ACLC College Tacloban

Real Street Tacloban City

Midterm in Load testing

The SQL data manipulation language (DML) is used to query and modify
database data.

SELECT – to query data in the database

INSERT – to insert data into a table

UPDATE – to update data in a table

DELETE – to delete data from a table

SQL DML statement:

 Each clause in a statement should begin on a new line.

 The beginning of each clause should line up with the beginning of other
clauses.
 If a clause has several parts, they should appear on separate lines and be
indented under the start of the clause to show the relationship.
 Upper case letters are used to represent reserved words.
 Lower case letters are used to represent user-defined words.

DDL statements are used to build and modify the structure of your tables and
other objects in the database.

Data type syntax is variable from system to system

Aggregate function: returns summary values asc: ascending order

Conversion function: transforms one data type to another

Cross join: a product combining two tables

Date function: displays information about dates and times

Delete statement: removes rows from a record set

Desc: descending order

Full outer join: specifies that if a row from either table does not match the
selection criteria

Group by: used to create one output row per each group and produces
summary values for the selected columns
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Inner join: connects two tables on a column with the same data type

Insert statement: adds rows to a table

Left outer join: specifies that all left outer rows be returned

Mathematical function: performs operations on numeric data

Right outer join: includes all rows from the right table that did not meet the
condition specified

Select statement: used to query data in the database

String function: performs operations on character strings, binary data or

expressions

System function: returns a special piece of information from the database

Text and image functions: performs operations on text and image data

Update statement: changes data in existing rows either by adding new data or
modifying existing data

Wildcard: allows the user to match fields that contain certain letters.

SELECT Statement or command, allows the user to extract data from tables, based on
specific criteria. It is processed according to the following sequence:

LAST NAME FIRST NAME MOBILENUMBER CITY BDATE age

BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232 TACLOBAN 08/09/2000 22

UYKIMAN MATHEW 907-244-2322 CEBU 06/08/2001 21

DURAN RENANTE 906-019-9231 ESTERN SAMAR 01/09/1999 23

PONFERADA ARNEL 908-102-1099 SOUTHERN LEYTE 05/10/2003 19

Example:

SELECT DISTINCT item(s) FROM table(s)

WHERE predicate GROUP BY field(s) ORDER BY fields

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SELECT statement is to generate an employee phone list from the Employees table as
follows:

SELECT THREE FIELDS IN THE TABLE

SELECT FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME, MOBILENUMBER

FROM Employees
ORDER BY LastName

Or
Output

LAST NAME FIRST NAME MOBILENUMBER

BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232

UYKIMAN MATHEW 907-244-2322

Below is the Syntax to Select All Records

SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY LastName

OUTPUT

NO LAST CITY BDATE AGE

FIRST NAME MOBILE NUMBER
NAME

1 BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232 TACLOBAN 08/09/2000 22

2 DURAN RENANTE 906-019-9231 ESTERN SAMAR 01/09/2001 21

3 UYKIMAN MATHEW 907-244-2322 CEBU 06/08/1999 23

SELECT statement with WHERE criteria

Sometimes you might want to focus on a portion of the Employee table, such as
only CITY that is from TACLOBAN. In this condition, you would use the SELECT statement
with the WHERE criterion, i.e., WHERE CITY = ‘TACLOBAN.

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE CITY=”TACLOBAN” ORDER BY LastName

NO LAST NAME FIRST NAME MOBILE NUMBER CITY BDATE AGE

1 BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232 TACLOBAN 08/09/2000 22

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to limit record selection with the WHERE criterion using BETWEEN. Each of these
examples give the same results for store items with between 20 and 50 items in stock.

Example #1 uses the AGE BETWEEN 22 and 23.

SELECT LASTNAME,FIRSTNAME,AGE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE AGE BETWEEN 22 and 23 ORDER BY LASTNAME DESC (includes the 21 and 19)

NO LAST CITY BDATE AGE

FIRST NAME MOBILE NUMBER
NAME

1 BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232 TACLOBAN 08/09/2000 22

3 UYKIMAN MATHEW 907-244-2322 CEBU 06/08/1999 23

Using wildcards in the LIKE clause

The LIKE keyword selects rows containing fields that match
specified portions of character strings. LIKE is used with char,
varchar, text, datetime and smalldatetime data.
A wildcard allows the user to match fields that contain certain
letters. For example, the wildcard province = ‘N%’ would give all
provinces that start with the letter ‘N’.

Four ways to specify wildcards in the SELECT statement in regular

express format.

% Any string of zero or more characters

_ Any single character

Any single character within the specified range (e.g., [a-f]) or set
[] (e.g., [abcdef])

Any single character not within the specified range (e.g., [^a – f])
[^] or set (e.g., [^abcdef])
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In example #1, LIKE ‘DU%’ searches for all last names that begin
with the letters “DU” (e.g., DURAN).

SELECT LastName FROM Employees WHERE LastName LIKE ‘DU%’

NO LAST CITY BDATE AGE

FIRST NAME MOBILE NUMBER
NAME

2 DURAN RENANTE 906-019-9231 ESTERN SAMAR 01/09/2001 21

For example #2: LIKE ‘%AN’ searches for all last names that end with the letters
“AN” (e.g., UYKIMAN, DURAN).

SELECT LastName FROM Employees WHERE LastName LIKE ‘%AN’

In, example #3: LIKE ‘%RA%’ searches for all last names that have the letters
“RA” (e.g., BARACIAL, DURAN,).

SELECT LastName FROM Employees WHERE LastName LIKE ‘%RA%’

LAST NAME FIRST NAME MOBILENUMBER CITY BDATE age

BARACIAL FRANCIS 919-232-3232 TACLOBAN 08/09/2000 22

DURAN RENANTE 906-019-9231 ESTERN SAMAR 01/09/1999 23

PONFERADA ARNEL 908-102-1099 SOUTHERN LEYTE 05/10/2003 19