FLANGED JOINTS STUD BOLTS WITH NUTS: ‘The Stud Bolt is a threaded rod with 02 heavy hexagon nuts & are essential components of flanged joints as they are key to seal flanged joints property. studs are measured parallel to te ais (L) " from te Wot to the treed witout the Chane (pint). 8, 2, ng “% ‘The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in @ flange, diameter and length of bolts ‘is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange. Stud Bolt length are defined in ASME 816.5 standard. The length in inches fs equal to the effective thread length measured Parallel to the axis, from the first to the first thread without the chamtfers (points). First thread is defined as the intersection ‘of the major dlameter of the thread with the base of the point. Notes: +The length of metric Stud Bolts measured parallel to axs, I the cstance from each Stud Bolt incluaing the pont + Toallow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, arger cmension studs shal be ofen one dlameter longer than “standard, Thal balsto have plas end cap protection.Threads of Stud Bolts: Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 -24 Unified Inch Screw Threads, ‘The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile with included angle is 60°. ‘This form is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO / metric threads. 25) ‘The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared with non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners. Thread series cover designations of diameter/ pitch combinations that are measured by the number of threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter. ‘STANDARD THREAD PITCHES: Thread series cover designations of diamater/pitch combinations that are measured by the umber of threads per inch (TP) applied to a single diameter ‘+ Coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC): UNC Is the most common type for serews, bolts, and nuts. Coarse threads are used for threads in low strengtn materials such as iron, mild steel, copper and softer alloy, aluminum, etc. The coarse thread is also more tolerant of adverse conditions and ft faciltates quick assembly. ‘+ Fine thread series (UNF/UNRF): UNF is widely used for precision application and when higher tensile strength Is required (vs, the coarse thread series) Because of the larger tensile tress areas, However, a longer engagement is requred for fine tread applicatons than for coarse series threads fo prevent stipping 2 8— Thread Series (BUN) isthe specif thread forming mathed for several ASTM standards including A193 B7, A193 BE/EBBM, and ‘ASZD, This series Is used for diameters one inch and above.=A tone ss oF scaew RED hread Pitch Chart Coarse Thread Series - UNC Fine Thread Series - UNF 8-Thread Series - 8UN Nominal Basic Section Tensile Nominal Basic Section Tensile Nominal Basic Section Tensile Sieand Pitch atMinor Stress Sizeand Pitch _atMinor Stress Siveand Pitch at Minor Stress Threads Dia Dia. Area Threads © -Dia.~=sDia,= Area Threads -‘Dia.—Cia, Area, Perin. tn, qin. Sqin. Peri jn, Sqn, Sqin. Peri = tn, Sqin, qin. tfo-16 03344 0.0678 0.0775 /a-24 03479 0.0809 0.0878 ~~ - 5 rfor14 0.3911 0.0933 0.1063 +/u-20 04050 0.1090 0.1167 yf 13 04500 0.1257 0.1419 1/s-20 04675 0.1486 0.1509 ~ tfo-12 05084 0462 0.82 *fy-18 05264 0189 02030 = 5 tfo-11 05660 0202 0226 +fe-18 05889 0240 02565 ~ = 5 *f-10 06850 0302 0334 +/.-16 0.7094 0.351 0373 : rfo-9 0.8028 0419 0462 —afe-14 0.8286 04800509 - a 1-8 09188 0551 0606 1-12 0.9459 0.625 0.663 1-8 09188 0551 0.606 D/e-7 10322 0693 0.763 1/n-12 1.0709 0812 0856 ifr-8 1.0438 0.728 0.790 D/v-7 11572 0890 0969 /s-12 1.1959 1.024 1073/1688 0929 1.000 Vfo-6 1.2667 1054 1455 Wr/n-12 1.3209 1260 1315 sf 1.2938 1.155 1.233Coarse Thread Series - UNC Section Tensile atMinor Stress Nominal Size and, Threads Per In, bf-6 bs 2- aif Bien) fad Bd 3-4 Bf Byfr4 afd 44 Basic Pitch, Dia, In, 1.3917 1.6201 1.8357 2.1057 2.3376 25876 2.8376 3.0876 33376 35876 38376 Stud bolt length: Dia. Sqin. 1294 am 2.30 3.02 an 462 5.62 672 792 oat 1061 ‘Area Sqin. 1.405, 190 250 3.25 4.00 493 597 7.10 833 9.66 11.08 Fine Thread Series - UNF Section Tensile Pitch atMinor Stress Nominal Size and Threads Perin, B/a-12 Basie Dia, In. 1.4459 Dia, Sqin. 1521 ‘Area Sq in, 1.501 ‘-Thread Series - 8UN Nominal Size and ‘Threads Pern, Lyfe 1/8 b/-8 V/-8 2-8 YB 2fe-B BB 3-8 38 3ye-8 Bye8 4-8 Basic Section Tensile Pitch at Minor Stress Dia, In, 1.4198 15438 1.6698 1.7938 19188 2.1688 2.4198 2.6688 29188 3.1688 34109 3.6608 39188 Dia. Sqin. 1.405 1.68 1.98 2.30 265 3.42, 429 526 632 749 a7 aot 1157 ‘Area Sqin. 1.492 178 208 241 277 356 a4 543 651 169 896 10.34 ‘The length of the stud can be measured either as overall length (EL) or as “first useable thread to first useable threac FTF or Thread to thread. ‘The FTF length can be calculated by subtracting a quarter of an inch to the EL length, and it the standard stud length measurement for piping applications. Flanges of different diameter and rating require stud of different lengths and diameters.‘STUD_BOLT d A ] ia iy © LENGTH (men) END To END LENGTH TOLERANCE {THREAD TO THREAD) EL (tay EL (wan) Ls 12 005mm L4636mm | EL (an +1.57mm Leister |. seasmm | EL am) +3.18mm Lerman 638mm EL (Min) 8.500 Fig. 1 Relationship of Dimensions, 1 and U, on Flange Bolting Studs (Stud Bolts) MOOT | u oa‘Table 1 Dimensions for Continuous Thread Studs nr :ASTM A193 STUD BOLTS (HIGH TEMP or HIGH PRESSURE): Originally approved tn 1936, this specification is heavily utilized in petroleum and chemical construction applications. ‘The ASTM A193 specification covers alloy-steel and stainless steel stud bolts materials for high temperature or high- pressure service. ASTM A193 stud bolts are available in national coarse (UNC) thread pitches, generally used in traditional applications, which means that there are 8 threads per inch (“thread per inch”) for rod diameters above 1 inch. B7 is the most common, specification grade for stud bolts. Threaded stud bolt with Nuts .‘The most common stud bolts materials covered by ASTM A193 are: ASTM A193 87: Alloy steel, AIS| 4140/4142 quenched and tempered ASTM A193 B7M: Alloy steel, AISI 4140/4142 quenched and tempered ASTM A193 B16: Alloy steel, AISI 4140/4142 (Cr -Mo -Va } quenched and tempered ASTM A193 BB: Class 1 Stainless steel, AISI 304, carbide solution treated. ASTM A193 B8A ‘ASTM A193 BBM: Class 1 Stainless steel, AISI 316, carbide solution treated. ASTIN A193 BBMA ‘ASTHM A193 BBT (SS 321) ASTM A193 BBcI2: Class 2 Stainless steel, AIS! 304, carbide solution treated, strain hardened ASTI A193 B8TCI2 ASTM A193 B8Mcl2: Class 2 Stainless steel, AISI 316, carbide solution treated, strain hardened ASTM A193 Chemical Properties Hlement 1B7/B7M (Ats1 4140) a (Atst 304) ‘BoM (Ast 316) carbon 0.38-0.4856 0.0856 max 0.06% max Manganese 0.75 1.0056 2.00% max 2.00% max Phosplorus, ax 035% 0.085% 0.045% Sulfur, max 040% 0.030% 0.030% Silicon 015-0353 1.00%6 max 1.00% max Chrominsn 0.90 1.1056 180- 20.0% 160+ 18.0% Nickel nya 20-11.0% 100 - 14.0% ‘Nolybdenum 015 -0.25% A 2.00- 3.00%ASTM A 193 Mechanical Properties Grade Size Tensile hs Yield ksi,min Hong, %6,min RAG min «HW HRC Upw2472 125 105 16 50 7 25/04 15 95 16 50 32tmax 35 max 440-7 100 ca 18 50 BM Upto” under 100 0 18 50 HRBO3. HRB 99 max Bm overs" 0 7" 100 a 18 50 HRB93—HRB99max Bs Glass 1 al % 30 30 50 223max—35max ‘BOM Class 1 all 8 20 20 50 223max 96 max upto3/t 125 100 2 35 78-1 115 80 15 35 Be chss2 s21max —-35max 14pe-14/4 105 6 20 38 13a-aaj2 100 50 2 45 upw3/t 110 95 15 8 7/84 100 80 20 45 BoM Clase 2 a21mae 35 mae 1ajaaa/s 95 6 25 4s 1a/a-1-4/2 °0 50 30 45‘The material chosen for the threaded stud and the hex nuts should be compatible. Materials for botting sets shall be selected based on the process's working temperatures, as shown in the table below. ‘TEMPERATURE"C(“F) snore a =a Note: Gr-B7Ms tor sour / Corrosive environments ( NACE MR 0175) MAX. 3001572) 400 (752) 900 (482) 575 10067) 520 (968) ASTM A193 Recommended Combination: Bolt Grade "7 BoM, Be Class 1 RM Class 1 Blass 2 aM Class 2 ss304 ssi16 8304 ssi16.‘Stud bolts can be produced also with “dual certification,” ie. they conform to multiple sets of ASTM standards (A193 B7 stud bolts can meet the requirements of A320 L7; BB and B&m stud bolts also typically conform to both A193 and A320) CSU (ea ra TN OS ST SSW Tot) COriginaly approved in 1948, ASTM A320 specification covers allay steel and Stainless-Steel stud bolts materials for low temperature Each alloy under ASTM A320 shall conform to prescribed chemical requirements. The material, as represented by the tension specimens, shall conform to specific requirements in terms of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness. The stud bolt ‘material shall meet the prescribed impact energy absorption requirements and the target test temperature, According to the ASTM A320 specification, marnfacturers shall execute atleast the following mechanical tests on the materia: mpact test, tension test, and hardness test ‘The most common stud bolts materials under ASTM A320 are listed below (low-temperature service) [ASTM A320 U7. Alloy steel, ASI 4140/4142 Quenched and tempered [ASTM A320 U7: ‘ASTM A320 L43:_ Alloy steel, AISI 4340 Quenched and tempered [ASTM A320 88 Class 1:_Stainless steel, AISI 304, carbide solution treated [ASTM A320 85, [ASTM A320 887) [ASTM AS20 B8TA [ASTNY A320 88C: [ASTM A320 GAM: Class I Stainless steel, AISI 316, carbide solution treated 10, ASTM A320 BAMA: 11, ASTM A320 BAR: Stainless steel, AISI304, carbide solution treated, strain hardened 12, ASTM A320 BBM): Stainless steel, AISI 316, carbide solution treated, strain hardenedASTM A320 Stud Bolts: Chemical Properties: Element 17 (aist 4140) Carbon 038-0.48% Manganese 0.75- 1.00% Phosphorus, max 035% Sulfur, mas 010% silicon 0.15-0.35% Chroma 080- 1.10% Nic Molybdenum 0.15-0.25% Las (aust 4340) 0.38 - 043% 0.75- 1.00% 0.035% ona 0.15-0.35% 0.70-0.90% 1.63-200% 0.20 - 0.30% ASTM A320 Stud Bolts: Mechanical Properties: Grade Diameter uw Upto2/ 1M upto 2/. (ass 1: BE, HC BM, BSP, BBE, BET, BLN, eMLN (lass 14: BUA, BACA, HEMA, HBA, BFA, i BBBTA, BBLNA, BBMILNA ‘Tensile, ksi, 125 100 1 1% ba (AIst 304) (0.08% max 200% max 045% 0.030% 1.00% max 180- 20.0% a0-11.0% Yield ksi, Charpy Impact20- ‘min febf@ temp 105 150° F 0 -100°F 0 N/A 20 N/A aM (Alsi 316) 0.08% max 200% max nasi 030% 1.00% max 160-18.0% 100-14.0% 200 - 3.00% long, 96, min 16 18 0 0 RA, 9, min so 50 50 50(lass 2: BS, BBC, BBP, BEF, BAT Clas 2: BOM Upto. et beth rpet Upto. Ye ppp » sf 125 1s 105 100 110 100 ASTM A320 Stud Bolts Recommended Hardware Grade uw um Be Class 1 BeM Chass 1 BR Chass 2 BEM Class 2 Nuts: 194Grade 7M 94.Graden ‘Ai04 Grade aM 8194 Grade a14Gradean, 100 0 6s 50 95 0 6s Wa wa WA NA WA NA wa wa Washers E26 5304 ss316 ss304 2 18 20 20 15 20 Fy 30 35 35 38 48 48 45 45STUD BOLTS AND NUTS SELECTION (SERVICE vs. GRADE): DESIGN FLANGE MATERIAL sTup Bott HEAVY HEX STEEL NUTS. ‘TEMPERATURE ast0aare ASTM A105 A198 Gr. 87 839460. 28 -10°t0 482" ASTM A105* A193 or-87M 194 G124M, tor" t0-47°¢ ASTM A3506r. FS as206r.u7 1946.7 46°10 30°C ASTM A3506r. U2 as206r.u7 a1946.7 42810 537°C [ASTM A182 Gr 12, F22 4193664, 816 39460. 28 538" to Gas" ASTM A182 Gr. 11,22 1.193.688 Cass 1 8194.84 649" 0 815°C ASTM A182 Gr. F304 H, F316 H ‘8193 Ge. BBM Class 1 1946.84 -195"t0 102°C ASTM A 182Gr. F304, F304, F336, 3161, A320. BB Class 2 194 6.84 F324, F347 ‘The material to use for stud bolts depends on multiple factors, the main ones are the material of the flanges and the pipeline design temperature:Marking for Stud Bolts : Stud bolts / Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the manufacturer ( logo } or private label distributor, and grade symbol as appropriate. amo TAREE (STS BOUTS) Sa Saee] oen --8/G© 4 sora ara ase “““1@|@ nase |ontensu | omeae | Onis eu” ‘OURLOGO Is * Gs- GULE STUD.Grades of Stud Bolts: Below a table with materials and grades for flanges, thread rods (bolts) and nuts, arranged on design temperature, flanges, thread rods and recommended nuts. a ‘ASTM A950 101° 10-47 aM oe A320 6rL7 Ag4Gr7 ASTMAI82 538° to640"C SENS ‘A193 Gr 58 Class1 A196 G18 ASTMATE2 195° to 10. i F304, Fa0al Fe, | 4920 Gribe Gas? A196 G08 estan raat Foe Note: Materials in the table ebove are being provided fr guidance purposes