Module 3

Minerals and Its Importance to Society

What This Module is About
Welcome to the module that explains the importance of minerals to society and
how these mineral ores are found, mined and processed for human used. Several
studies have found that the common Tao have always used mineral resources from
the earth since time immemorial. Ores and gems are minerals mined from the Earth
to provide humans advantages.
Each of these minerals are described well to give the reader information with
regards to its usage and importance to civilization. Likewise, a portion of this module
will discuss where we can find these ore minerals, how to extract them from the ground
and in what manner it will be converted into products that would benefit mankind.
Indeed, this module will truly rock your brainpowers for it contains activities solely
crafted to let you stay on the hook and enjoy.
Moreover, this Module contains the most essential competencies of the subject
Earth Science in which the most reasonable, adequate, and lifelong ideas are
developed. This is aimed in identifying concepts related to minerals indispensable to
humans and discussing processes of how these mineral ores are found, mined and
processed for human use. Basic concepts and terminologies will be presented as we
go along in the module.
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
Lesson 1: Important Minerals to Society.
Lesson 2: How Ore minerals are Found, Mined, and Processed for Human
Use.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. identify the minerals important to society (S11/12ES-Ic-7); and
2. describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human
use
(S11/12ES-Ic-d-8).

1
 Lesson Important Minerals to Society

1
Minerals have different properties thus, offers various applications. Almost all
ingredients of the products we use at home and the various improvements in
infrastructures have used minerals. Its utilization has given ample benefits to humanity
and the society. Moreover, there are certain minerals that our body need so we can
grow healthy and strong. Indeed, life would not be comfortable and pleasant in the
absence of minerals due to its significance to our daily life.
As a senior high school student, you know that the facilities around you need
minerals specially in constructing durable buildings and asphalts in building roads. But
have you tried asking yourself these questions? What are concrete and asphalt made
of? How people exactly used crashed stone, gravel, and sand to make concrete? What
are the minerals needed in my body for me to function normally and for me to become
a functional member of the society?
In your previous lessons in Earth Science, you have learned that minerals are
ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical composition
and has crystalline structure. Likewise, you know that these minerals are most
commonly connected with rocks due to the presence of minerals within the rock though
they are not equivalent to rocks. Rocks as you knew it are clear aggregates of one or
more minerals and constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed
(Carmichael, 2019, 3). Moreover, you also learned that ore minerals, industrial
minerals and gems are the classifications of minerals.
At this time, we will be learning about the list of important minerals as well as
its importance to society. Thus, a thorough discussion will be provided in this lesson
for us to identify and understand its uses and significance to the community we live in.
It is imperative to learn the lesson because minerals play a very important role in
ensuring our world’s demand for energy, building infrastructure, advancing science
and technology, sustaining the global food supply, predicting and reacting to natural
disasters and everything in between. Regardless of your economic status in the
society, gaining such information is critical to both your future and your survival.
Seat relax and prepare yourself for quite a lot of data will be downloaded right
to your system. Remember, you are a mineralogist in the making, let me join you in
your journey then!

2
Activity 1: Let’s Guess!
Direction: Match the name of the mineral to its image in column 3 by writing the
image’s number in column 2. The first one is done for you.
Table 1. List of Important Minerals

Name of Mineral Write the Number of the Mineral’s Picture and

Mineral’s Picture Here Number

Gypsum 1
9

Clay 2

Potash 3

Ruby (Corundum) 4

Phosphate 5

Talc 6

Halite 7

Coal 8

Aluminum (Bauxite) 9

Silver
10
(Argentite)

3
 What Is It
Ore minerals, industrial minerals, and the gems are the classifications of
minerals that have been giving people in the community an unending list of benefits.
Ore minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite, and chalcopyrite are the sources of our
most important metals. Metallic minerals such as aluminum, copper, and magnesium
are extracted from these ores. On the other hand, clays, gypsum, potash, mica,
calcium carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals that
offer a wide array of domestic and industrial applications.
Industrial minerals are defined as rocks or resources from the Earth that are
utilized because of their physical and chemical characteristics (Schumaker et al.
1975,12) and not because of their metal content and which are energy sources
(Christidis, 2011,2). Clays, gypsum, potash, phosphates, mica, calcium carbonate,
talc, and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals.
Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire),
beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and many other semiprecious
gems are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to
jewellery, cosmetics and medicine.
Presented in a table below is the list of important minerals that includes ore
minerals and their metals, industrial minerals and the gems. Read closely so you can
learn something new from it.
Table 2. List of Important Minerals to Society
Ore Mineral and Their
Metals Industrial Mineral Gems
Metal Ore Mineral
Aluminum Bauxite Alumina Garnet
Chromium Chromite Kaolin Amethyst
Chalcopyrite
Copper Bornite Feldspar Aquamarine
Chalcocite
Gold Native Gold Titanium Dioxide Diamond
Hematite
Iron Magnetite Soda Ash Sapphire
Limonite
Lead Galena Phosphates Emerald
Magnesite
Magnesium Limestone (Marble) Agate
Dolomite
Opal, Mother of
Mercury Cinnabar Petalites Pearl, Alexandrite
Emerald
Molybdenum Molybdenite Sepiolite, Bentonite Onyx
Peridot, Spinel
Nickel Pentlandite Gypsum
Carnelian
Platinum Native Platinum Halites Sapphire Chrysolite
Native Silver
Silver Zeolites Tourmaline Beryl
Argentite
Tin Cassiterite Bentonite Yellow Topaz, Citrine

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 Ilmenite Turquoise, Blue
Titanium Titanium dioxide
Rutile Topaz,
Wolframite
Tungsten Graphite
Scheelite
Uranium Uraninite Sand, Silica
Rare Earth Elements(Lanthanum,
Zinc Sphalerite Cerium, Praseodymium,
Neodymium, Europium)
Moreover, let us also acquaint ourselves to the images of some minerals as
shown in a table form below.
Table 3. Illustrations of Common Minerals
Ore Minerals and Its Metals Industrial Minerals Gem
Gypsum Ruby

Aluminum (Bauxite)
Silver (Argentite) Clay

Potash

Phosphates

5
 Talc
Halite

Coal

\What Is It
Importance of Minerals to Society
With the advent of modern
technologies, ore minerals and their metals,
industrial minerals and gems are carefully
studied and converted into products to
provide society with more than a handful of
benefits (Carambo 2017,7).
In medicine, minerals and metals are important elements and components in
making advancements in today’s biomedical enterprise. The elements like calcium
(Ca), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), aluminum (Al) and
titanium oxide (TiO) are utilized to create drugs and devices. Calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), is a dietary supplement to be used when the amount of calcium in the diet is
not enough. We know that calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles,
nervous system, and heart. Heartburn, acid indigestion and an upset stomach can be
relieved using calcium carbonate. Copper, was used in MRI scanners. Likewise, it also

6
kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi on contact thus, hospitals utilize it for critical surfaces
like door handles, bed rails, and chair armrests. Another mineral with significant
medical benefits is silver, an active ingredient in some topical antibiotics, wound
dressings, and medical devices. Silver prevents bacterial growth and promotes
healing. A small amount of silver makes E. coli bacteria significantly more sensitive to
commonly prescribed antibiotics like penicillin. Moreover, the metal titanium is a critical
component in artificial joints because it is strong yet light and works well as a substitute
for bone. This metal is preferably used in the field of dentistry specially in performing
oral implants due to its biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion and mechanical
properties (Ozcan and Hammerle, 2012,5)
In agriculture a lot of minerals like gypsum (CaSO4), zinc (Zn), potassium (K),
phosphate (PO43-), potash (KOH), and sulfur (S) are commonly utilized as fertilizers to
help crops yield better. Similarly, some of them are used as micronutrients in tissue
culture and researches in biotechnology. Clay mineral is also important in agriculture
because it enriches the soil by holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and
phosphorous, which are necessary for plant growth. In addition, clay was utilized in
medicine because of its antibacterial properties (Williams and Haydel 2010,745-770).
In cosmetic industries, talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), bentonite, steatite are the usual used
minerals. These minerals are needed in making talcum powders, lotions, creams, and
other products. Talc which is the softest mineral, adsorbs microorganisms and other
proteins. Bentonite adsorbs heavy metal. Steatite provides luster required for a shiny
skin. In in the Middle East, Far East and North Africa, eye kohl, an ancient eye
cosmetic has been used by girls and mature women cosmetically for eye makeup and
eye treatments against some diseases. Most of these eye cosmetics that were sold
from came the Libyan markets comes from Africa, Asia and Middle East and all are
made from stones containing elemental substances such lead, nickel, cadmium, and
sulfur (Hardy, Walton and Ragini 2004, 2).
Metal-equipment industries have used metals to make many automobile
devices and machineries that helped everyone in the society. Metals are chosen due
to their properties like hardness, ability to resist temperature and easily gets cold.
These metals include copper (Cu), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag),
aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti). Moreover, metals are environmentally friendly. In the
glass-making industries, minerals like antimony, feldspar, lead, lithium, quartz,
silica, sodium carbonate, tantalum, calcite, gypsum, muscovite mica and orthoclase
are the raw materials to be used. Sand is primarily composed of quartz or silica is the
main ingredient of glass.
At present, the energy needs of the First World countries are becoming a
challenge for they entirely rely on one energy source, the nuclear power. Radioactive
minerals like uranium (U) and plutonium(P) are utilized to generate nuclear power.
Increasingly, physicians are opposing the mining of uranium because it has a potential
to cause a spectrum of adverse health effects like renal failure, weaken bone growth
and damage DNA (Dewar 2016, 469-471).
Plaster of Paris, granite, marble stone, rocks, sand and gravel and some other
native metals are used in home construction. The glass in windows is made up of a
mineral called quartz and the tiles are made up of clay minerals. Cement on the other

7
hand, is made up of various minerals like clay and gypsum. Gypsum is needed to
harden the cement and stay intact with pressure. Also, the use of by-product gypsum
is an important alternative in concrete design (Baohong Guan et al.2009, 1). The
plumbing systems have used copper instead of lead because of the potential hazards
and poisons given off by the lead. Also, copper is used in electrical installations at
home. Likewise, a lot of household items are by products of minerals. For example, a
can opener is made up of ore minerals called hematite, chromite, galena, and
chalcopyrite.
The earliest finding of jewelry was dated around 25,000 years ago in a cave in
Monaco. Jewelry in the past was made of feathers, bones, shells, and colored pebbles
and was worn as amulets to protect oneself from failures and diseases. These colored
pebbles were called gems and have been esteemed and prized in the jewellery
business because of their beauty and durability (LeGrand 2012,2). Several jewelry
items that are manufactured today began as functional objects. Clasps that held

8
clothing together the clasps that held clothing together give rise to the creation of pins
and brooches. A person’s identification, rank and authority in the community were
made known to society because of rings and pendants. Diamonds were not well-
known until people in Europe in the year 1300’s l earned how to cut them to show their
brilliance. Ruby (corundum), sapphire and emerald (beryl) and diamond are some of
the traditional list of gemstones that were considered precious. Diamond (C) is a
hardest well-known gem that is a solid mineral form of pure carbon. Ruby and sapphire
tie for the second-hardest precious stone with a hardness of 9.0 as measured on Mohs
scale. Both ruby and sapphire are made from the mineral corundum (Hughes
2016,452. Many people believed that the gem’s beauty possesses an ounce of
miraculous power. With the hope of conquering love, gaining wealth and power,
achieving emotional stability and regaining back health, some people all over the world
need to own gems.
These are few of minerals that have contributed much to the society. With this
tremendous list of importance, we can infer how vital the minerals are in sustaining
societal progress and development. Indeed, these minerals have made modern
urbanization, industrialization and communication systems very simple.
Now that you have gained ample information about the list of important minerals
and some details of its uses to medicine, agriculture, cosmetics, metal-equipment
industries, glass production, power generation and home construction, let us again
rock your brain powers by learning further.

For more information on important minerals to society, visit the following

link:
• http://mine-engineer.com/

• https://theteachersinstitute.org/curriculum_unit/minerals-in-society/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66SGcBAs04w

Performance Task 1
Direction: You are task to write a song about minerals and its importance to
society using the TUNE of the famous ALPHABET SONG. Please be guided by the
song requirement guide below for you to write the song smoothly. Enjoy writing!
SONG REQUIREMENT GUIDE
Title • Must be creative and catchy to hook the reader’s attention
• Must be repeated in the chorus at least twice
Structure • Must have three (3) stanzas (including the chorus)
• Each stanza must contain 5 sentences.
• The first stanza must contain the lists of the important
minerals

9
 • The second stanza would be the chorus that emphasizes the
importance of these minerals to society. The chorus must be
repeated twice, that means that after the third stanza, is a
Note: Repeat Chorus
• The third stanza must contain the list of minerals not
mentioned in the first stanza

Rubric for Song Creation

Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

Criteria
(5) (10) (15) (20) (25)
very little minimal some good
Quality superior
evidence of evidence of evidence evidence of
of work evidence of
effort. effort. of effort. effort.
effort.
Reflects
Reflects Reflects
average Reflects Reflects
poor little/fair
understan good excellent
understandin understandin
ding of understandin understanding
Content
g of minerals g of minerals
minerals g of minerals of minerals
of song
and its and itsand its and its and its
importance importance
importanc importance importance to
to society. to society.
e to to society. society.
society.
Use of Uses 6 or
Uses 2 or Uses 4 or Uses 8 or
facts more facts Uses 10 or
more facts more facts more facts
about about more facts
about about about
minerals minerals about
minerals and minerals and minerals and
and its and its minerals and
its its its
importanc importanc its importance
importance importance importance
e to e to to society
to society to society to society
society society

Total Score:75/75

10
 How Ore Minerals are Found,
Lesson Mined and Processed for
2 Human Use

In lesson 1, we have learned the list of important minerals in the society and
its significant used in our lives. We also begin to appreciate its critical role in making
advancements in various areas of the society. The developments made in the field of
information technology, modern medicine, agriculture, commerce, jewelry, industries
and many others have created a wonderful influence on the country’s economy. With
the various benefit that these minerals have given, one could not help himself thinking
of how comfortable life is at present. However, the information on how ore minerals
are found, mined and processed are still vague thus, it will be discussed for us in this
lesson.

What I Need to Know

Inside the Earth’s crust are ore deposits containing minerals of great economic
advantage. Ore minerals such as bauxite, rutile, hematite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite
are the sources of our most important metals. Aluminum, a metal that is used in
aluminum foil, in medicine containers and other products, is extracted from an ore
called bauxite. Copper which is used as electrical wire because it is an excellent
conductor of electricity, is taken-out from ore called chalcopyrite. Titanium, the
strongest metal that is used in aircraft, armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and
missiles is extracted from an ore rutile.
With this information, the intelligent Tao is driven by his quest to find the exact
depot of these materials. Though there are many resources that have helped him
improved his ways of living, his future depends on the way these ore minerals are
mined, processed and used.
Have you ever visited a mine or a place where ore minerals are processed?
What do you think you will do when you find a rock- containing ore during a mountain
trip with your friends? Will you rushed directly to a nearby processing plant for this ore
to be checked and analyzed?
In this lesson you will be learning some facts about mining and processing these
ore minerals from rocks. Thus, at the end of the lesson you are expected to discuss
and explain how these ores are found, mined, and processed for human use.

11
 What Is It

Ores are
natural rocks or
sediments that hold
one or more valuable
minerals, mostly
metals, that can be
mined, processed and
sold at a great price
(Thalhammer 2008,
10). They are
contained inside the
Earth in a limited
quantity because its
creation and
deposition would take
millions of years. Ore
genesis, the process
by which a deposit of ore is created has three major types: internal processes,
hydrothermal processes, and surficial processes. Internal processes include geologic
activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface.
Hydrothermal process happens when seawater circulates through cracks in Earth’s
crust and deposits minerals in the areas around hydrothermal vents. Hydrothermal
vents are cracks on the seafloor where seawater meets magma. Finally, ore can
accumulate through processes that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion.
This type of ore genesis is referred to as surficial process (Evans 1993, 403)
Aside from ore genesis, ore minerals can also be deposited to the Earth because
of the rocky fragments or debris from the solar system that fall. These pieces of
fragments, that enter the Earth’s atmosphere are called meteorites or what we known
as “shooting stars”. Countless meteorites contain large amounts of iron ore where we
could extract metallic iron for industry and infrastructure purposes.
Moreover, ore minerals can be found in the Earth's surface or to its crust and
at the ocean floor. Quarts, mica and olivine are some of the silicate rocks that are
frequently found on the surface of the Earth. Likewise, igneous rocks (granite, gabbro
and basalt), metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schist and amphibolite) and sedimentary
rocks (sandstone, shale, and limestone) can also be found on the Earth’s crust
(Williams 2013, 3).
In the ocean floor or the “seabed”, the presence of various ore minerals can
also be found since the ocean floor itself is made up of crystallized matter from silicate
magma known as mafic rocks. Moreover, numerous Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
deposits can be observed in the ocean floor which are rich in ore that can be mined
for its resources. Minerals found under the seabed include gabbro, basalt, serpentine,

12
peridotite, olivine and ore minerals from Volcanic Massive Sulfide deposits. Franklin,
J.M.; Sangster, D.M.; Lydon, J.W.; 1981,485-627)

What Is It
Ore is a nonrenewable resource and since modern societies rely so much on
its use in infrastructure and industry, miners need to find new ore deposits to withstand
its increasing demand. With this, mining enthusiasts have trekked every part of the
world and even explore the ocean’s depth, in search for these ores.
Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth. In the
Philippines, mining is a growing and promising industry. According to the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau’s (MGB) Mining Facts and Figures, our country is acknowledged
as the largest copper-gold deposits of the world and the fifth mineral-rich country of
the world for gold, copper, nickel and chromite. In 2018, our country was the world’s
second-largest producer of nickel ore and sold most of its output to its top buyer China.
The Northern Central and Southern part of Mindanao were identified as rich in
chromium, copper and gold deposits. Also, there are about 40 metallic mines and 62
non-metallic mines operating in the Philippines, however, only 1.4% of these were
covered by mining permits according to the 2016 record of the bureau. These mining
companies have used the two main mining methods; surface mining and underground
mining.
In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This
includes six (6) processes; strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining,
dredging and open pit. In an underground mining, ores are taken out from the ground
by digging. This includes five (5) processes; slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft
and bore-hole process.

These mining techniques have unearthed a lot of mineral deposits from the Earth and
have given man countless benefits. A fact that an ore is always mixed with unwanted

13
rocks and minerals known as gangue, these two can still be separated by mechanical
or manual processes (Hassan 2010,2).
Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form. A substance
called flux is added to remove the gangue (impurities). There are classifications under
the metallurgical process. The first process in metallurgy is crushing and grinding
of ores into a fine powder (pulverization) in a crusher or ball mill. Second process is
called ore dressing or the process of removing impurities from ore. Third is doing the
hydrolytic method wherein ores are poured over a sloping, vibrating corrugated table
with grooves of which a jet water flowed over the surface. This allows the denser
particles to settle in the grooves and washed away the impurities. Fourth is to do
magnetic separation in which the crushed ore is placed on a conveyor belt with two
wheels. One of the wheels is magnetic and therefore attracts magnetic particles and
those non-magnetic particles just fall apart. The fifth classification is called froth
floatation in which the crushed ore are placed in a large tank that contains oil and
water, then a current of compressed air will passed through to wet the ore and
separates the impurities in the form of froth. Because the ore is lighter, it floats and left
the impurities behind. Roasting and calcination is the last method in which a
concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen (roasting) and is usually applied
to sulfide ores. For ores containing carbonate or hydrated oxides, heating is done in
the absence of air to melt the ores, and this process is known as calcination.
Chalcocite, galena and sphalerite and other metals combined with sulfur were
exposed to this process to yield copper, zinc and iron (Gill 2018, 1-5)
After all these processes utilization follows. Man, further purified or mixed these
metals with other metals like what happened in a copper refinery or steel mill. Others
are utilized by people in jewellery business using the gold ores. Majority of these gold
ores were converted into jewelry and only small percentages were processed into
electronic equipment, coins and dental fillings. Likewise, since these ore minerals
generate valuable metals, they were considered a big help in infrastructure, trade and
industry that in turn have boosted the country’s economic health status in the world.

What Is It
There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X as published by Mindanao
Journal of Science and Technology (Vol.13,2015). These mining places are situated
at Gango, Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in
Cagayan de Oro City, Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan
City. The miners in these sites have use various methods in mining. Tunneling,
panning /gold washing, flushing, panning and flushing were used.
In the tunneling method, underground excavations are made to get the mineral
ore. Panning, in mining, is a simple method of separating gold from soil or gravels by
washing in a pan with water. In flushing method, crushed rocks are exposed to a high
velocity water to removed impurities and obtained the valuable element. Other miners
used combination methods with the hope of increasing yield.

14
 Miners from Gango, Libona in Bukidnon have practiced the tunneling method
since the mining location is not near the river system and the area’s geography ranges
from flat to very steep hills. Mining site that are located along the river system have
practiced gold panning methods like Barangay Nangcaon, Pigsag-an, Tumpagon, and
Rogongon Veteran gold miners and the local folks generally used gold panning
method as a manual technique of separating gold from other materials. With this
technique, the ground materials continue to pollute the river system specially the
Iponan River ecosystem with depositions of high loads of sediments that have shallow
the river beds and poses threat to other aquatic life since siltation lessen sunlight
dispersion, water temperature and water habitat productivity.
Also, majority of the miner-respondents practiced indigenous ways in their
purification method. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the miners in Gango, Libona have
used leaves (tuog), soap, water and vinegar. The use of mercury in their mining
activities is strictly forbidden yet there are few miners who opted to use mercury in
their mining activities. For the other mining sites (other than Gang, Libona, Bukidnono),
the use of water and bilingan or panning were commonly used as strainer to removed
impurities (Palmes et al. 2015,75-98).
Moreover, other mining companies in Mindanao are using extensively the
leaching process because they believed that it is more convenient to do, needs less
energy and less harmful because there are no gaseous emissions involved in the
process. In this process, the ore is treated with chemicals (cyanide, ammonia, alkali
and acid) to convert the valuable metals within into soluble salts while impurity remain
insoluble. Then, it can then be washed out and processed to get the pure metal and
leave the tailings (material left over). However, excessive leaching releases harmful
chemicals to the water sources that may affect the communities’ drinking water. There
are four types of leaching: cyanide leaching (gold ore), ammonia leaching (crushed
ore), alkali leaching (bauxite ore) and acid leaching (sulfide ore).
Additionally, a method called electrolysis uses electricity and acid to separate metal
from the ore. A metal like aluminum is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis. In this
manner, bauxite is placed in a pool of acid and run through it an electrical current
leaving aluminum in the process.
Since mining industry is a promising business in the Philippines, the
government has imposed laws and stipulated in the Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7942,
generally acknowledged as the "Philippine Mining Act of 1995. This act has given
benefit to both the government and the contractor. Health and safety measures for
everyone have been given priorities for the success of the mining industry relies to this
protocol. Moreover, mining knowhow and safety habits have been advanced by
innovative companies and were encouraged by governmental legislation (Glover and
Morse 2000, 18).
In connection with this, biomining was introduced in the mining business
wherein special bacteria, prokaryotes and fungi are used to mine valuable metals from
ore minerals without drilling and blasting of rocks (Aggangan 2018, 1).

15
PERFORMANCE TASK 2
Slogan Making
Directions: You are task to make a slogan about how ore minerals are found,
mined, processed for human use. A slogan is a memorable expression of an idea or
purpose, with the goal of persuading citizens in the society. Please be guided by the
steps below on how to make an effective slogan. Enjoy crafting!

Steps in Making an Effective Slogan

1. Highlight your significant idea/point.
2. Keep it short.
3. Give your point some 3 R’s; rhythm, rhyme and ring

These 3 steps can help you create a slogan that is pleasing to the ear.

Rubric for Slogan Making

Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor

(20) (15) (10) (5)

Craftmanship The slogan is The slogan is The slogan is The slogan is

exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly
attractive in terms terms of attractive messy.
of neatness. Well - neatness. Good though it may
constructed and construction and be a bit messy.
not messy. not very messy.

Creativity Slogan is Slogan is creative Slogan is The slogan

exceptionally and a good creative and does not reflect
creative. A lot of amount of some thought any degree of
thought and effort thought was put was put into creativity.
was used to make into decorating it. decorating it.
it

Originality Exceptional use of Good use of new Average use of No use of new
new ideas and ideas and new ideas and ideas and
originality to create originality to originality to originality to
the slogan. create the slogan. create the create the
slogan. slogan.

Total Score= 60/60

16
Summary

1. Minerals are ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical
composition and has crystalline structure.
2. Minerals are classified as ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the
classifications of minerals.
3. Ore is a nonrenewable resource. Ore minerals such as galena, sphalerite,
pentlandite, bauxite, rutile, hematite, chalcopyrite, bastnaesite, monazite, and loparite
are carefully fragmented and chemically processed to yield useful metals.
4. Clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a
few well known industrial minerals that offer a wide array of domestic and industrial
applications.
5. Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire),
beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and kunzite) and many other semiprecious gems
are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to jewellery,
cosmetics and health.
6. The human body cannot produce all of these essential minerals; thus, obtains all of
these from a well-balanced diet.
7. Bentonite ore (Al2H2Na2O13Si4) is the principal source of tin and important in well
drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel. Barite (BaSO4) is used in oil drilling, filler in
paint, glass and toothpaste. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is used to make electrical wiring,
motors, appliances, piping and in metal alloys. Galena (PbS) is used in automotive batteries,
paint and additive in gasoline. Limestone (CaCO3) is used as building stone, for kitchen
surfaces, sculpture and cement. Sand (SiO2) has domestic and industrial application. Halite,
normally branded as rock salt, is a type of salt with the mineral form of sodium chloride
(NaCl). Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) is primarily used in making wallboard and an ingredient in
cement.
8. Our appliances, gadgets and smartphones have used the rare Earth elements like
Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd) and Europium (Eu).
9. Diamond is the hardest metal and thus, it used in cutting glass and drilling rocks. It is
also considered as most expensive gemstone that everyone loves because diamond lasts
forever.
10. Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has three major types:
internal processes, hydrothermal processes, and surficial processes.
11. Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth.
12. In 2018, our country was the world’s second-largest producer of nickel ore.
13. The Northern Central and Southern part of Mindanao were identified as rich in
chromium, copper and gold deposits.
14. In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This includes six
(6) processes; strip mining, placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging and
open pit.

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 15. In an underground mining, ores are taken out from the ground by digging. This
includes five (5) processes; slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining, shaft and bore-hole
process.
16. Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form.
17. Crushing and grinding, ore dressing, hydrolytic method, magnetic separation and
roasting and calcination are the classifications under metallurgical process.
18. There are five (5) existing mining sites in Region X and are situated at Gango,
Libona, in Bukidnon, Barangay Tumpagon and Barangay Pigsag-an in Cagayan de Oro City,
Nangcaon, Opol, in Misamis Oriental, and Rogongon, Iligan City.
19. Tunneling, panning /gold washing, flushing, panning and flushing were the mining
methods used that affect the CDO River systems specially the Iponan River.
20. Other mining companies in Mindanao are using extensively the leaching process that
contaminates the water supply of the residents. Leaching is a process by which ores
are treated with chemicals, cyanide, ammonia, alkali and acid.

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