A) the magnet, but not the coil (B) the coil, but not the magnet
(C) either the magnet or the coil (D) neither the magnet nor the coil

13. The magnetic field due to a bar magnet are correctly shown in

(A) (B) (C) (D)

14. A battery is connected between two points A and B on the circumference of a uniform
conducting ring of radius r and resistance R. One of the arcs AB of the ring subtends an angle
 at the centre. Magnetic field due to current at the centre of ring is
(A) zero, only if   180 (B) zero for all values of 
(C) proportional to (D) inversely proportional to r

15. Two long parallel wires carrying equal current i flowing in the same direction are at a distance
2d apart. The magnetic field B at a point lying on the perpendicular line joining the wires and
at a distance x from the midpoint is
0 id 0 ix  ix  id
(A) (B) (C) 2 0 2 (D) 2 0 2
(d  x )
2 2
(d  x )
2 2
(d  x ) (d  x )
16. A long wire carries a steady current. It is bent into a circle of one turn. The magnetic field at
the centre of the coil is B. If it is bent into a circular loop of n turns, then magnetic field at the
centre of the coil will be
(A) n B (B) n2 B (C) 2 n B (D) 2 n2 B

17. Two circular coils X and Y having equal number of turns and carry equal currents in the same
sense and subtend same solid angle at O. Magnetic field due to coil y is B y and that due to
smaller coil x is Bx at point O, then
By 1 By 1
(A)  (B) 
Bx 4 Bx 2
By By
(C) 1 (D) 2
Bx Bx

18. A conducting loop carrying a current I is placed in a uniform

magnetic field pointing into the plane of the paper as shown. The loop
will have a tendency to
(A) contract
(B) expand
(C) move towards +ve x-axis
(D) move towards –ve x-axis

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Matrix Match Type

This section contains Matrix-Match Type questions. Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column–I have to be matched with
statements (p, q, r, s) in Column–II. The answers to these questions have to be appropriately
bubbled as illustrated in the following example.
If the correct matches are A-p, A-s, B-q, B-r, C-p, C-q and D-s, then the correctly bubbled 4  4
matrix should be as follows:
19. In magnetic field, for a charged particle, match the entries of column I with the entries of
column II.
Column – I Column – II
(A) Acceleration (P) may be zero
(B) Velocity (Q) is zero
(C) Speed (R) may be constant
(D) Kinetic energy (S) is constant

20. In column I the situations are shown in which the charge particles are projected into the
region of magnetic field, while in column II the description of initial deflection is given. Match
the entries of column I with the entries of column II.
Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) Up

(B) (Q) Down

(C) (R) Into the plane of paper

(D) (S) Out the plane of paper

(T) At an angle of 45° to vertical

(U) At an angle of 45° into the plane of paper

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21. Match the entries of column I with the entries of column II in the following table.
Column – I Column – II
(A) (P) 1 and 2 attract each other

(B) (Q) 1 and 2 repel each other

(C) (R) 1 and 2 do not exert any force on each other.

(D) (S) Magnetic fields at point P due to wires 1 and 2 are

perpendicular to each other

(T) Magnetic fields at point P due to wires1 and 2 are in

same direction

Match the following (one to many)

Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with
someentries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-Imay have the matchingwith
the same entriesof column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one
matching with entries of column-I.
22. Match the following
Column I Column II
(A) Electric motor (P) Current carrying conductors
(B) Electromagnet (Q) Magnets
(C) AC Generator (R) Commutator
(D) Loud speakers (S) Brushes

Integer Type Questions

23. Two parallel, long wires carry currents i1 and i2 with i1  i2 . When the currents are in the
same direction, the magnetic field at a point midway between the wires is 30 T . If the
direction of current in one wire is reversed, the field becomes 90 T . Then find the ratio i1/i2.
I
24. Magnitude and direction of force acting on a unit length of a thin wire
carrying a current I = 8.0 A at point O if the wire is bent with R = 10 cm
is shown in figure is x 104 N/m . Find x ? R
O

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ANSWERS

1. (C) 3. (C) 5. (A) 7. (A) 9. (D)

2. (C) 4. (B) 6. (B) 8. (B) 10. (B)

1. (D) 3. (D) 5. (B) 7. (A) 9. (C)

2. (C) 4. (C) 6. (A) 8. (B) 10. (C)

1. (A) 3. (C) 5. (D) 7. (B) 9. (C)

2. (C) 4. (D) 6. (B) 8. (B) 10. (B)

1. (C) 3. (D) 5. (A) 7. (B) 9. (D)

2. (C) 4. (C) 6. (C) 8. (A) 10. (D)

1. (D) 3. (B) 5. (D) 7. (A) 9. (B)

2. (B) 4. (D) 6. (C) 8. (B) 10. (C)

1. (C) 3. (C) 5. (B) 7. (D) 9. (B)

2. (A) 4. (D) 6. (D) 8. (A) 10. (C)

1. (D) 3. (B) 5. (A) 7. (C) 9. (B)

2. (A) 4. (C) 6. (C) 8. (A) 10. (B)

1. (B) 3. (D) 5. (B) 7. (C) 9. (D)

2. (D) 4. (A) 6. (B) 8. (C) 10. (D)

1. (C) 11. (B) 21. (D) 31. (A) 41. (D)

2. (A) 12. (C) 22. (C) 32. (B) 42. (C)
3. (B) 13. (B) 23. (B) 33. (B) 43. (A)
4. (C) 14. (C) 24. (C) 34. (A) 44. (C)
5. (C) 15. (A) 25. (A) 35. (D) 45. (C)
6. (B) 16. (A) 26. (D) 36. (B) 46. (C)
7. (C) 17. (B) 27. (D) 37. (B) 47. (A)
8. (B) 18. (C) 28. (B) 38. (C) 48. (A)
9. (D) 19. (A) 29. (A) 39. (C) 49. (D)
10. (C) 20. (B) 30. (C) 40. (D)
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50. (A)-(S), (B)-(P),(C)-(Q),(D)-(R)

Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. (B), (C), (D) 5. (B), (C) 9. (A), (B), (C), (D)
2. (B), (C), (D) 6. (A), (C), (D) 10. (A), (B), (C)
3. (B), (D) 7. (A), (C)
4. (A), (B) 8. (A), (C), (D)

BRAIN TEASER
1. (B) 3. (C) 5. (A) 7. (D) 9. (C)
2. (C) 4. (A) 6. (B) 8. (A) 10. (A)

COMPETITIVE CORNER
1. (A) 5. (D) 9. (C) 13. (D) 17. (B)
2. (B) 6. (B) 10. (C) 14. (B) 18. (B)
3. (B) 7. (C) 11. (A) 15. (B)
4. (A) 8. (A) 12. (C) 16. (B)
19. A – (P) ; B – (R) ; C – (S) ; D – (S)
20. A – (P) ; B – (T) ; C – (R) ; D – (R)
21. A – (R,S) ; B – (R,S) ; C – (R,S) ; D – (R,T)
22. (A)-(PQRS), (B)-(P), (C)-(QS), (D)-(PQ)
23. (2)
24. (2)

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