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PE Note Complete

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66 views

PE Note Complete

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Demon Lord
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References , iol Id notes of Sew % Snitch + No fixed book, mainly Yo Youtube tutorials; and old Sie *DC-DC converter> Power Electronics by Pointe Daniel Ly. Hack (page 196 onnacds) % Inverters >| foner Electonics! oe ‘Cicwuits ahd Applications) + C40n’ ed don’t have Hhe 35g Muhammad H. "Rashid a Chapler 6 >Section 61-65, CF (does nok makch exadly nith the lectures) Chapher 2 setion 72 ( does nok makeh completes) (Resonant Pulse Inverters) Chapter 8> Mulbilevel Inverters (could no} Find any math) x BRechifierss| Harun Rashid [The half wewave reckifiers ore nok in the 4th ed, Yo% ©0n Find the foples in the 3rd €8 b00k from Hae drive) Chapter 3 Curcontrelled) > (3-| - 35), (37-39) Hi chagler 10 Ceonirollea) — (10: 10-2), [0-4 P ed ¥AC-AC font Converters Harun Reshid (42) ed) Gyeloconverters > 18 - Dual Conerter > 10-9 B \- Q- Controller > \1-2 3-% Controller > WG # SFO AC. t=: a T moy have missed come fopics uhile Finding the references (also, this refer i posed on lectures by Muni Madam) 4 Ponee Electronics (Sith) ec Ee # Si mode devices into Five groves - 1) Powte Diodes ii) Transistors > B5T ii) > MOSFET in) Thyristoss (s¢R, TRIAC) VTABT (Insuloted Gate Bigoloo Transistor) AM these can be used 08 snikches - ‘ i) Highemmmfonermmiamiling opacity a ——_>—_ Snitching peace: ‘ (ye 30 , » Types i) General purpose pn junction power diodes Chigh valloge raking, grelee_eeeé_ceneey hme) on fea, { \ ii)Fosk recovery diodes (iouee n » 1) OT eg ok high Frea, i) Scholl diodes Chi igh curren} , low voltage, Jontst | reverse. , bf RBV only 1oov ill {retoversy Hime) Foruard Bios drop G4 0-3- ay 5 {A #NT characteristics SHE COKOEIR ISH Idea) Reoctical etbtive ex bow ad amo seed! [I + % Modes - \OURIEREMONE Cboth jurction in reverse bias) bios ) ( only Wy ii) AREARBAY (both jpoction pane bias) ; C ¥ DCurrerich controlled devices Cle imereases with I) veot ii) lon input resistance FMA ea) | uloe v9 nih ie Sehueation region J pet | = Tes > Active |.region 5? Ipq) Les 2 Je27J01 AVY & Aefad Cr schocalion Lon) Snitching, choracterigtics > cuboff (off) : (™ VE GVH rac¥ 7 N T\ aesaid WG ao” } fF GeV Cav lorloe Gi # Power MOSFET e Dhove high. snitching freagfenc, 100 KRa\ Melos lyr abe ¢ g! si)high inpuk impedance @ wn $ \ t fe Si0q, layer i nt \ ~ 4 drift layer [ ibchig steed antral!) “ wos volhaye handling copocity } Power MOSFET es controlled by Veg W vor (Valhoge controlled device) a Indveed Channel *Modes- Vy > threshold valtope € bi D Oto + v,.< Vy (of Daehn Linear Twole> Vos Var (ari) Daas) | Overdeive vollage 1) Soturation Vos Voo (ver) Lue, r) T Suitching works vith — cubott LoFE) «and linede/ bridal (os) Argan % VI characteristics. | #1G BT + Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Dombination of BIT ond MOSFET D MOSFET, ig? i/p impedance Pa > 14BT i) BIT — ow on stake pores loss Collechor c b ante As gat ob Pam > WW By E Ewibher MOSFET oF Vp * Structure: Vat \\ Emitter on Qa Joust Dit VegVO Vee? Ww ny BF] j nt e P no currenk ill flow T > reve bins From collector to emitter ne yg <7 i leyer because Jp is RB | GB) forward bing IF VegO, Veg?O °t +7 Injection layer curren Hil Flom from collector bo emitter MoE Very minor current due to, minority cartiens sribdhing > eukoF (of) (||) > € active (on) ! #s6R (ilicor ‘controlled Rectifier) \ ; A ig ‘Also noun as Thysistor - Wd whe pg Thyristor (SCR) is a solid-shote semiconductor device ith 4 alternating layers of. erbype | and orbpe ‘moterials: uhich acks exclusively 05 0 distable svitch _conducking uhen the -vollage gett receives a current rigger and continues to conduct) while the volhage! across the device is Forward biosed- fe ob + Advantages > i) higher current handling eapabihty ii)Thyrishor can be tally ON or OFF, uhertas transishor can & hove ov “shat bebleen these bior % Symbol & Schematic Diagram: A Gate (4) Anode é €}. : Cathole (kk) _————) Ji O—H highly, doped 3 terminals > A, &)K a— toe = n %3 3 Iunctions > Ui,d2-%3 | K 4 layers YP nity tafane, Zin ogeted,_ 10 Lea ath (respec bo Cathode 5 If positive voltage e af (j oe, biased It will Tyo willbe} Forward--biased whereas Tp. will’ Bevireven zi obit ‘gnal at tat | remain! ia Phi way. until a, gate pulie i given (posibive, signal oF tact 60, Phat (TZ teeming: becomes fornardis biosed and) current) Flons Frov Asleis Bidgteit Apode bo. Cathode oilloy ali 0 ifoybuca., 9 dit 1 Mode) oF Operations Blitnodebhics of “anoles hae ancy 1D Reverse Blocking, Mole > Vay SO causing | Ty Oy hyo’ Bel in! Reverse Bic Vax =O fhuph tayvess nedgi ie ght " Jing Forwond Bias No current Flow 4 7 L gorele FIO we KG Flo od ner coh dT Gh ii Forward _Blocking Mode Vp_x7O cawsing Jy,%2 bo be Fomiard Bias Vea? Tis fim, Sie Relesee. Bias ramen@ vdpeisds A fede? 4 No curren}: P ‘urren} ra ay ak \ ii)Foxard Conduction Mode-> Vay7O alll, junchions in fe Fornard bios bold id ’ | Viy2O Curent flows re hd THO transistor model ot Scr? THO Transistor model of scr: Tritiolly, and bolh oft Ig tty 70 Gole pulse is gyen, t,t Ipt 1gyt 4, a2 m2 \ T,,7 B1e270 [-1,90) Tpea* Ter i we \ {{ fh, \ ot p sad 1,2 Ble17O pte te Cty1,70) } 1 Woody repetitive It becomes self “sustaining now! as this is a pepeobiking process. whe elle oad! ast wl dhdde Iq can be made zero now. / F VI ctaractertice FSR iy Bes Ia : Sokuvavion tt Tq is removed, ER" ul < Ta Jor Reverse / | 1 qo fy eee. ata Breakdown = Vag ; i Yeo, Yeo, Ho dled ft bu Moifial FBD > Fonnacd Bskover | \alboge 6 A OF gl? al fi ‘|i : os Vail oO}! breakdown of Jo juoction occurs a SCR stacks 1 Af { ~ al | a “sal conducting, hith applicahion of y v gate ee f. 1 weakly occurs a OX 94 ‘ Toner value of Vay: ae s| After forward —breakover volkoge , thgristor /$6R ull ceatiane, bo condu 13 current until a Vay. I removed q i ve ovedile gat on at atl choldtng, pinamlanas Moe gomcoad 13 b I~ becomes leg, thon lalehiag euceent Er Ty vito 07a Abs we © Lotchi 7 { , Eekching Cuccenk , Ly : Minitoum value of Iq above hich $cR will a hac remain in fornocd conduchion mode even jf Iq i removed: Th 1nSTy + SCR iN furn off if gate signal i# removed: Moatimun Ia Holding Cocrent Jy: Semthed current, below which SCR turns of f he iF Ty 4Ty > Scr nil] duen off. ¥ Toming SCR OFF: Once $(R is latched into tk ON skate and possi a current ,it can be tuned off. by moking Vay =O or by re I, below holding curren}: % Commukation of SCR: The process used for hernia $cR off is ly Sa ny | hal Ci 0s SCR commutation techniques: By commutation process, thyristor / operating mode is changed Boiron ui foonsed! “anduchion® wade (18 of VV Forward Wocking mode ~ 2 types of Commutation 7 Nabugol jGemmvtotion (Ac supels) 1 eles iy lass 4,8) GOED ae: naeiord: tural Commutation > x Nol Works with AC eupply | fey th in 4 fed @ wp ; V ¥ 0) Vo tc tou f t Het HO AF ol ™ 1 oko OF AN getty twont ai de #2 guircaul Fel tle sor oT) No nettehs ii) Inductive Lood- A\ scent Shey avitolymo sgl empigdl WdHndpiatney HR : Tndictor needs ‘Current lo be ‘energized Veh’ of aft utp Voltage dye, Fo digi Yo improper vecbFicabion ed ImMUration ing Negolive é Ne. iasiny Commutation: B i Li Bi fo t ‘ opelying, gon volbdg across | SCR. (Reverse | Bi ing) thyeistor curcent can be reduced fo ai. value below holding gueeenk, Ty - As SCR is being bucned off forcibly, this is called Forced commutetion v4 é Forced Commutation works with - DC suphy. “(oe camila i JA)s vy 7 ia Exkeenal circuit used for fare commutation > Commutation circuit : flix Gweledod “roffjo:1 Be My ef AW Types of Forced Commutation b Class A (SdF/Load oni) > vestnalini load Ww 2 Class B (Resonant Pabse/Cucrent Commutation) + LC circuit (ngs eshte bins deve) 4 SV © OFS feet ont 3° Class CCeojere Commutation) —> c/ LO suitched by anothe fornia cu J cae, Sr sill Fused, gf" BiNg ck 4 Class D (Vallnge fase Capacitor Commutation) C/L¢ svitded by ays (> tye tox 5: Class E (Exteenol alle Commutction) 1 A a 6; Class F (AG line commutation ) i Kal i @ Cass A? Load Commutation > Class A Load Commutoritt ith apaicabion of fp, sc wil | burn on yall Va, KVL gives, Vez Vat pte om al = Lat Lg et ftodt Ys leet Laplace transform xill give [oe MeL (ak f fooa er ret te f f ait Feom “Esato > Hee ¥. ANE (craves 2nd order eqn) For a stable cinewit, us responie has be i) ANE 41 > prcAb DRS Resonant Frequency 2 Op oN = Va -& The capacitor tries to get charged while induckoe opposes inturbstmbanhes- instantaneous change of curren -As a result, capacitor charges slonly energized ni) current J, continues bo be underdamped- i WV) G9 shot After VezVpe , 05 inductor Has volhage across capacitor ‘additional voltage, bo capacitor , malting Voc Cen inductor discharges capacitor acks 9 voltage source having current Hieclion oppose than betare. Ths, capacitor charges from opposite lake with this flow , the induckon ig again energized and the Process repeats: Disny sure | (eroybe Pre v( J+ graph) Voltage across Vp > 0 >-Vye prance pe ask geael capacitor Wben Ip <1, SR turns off As can be seen from the volhage of scR 1 ‘Slope cannot be 22r0 acts “~~ fuy © Voce Vogt 24M, ' 2 Vpc= 9%=brcat¥.) D negative value to decreae @ Class B: Resonant Pulse Commutation - Assumptions» iT, is constant HDLC civeuit is in Pesonance FY VECO)*Vpe Uk necesseess) Mode -1] TT both oft When gate puke has not been applied to either scr, only one nay Por I, to Flow, Vo CPLA Load >, Pusring this Hime » capacitor chonges to Voe Tm ON, Ty off : Jn this mode, gore pulse is applied bo To Ty (Main 508) turns on: Diode becomes reverse biased beacuse of capacitiop voltage Thus, Ee fly [fiete=3 | Ta On Tm q, When gote pulie is applied fo Aurillicny sez q, 9 nie circuit oscil aking current flows foe LC to-toxd viaT, | y% res Therefore, capacitor volbage will become Vp¢ bo eo eaier Voc * Polarity, change causes Ta to be burned ae oft - - 4 Ta changes the polarity of V, [= [ STE. [te [ te | -es_ ae Ta oft Tm . in iL Te will flow ia the pothe GL—Diode-Load-Y-C > ‘Bly? Ic yy 7 Si anil “] OL ince load will draw constant current, wy Ae Tot Lenz t Seam Ty is oscillating When, L121, Im ROTI DVS RF C9T IVE The current in vay © charges the capacitor ont Vy le 1,: 2 a> Ry (Rte) ero when C nil hove VzVpeg Mode-2 |} T, is ON, (T, is abo ON initially ) T, nos of initially" Houever, after applying t ore gule to Th, polacitys octoys CO will) cause Ty to be reverse biased! Thus T will be off - Curren} Hill flow io tio nays, Dvitdeocs how DVCR Bowe HO acim bd | 1-968") NV, ai well A = Der ou h Rr Le Ra odye w(% +4) : Live, When capacitor i¢ charged yith opposite Ce stop. Flowing - OT is then given pple pube again, the POC vill regent. ibselE - Vo (Hayy) -Mefe,! > : fg Atk copacitor is charged with Ye after Hirst -aty will continu eyde (1,00) to chonge polarity, ond the cuceents Flowing theough 7) aod Twit be affected: : @ cross _D: Nolbeye Commatotion : . Axgumnption ~ j) Lood current Ip is constant ii) capacitor js inibially changed with Vy Inikially Tm, Ta both off Current cannot reverse biased Gove pulse is given to Tay . : hor will then be charged upto 7 Pa Capacitor Hi en charged vp LR | Vy Cessation ©) Ta will be oft [revene diag) Mode-2 } Ty ON , Ta off (xhea Tm is given pube ,-t hill cause Ta to be oeverse Viosed) ber } Fe 3! Y eae Tm will be given arte pulse Tro currenbs-> i! DFS Ty> Lodo” Yoo) [ ie Ind coreenh iF as bot capacitor and inductor ints gat i) by Ted L9 DE ® oscillating and og there i a diode, only positive hol agely shack ee cent is . why —4al) Flow. with the peak carcenk ,the inductor willl be energized and will to de-ener gize causing Ve to change % polarity: As a resuth ,Tm will viosed and will be off (explained below) be reverse jaitally > node BB \ node CO are >» BOL o C® ett When Ta 35 given gate pube after Phot, -+ polarity wil appear of Tm esking ik reverse piosed to be Yurned off The capacitor Thea again choc gs i 47) a egele repeats TmON on — Troll dyn WF | | : of 2 pw = Min tf A 7 a + * Linear (Ne nontinest glmnenb iewolv ) vs Nav turns Ta off + uh | oflyave (fo he ee © clos E: External Pulse Commutation | | da in this commutation - 0° external } pulse transformer is used : ! al Copacito a(S] 8) After awving ae pule to SCR { pulse transfor mee TT, 633) current Iq & Flouing Hhrough T. ; tuhen external gue ig given Ip evrrenk Flows in the opposite direction of it He { 44, f ‘ + Ea! € eT nsdit { il wad of hasnaf He Tgp turns Scr off ct From damage caused by sudden application of ube valkege at ¢. (Triode AC controller) @ a TRAe can be Friggered in both direction (can nt vey) MT, °° uh Mi Ea a 7 ante ave pulse MT 5 May Le considered as bio back-to-back SiRs - ay %5 Pa use % V1» chocaterishic : @ V1 7 onan sree ! I I Ips’ Pld 7h. Wf alts Te Mh te | wel BT ait \ | 1 / 1 , LA Nok sve pet Seahue : i 1 ji oe (£ sould fallow ai Nal pr Ny OMT take FNorking Frocess of TRIAC wm, i Ne and BF cate is poste wet OT (%y,70, Ve.7¥er) ni f ‘ ; of (eve) hen MT, is tve and Vy -Ygz7 (va HVE A ‘en -vo) PN > Fornard Bias | e Chiegy > RB: cornet Le Looe Ny, > Reverse Bias Gote current will Charge carrie? will be injected fo Ng from Py flor From MT, bo’ @- Thus , complete cusrenk disection PN) P,Ng. Mode-2 | MT, is -ve ond MT is positive uk Gate (Vr, <0, ¥, E-B Because gabe cusrent Flows From To MT, Charge ee charge carrier is injection to Np from Py fe, tONo Thus, complete current direction PNP Ny v vl Here, latching curcent of SCR is #5 mA, fhe vol sore js IOOV: Calculate the mininurn nidth of gate pulse required to far ON the SR when, D the lood is 100 mH inductoc i) the lood consists of 100-2 resishor and 100 mH inductor > i) tre cirowk will be a5 Follows, a TS eoh di here, VEL TE “ ov joomh _ = 2 10oV= 100m x4" >. dhe 75h (Ans) | ji) Pre circuit nil) be as Follons, Ai i kv: veaRtL 8 ct Le 108m euadl r a ee R= 100-2. 2 VIRTUE a t= OF ben exp Fee Abra 5-Ts (Ine ° *) i209 75mA- When ofor Oy Bf - 2 DISwA = Too tpn 10Y oO l-e™ =) Dhoni 7B HS Tn the circuil, latching curcenk 11> GOmA and gote pulse, width = SOps Show thak, nithoul R, SR fails to remain ON when the Firing pulse ends- Find Phe maximun value of & to ensure Fiing: 3 Here, we have Ho show Ht pulke duration this lew than Pre required ameant méeoning hak He SR cori eye swith ko lakhing mode. or ri(re fi 20) 20.0. # ~ BOpx 2 a ~ 100 PXBT - osmH 7p (re *) z1omA Bub 1,250 mA TEslom A) he Su will not be in latching mode: 500A Required curcenl Ips rd iz 4OmA 17 40M « yoo R42-Sk2 ae7I0mA: DRA DSK Power Electronics AC-AC Comecter /AC Voltage Controllers * Cyclo conver ters © A cydo- conver ker is a direct Frequency changer that converts BE AC power ot one Foequency to AC power at another frequent by AC-AC conversion: (without inermediole conversion link) Can be 2 byes + © Single Phase Cycloconverters Three Phase Cyclo converters O Single Phase_Cyeloconvester : (ge) in Th Tuo single phase rechiFiens a ooo i 1 a4 ; operating as a bridge - iY : \ 7 ; eo 3 ipl a iw ava Ky a + 1" Vv v TB Delay angles such thet 1 t ‘ | ' zs a/p voltage of one convert i, i » fal oy i ‘, "wy La K ' L is \ ie lS 1s equal and opposite of y Xn, A Te i it ee i ‘ ’ Mon 7 mT the other converter ' ' i +! ' L_ messsees ‘ee : [If p-convecter operating alone j [ voltage 3 tL v average /P nis tVO- TF ne« eeurver H p> converter rene ester operating lone, aver opv's -ve- Vyeg? Macon voltage Ns Agucth ecarenep al [| off - aap Be ofF 8 494 9 —————_ ll k 1 ——+2 fy ph O34 off —————_ I ll 7 Vo —-4—— an 5 fy pF UF q ae eee ! tor F (923) To= 3s p-eonverter ON n-converber ON Delay/Firing Angle of preonverter = op ir f= + deo upto 2na Delay /Ficing Angle of n-converler, oy? rot, Analysis - If opree and OL KEK # ) - sind ®) —Vorms® Veseos \ FR Ee) b) ems load curcent “wes LVR T+ 0% Frequency Can 'o,ems~ © rms curnent through each converter, Ips # Un ems? Joseens vz : I d) ems current through each Thyristor, Tems® au ® Power Pactor 2 Ty suns * Loves pps Lat Noam Tons 8? Moons 9 Pin Vans ems \,,en - a ol opts 05 4 a @= tan! = # Disodvantage existence of decul ating curcent yithin eee converters (ean be golved if the wnverters operate alteratively) ® Three Phase Cyloconverters : BP 719) positive converters (left side) operate for half the period of 0/p Frequency: negative on (igh wo Ow each converter vill operate os 39 controlled rectifier ) HIF diodes are sed indeod of Phyristors [similar to uncontrolled rectifier) the folloning, result ‘Hill, be evident, (<0. in Ye above circuit will also result in dimiloo plot) # Disodvantoge > cannot increase Frequency with these types of converters Poh i | | | | \ Vib Yoo Nase Vp Mee Seg Me Ya Vpor Vye Meo Vaca Yep) Mae Ye Ve. pe! Veco Ven . af “7 aN Vi Coke purses ee ae ee Voc Wa Vix Vio Vab Yor We lit] | | 1M Nb Woe bp bh > » Single Phase Dual Convecler: Single Phase Fall Gomecter pith RL loods allows only hwo quadrant oper ahi If Ho of these Onverters are connected back bo back. both ap current /loo curcent and op voltage con be reversed “This provides a Pous quadrant operat and Phos known as ducl converters: Lea ea, WO TO + a y , LBs 2, if ee re | a, > = A-nodront operstion > i V6 ONS V., Igh : @ Snibches 1 is, To e i) i" ® Switches 34 OND V,, IF “fe lee se guitehes 6° OND vyh, 177 : Os a te @ Snitches BY ON Vey Eo Vit vg refers that ap voltage Vo will be positive and negative respethivel y- v trecgle —ve cycle Vp? Voi*Yon Rye Che é ok 2K Convester 20/9 wok Velhage for cieulating, current ii ot # Teiggering Converter 2/ Negative Side ok roc! onverter—}—atts—as—a—_techifier aint, Converter 1 —> rectifying Goverker 2— inverting Noy,= —Yoxac Covg ofp voltoye ot both sides) 2, \ DFP cases = Be 050) P CHR, = ~c0S0¢, D> Ms, = es (A-em) 9 Ky2 A-e, (oy 1, triggering angles of converter | & 2) # Disadvontage: vo, and Vor (instantaneous o/p voltage) are gut of phase “Thu thece can be instantaneous voltoge diffecen® hich gegulls in Ml a ‘i | eg ion, | See al ak AS oan + nr Gate pulse ob Ty TD *yn 3. “Ns Ns i 2 RE igre et + ° oR Anolysis- Vern, =\f 2 Iv, 6K Analyse Voorms = \V = Jer 6in?d do Vv sind Vn ms Porm? Bo \ Fe OES ) Pin? Vase Po= MA Voems/R Vo,ems R Tn? E Pin, avg Input pf = ee _ Pin, nes Vv 2 : Vo.em3 /g : Vin, wns z bo eect See ce f = Viewers Tip,cos X gems Yj oe = (ae) eT) Fst) en EB For 20, vp pfs! Alternate Representation - o. a 5 iM oy Ty Fired > current flow fot) 997R%5 ig oa 7 r : 4 Th Fired > current Flow Ve? 2P2> RVs %@ 3 ty T ais Advantage > only one isolation circuit sequic (a0 optocoupler) Disadvantoge-trhio poner diodes , tas L—Cornmon Cathode FO poner devices conduction yl Ot same time, Heeincreases con Fion losses and reduces Ficiency # Froblem with Gate Fiei Voltage drop ab disda Tt Ne DEN tase) [O Hhen Ty fied >, is gine gate pulse. (Tig-b) + - AF Ground of main circuit @ is shorted with IC; Gove 5 side) Vos » 5 ound (!), G/ will affech Load side (L). @arova En Thus the load side will be shorted og it vil Gyr Gate of Ti asa [ta | be connected to ground becawe G!-ond a [Ground a> nn LT pes Thus, T, Fined > a, given pulse > (Lood-G-G' ghort) >This causes VFO eed > %q is given pulse > & and a shonked - This time ead G! affects Source cide Thus, cource side 1% © sierilorly when Ta, is fi choked and V,=0 Te Ty Fired > Me given pulses (Source --b! shor) 4,20 which causes Voz Ja both cases yz Tris is the probler uith gale Firing and thus, ground isolation ie cequired “ —— Lag he 7 ptt eh) th RE 2524 ane > Ophocouple? (around &4) 4 requires 3 grounds > 1 main circuit and Gf > Ground- @ This arrangement 2: fg—> connected fo optocoupler which has a ground 4” *3- IG 2524> Ground Grounding Leolation ~ Ta yo ten gale pube is give? vith “ FOTO LT Gaate pulse in T ’ [Fal speund Ca’) [ReF-2 IC 3524, if the grounds G wal a! (Ref) and Ref-2) are shorled, C@)Ground Ref then \pz0 - Ground, @! /Ret-2 appears on KK Lehorked with ®) nhen given gate pulse: Thus, % Vo=O O 39 Ac Goatroller -—@ yA _| | ————— Lagi X, e aS b otf oh —> 5 Fav c > c L@—4 A le 7 In AC-AC voltage controller , Firing, angle of gate can be wed to compo) « AC voltage ser[Mode-I] 6 ON: Ww Veb Ven® Vnb? 7 Yeb Van? Te valbage divider ule Von? -pNeb Vey? 2¥eb Nbe7 Yon™ Yen “Voc 1 Veg? peo Ge|Mede 2| For GI ON ee ry Mode -3| For 12 on Vir Vac ch ae a Ye Men? “pa7O Yap? 2¥oe Veo? “Vas Vet dae Mode-4] For 2,3 ON 3 Vit 7 Veo we . an sgevienbien gh. «ERS, Eee Van? © eve Yap? > 2¥be Yoo? Voc Mode 5 | For 3,4 ON Vi= Vea = y.2 eX Von Vna= Z You Vor® — 2 Ybo Ven?® Vap? ~Ve oo Veo™ Ea Vec* “Z¥ba. Mode ¢} for 49 ON Vaz Vea A aR Vy z0 ‘bn : c Ge "Ri 2 = a +e Vay? ~ x Vea Veo? Veo V2 ee oe? — Mem. co 180° ne Su} \ Baa { i Es} = > 0° 20 lag a _ 180" 300" a Lig i Tad 3L0* 2 bs ol | a ty 300" 1300 =e pele co 4 300 a orrog (td " 5 3 as qos 56; 6l y |_23_|_34_ 45 56 4 ' Yon VaNabo | ~S 240" 0 360" eo ae 130 : TF “tag 4 te y, fen = WeaNye Vavby | oe | owe ae Ll ww AO | 09 ano 4 Wvov, of Ven Ve WaMea, ae fica 240° 60 ( 300°. 360" y 0 f Power Electronics DC-AC Converter / Inverters F Toverters / DC-AC Conveckers : Convesting DC signals to cymmeteic AC output voltage with desired magnitude ‘and Frequency. Can be to types > ' Single Phase (I- ” 2 Three Phase (3- o Lveckers —~—> i) Voltage Fed Imecker Ci/e voltage constant) / (VFI) | i) urrent Fed Inverter (ive current 11 )/CFD |, i) Variable DC Linked Inverter C i/e voltage controllable) Ly iv) Resonant Pulse Inverter (CLC/RLC cesonant circu't) ¢ D Single! Phose “Half Bridge Voltoge Source _Inverer The diodes do not hove anys Function Nee “a Oe" in operation: They are used for protection oe = Vo-+ pusposes- ve yea cp 4 Qy ° Q, and Q turns ON alternatively Model] Q, on/closed + 4 . a shorted Noe be PD vet wr j + wer 4 ya e ME og Mode-2] Quy shorted/on /closed 4 & open +] Ve tf | Q4 short By shorted gives Vo= a # No overlopeing bebneen gate pulses oF Q: ond Qy- Because if both Hay suitches are On ot the same Hime, zero curcent rill Flow Hreough the Yood- Thus, complete voltape nil ocey ot the snitches causing darnage- Thy there must be delay belveen gate pulses of Q) and Qy° e delay is called commutetion inte ) No cucrent Flow in load # Changin T of gate pulse, will change the Frequency, f- Changing, the pulse width | vill change Vo,oms” # @ tats of Q, and Qy a) have to isoloted - For This + is done in the: Folloning Neys~ + G » Opto couplet Ve 7S ' ee 2 A oO 1 iw Using transformer AN a Pay ii) Capacitor &4 grounding: Other Hise, ,problem may occur When applying Vag to Oy and Qq ¥ Feedback Diodes: 7 1d, & | % aq | PF agpel : e a on © on om! + ale. o» 2% Z ¢ Tints ha “ x + Vee Pu lood Vo a) Bn aa T Ser | tot | tot | fom . For an inductive oad , current cannot change immediately: vith the outpwl Volkage- Model] t>(7q to Tz) & Ie ON + 2 | Curcent flons in the uoper -half Voom : P ow + L Voo* 5 es ood > V2 svn so Z 1 z + ®ioad L T po (Tat a) is OFF When @) is off , the induckive Joad will bry bo Keep the current Flowing the same direchion: But pth peo % OFF, Bg 16 vk piven oulse- (besides voltage E as z \ polarity of inductor Hil nob allow Quy te be open becouse it wouses current to flow in the apposite direchton:) Thus, current will Flow in tye lower half of the circuit Yrough diode Dye \ 5 toro Fo oev JMode - 3 (%4 1) Qy 1s ON Flow of current in He lower half through Qy V, + Voe™ - > lood> Qar> —— (1% F/o7%) 9 is OFF 4+ » | eT Bo, > om casey Same 0g mode-2, cuccent Flows troup Dy- \ - ape FORSL % Performance Parameters: See wsB* Tying ® Misery -Petonine sf voltage, current at load Nz fs . © = angle of load impedance Vy, 1,2 average ie voltage, current © RMS ciple content of 7p custent, fo? 1;*- 12 [y= rms oF ip — curcent © Riggle Fackor (RF): ripple Factor oF i/e current RE> = ‘$ @ Hacmonic Fackor | : Norv ems ic Factor: = HF, = eee EVon= m3 value oF nth haemonic . of, PMS oo) Vo = Fundamental co HF, iS Phe wnkeibution of n-th harmonic © Tetel_Hormonic_Dberin (TED): menare oF claenes in shape bebveen a waveform and its fundamental component oak | 2 ste- THD= 7% NE Vorvms m2 W © Distortion Factor (DE): amounk, of HD that remains in a Waveform —— ea after the harmonics have been subjecled to 2nd order aHenuation * A measure of seduce effectiveness in reducing unnanted harmonics without specifying, value of 2nd-order load Filter- "00 Von 005 Ve on ve: 2 fon, 0Fp= — $3, ny] Vox = (3) : Pvt & DF of ath individual hormonic @ Lonest Onde Harmonic (LOW): he harmonic content whose Frequency is closest fo The fundamenta} one, and “iy: amplitude 7 37 of the fundar tal component- Fourier Analysis oF Single Phose Half Bridge Invecter 2 Vo, rig = o freer u ae i =n), Vord 8 On a LE i, 10 + {” "We 4) e Vo= G+ L. (an tas nist + by 69 nt) 1 anti Sine Vy is Th bbe? on Ln Vol) sin nuk dt 2K a e _ [rer any square Hone, < ems yalue =peok value’) Vo (thou commute, onde edd symmetric, a9 = Op=O Vor Tt af | ! Oy ' | 1 ! 1 : 8 Yo * 7 Ne salilatiog » ne O72 1035... » ne BU *. Vo= Lb» sinfawt) nel wabéd eo DVE ae sin(nat) = 2 Cai n=35,... . You, pent, 2po. Norvems EF an 7 OMe Rundamental component ip eZ n=135... Doe 77 Ey 2pc __.2Noe \2n 2, fgg, ems = £Output power of Pandamental component > p. V RE (nel) nob +o sind oo sin (noob) where , 2,7 R+jowl stnlnibk=oy)2 7 oe © YER VR ’0 1 Oats 3 owl R 1? Yor,ems Lor, egns 6051 zg Moo By Rn tng, ©2353) = (lama) P= Ce) R Vind, - Tenant # Verh ae sin (net) n235,... rms of 2 Von,ems? Tix %O Single Phase Full” Bridge Voltage _Source- Inverter : . id = Yh hoemonic » Von,rms 22 rey sist (n9)d0 0 s Oh pas _ sin(ne) os & Ele), 2 2 (Bey) can an / S07 Doc ~The Frequency ot the gore puls is The same Frequency of the load - Fu] bridge. inverter is bel in Performance than holf bridg The inverted AC signal has peak-to-peak voltage of 2Mye [Nyc to 7) Mode -1 | Gy, % on \y “Tar 4 Mode-2] &3.%4 ON Vez Voc ee ne 4 6 Haveforms Vo »@ Maximum logs occurs across the load - As the switching resistance is lower, less loss occurs Hhere- In full. bridge inverter Yhe output voltage is Yo whereas in half bridge \ tag" \ i ' \ TS ey - Yo is halt of oe (This nill be seen in Fourier analysis belon) Thus, full ‘oc’ | >t bridge invester is better: yt Fourier Analysis 9, Voz O9 + L. (an 606 nut + by sin nut) ne] Vo* z by sin(ael) [4#0920 for oda syenmelry ] %*O for pure AC, no DC ym . ba? £ Ta i Voc sin (nwd) a ba Bee 1 sinin9)d2 an 0 Doc a Lie wsne] A@ Inet Vy, a ee ) LEG ba? 0 , ebb Moe L by sinLawt) nz) * sate Vy = = (oe sin(nwd) = pe [sin nit + SA ap 1435, Voypeck _ AVne f, we sae ss Os 201) Fundamental “component Voesns= Ps * an 0-9Vy_ (1088? 01Vpy) 2 AYpe Other | components, ! Vonsnma.= nin e ok a sin (need) co ai Abe Y — 5 — sin (not - ' = 47 BL 1n2435,.0 VR Kral)" in (nat By) 3 FRO n> tan ae | Me Joga? ata sin (aot 3) tate Ah Oey el O%ee Loy nes = Gets, sath -ay a: lalla = Abe Abe Joukeuk paver of fundamental component, Ryems® Vorers loyems 871° an Vania os} 20. [ 4Ye = Uoyres) B= (FRE) «@ Three Phase Voltage Source Square Wove Inverter | Based on gate pulse width i) 120° conduction ii) 180° canduction Voc_| HDiodes ace only for protection - # A sinusoidal Joad can be driven ot only by 180° length gate pulse - Unde steady stote operation , all gate pulses are 60° apark to start vy | \ | Yoo 7 1 ° co Tae RO eae 300° ae” © ay 1 | | : | = 60° {120° ee ! a 1 ! 60° 20° “130° 240° | *a 43 \ y20° 130 (240° 300° a lag? | 4 | i x \80° nao 300° 360" asf | | | 2 ee | L 5 ° <0 1 org 300" 360° ry % | | | a ber 1209 : 300° Ser es bel 612” | 123 _ | 234 [345 | ase | VaR A 6,1 Poot | | | 3,4 i Vee : S26 | i [be | Ee, Ven i | 1.2 1 Line “to “line voltoge » Line-bo- neutral voltage = O|Foe Sn g0 Snitch 5,41 will, be ON- The even snitch nil) ack as the return path for the currenb- (05 is OFF initially so it is not camsideced Yo be Of in return pdb) oO Vaw® Vor + “ec= ~Ybe + Yreco™ Of and] Smith G12 ore ON: Switch 1 is Flow paths Zand Gare reburn path Vao? Yee Vee79 Ven ® “Voc a3 Bar sek 27a, Von* 5,8 Yoe™ 3 Yoo Switch 423 ace ON: Veo © Vee? Voc Ve* “Moc anR vee sys on™ app Yve* “y Woe Meg ee x Vogt eee gs tai a 5 Voc © [kw Snitch 2,3, 4 are ON: VyeVoe Vab= Yoe Yea? Rea HR ink 2 Yoo™) a, Yoe® Be RnR Von'Nen™ 5pm b%.) = - $Y © |For 240° 300° Snitch 34,5 are ON Vay? “Yoe Y7° ‘ - RUR 2 Vogt Yn? ages pe 2 oR 2 Van? YR (\p.) = - 5 Voe for _ 300 ~240") Switdh 45,6 ace ON- Vay 0 Req? 3A R Ve ‘an ~ Vez Mpc Yeo? Voc Von? aR tT Yvon Vea? Vpe e742 Yoo Line-to-|ine_voltage » Vay [ZV Bo = 60° . 120° 240 300° ue? 9 a > as ‘ Voc z 7 60° gov” ve 120° 240" pe We ” : J A ' 6o° 180" 1 >2 4 2A0" 360 Voc? Vay £7120" Line -to-neuiral volkage Lo * Noob A ] ; ae i | ast beat _ £340) as 60° 120° 18 40° 300° 7.9 i ant I aoe Fou Analysis of Line -to-Line volhg > nm “ | = ; 7 C1 | eal me Ser) pe r* [] ee) ee is cusve is not $ 30 This curve is nob e > Anki-Symmebric Carve Right side Fi-summedy Gati-symmetvic for onti-symmetr ic curve, = Zag 0 7 anvo ; [ B Mb Se ai 1 Bibs J Vay sin (8) dd ih J Varo sin(nwt) dt 5 5M, =F} Ypc sin (nada Ms be . = [a sen -coslnd) pr L Oe : Bee Eos (nn - 2) FOR (05 2) (5% = “%) w = Me [Hen -co5 0c indo): sin BE 4 os 8) nzeven > I-cosna 20 ~ De wos ()- @sna) ~ > a nzodd > \-cosnas 9 4 cif wos; 51,3,5...088 ° ogee *, Fourier of assumed signal Vi sya Ae og 7 sia (nwt) n3s.” ° ay Mie Lope 03 9 cin (nat “Fourier of osriginol signal Vi. a 1 ee 36 right Sift accounted Va? Vi Veo2 Vapl"120° Vea" Vay: 240" Fourie Anslysis of +o-neutral voltage * Miry (Yan) ain This is an antisymmetric nave: % 7p] ‘ ob “tro 5-60 AEP ow Ld Uy 1, 70 a420 n J Viq sin NO) 40 ° z LS ey, sinoada + i‘ Ay, sin(og) 42 af Vox sin(ve) 20 | ° is ay ee » Lowel + Cressy? + Ceomnd) ) = Dee 7 * Bant [i- an os F Ben ae ME coon + os Dee an : = | cosnn + eo cot ~ 2 et FB - co TR +) : Ven 7 Van £2120" oe re Woe : 2 I Cos nt cos BE — egg n (ney) J Nan? x gant + cos BE — cos BE) gin (nwt) ae 4 ® Single Phase Squore Have Current Sovcce Inverters: list 4M MS b+ + Me ae are = >... bony L : t D Yo ' ; Ys : lal y ' > mY ag- Yn oh f +—— ae aX rv % Ols.se is on Copecitor Charged From lett plate Fina) initio) initially , current Flows 0 3 Hose > FEZ) 5,¢,D, De Se (ui conduck os long 5G Is Fully chorge 19 0)S,PiDq Co Lull conde until 14 Fly chog Ly ¢) 1D, Lead Dgig $6 > 157 Lin =Ipe In the final state , only path is 5D, Load Dy se ° (i) |ethen _S3-5_1 ON] Initially, , chorge stored in CG ond G helps to make $, and % turn off by forced commutation PAS 4 is shorted > 05, RB Sq is shored > & RB 7 > i } $3 44 copacitor hanes Fram Lin [teed - ® Sight plate “%, * at 54 : - J Now, current Floris in 3 paths 0) $5 % Dy DaSy (HIN Fou until Cy & charged) b) 43 13% % Sq Cuil Flon until @ & charged) €)$4% Load Py $4 7 Lo ®-Ipe Ccurnent Flows in the load Finally » only path remains is $3D3Load Da $4 From opposite dicee When Hon than befsre) 51256 “WiN) be ON, Hr S5,5q HIN be Reverse Biased and the process will fepeab= oe @ RBLC in the same branch in series Vos O : ' a2 : | ! deloy eres 1 Avant Mode-1] Q is ON a fe When By is burved on, capacitor is intially charge : R be L Re, with Ve cament flow pat, Vpo FQ)? RAL FE Vy The inductor will get energized Cerevionly un- energized) by this flow of current “hen inductor 1s fully energized, the current flow will cause voltage across Capacitor to be zero, ¥.=0- Then again , capacitor vill be charged by Ye flow of current fo 4+V\% uy inductor loses its enengy and current stops Flowing) and Qi is turned oft by natural commuta}jion: Qo is ON Hhen Q, ig giver gote pulse, the ve capacitor Hill ad os @ a (* a L Voltage source causing cucrenk flor 4 in the opprite direcion- The inductor will oppose the change of current and slowly ach energized dato during the bime Q i& ON: Thus voltage in capackior Hill become BE Basically, +Ve—> energizes Ly v,20 by discharging L Hil) oppose hange in current 9 causes C to be charged ia the opposite polerihy -V, “Ve HIN naturally commutotote Q) and 9 vill be humed ft HThere hos fo be a delay belneen hurning off of &, and tucning on of Qe (and vice-verso). OYherwive , due Yo huge amounh gf cupcenkthe snikhes might geb burnt - # The-7 Disorvontage: The problem regarding unidirectiona) suited 4 that Hheo HAs Purred off, a Huge voltage may appear Mat can damaye the suitches *© Full Bridge Resonant Taverter The disodvantage due to uni~ a 8 a zd, 3. ae _ directional switches i¢ overcome “a Da a7 1h, by bidirectional switches: CA diode introduced’ in the opposi drection of snitch) Model] QQ is ON When QQ is tarred on via gate pulse, current will 9° through the LC ckt and Le the voltage across capactior will be we Then curren) will fon through Dy, De : Capacitor discharge Vog > Q9RIL7 CF BV e (> 0.) FB BQ, >RB Mode 2| Hhen Q,Q4 ON Non, when gate pulse is applied bo QQ + then current will flow From Phe sou This time ,the capacitor will be charged From sight plate. Flox of current pa Voc 9Qg 3 C519 RF GWPVEC _ Then Ve will be charged again -Vot and current will flow Phrough DyyPy > EB Rob -c+ B MoeF pont A of ; 1 8,94 \ 18% | ] t } Istopredt | Jo ‘etorer 1 | ving I a nese t a Not started b of 2210 10 mnaiatei? ; 1 contiavilhey, @ [around 09°F) appears across H Advontoges > Ohhen Q is off, a lon voltage the snitch due to the diode -Even if large voltage appears, QA oF —QgQy share them- Ui induction Cooker Inducion Cooke In a induction cooker there is @ core bulk ith Feceoragretic metal (re/steel) or Al or Gold-The ore is heated bat current is zero. Vhen an AC current i inkroduced in the ail around the core, an alter- hating, Flux js produced that Creates O “he cieculating, current. This: is. called eddy curcent> Tn transformer, due to eddy cussenk ,heat is generated That is Ung, inskeed oF using a direct cove, voulligle laminated steels are plaed near coch Other ith grease among them: Also there 1s air gap between Yhem-The air gap and grease Will introduce high reluctonce go eddy current ig Finally minimized- DF the core is made with Fe/cbeel/Ni, there exists residua) magnebic flu which increases hysteresis Joss A tha Hime There is both eaty current loss an hysteresis loss- DIF Al/Gold is wsed to make the core> no hysleresi¢ loss: D In proctical 5 957, eddy current + 5% nese loss 15 Me will nobis geh, shocked even iP we Touch The core a Here is no Aloe for: curtenk }o Alou (/Fe/steel pons introduwe current ough) ¥® PHM Inverter? £2508 av “WAN oO peak =v Frequency of He ap > fe cH 7m D WF +¥ asm) D YorV * © Mullilevel_Inecters: F level inverter TH The switches rill operate: ia oO @ different. combination. ® BFor nm sources, we chal get (anv) levels + Ris Ve GH For n sources foto! number a © © - with of euitches will be An a So, For 3 sours, @ @ Levels =(2x34)= 7, Snitches= 4x3212 ; oc _ In a section, both branches cannot + be switched ON sieaultaneously Yo Phase-l] Switches 1 35,7,9,11 ore ON: COND Vo = Vpct VoetVoe. + =3Npoc Phase-2] Switches 345,7,%M are ON (1 opened, 4 closed) Current no} posing through the top were mask sechion - eri. wr We RL “Vo Vbe* Moe * pe wT | Phose-3] Snithes 34,742 211 ave ON (5 opened, 8 closed) Current mot passing Phrough the + upper two sections V7 Me R, op eS RL 7 “Ve? Voce © Phase “4] When 3.478 11,12 ore ON (9 opened, 12 esed) | Load is not connected tp any sourd Thus, no flow of current aa + vo RLS Vo “Vo? Phase-5] Switches 2,4, 78,112 are ON (3 opened, 2 closed) Gurren passes Yneaugh the foad from iE fhe opposite direction Hnon betore- Phase ~6| Suitches 2,4, GB 1,12 are on C# opened, 6 closed) Leb Phase-A] Switches 2,448, 1012 are oN ~ CM opened ,10 closed) Vo? ~Yve-Voe “Me =-3\p¢ Yo 7 jac Prose mf [| 3 | . ; Es —_|L | i 6 a : ou [2] Advontoges Othe higher bre mumber of levels, Fhe more sinusoid) output Wis type of inverter is suiteble for volhge application: The switches share the hyge voltage when they ore open: Recktirers (AC-DC converter) rene ee a ® Types: 0) Single Phose Half Hove Be Full Hove O6-@ Holt Have Full Have d) 12-2 Rectifier ig a circuit that converts AC signal into 8 unidirectional signal a4 ABingle Phase Half Hove Rectifier Déimplest type of cectitier iW Not wed in industrial opplications. » Mia ver Lin Ye E + R 3% Min - Vo Tn fhe output only the positive cycle will appear across the load oS output volhage having, The samme value as the input voltage (vin %) pub dedue fo diode it will be reduced by OFV- AS with diode He Can not control the voltage amount to appear actogs output Thus, ik is called an uel unconteelled Analys ig) value Averope No, avg Vo,pe a Bea) yee oO =F Pgs 8 . Vi tan iF [co 9). No,0c * F rectification: [essurning ideal diode) RMS value! ey Von! * de fo wh4o Vint : ¥ into dd a de - Veo" « ie 8 sone i (1- c0g26)d _ Na L ese ” an 62 +o Ver an a Nev Vo, ems = Q- ayn Tons? J 7 Tin ew emg Averoge input power an Fins avg = of \ Vip tn d8 a ’ a 7a J Vn 8in® Tym sind dd = Yale (7 i093 49 ° Mo \s 3, 3 Pin,ovg E 4 Input Power Factor ip phe ip vg power Qpparent poner apparent PMET= Vintagt. X Linstonty (Vin % lig vey in We % x z Veolyn f: —4 Ip oe he ® Vind en 7 YZ Problems? De will not get Full voltage suing 98 halé cycle is eliminated: ii) Power Factor 41, thus power loss Hill increase- jis) TR input current is nok sinusoidal, a major problem May ocGUr- iF the the average value of the cucrenk is non-zero’ FF this is the case, Pher fe Hill be a DC component which Hill cause problern for the transtorn Residual Flu will be created which nil) sbsabucote the core as the flue pill ge From linear to saturation region. As the coil has inductor uhich ods as shorh circuit fo DG, a huge shork cincuik current yall Flon resulting in huge power lass: Thus, there should be no DC curren in Me i/p- i D 9 pS a: ~ Tig > non-sinusoidal contains DC via : Rew component : a Mz JL O-0 for De high current > saturation: ACADC iv) If Phe input current contains BE component, the AC park will hove bb 2nd and 3rd ete harmonics: Transformer can only handle phe ficst harmonic: There oy Fhe other harmonics cause power lass: ong hystere hysteresis logg- © To hondle the problerns ossociotéd vith Hransformers, Zip 24g tran3formers ore used? Performance Pacarneters : : ? Deficiency , - (ty is not poner eFFicienc , tothee it is conversion 3 mee Ul » y eFFiciency vihich is a measure of the quality of Op noveForm) fact Vooug ', nO, Pe Vers beens oc ii) Outpt voltage hos }uo components—> DC + AC/tipple effective value (65) of AC component of gp voltage Va WE Ve, iit) FF form factor (measure of chage of ofp voltage ) Veons FFE Vac iv) Riggle Factor > measace of riggle content eee SEAT Vic Nac ges AFF V) Transformer Utilization Factor > TUE = fe. 1 Nols =! . V,= rms volhoge of secondary side [ Ns I,2 rms current oF secondory side Pac vi) Power Factor > PF = VE Cinput power can be determined approximately 635 by equobing Vp poner nith o/p AC poner) vil) Crest Fockor-> measure of peak input current Tepe) 95 compared with ibs rms volue I, (needed to specify current ratings oF devices) fe Ts (reo) a : Try in, rons Viner iit) Displacement Fackor> displocenent angle is the angle between fundamental components of V &1 Ga) DF = cos [for siesinusoid i/p current PE=DF] 1X) Hormonic Faclor (also known as total Harmonie Dishebion) Tiny = Frm of Pundamentel component Finns? 4s # Ideal Rectifier > y=1007 , RF20, TUF], HFFO, PEEDE=] , FFA “single hose _Conlelied Helf Hove Recher Thysistor ig used for swibching oper ation Uhotever voltage appears across input terminal (the angle at vihich the pulse is given ot the gore of SOR), the Firing angle oc of SCR con be wed—ty controlled to get The desired oslyut volhege. This is why ig called controlled rectification: Ansliysis « For Fiing, angle 0, Yosag hh Vdd s*y sin@do tot sin 2 dye" i [ cosee] Jo, og” Vinowy = R Voters Nee y (1- 208828) 40 An °c Vat Fg - sine =a Le z , 2 MET no SE] v v, 1X20 Vong? Fo Vowme? Eo eR > Vevay®O Vo,rens = 0 # The problems related to single phose half wave uncontrolled rectifier ako exists for this type of rectifier - ¥ Powe? Factor (Input p pe Ping ‘is _ [ Apparent Power Pia, avg ae Vinlind Via? Wendin on Veale aie RK oe i ee on) = gg), Voi AO sin40 Lig Len sin : ¥ CPR Vo. jee EN EOE) = (n= SC, oe) Vraleo sind0C 2 Vel ( poe 4 4a ( 2 ) w Aperent Ponel* Vin rms lin ems - © ¥Rermonic-Foctor~ ‘ . Effect of Inductor Loading, C RL Jood): Yo io. . Ve iz — sin(wr tO) -9 is th z snl >) 8 is he hes Nog bebueen voltage and current As the ciccuit contains a snitch , there Hill be a transient tomponent- . When Fhe suikch 1s OFF, there should be no flow of cuscent - Buk due +0 inductor opposing the change of cument, a smoll pack SHI] Plony As ares Fhece is on output Vol aye in the negative portion Thus, #06 There is impr pee reckifjeotion- _ Vg 78M | jgt Weinltt O) + Ae to Teonsient part Cinductor shoning, curren holding % Properbies) Becouse oF the transient pack © Free wheeling Diodes: As seen earlier, if the load is inductive (RL), there outpub valbaye uil] not be proper rectification: Thus, there is a component in the negative cycle: There fore, it is nok completely unidirectional: To solve this igue, o diode is connected in paroltel to The RL-load: Thie diode is usuelly called Freevheeli m5 diode Sp} oo "Dey R nC) v4 Bod (reesbting i = Dicde) Mode-1- V0 J Hhea D) is shorked + When V520, the Freenheel diode - Din is in Reverse Bios and Hhus open circutel %S Thus, for the time being, Ceay o>§) Flos % (1-6) lint te Mode-2- \V, Vpn sin C= E aE 2 sine 7X Va Pef-sc Conduchion angle = A= 2a, Diode will be turned OFF when. VE Dpen-~ on sie) output current, ip= . _ Yynsinwt -E alee Se » S£04B ¥@ Single Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier: Positive Half Cycle Cys>0) Unen V,20, D, and De > FB By and Da ORB Thus, flon oF cucoent VF > DPR DINE Negative Half Cycle Ww,d0) When V.g% Dd) and o> RB Dy and Da FB Flow of curcent, vito P35 R> Dar, Here Tp i Being Phrough the \ood Fram the some diceckion in both Cyales- Thus vit is unidirectional: have F As Lin, goes nowhere but tre load so Ip,Jin hes difference in dftere \ divections but. same magnitude: Since the input eurrent nil) have zero avg Value , Frere fe no DC component ond thus ,the transformer ill aot go into Saturation: Honever, if Fhe input current lig is nok sinusoidal or is discontinuous, a voltage Viz LT vill be created ot He coil and the core Hill be saburat There will be short circuit and huge current wil flow This is called in duck kick (the creation of W.) Analysis : = ol (et Ne x Average value > Voug? i Ven sin8 4 = 2 Lesa] > Veo ~ Da n sini) arly, Iy 2m ne Ly. sint do Ms value —> Vojrny = a) Vin 550 ° rn (" Var pa. signe 4 EP Urensyie = Fy CoD, Ven DVojrers = TE * In Sienibarhy, Ib cost Tai [le ie Oe 049 Pog = J, Vo fo #2 J, Vnsi9d Ty sio = Velo ae or Apparent power = Vin,ems Tin eens Ven In a 2 © gone faclon pf BE Ape- poner Vind 2 * Ve de GO & apf =) ¥@ Single Phose Full Hove Controlled Rectifier: 2 | | re Ky Xe oC i the firing angle at which gore pulse i given at SORs- We nil] nok gtt Vp before < 95 SCR wos Off- Similary in the negative cyst oo of Vz we will not eb Vo when e180 | | Here , 1p is uni-directional and Lig changes direction Assuming the snikche ase lossless, the higher } ghee The value of oc, the loner the outpub hay volboge Vg: Positive _qycle (V0; T,Te shoot) > UIST, 5 RT ove > 6 Ve Negative Cycle (M460; Ty, Ty short) VIF Tyg >RoT V7 4 ‘6 Analysis: Average valut> Vora * Vo, Ou” Sieilorly, log? ~ oe RMS value, > Vp eens = D Vo,rms * Silay, Toa? At <= 0, osavp xzl80, Yoo ° - Va al Vin in 888 “20 + cose | = + cosec) = a) 1 n ta a Vin sia O dO on v, 2th ue 0528) a@ n ~ Yap _ sin ei a Veo? sinder an [a-«4+ => ‘| Ven, 2 Im L(a- + sine Views BNA RT? ange _ Nm Qn Vo, ems = Fe : 7 Vo,rng= O average iP Pre Lnpuk poner Factor, pt cepererh gonet at ; : Piovanp e vr). Vin 8118 Typ si do Yim sin2e i me | n- Xe t inf z Apparent poner = Viaseens Hinveens prey t (nr 9) # Controlling Fiping an; Je (x): Fiving angle con be controlled wing PHM Comparator ciecuit Ni be used For thot pucpose” By controll ing, the DC volue , the pulse width can be controlled The DC value can be controlled. “QO Feelbasty Comparing, belween ceb- value (voltage peat cur the load) and 0/P valtoge, using, the F/b,the pulse width can be controlled by either up oF donning the Dé volhage- When V,70 and VaNe » capacitor is being charged and input curcent When VedVe 4 LigtO and capacitor discharges with Hime constant y+ conkains Peoblems - i) Input current jpecories op spikes, Hhus pe io '8 worsened Solutions j) guitch can be used for Filleving ii) Use of jnductor fo Maintain sinusoide) WP cvccent Effect of Inductive Lood (RL): gle Phase half wave rechPiers, Hhen there is on ) Uncontrolled Full nove - La sini RL lood, Vg has «negative cyte components: Therefore , > Freeriheeling diode is connected to Phe load in parallel: 3 Io R Ve L 6 V,20 > Dy, Dg>FB VO Dy Dy? FB Da? RB I i Dz.Dy? RB Feces D,,0,2 BB v Freenbeel Twus, when v, is in positive cyde Pe K Dy ads as the Fyecrincel” diode NOode- Hhen Vy is negative », DRM HM mn ' , ji) Controlled Full Wave - aor eo k, oy 3 ag a De . When V20, 1) & Te >FB when gete pulse is gwen oat Firing anphe Due fo inductive Jood, T) k T% will keep on conducting until gote Due to inductor pule is piven to Tg and th: Fren Thus , when V,40, initholly Tye conducts but vihen gute pulse i Ben to 13.%4, Yea, (35%) shop conducting Therefore , there remains » negotive pack in the ovtpul voltage: Tnyristors ace Yurned of by natucal/ ine comput gtion- Single Phase Full Have Rectifier with Highly Induchve Load: ve ADS An \ . ' ' Ns ; : i! | “b radama ea =| fp tel comp Ig, A 4 \ 6 ° lo Lo. ' ! L-_————____ 7” i Motor Lood (Highly Inductive) ' : Tz Hormonin Factor , WF = Med Ss By Ty, . me fower Factor » PF* Vaz I. cas = ze > Q is displacement ongle bebieer Fundamental component of j/p. current, cos 1. ond i voltage Vs cos@ is fhe displacement fackor- T,>rme value of 7p curcent —,, > Fundamental componeab of i/p cusrent Ty 5 (5) Thee Phase Half Have Uncontrolled Rechfier: a ', Ton OP oe] ee a RE No Vo=3 V The pichace on the left is The diagram of og 39 holf wave uncont rectifiers On the tight side, we see thot Vo23V° Art —since—bre—botk ~rrost inde hove —the—voHlage This js because +1¢+#2 and 42<43- Thu the output ill give the moximum voltage among the three: The uhols system works as an OR gate: Here, Vag? is the enaveforin with zepo phase -shif- Mon? Maa £120" ion Ven = Mewan £240" nd/2aeh Vo= mox Can» Ven Ven) bo Hhy_is it called halt -Hove _cectitier: Each phase volkage gece to. maximum hice every eyele (positive and negative) but the negekive portion is nok considered Thus, tis is called olf -yove rectifier: Also Phe olf wave cechifier has high ripple: Analysis - ) FM Vo repeats every A am od ‘ a Average > Vo,oug 2H, ), Via, mare’ £1 49 ‘ye interval Yan? 30 3150° Sal oa = Mian aes, = ee - Row US 3 2 IB Vin Yoong FA a 5, a RMB Vesomns = 15 Sy Vase gi dS - Mae fn (10092940 we. “8 : MrT ys 2 Vows? GE) Theee Phase Half Wave Controlled Rechifien: we ao thy. Tan lop ' Vorb 2, Load ‘> aye len FS lo Vo When Ynyristor is given gete When pat The Firing angle of Phyrishors , oC Ti 7 fired ot @ B= Ayer > Vo=Van T, > Fired at OF Brees Yo? Yon T3 Fired at OF aa $20 Vo? Ven pulse, the previous one hich nas conducting Ypecomes reverse biased because of hegotive line-to-line voltage and thus it eek yuened off - Analysis: ae \ Average Vaan” Dy, Wy oe 9 8109 dO = ee an at [le a Norms Bis) Vaan S9089 = Fudalet Feo RL lead 2 Hy \ pea Be m ot en eee BP 3B tec BO NSC ro Zoo 270¢e° 420° > continouoy Sony : aN . L xd 2. > diseontinvoy 30}ec gr ‘y lye | 15040e 300 5 Len : 60" 270 90° 8 Ne We if 6 bd 30408 lode 270" For Mp 3°" hia ae : 5 ; 228 [yong Ff Ma 00 FF [ith] Venu Bln Sa cetild] Ruitive Load) Jiscontinous load current wor RL load (Inductive) a Van Voo Ven BD | 2 | e Be uacontrolled # 1h is to be noted that the FP half nove arectitier will nok have any portion of output volkage in tre negotive side even if RL load Was sed This is becouse The turning on-off of Fhe diodes can not be controlled. Hhenever For example, 1F Vo? Van for the time being , Hhen Von is greater than Vga, the owgut valloge Will be Vy, and the diode connetbed $0 Van Hil) aa, bbe opened-As Ve=¥oq , there is no requirement of fieing - the output vokage will become V, almost instantly Thus, Fhere nil nob be any portion oF output voltage in The negetive side for 3-P uncontrolled pedifier- ¥@ Three Phase Full Hove Uncontrolled Rectifier = (highest) (ows) Diodes (13,5) acts a5 circuit OR gate ws 4 2 3 gets voltage ab the B_ 5 game time but the ney higher one 92e* to dp: For diodes (2,44), the cireuiyy acts 9% on AND pate and the loner on goes Yo outputs For example, when c paphase 8 the lowest, dicde 2 wil) turn n+ +t i na q 43 re tl Therefore, diodes —> 1,35 > operates on highest H- voltage Lon) Hiodes —» 28,6 qperates on lowest volhage ON) So current goes Yhrough odd diode to Mhe load and vehurns via the even diodes: Vay * Yan Ybn Wer, ‘poy Vay M1 be moxtioum when Von is moxtiourn and cS + > rie | %E® — vy, ie minieur>- so curcent will go theovgh phase Yen ne K tf diode -4 tucned ON, and IN return throvgh phase-L

Vine-to-lin® voltage Analysis: 2g 4 ' Van 73M Average > Vo,oy” Tyg J Vue ned? a * Wa EXE} = Ve Vin ly < 1 2 > e 8 RMS Very My lh, Mote sind Mie [e sme Als, 7 2 Vo,cmms = Rr 3) nye 23 Neem 24 Min \| BYE) Nowy” 7 Vien 7 Difference with IP holé rectiiee: The oulput maximum voltage WM be higher in case of full wove rechf ier. The voltage range> Vy 40 Vig sinto/ By iy * Thus, Hhere ig loner vipgle- %(G) Tree Phast_Full_ Kee Cobol Rechfier- Thycistr can be used fo control output valtog This ig done by controlling the Fieing angle The nidth of a gote pulse have to be 120° In osder to hove a, steady -ctate, pulses ace, "given in 60" apart fo complete the 360 cyde- In order to enclose o full current path, 2 switches are needed: So, gore pul must be overlapped to ensure complete flow of current CAE thie nob Dhe cas all suitohes ill be Earned ofF at a point, This HM cause Aly ip volboge Yo appear aero Phe snilches and damage Phe syste) The greater the value of K, the lower the value ee a aA Analysis: Vinut leads Ven by Me Thus, Yep FE vag? Vigin $9) VayeNS Vin sin(0+ Average > x oce/f 7 > fsa . id) Yauy/ ne _ Bly, fim rm] Vay? Viur £in 0+ 8) Each pulse is given in 3/60 interval: Critical angles are 7%, ™, 5% , 7%, Me, WI Natural point of —> 3d, 90°, Isd’, 210, 270, 330° @nduckion gete pulse is given after oc angle of gate natural point of conduction ergot et EM an. os 5, | vai ee 49 6 Venu? ayte r | sin? (O4Z dO Meteor iY (4+F og) { Power Electronics DC-DC Converter (Dosiel Har) % A DC-Fo-DC converter is device that converts a DC signal to another OC signal nith a scope of controlling Cincreasing/ decreasing ) Phe signal * Duby Cydle ited Duty eye refers to Phe portion the i, $f signal is tw OM compared to tat Nowe : a at He entire signal: ~ T= - Ey or Duty cycle | Ton a li ce > -pT eet Torr 7D )T Beoperles of Inductors MK Copactors: faduchers=" WuDeg EP A" For a peciolic current, energy stored ab the degimning of He ele and energy stored ot end of 0 cycle is same: ' Thus, neb energy is zero- = 9.2 theo “Average power absorbed by inductor + Pog” BT aa Now V2 LE A) > = ¢ Wek = b ft VQ ae + i) to > i, UetT) = Let vwar + iil) Cts4,47) : gi afer yak so [vos current 15 periodic, Gs) =H, (ot T)) 7 to DLTyat=0 average inductor voltage zero oo (Woll-sec balance) Capacitor - WelW= 4 CVeCF ~~ For ptriodsc volhoge, net average energy absorbed ie zero. Average poner absorbed by capacitor , P,, “yf 20 dv) fave off > oe warso Ly ardey ic &) DVL? tyiwar otf" Lwao be ° et Lear + vc) be average capacitor curse zero 3D Veltstt) = 2h tae iipat 4y.c) 6 y © x DC-DC converter properties ° i) Inductor current is periodic (ho: 1, 417)) Tat ii) Average inductor currenh voltage Vv. “4, VOU is zero r , THe . iii) Averoge copocitor current [= r, Di,laaa is zero ‘ e iv) For ideal components, Pin? Pour For reol components, Pin? Fou t Pass V) Mode OF — operetion ig ready ~+tote X—> small letter — instantaneous XP average ¥ Linear Voltage Regulators > Ta lireag volloge repulater, Vor LR, € Loe > Vo may ary fem 0 to Aepenting on base current Teamistor Hore in Lineee segion in this mode and ack as a cheosk Power loss in Wonsistos Vee T, makes this circuit inefFicien}- A) Buck. ¥ Snitching Converter : Bogie Design DEFicient olternative to linene switching cegulotor x A ‘ j e : t ‘Transistor orks in goturation and 4 eee - Catofe region (ocks as a saitch) vc Hh ovitch is ied jth BWR T T ye EL wayae Lf? ‘ 0 , ” ri, yi closed | OPen DT © Buck Converter ( Step-Doun Convectes) average i In 4 buck comerter,noutput voltage is less than the input vlkage: Thus, i} is called a step-doun converter, ON oF | oT The transistor acts ag a snitch: The pulse’ is to be gien Yhrough externa) circuit because if pule generator hos the same source as the converter, there js grobobility of short circuit Uhich may damage the enbice circus Liben sitch is opt, lowed, KVL gives, WeEMLNe D Ye WNo (Dinde9RB) hen switch i opened, Voz 0 D VL=-Vo (Diode >FB.) Inductor will keep Plowing curren} xhen the switch opens because the diode ill provide a path For the current allowing inductor to be deenergied Capacitor is lone so that Vo is consbant- For itch ON (909 Tox/07) ¥ he +, oon Diode ig RB > ogen — Inductor energized 7 [) L Yy \, KVL: git) 2 Voz vitVo = snitch dosed > VeMo Vy -Ve - > (dir — or fat earaoT) lores Mode-2] sikh OFF (+9 tee-9) Jn this mode, inductor pill sul z voltage to load: KVL > V4Vor0 > a, he = L Dur Dineen? -2 (DIT (abo aT=Q-yT for sit) anes L ree Ne For steady-stote operation, net 16 zero. (4 Jeouea® (iL) open”? Vs Ct 2 Vo7VsD we ots =e (\-p)1=0 Average 2197 @ ih a Toking .intoconsilerabion, Ai : fete: {aVaose Twinz 1 Ms (ai Wigs Love, % epee = ab ows ec a 2 “® + gee OD) = w[4 a] = volt a 2B These analysis are volid for continuous conduction mode- en wa Ve change inductor current over one period eae bol si le fo ssuikig Trequees curcent must flow through inductor ab al) +mess For continuous conduchion male , Ipin? [boundary pebveen continue and discontinuous) _ eDa\. > volt at \*° LY Lmin to ensure continuous enduekion mode- Since, Phe components are assured ideal, — Pin? our VEs= Volo x equivalent Yo EFT DERE Hransfarmer relationhip Outpuk_vollege _rigile Auwumetion > C is infinite ~>kepes Vo conshant Prostical 3 cis! finite > cannot Keep Vq constant current change ih capacitor 18 eval bo the ve » | cuscent ea dhange in inductor ‘ A i t Veil - Again, @: COV. cyt yai Ky pen ah | aah DAQ= CdVo a < a} yer. cr paw a : TT Ta g Me 2D ANo= Tain Avo ese? Ay *t we \ > ay: Ler gCL ; z (-D) Vo & Spl s Ge Rar? ke 40+ F peak-to-peak ripgle voltoge owlpul om Effect of Serie Resistance of Capoxitance’ fe Desc, 0 Selene God so er can wl deter AVo, 89> dig Z00 et Converter : Step Up In a boost converter, ow at voltoge is weuallly higher than te input voltage: Pode-T | Snitch ON bare 9 0>»t) tuhen switch is ON, diode vill be reverse biased and open: KVL? -V 4 yz 0 2M Ve din | Ve aig ? (a Deriteh * ia coved [Mole-2 ]sitch off (rote) Sitch ofF il) Forward bias the diode v, KVL? Vet “A Voz * Vo yt 2 Lee Ne 7 (Aiyewiten * opto Tus @indonin + WiL)acre# © > Y™ apt “eptz0 ary 7 Le As the @mponenks ore ideal, Pin Pout veh? Yolo 71.7 Nolo ; Fah 2h oR Meaimws inductor curren I, 2 Le Minimurn induce? cuncent Gin # ae een M vet “yR A WiDaosea . £ VL Ny rt closed pr ae | VM _ } lees ees eee NT For continuows mode of ogeration, Simin ZO Outeut Voltage Ripple Xe CAV. \-Vo afe| DT= Cae D 20° SRG Ti RMS Rating of Inductor Curcent Vous N12 Bee Pong = 5 Xing © Buck -Bo. 1 ° EFfeck of Induchor Resishaoce ESR> Aes? Aig te wie (Ge 3-8) “ee f DNye nae EFfeck of Inductor Resistance 92 ae fe (+0) Normolls » Pag? Pe 3 he vewe[0O aay] For inductor resistance, | Ns Peto HE i i re ROD Vehg2 Volot U2. Nye ve +t, Yo 2 Voll Res) L |psa Voz eae yy DOPE ce Ms : ® Buck -Boost Converter: This type of converter can hove outpuk voltage ge lower or higher YO Yan Yhe input volkage- [Mosel] ich OW (to p27) ip i When the snitoh is OW, the diode will | L ls + es be reverse biased: ¥@ tam om si t | KVL? ‘2S pubes . . Xspt 2 Bidaoe® T— Tawez] seth OFF, (HF otosi89T) Srikcth off ill forecd bias the diode- KVL? v= Vo ae aLg 2 (Diaec® TOUT TW, BVerasedt Bidopen® © > port upto TE BKOS > SN pros> wr Apein idea) components give Pin=Raut std of alle * Vg? Volo Nt whet)? & ol. AL aye ait Moximum inductor current , [ snox? LA + Ms Io? ys typ Sum s uw ok 1 "US 2 WP, MOT * oye" 20 Miniroum inducer cusrenb, Ly sin (aiden 2; eel | (edy/R 2k J ] f J For continvowy conduction Mode, Typnin2O — [eavals zero givey boundary wD VybT > TR a 2° Durout volbage _riggle lao} = c4Ne 2 ee CAVo Ady op 2 Re . 0 entition | ANo,en* Aig % ey -¥ -(2 dig * "Lemar ROUR Neat + No,one? Nina Pe @ Cok Comer ter Accord be higher of sypoller L c 7 Oudged volloge maybe hi be : i Yhan the inpuk wth oo reversal ia pobeity: 4 a t be F y ait os OY a 3 a G Reh Ain this type oF converter , entra, Iranser poe T r 3b associated with C) capscitor Mode-l |Snitch ON (t903DT) Snitch on gives diode in reverte bios - (ies)ewsed ? Hey 2| Snitch OFF, (rove) Diode is in Pornard bias: eae? fey Y VLyFVLgF O lovp > Yo? ove) ig Wg iy a vO 5} i + Total cogacitor current over full cyletz Uy bdeed Hodge ») i \U, y oT wT ange a? yah 7 : According, to the assumption, [+O ‘cy got + L,(r9)T-O ot} oven Clestd Nou, ideol component > give, Pin? Pout mm O22 Fin’ ty 4,(OF Oe 2s? Yolo me) 2phte = +(e)’ 2 wer * ROD) Vad? ROD Pye Ufa and Load R, are inthe same configueation ay Buck converler. AN. Vo | PlyGf2 > outoat voltage riggle fn Output ripple voltage in Cy bs calculated when snilth is open: ie ty e Va dive, a J udt = GE OTs tl) = been Gy 2t, when snitch oven) luctuat in inductor ci rent is catewla as lo’ hile” 5x ibeh Fh i i i Jeulated follows, (uhile” sv ey ions 8 kL wa ; ss die we ge Via? Vet Vo 2 (te) 2G 2 ba TF i: WO Soy vet, Loh > dit ir paid 2 ‘i vp din? e 2 4,7 te . Thae gives the Following) Sa ; «, Hein ha Jamin? 47 Ms? _ tiny | Repo D = MeL fig | as por € ea DMs VD Ned VD = FDR a CR LEO Die ow? car” *Y OraR 3 war 20 Plain? 26 Lanny (PR ee 5) EPIC (single Ended Primary Tnductance Convertes) The ouput ox voltage of SEPIC is smaller of larger Phan Gale comes ~ input voltage nithowt ay ealaribyy ctvergal- then the arilch is ON, ab ‘tot cyéle, curcent will pass through L, and giton: When fhe snitch is OFF carcent Flows in Yhe path vio byrg 7h? Vi- op Wal PG7Dioder Lond part-?My «Capacitor Gis Veni chorged vty @. Hin the eb} plate as chown. When the snitch is 07 age'or current will flor in the (LaCsuiter) loop because of copacilor discharge which wil) be an oscillating current Therefore, L, and should be chosen caretully so trab inductor supplies the load When Phe snitch 4 off KVL atound Wehea7h Bits > HV, tM tVqt WF © > -Vjt OF Vet 070 [og 20) aMG2Vs ove BT dosed Deen oven 74 ——>+ by this iB adually an oscillating eurrenb + Sxitch ON (9 0FDT) Diode is Reverse’ Biased: KYL? VL= Ns = vighyt09 ul [Rode-2 | snitch OFF (9 vt) Diode is Formand bieved - ing ig oe. 2 ingle, ue le 4 KVL? “Vt Mat ae WFO + - . 2D Not Mt Voy¥7N0 70 ([ wat%79 2 %.2-%) i - 2 WN tV4 No 70 Eva) 2,75 No . Thus, (uenikn DT + (weve (19) 20 atored oren @ V6DT + (Mo) UD) T =O Now, ideal components give, Pin = Pout IVIg Volo : Dele = Vor > LF VR Vosiations in Inductor cures vith swikh closed or cients wh Swill closed v= Yi = n= Ve Na? Ve “Lpolarity of L: token as in side te of previo ee no) ReVIOUS Pose > Ont To ad DEV EV, = 1 VDT MD v~- AL = ae ce HKOL gives > ity> ip- ig s ‘ a 7 Dine ity Digdio= igt Ai > Lyle Cavg a Moreover, c > saildh on ‘gute? ip i, pithy OW IHL anita OFF Pare Nell Volkage Ripgle Oulpul side of this converter resembles Boost converter. : VoP 2. ANg? AY? D 7 net CA) + Volkege - variation in determined with switch dlosed- ANg? vad | oul [lesefe |u| zit, ae) 1 es (rg K Current in (4% suitch) circuit should nob become negative -Fo ensure This natural Frequency of Phi sailing earvent Hye EST Fasting Fun? a et 2nVL,Cy inductot a Minimum values °F Oo ec Gh Ts) Vs D ND pe war2? DL? (eR ~ oF bs *fly Bock Converter: ie c L¥ | 4 % Lye I P C7 eh Ny ca ob c : Buck-Boos} Converter no D Ki V a T cn REV yo » negative ap vatage Fly boo transtermer “PO I I eed

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