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Israel Kleiner - A History of Gebra-Birkhauser Boston (2007) 8

This document contains biographies of five influential mathematicians: Arthur Cayley, Richard Dedekind, Evariste Galois, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and William Rowan Hamilton. It discusses their major mathematical contributions and discoveries. For each mathematician, it outlines their work in areas like algebra, number theory, geometry, and foundations of mathematics. It also provides brief personal details and context for some of the mathematicians' lives and careers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views1 page

Israel Kleiner - A History of Gebra-Birkhauser Boston (2007) 8

This document contains biographies of five influential mathematicians: Arthur Cayley, Richard Dedekind, Evariste Galois, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and William Rowan Hamilton. It discusses their major mathematical contributions and discoveries. For each mathematician, it outlines their work in areas like algebra, number theory, geometry, and foundations of mathematics. It also provides brief personal details and context for some of the mathematicians' lives and careers.

Uploaded by

Biblio Phile
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Contents ix

7 A Course in Abstract Algebra Inspired by History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103


Problem I: Why is (−1)(−1) = 1? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Problem II: What are the integer solutions of x2 + 2 = y 3 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Problem III: Can we trisect a 60◦ angle using only straightedge and
compass? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Problem IV: Can we solve x 5 − 6x + 3 = 0 by radicals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Problem V: “Papa, can you multiply triples?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
General remarks on the course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

8 Biographies of Selected Mathematicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113


8.1 Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.1.1 Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.1.2 Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
8.1.3 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.1.4 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.1.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.2 Richard Dedekind (1831–1916) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.2.1 Algebraic Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.2.2 Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.2.3 Natural Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.2.4 Other Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3 Evariste Galois (1811–1832) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.3.1 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.3.2 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.3.3 The duel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.3.4 Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.4 Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.4.1 Number theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.4.2 Differential Geometry, Probability, and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.4.3 The diary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.5 William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.5.1 Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.5.2 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.5.3 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.5.4 Foundations of Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.5.5 Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

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