(a) A student carried out the following investigation using a plant with variegated leaves.
A
1 variegated leaf has green and white stripes.
The student:
• left the plant in the dark for 3 days to remove the starch
• fixed two pieces of card to a leaf on the plant
• left the plant in the light for 2 days
• removed the leaf from the plant
• tested the leaf for starch.
Figure 1 shows how the two pieces of card were attached to the leaf.
Figure 1
Leaf without card Leaf with card
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Figure 2 shows the same leaf after 2 days in the light.
The leaf has been tested for starch.
Figure 2
Give two conclusions from this investigation.
Tick ( ) two boxes.
Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.
Light is needed for photosynthesis.
Water is needed for photosynthesis.
(2)
(b) Scientists investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
Figure 3 shows the scientists’ results.
Figure 3
Light intensity in arbitrary units
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Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
You should include numbers from Figure 3 in your description.
(3)
(c) At a light intensity of 250 arbitrary units, light is not a limiting factor of photosynthesis.
(i) What is the evidence for this in Figure 3?
(1)
(ii) Give two factors that could be limiting the rate of photosynthesis at a light intensity of
250 arbitrary units.
1.
2.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
2
The diagram shows the apparatus the student used.
This is the method used.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.
2. Place the lamp 10 cm from the pondweed.
3. Turn the lamp on and count the number of bubbles produced in one minute.
4. Repeat with the lamp at different distances from the pondweed.
(a) Complete the hypothesis for the student’s investigation.
‘As light intensity increases,
.’
(1)
(b) What was the independent variable in this investigation?
Tick one box.
Light intensity
Number of bubbles produced
Temperature
Time
(1)
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(c) The teacher suggests putting the boiling tube into a beaker of water during the
investigation.
Suggest why this would make the results more valid.
(1)
Table 1 shows the student’s results.
Table 1
Distance of lamp from Number of bubbles produced per minute
pondweed in cm
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
10 67 66 69 67
20 61 64 62 62.3
30 53 51 52 X
40 30 32 31 31
50 13 15 15 14
(d) Calculate value X in Table 1.
X= bubbles per minute
(1)
(e) State one error the student has made when completing the results at 20 cm.
(1)
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(f) What evidence in Table 1 shows that the data is repeatable?
Tick one box.
The number of bubbles decreases as distance decreases.
The numbers of bubbles at each distance are similar.
The student calculated a mean for each distance.
The student did the experiment three times.
(1)
Another student investigated the effect of the colour of light on the rate of photosynthesis.
The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Rate of photosynthesis in
Colour of light arbitrary units
Blue 24
Green 4
Red 17
Yellow 8
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(g) Plot the data from Table 2 on the graph.
You should label the x-axis.
(3)
(h) Give two conclusions from the graph above.
1.
2.
(2)
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(i) The glucose produced in photosynthesis can be converted into amino acids to make new
proteins for the plant.
Complete the sentences.
The glucose produced in photosynthesis can also be used in other ways.
Glucose can be used in respiration to release .
Glucose can be converted to cellulose to strengthen the .
Glucose can be stored as .
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
(a) Complete the equation for photosynthesis.
3
light
energy
Carbon dioxide + + oxygen
(2)
(b) A farmer grew tomato plants in a greenhouse.
The graph shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in the tomato
plants growing in the greenhouse.
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(i) At which light intensity was light a limiting factor for photosynthesis?
Tick ( ) one box.
1 arbitrary unit
4 arbitrary units
10 arbitrary units
(1)
(ii) What was the highest rate of photosynthesis?
arbitrary units
(1)
(iii) The farmer wants to increase the rate of photosynthesis in his tomato plants.
Apart from light intensity, name one factor that the farmer could change to increase
the rate of photosynthesis in his tomato plants.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
4
energy
carbon dioxide + water glucose +
(1)
(b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
light.
(i) The energy needed for photosynthesis comes from osmosis.
respiration.
(1)
chloride.
(ii) Energy is absorbed by a green pigment called chloroplast.
chlorophyll.
(1)
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decrease.
(iii) If the temperature is decreased the rate of photosynthesis will increase.
stay the same.
(1)
(c) Give three ways in which plants use the glucose made in photosynthesis.
1.
2.
3.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
(a) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
5
Use words from the box.
chlorophyll minerals oxygen water
carbon dioxide + → glucose +
(2)
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(b) Plants may grow faster if they have more carbon dioxide.
Indigestion tablets dissolve in water to form a solution.
This solution slowly gives off carbon dioxide.
A student set up an investigation to see what concentration of carbon dioxide is best for
increasing the growth of geranium plants.
The student:
• put a geranium plant in a clear plastic bag
• put a dish containing water and one tablet in the bag
• sealed the top of the bag.
The student:
• set up 5 more experiments each with water and a different number of tablets
• left all the plants in a well-lit place for four weeks.
The student used a clear plastic bag, not a black plastic bag.
Explain why.
(2)
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(c) After four weeks, the student counted the number of new leaves on each plant.
The graph shows his results.
Describe the effect of increasing the number of tablets dissolved in water on the number of
new leaves that grew in four weeks.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Anaerobic respiration happens in muscle cells and yeast cells.
6
The equation describes anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.
glucose lactic acid
(a) How can you tell from the equation that this process is anaerobic?
(1)
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(b) Exercise cannot be sustained when anaerobic respiration takes place in muscle cells.
Explain why.
(2)
(c) The diagram below shows an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast
cells.
What gas will bubble into Tube B?
Tick one box.
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water vapour
(1)
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(d) Describe how you could use tube B to measure the rate of the reaction in tube A.
(2)
(e) Anaerobic respiration in yeast is also called fermentation.
Fermentation produces ethanol.
Give one use of fermentation in the food industry.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide to make glucose.
7
(a) (i) Complete the equation for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide + glucose +
(2)
(ii) What type of energy does a plant use in photosynthesis?
(1)
(iii) Which part of a plant cell absorbs the energy needed for photosynthesis?
(1)
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(b) The graph shows the effect of the concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of
photosynthesis in tomato plants at 20 °C.
(i) What is the maximum rate of photosynthesis of the tomato plants shown in the
graph?
arbitrary units
(1)
(ii) At point X, carbon dioxide is not a limiting factor of photosynthesis.
Suggest one factor that is limiting the rate of photosynthesis at point X.
(1)
(c) A farmer plans to grow tomatoes in a large greenhouse.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 0.04%.
The farmer adds carbon dioxide to the greenhouse so that its concentration is 0.08%.
(i) Why does the farmer use 0.08% carbon dioxide?
Tick ( ) one box.
To increase the rate of growth of the tomato plants
To increase the rate of respiration of the tomato
plants
To increase water uptake by the tomato plants
(1)
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(ii) Why does the farmer not use a concentration of carbon dioxide higher than 0.08%?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
Because it would cost more money than using 0.08%
Because it would decrease the temperature of the greenhouse
Because it would not increase the rate of photosynthesis of the
tomato plants any further
Because it would increase water loss from the tomato plants
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Mark schemes
(a) chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis
1 1
light is needed for photosynthesis
1
(b) increases
1
levels off / reaches a maximum / remains constant / stays the same / plateaus
do not allow stops / stationary / peaks
allow stops increasing
1
goes up to / reaches a maximum / levels off at (a rate of) 200 (arbitrary units)
or
levels off at 225 – 240 (light units)
ignore references to other numerical values
1
(c) (i) higher light intensity does not increase rate of photosynthesis
accept the graph stays level (above this value)
allow stops increasing
allow the rate of photosynthesis stays the same (above this value)
1
(ii) any two from:
• carbon dioxide (concentration)
• temperature / heat
• (amount of) chlorophyll / chloroplasts
allow water
allow ions / nutrients
ignore ref to surface area of the leaf
2
[8]
(a) rate of photosynthesis increases
2 or
number of bubbles produced (in one minute) increases
or
volume of gas / oxygen produced (in one minute) increases
allow decreases / stays the same throughout
1
(b) light intensity
1
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(c) reduces the effect of heat from the lamp
or
prevents temperature affecting photosynthesis
1
(d) 52
1
(e) should be 62
or
is to 3 s.f. / not rounded
allow inconsistent number of significant figures / decimal places
1
(f) the numbers of bubbles at each distance are similar
1
(g) x-axis correctly labelled (colour of light) and bars identified as correct colour
bars can be identified by labels beneath the x-axis or with a key
1
bars plotted correctly
all 4 correct = 2 marks 3 correct = 1 mark
if wrong type of graph drawn, max 2 marks
2
(h) blue light gives highest (rate of) photosynthesis
allow ecf from candidate’s graph allow blue light is best
1
green light gives the lowest (rate of) photosynthesis
allow green light is worst
1
(i) energy
in this order only
1
cell wall(s)
allow cell
do not accept (cell) membrane
1
starch / fat / oil / lipid
1
[14]
(a) (LHS) water / H2O
3
allow H2O
do not accept H2O
1
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(RHS) glucose / sugar / C6H12O6
allow starch / carbohydrate
allow C6H12O6
do not accept C6H12O6
1
(b) (i) 1 arbitrary unit
extra box ticked – cancel
1
(ii) 210
1
(iii) carbon dioxide / CO2 / CO2
or
temperature / heat / warmth
do not accept CO2
ignore mineral ions
ignore water
1
[5]
(a) oxygen
4
allow O2 / O2
do not accept O2 or O
1
(b) (i) light
1
(ii) chlorophyll
1
(iii) decrease
1
(c) any three from:
• for respiration / energy
do not accept use energy for photosynthesis
• to make cellulose / starch
accept named carbohydrate other than glucose
• to make lipid / fat / oil
accept fatty acid / glycerol
• to make protein
accept named protein / amino acid / named amino acid
• to build big molecules from small molecules / metabolism
if no other marks awarded for making molecules allow 1 mark for
growth / repair / new cells
3
[7]
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(a) water
5 1
oxygen
in this order only
accept correct chemical symbols
allow H2O / OH2
1
(b) allow light (in / through) / need light
do not accept attracts light
ignore heat / moisture / carbon dioxide
ignore so the plants can be seen
accept the converse, ie the black plastic bag would not let light in
(1)
1
for photosynthesis / make sugar / glucose
so there would be no photosynthesis (1)
do not allow make food unqualified
1
(c) Increase (in leaves / new leaves)
ignore growth unqualified
1
(then) level off or number of (new) leaves (then) stays the same
1
numerical statement eg max at 3 tablets / 5 (new) leaves
should refer to one of the first two marking points
for every extra tablet get 1 extra leaf = 2 marks
for every extra tablet get 1 extra leaf then it levels off = 3 marks
1
[7]
(a) no oxygen (is used)
6 1
(b) muscles become fatigued / stop contracting
1
because not enough energy is transferred
1
(c) carbon dioxide
1
(d) count the bubbles
or
measure volume of gas
1
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in a given time
1
(e) brewing / bread making
allow other suitable use of fermentation in food industry
1
[7]
(a) (i) LHS = water
7
accept H2O
do not accept H2O / H2O
1
RHS = oxygen
accept O2
do not accept O / O2 / O2
1
(ii) light / sunlight
ignore solar / sun / sunshine
do not allow thermal / heat
1
(iii) chloroplasts
allow chlorophyll
1
(b) (i) 20
1
(ii) any one from:
• light (intensity)
• temperature.
1
(c) (i) To increase the rate of growth of the tomato plants
1
(ii) Because it would cost more money than using 0.08%
1
Because it would not increase the rate of photosynthesis of the tomato plants
any further
1
[9]
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