PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Vibrations Laboratory (620415)

Experiment Name: Forced Vibrations

Experiment #: (5)

Date of the Lab Report: 13/12/2022

Submitted by:

Students name ID number

1- Mostafa Saeed Saad Barghoth 201810526

2- Abd-alhakeem Al-shamaly 201910021

Submitted to :
Eng. Lina AlKhateeb
 1. Abstract
This laboratory demonstrates the behavior of a sinusoidal forced, single degree-of freedom system
by using many methods, firstly by calculating it analytically. then by using time measurement method
where the beam act as free vibration by give it initial excitation and record the time and the frequency,
after that drum speed method was applied which is also free vibration method, by plot the oscillation
of the beam after give it initial condition by pencil and drum in time domain. At the end resonance
observation method was applied by using steady excitation which is unbalance rotation disc in our
experiment and plot the amplitude time graph by using drum and pencil as before.

2. Introduction
Vibrations of a body under the constant influence of an external periodic force acting on it are called the
forced vibrations. The external applied force is called the driving force. Amplitude of body oscillating
under forced oscillations can be decreasing, constant or increasing depending on various factors like
difference in amount of driving force and resistive force, difference in frequency of driving force and
actual vibrations and difference in phase of driving force and actual vibrations.

Free vibrations Forced vibrations

Vibrations of body in absence of any external force. Vibrations of body in presence of external
driving force.

Frequency of vibrations depends on the source of vibrations. Frequency of vibrations depends on the source of vibrations
and the frequency of the driving force.

Frequency of vibrations remains constant. Frequency of vibrations can be changed by changing

frequency of driving force.

Amplitude of vibration is constant. Amplitude of vibration can be decreasing, increasing or

constant.

Objects, mechanical systems and charged particles tend to vibrate at a specific frequency. We call
this frequency the resonant frequency or the natural frequency. When a light or a sound wave strikes an
object that is already vibrating at some particular frequency, and if that frequency happens to match the
resonant frequency of the object it’s hitting; then you’ll get what’s called resonance. Resonance occurs
when the matching vibrations of another object increase the amplitude of an object’s oscillations.
Resonance in physics is defined as follows:

A phenomenon in which an external force or a vibrating system forces another system around it to
vibrate with greater amplitude at a specified frequency of operation.

Magnification Factor MF is the ratio between the dynamic amplitude of oscillation and the static
amplitude of the same mode of displacement (degree of freedom).

Useful equations:

ω n=
Kb2
I √
(
I = Ma 2 + M b
L2
3 )
Gd4
K=
8 ND 3

2π
ω n=
τ

C
τ=
V
where:-
C is the distance travelled per cycle.
V is the circumferential velocity of the drum.

meaLω 2
Y =LΘ=
Kb 2 −I A ω 2

meaL ω2
Y Static =
Kb 2

Y Dynamic
MF=
Y Static
ω
r=
ωn

1
MF=
1−r 2
3. Materials and Equipment
a- Cantilever beam attached to spring with known dimensions.
b- Disc with unbalance weight connected to electrical motor.
c- Drum (also connected to electric source).
 d- White roll to draw the chart on it.
e- Pencil.
f- Stopwatch.

4. Procedure
1- Firstly, the system shown above used as single degree of freedom system and given initial
vertical displacement and released to oscillate freely, the time for ten oscillations receded.
2- calibrate the drum in slight touch with the pencil at the end of the beam, and the roll of the
paper must be attached to the drum, then small pulse given to the beam.
3- the motor of the drum turned on for ten seconds to plot the chart.
4- To apply the last method the drum firstly separated from the pencil and the motor of the
unbalance disc switched on at low speed.
5- The speed of the motor controlled to get increased slowly until the point of largest amplitude
noticed which resonance assumed to take place, the speed of the motor recorded at that point.
6- The paper roll attached again to the drum and the pencil celebrated as before, then the motor
activated at desired speed which gives appreciable amplitude, that speed then was recorded.
7- The drum rotated again in order to take the response curve which used in calculations.

5. Collected Data
Beam

parameter value parameter value

L(m) 0.71 b(m) 0.62

W(m) 0.025 t(m) 0.012

Motor

parameter value parameter value

a(m) 0.3 r(m) 0.075

e(m) 0.06 td(m) 0.006

 spring

parameter value parameter value

D(m) 0.037 d(m) 0.003

N(turns) 18

Time measurement

parameter value

T(second) 2.96sec

Number of oscillations 10

Drum speed

C(m) 0.004

D(m) 0.165

T(sec) 9.5

V(m/s) 0.017

Resonance observation
N(rbm) 1389

N r (rbm) 365

6. Calculations

By using time E.O.M method:

4 9 4
Gd 79.3∗10 ∗0.003
k= 3 =
=877.29N/m
8N D 8∗18∗0.0373

𝑀𝑏=7850 ∗ 0.025 ∗ 0.012 ∗ 0.71=1.67 Kg

(
I = Ma 2 + M b
L2
3 )
¿ 4.55 × 0.3 2
+ 1.67 ×
0.712
3
=0.69 kg . m2
 ω n=
Kb2
√ √
I ¿
877.29 × 0.622
=22.107 rad /sec
0.69

By using time measurement method:

T 2.96
τ= = =0.296 sec
No of cycle 10

2π
ω n= 2π
τ ¿ 0.296 =21.23 rad /sec

∈ %= |Theo−exp
Theo |×100 %=|
22.107−21.23
22.107 |× 100 %=3.96 %
By using drum speed method:

D 0.165
v= = =0.017 m/ sec
t 9.5

C
τ= 0.004
V ¿ 0.017 =0.23 sec

2π
ω n= 2π
τ ¿ 0.23 =27.28 rad /sec

∈ %= |Theo−exp
Theo |
×100 %=|
22.107−27.28
22.107 |× 100 %=23.4 %
By using Resonance observation condition:

2 π × N r 2 π × 365
ω=ω n= = =38.2rad / sec
60 60

∈ %= |Theo−exp
Theo |×100 %=|
22.107 |
22.107−38.2
×100 %=72.8 %

2 π × N 2 π ×1389
ω= = =145.45 rad / sec
60 60
 ω
r= 145.45
ωn ¿ =3.81
38.2

1
MF= 1
1−r 2 ¿ 2
=¿
- 0.074
1−3.8

2 2
m=π r × t d × ρ=π × 0.075 × 0.006× 7850=0.832kg

meaL ω2 0.832× 0.3 ×0.06 × 0.71×145.452

Ydynamic = = =−0.01577 m
k b2−I ω2 877.29× 0.622−0.69 ×145.452

2
meaL ω 2
Y Static = 2
0.832× 0.3 ×0.06 × 0.71×145.45
=0.667 m
Kb = 877.29 ×0.622

Y Dynamic
MF= K b2 877.29× 0.622
Y Static ¿ = =−0.024
K b 2−I ω 2 877.29 × 0.622−0.69 ×145.452

∈ %= |Theo−exp
Theo |×100 %=|
−0.074 +0.024
−0.074 |×100 %=67.6 %
7. Results
Data processing analysis
Parameter Value
Mb (kg) 1.67
I (kg.m2) 0.69
K (N/m) 877.29

Results of the natural frequency by the various methods

Method Natural Frequency n Percent Error
(rad/sec) ()
Analytical (E.O.M) 22.107 0
Time Measurements 21.23 3.96
Drum Speed 27.28 23.4
Resonance Observation 38.2 72.8

Magnification Factor MF results

Methode-1  (rad/sec) r (/n) MF Percent Error
 145.45 3.8 -0.074 ()
Methode-2 Ydynamic (mm) Ystatic (mm) MF 67.6
-15.77 667 -0.024

8. Discussion and Analysis

1. Oscillation is defined as the process of repeating variations of any quantity or measure about
its equilibrium value in time.
2. Oscillatory motion is defined as the to and fro motion of an object from its mean position.
3. The amplitude of oscillation of a body performing oscillation is the maximum distance traveled
from its mean position.
4. It is the distance between the crest or trough and the mean position of the wave.
5. If the amplitude of a sound wave is large, then the loudness of the sound will be more.
6. If the amplitude is small, then the sound will be feeble.
7. The amplitude of oscillation is noted with 'A'
8. The SI unit of amplitude is meter

In the derivation of the equation of motion we neglect the effect of the gravitational force
because the beam is suspended to the spring in the equilibrium condition so the wight od the
beam will cancel out with the potential force of the spring in the static condition (𝑚𝑔 = 𝑘𝛿).

About the source of errors, I think that the main reason in time measurement method is the
human error (stopwatch calibration), also in the resonance observation method I don’t think
that we actually reach the resonance or near of it so the assumption is not accurate

The ratio of the amplitude of forced vibration to the deflection of the system at static
condition is known as Magnification Factor. The relation of magnification factor in term
of frequency ratio is given as Magnification Factor, z is damping constant and r is
frequency ratio. In the graph of magnification factor for a case of harmonic response
 damped system, the frequency of external force when near the resonance frequency (r=1) the
amplitude of vibration of a system becomes larger as compared to the amplitude of external
force and its ratio gives us the magnification factor and in the present case (Damped
system) amplitude is larger but not infinite but in case of undamped system it
(Magnification Factor) becomes infinite at resonance condition (r=1)

9. Conclusions
Its found that after applying this experiment that there is a lot of method which can be used to
investigate the natural frequency of the body, and how the live data that we draw it by very simple
equipment can be very beneficial to calculate the natural frequency.
Also the concept of the magnification factor was obviated, also two method was applied to investigate
it and the error between the analytical and experimental result was calculated as demonstrated above

10. References
lab manual
internet