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Performance Analysis of UMTS Cellular Network using Sectorization Based on

Capacity and Coverage

Article  in  International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · July 2011

DOI: 10.14569/IJACSA.2011.020614

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 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 2, No. 6, 2011

Performance Analysis of UMTS Cellular Network

using Sectorization Based on Capacity and Coverage

A.K.M Fazlul Haque, Mir Mohammad Abu Kyum, Md. Fokhray Hossain
Md. Baitul Al Sadi, Mrinal Kar Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Daffodil International University
Engineering.
Daffodil International University

Abstract—Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network performance [3]. S. Sharma, A.G. Spilling and A.R.
is one of the standards in 3rd generation partnership project Nix considered Adaptive Coverage for UMTS Macro cells
(3GPP). Different data rates are offered by UMTS for voice, based on Situation Awareness [4]. Most of the works analyzed
video conference and other services. This paper presents the the performance considering sectors with static parameters but
performance of UMTS cellular network using sectorization for it is needed to analyze the performance along with all dynamic
capacity and coverage. The major contribution is to see the parameters.
impact of sectorization on capacity and cell coverage in 3G
UMTS cellular network. Coverage and capacity are vitally This paper optimizes the performance of both capacity and
important issues in UMTS cellular Network. Capacity depends coverage of UMTS not only considering sectors but also with
on different parameters such as sectorization, energy per bit dynamic parameters as energy per bit noise spectral density
noise spectral density ratio, voice activity, inter-cell interference ratio, voice activity, inter-cell interference, soft handoff factor,
and intra-cell interference, soft handoff gain factor, etc and and data rates.
coverage depends on frequency, chip rate, bit rate, mobile
maximum power, MS Antenna Gain, EIRP, interference Margin, II. BACKGROUND
Noise figure etc. Different parameters that influence the capacity
and coverage of UMTS cellular network are simulated using A. Capacity in WCDMA for UMTS:
MATLAB 2009a. In this paper, the outputs of simulation for As the downlink capacity of UMTS is related to transmit
increasing amount of sectorization showed that the number of power of Node B and uplink capacity is related to numbers of
users gradually increased. The coverage area also gradually users, uplink capacity is considered in this paper.
increased.
If the number of users is Ns then for a single CDMA cell,
Keywords-UMTS; Capacit; Coverage and data rates; sectoring. the number of users will be [5],
I. INTRODUCTION W/R  1
N s  1 (  ) (i)
A cellular cell can be divided into number of geographic Eb / N o S 
areas, called sectors. It may be 3 sectors, 4 sectors, 6 sectors Where, Ns=total number of users, W=chip rate,
etc. When sectorization is done in a cell, interference is
significantly reduced resulting in better performance for R= base band information bit rate, Eb/No=Energy per bit to
cellular network. Capacity in WCDMA standards of UMTS noise power spectral density ratio, η= background thermal
refers to maximum number of users per cell, where the area noise, S=signal power=S1-P (d)-shadow fading, S1=UE power,
covered by RF signal from Node B or UE (User Equipment) is P (d) =Propagation loss.
called coverage area of UMTS. Capacity and coverage are two For WCDMA, the chip rate is 3.84 Mcps [8], and the
dynamic phenomena in UMTS network. Parameters that define channel bandwidth is 5 MHz [8]. It is also necessary to
capacity and coverage of UMTS are dynamic in nature, where consider the affects of multiple cells or intra-cell interference
increasing or decreasing values of these parameters affects (β)[12], cell sectoring(D)[6], soft handover factor(H)[11],
capacity and coverage of UMTS cellular network. One of the Array antenna gain (Ag)[10].Thus the capacity for WCDMA in
parameters is sectorization in UMTS. There are some works on UMTS yields:
sectorization scheme [1-4].
W /R  1
Bo Hagerman, Davide Imbeni and Jozsef Barta considered Ns  1 (  )  D  H  Ag (ii)
WCDMA 6-sector deployment case study of a real installed Eb / N o S (1   )
UMTS-FDD network [1]. Romeo Giuliano, Franco Mazzenga, B. Coverage and data rates in WCDMA for UMTS:
Francesco Vatalaro described Adaptive Cell Sectorization for
UMTS Third Generation CDMA Systems [2]. Achim Wacker, UMTS offered different data rates for multi services. Table
Jaana Laiho-Steffens, Kari Sipila, and Kari Heiska considered 1 shows different standard bit rates offered by UMTS. Higher
the impact of the base station sectorisation on WCDMA radio class of service makes cell radius small resulting in small

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coverage area. If different class of services is classified in terms

of coverage area, it will look like figure 1.

TABLE 1: DIFFERENT CLASSES OF SERVICES

Bit Rate(Kbps) Class

12.2 Class 5

32 Class 4

64 Class 3

144 Class 2

384 Class 1

Figure 1 shows that for service class 1, maximum distance

is observed by UE (User Equipment) from Node B. Similarly
for service class 2 and service class 3, UEs maintain maximum Figure 2: UMTS cell
distance from Node B. From this figure it is clear that different
coverage areas are needed to maintain different data rates. So Now the maximum allowable path loss for Node B,
coverage area needs to increase for better class of services. LP =EIRP-Node b sensitivity + Gp - fast fading margin-----
This paper optimizes the coverage area for particular services (iii)
with sectors.
from radio propagation model, Path loss for dense urban area
Figure 2 shows a UMTS cell where Node B received power [5],
(PR) from User Equipment (UE). The Node B sensitivity is the
power level for minimum signal necessary at the input of the L  46.3  33.9 log( f c )  13.82 log hb  3.2
Node B receiver to meet requirements in terms of Eb/No,
[log(11.75h UE )] 2  4.97  (44.9  6.55
processing gain (Gp) and Node B interference and noise power
given as [8] log hNodeB ) log d  3
Node B sensitivity=Eb/No-Gp+NNode B interference and noise power ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv) a relationship can be expressed
Where Gp=Processing gain for coverage and data rates in dense urban case,
 Chiprate   3.84Mcps 
 10 log   10 log  46.3  33.9 log( f c )  13.82 log hb  3.2
 Bitrate   R 
[log(11.75h UE )] 2  4.97  (44.9  6.55
log h NodeB ) log d  3  EIRP - NodeB sensitivity
 Chip rate 
 10 log  - Fast fading Margin
 R 
where d is the coverage radius and R is the data rates.
After calculating the cell range d, the coverage area can be
calculated. The coverage area for one cell in hexagonal
configuration can be estimated with [9]
Coverage area, S =K.d2
where S is the coverage area, d is the maximum cell range,
and K is a constant. In Table 2, some of the K values are listed.

TABLE 2: K VALUES FOR THE SITE AREA CALCULATION [9]:

Site Omni Two Three Four
configuration or no sectors sectors sectors
sector
Value of K 2.6 1.3 1.95 2.6
Figure 1: Different Classes of Services vs. Maximum Distance

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III. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS 16 4.629 8.2581 11.887 15.516 22.774

The analysis has been done for capacity and coverage with 18 4.4156 7.4516 10.677 13.903 20.355
sectoring cell for dense urban using MATLAB R2009a. The 20 3.9032 6.8065 9.7097 12.613 18.419
simulated values for sectorization are shown in Table 3, Table
4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7. The performances are also
described in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure The interference from other cell is known as inter-cell
7. The algorithms of the evaluation process have also been interference (β). For multi-cell configuration, the number of
introduced in appendix. outer cells can reduce cell capacity in UMTS. Figure 4 shows,
for increasing demand of users the value of β in UMTS needs
Figure 3 shows that Energy per bit to noise spectral density to be small. Figure 4 also represents dynamic inter-cell
ratio (Eb/No) needs to maintain small value for increasing interference with changing of sectors, where number of
number of simultaneous 384 Kbps users. From this figure it is simultaneous 384 Kbps data users increases or decreases. From
observed that for dynamic value of Eb/No with changing the Figure 4 it has been observed that for increasing value of β, it is
sectors, the number of simultaneous 384 Kbps data users needed to increase sectors.
increased or decreased. For example, if Eb/No value is 4 db,
then for 6 sectors, the number of simultaneous users will be 88
but for 3 sectors, the number of simultaneous users will be 45.
Thus the dynamic values of Eb/No can be the increasing or
decreasing factors in UMTS and sectorization scheme can be
effective in this case.

Figure 4: Number of simultaneous 384 Kbps users vs.inter-cell interference in

sectors cell

The overlapped cell can lead an extra power thus

introducing soft handover factor (H) in a UMTS cell. The value
of H in UMTS can be a factor to increase the number of users.
Figure 3: Number of simultaneous 384 Kbps users vs. Eb/No in sectors cell
Figure 5 shows that for increasing H and changing value of
sectorization the number of simultaneous 384 Kbps data users
TABLE 3: SIMULATED VALUES FOR NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS
384 KBPS USERS VS. EB/NO IN SECTORS CELL increases.
For example, if H value is 2.5 db, then for 2 sectors the
Energy per Users Users Users Users Users number of simultaneous users will be 195 but for 4 sectors the
bit to Noise without with 2 with 3 with 4 with 6 number of simultaneous users will be 388.
spectral sector sectors sectors sectors sectors Figure 6 shows that the number of voice users depends on
density the value voice activity factors (α).This is true only for 12.2
ratio(Eb/No) Kbps voice users, not for data users, as for data services it will
always be 1.
1 59.065 117.13 175.19 233.26 349.39
4 15.516 30.032 44.548 59.065 88.097 Figure 3 also shows that, for increasing amount voice users
the value of α in UMTS needs to as small as possible. Varying
8 8.2581 15.516 22.774 30.032 44.548 α and changing the sectors the number of simultaneous voice
10 6.8065 12.613 18.419 24.226 35.839 users from figure 6 is observed.
14 5.1475 9.2949 13.442 17.59 25.885

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TABLE 4: SIMULATED VALUES FOR NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS

USERS VS. INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE IN SECTORS CELL
Inter- Users Users Users Users Users
cell without with with with with
interfer sector 2 3 4 6 sectors
ence sectors sectors sectors
0.1 135.33 419.6 730.73 1201 5401

0.5 27.866 84.721 146.95 241 1081

1 14.433 42.86 73.973 121 541

1.5 9.9552 28.907 49.649 81 361

1.7 8.9017 25.624 43.925 71.588 53.941

2.0 7.7164 21.93 37.486 61 271

TABLE 5: SIMULATED VALUES FOR NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS Figure 6: Number of simultaneous voice users vs. voice activity factor in
USERS VS. SOFT HANDOVER FACTOR IN SECTORS CELL sectors cell.
Soft Users Users Users Users Users
TABLE 6: SIMULATED VALUES FOR NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS
Hand without with with with with
USERS VS. VOICE ACTIVITY FACTOR IN SECTORS CELL
-over sector 2 sectors 3 sectors 4 sectors 6 sectors
Voice Users Users Users Users Users
Factor
activity without with with with with
0.1 4.871 8.7419 12.613 16.484 24.226
factor sector 2 sectors 3 sectors 4 sectors 6 sectors
0.4 16.484 31.968 47.452 62.935 93.903
0.2 228.31 455.63 682.94 910.26 1364.9
1 39.71 78.419 117.13 155.84 233.26
0.4 114.66 228.31 341.97 455.63 682.94
1.5 59.065 117.13 175.19 233.26 349.39
2.5 97.774 194.55 291.32 388.1 581.65 0.6 76.771 152.54 228.31 304.09 455.63

3 117.13 233.26 349.39 465.52 697.77 0.8 57.828 114.66 171.49 228.31 341.97

1 46.463 91.926 137.39 182.85 273.78

Figure 5: Number of simultaneous 384 Kbps users vs. soft handover factor in
sectors cell

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TABLE 7: SIMULATED VALUES FOR COVERAGE VS. DATA RATES Finally, consider for coverage vs. data rates in dense urban
IN DENSE URBAN USING COST 231 MODEL IN SECTORS CELL area, where operating frequency is considered 2000 MHz with
Data Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell COST 231 Model as a radio propagation model. In Figure 7 the
rate range Area Area Area Area x axis represents data rate in Kbps and y axis represents
(Kbps) in without with 2 with 3 with 4 coverage area in meter2 with cell radius in meter. Parameters
(meter) sector sectors sectors sectors that are related to coverage setting first, then for increasing data
(meter2) (meter2) (meter2) (meter2)
rates in x axis, the coverage area is observed in y axis. From
200 773.67 598.57 778.14 1167.2 1556.3
figure 1, it is known that for higher data rates, the coverage will
be smaller. It is true only when cell area is considered without
400 635.43 403.77 524.9 78.7.34 1049.8 sectors. This phenomenon is revealed by figure 7. Figure 7 also
shows, for higher data rates comprehensive coverage area is
600 566.31 320.71 416.92 625.38 833.84 found with increasing sectors.
IV. CONCLUSION
800 521.88 272.36 354.07 531.1 708.14
In this paper, the performance analyses in coverage and
capacity of UMTS cellular network using sectorization have
1000 489.83 239.94 311.92 467.88 623.84
been simulated and evaluated for dynamic parameters. The
number of simultaneous users increases or decreases for
1200 465.12 216.33 281.23 421.85 562.47 increasing or decreasing sectors with dynamic parameters.
Coverage has been estimated for dense urban using COST 231
1400 445.19 198.2 257.66 386.49 515.31 model where higher data rates need higher processing gain
resulting in smaller coverage area. But increasing sectors with
same parameters makes extensive coverage for higher data
1600 428.63 183.72 238.84 358.26 477.67
rates.

1800 414.53 171.83 223.38 335.07 446.76 REFERENCES

[1] Bo Hagerman, Davide Imbeni and Jozsef Barta “WCDMA 6 - sector
2000 402.31 161.85 210.41 315.61 420.81 Deployment-Case Study of a Real Installed UMTS-FDD Network”
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, spring 2006, page(s): 703 -
707.
[2] S. Sharma, A.G. Spilling and A.R. Nix “Adaptive Coverage for UMTS
Macro cellsbased on Situation Awareness”. IEEE Vehicular Technology
Conference, spring 2001, page(s):2786 - 2790
[3] A. Wacker, J. Laiho-Steffens, K. Sipila, K. Heiska, "The impact of
the base station sectorisation on WCDMA radio network performance",
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference ,September 1999,page(s): 2611
- 2615 vol.5.
[4] Romeo Giuliano, Franco Mazzenga, Francesco Vatalaro, “Adaptive cell
sectorization for UMTS third generation CDMA systems” IEEE
Vehicular Technology Conference, May 2001, page(s): 219 - 223 vol.1.
[5] T.S.Rappaport, “Wireless Communications Principles and
Practice”-Second Edition, Prentice Hall.
[6] Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications - Fundamentals and
Applications”- Second Edition Prentice Hall.
[7] INGO FO, MARC SCHINNENBURG, BIANCA WOUTERS “PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF SOFT HANDOVER IN A REALISTIC UMTS NETWORK”
IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, SPRING 2003, PAGE(S):
1979 - 1983 VOL.3.
[8] HARRI HOLMA AND ANTTI TOSKALA, “WCDMA FOR UMTS-RADIO
ACCESS THIRD GENERATION MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS”- JOHN WILEY
& SONS.
[9] Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomas Novosad, “Radio Network Planning
and Optimisation for UMTS”-Second Edition John Wiley & Sons.
[10] A. Skopljak, “Multiantenna CDMA systems and their usage in 3G
network”, University of Sarajevo, 2007.
[11] Faruque, Saleh, “Cellular Mobile System Engineering”, Artech
House Publishers, 1996.
[12] Jhong Sam Lee, Leonard E. Miller, “CDMA Systems Engineering
Handbook”-Artech House Publishers.
Figure 7: Coverage vs. bit rates for dense urban using COST 231 model in
sectors cell

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Appendix

Algorithm for Capacity Analysis Using Sectorization:

Begin
Set energy per bit to noise spectral density ratio (Eb/No) = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 20]
Set soft handover gain (H) factor = [0.1 1 1.5 2 3]
Set inter-cell interference (β) = [.1 1.2 1.55 2]
Set channel activity for data (α) = [1]
Set channel activity for voice (α) = [0.1 .3 .38 0.7 0.9]
Set thermal noise (η) in (20 Kelvin) dbm/Hz= [-173.93]
Set user signal power (S1) in dbm= [21]
Set shadow fading (sh_fd) in db = [8]
Set cell range in Km (Rcell) = [2]
Set chip rate (W) = [3840000]
Set base band information rate in Kbps (R) = [12.2 64 144 384 2000]
Set base antenna height in meter (hb) = [20]
Set user antenna height in meter (hUE) = [2]
Set sector (D) = [1 2 3 4 6]
Set frequency range in MHz (fc) = [2000]
Set data rate in Kbps (R) = [12.2 64 144 384 2000]
Set array antenna gain (Ag) in db= [1 2 3.5 5]
//Processing
Processing gain (PG) = 10log (W/R)
Propagation loss in dense urban (Pro_loss) =
46.3  33.9 log( f c )  13.82 log hb  3.2[log(11.75UE )] 2  4.97  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  3
Signal Power (S) = S1-Pro_loss-sh_hd
//Output
W /R  1
Number of Users N s  1  (  )  D  H  Ag
Eb / N o S (1   )
End

Algorithm for Coverage and Data rates Analysis Using Sectorization:

Begin
Set Transmitter=User Equipment
Set Receiver=Node B
Set mobile max power in dbm (mo_mx) = [21]
Set mobile gain in db (M_G) = [0]
Set cable and connector losses in db (ca_cn_loss) = [3]
Set thermal noise in dbm/Hz (η) = [-173.93]
Set node B noise figure in db (nodeB_NF) = [5]
Set target load (tar_ld) = [.4]
Set chip rate (W) = [3840000]
Set base antenna height in meter (hb) = [20]
Set user antenna height in meter (hUE) = [2]
Set energy per bit to noise spectral density ratio (Eb/No) = [5]
Set Power Control Margin or Fading Margin (MPC) = [4]
Set Value for sectors (Sec) = [1 2 3 4]
Set constant value for sectors (K) = [2.6 1.6 1.95 2.6]
Set data rate in Kbps (R) = [100 200 300 400 500 600 2000]
//Processing
Chip rate in (W) = [3840000]
Processing gain (PG) = (W/R)
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) = mo_mx-ca_cn_loss+M_G
Node B noise density (nodeB_ND) = η+ nodeB_NF
Node B noise power (nodeB_NPW) = nodeB_ND +W_db
Interference margin (IM) =-10log (1-tar_ld)

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
Node B Interference Power (nodeB_IP) = 10 log 10 (noisepower InterfrenceM arg in) / 10  10 Noisepower/ 10 
Node B Noise and interference (nodeB_NIFPW) = 10 log 10   10
( noisepower) / 10 ( Interfrencepower) / 10

Node B antenna gain (NodeB_AG) in db = [18]
Receiver Sensitivity (Srx) = Eb/No-PG+ nodeB_NIFPW
Total Allowable Path loss=EIRP-Srx+ nodeB_AG-MPC=EIRP-(Eb/No-PG+ nodeB_NIFPW) +
NodeB_AG-MPC
Path loss in dense urban (Durban_Ploss) =
46.3  33.9 log( f c )  13.82 log hb  3.2[log(11.75UE )] 2  4.97  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  3
 142.17  36.37logd
//Output
Cell radius (d) = 10^ ((1/36.37)* (EIRP-(Eb/No-PG+ nodeB_NIFPW) + nodeB_AG-MPC-142.17))
Cell Area (A) = K*d2
End

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