armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI

2013 ckESpf? yckuúL OD;tHk;azwnfaxmifaom

yckuúLpmayqk
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anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd if)

wnf;jzwfol - a':cif0gaqG (0g0g-tif;pde)f

pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD - H. Lwin

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfol YvufpGJpmpOf

 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
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rmwd u m
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 rmwd u m
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wnfaxmifcJhNyD; anmif&rf;rif;\ tEG,ftqufrsm; pdk;pHcJh
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1752)xd ESpfaygif; (150) ausmfrQ &SnfMumcJhonf/
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xduk mvonf jrefrmEdik if jH refrmvlrsK;d wdt
Yk wGuf tvGet
f a&;
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
ygcJhonf/ bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD; (at'D 1551-1581) a&S;jrefrmBu;D rsm;\ tarGuqkd ufcu
H m aemufrsK;d qufrsm;
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eE´bk&if (at'D 1581-1599) vufxufwGif rxdef;Edkif anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rIukd rsuaf rSmufacwf jrefrmwpfrsK;d
rodr;f Edik b f J ysupf ;D wdr;f ,dr;f cJ&h onf/ xdt k csed f anmif&rf;NrKd Uudk om;vHk;odoifh? avhvmoifhonf[k,lqNyD; wwfpGrf;orQ
pm;&aom bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D om;awmfi,f anmif&rf; xkwfEkwfpkaqmif;um jyKpka&;om;xm;ygonf/
rif;om; rif;&JeE´rdwfu anmif&rf;NrdKUwGif tcdkiftrmjyK
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ygvSonf/
armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI

anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;
anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrsm;udk rwifjyrD a&S;OD;pGm
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f pd;k pHcMhJ uaom rif;qufrsm;udk azmfjyvdak y
onf/
anmif&rf;acwfwGif rif;(10)quf pdk;pHcJhonf/ xdkrif;
rsm;\ trsm;odtrnf? bGUJ trnfEiS hf tjcm;xif&mS ;aom trnf?
eef;pHESpfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
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tjcm;trnf
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(r[mjrwfrked 1606)
bk&m;'g,um)
2/ taemufbufvGefrif; r[m"r®&mZm at'D(1606-
1628)

1
2 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 3
3/ omvGefrif; oD&dok"r®&mZm at'D(1629- 8/ paerif; oD&dr[mok"r®&mZm at'D(1698-
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y0&m"dywd 1661) &mZm"dywd 1733
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avmum"dywd 1672) 10/[Hom0wD r[m"r®&mZm"dywd at'D(1733-
6/ e&m0&rif; r[moD[ol& at'D(1672- a&mufrif; (avmuo&zl'g,um) 1752)
"r®&mZm 1673) ESpfaygif; 152 ESpftwGif; pdk;pHcJhaomrif; (10)yg;
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"r®&mZm 1698) jynfh&Sif? bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm (at'D 1551-
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ol&ok"r®&mZm (at'D 1600-1606)rSm bk&ifah emifausmx f ifaemf&xm (at'D
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d }f } [laom
4 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 5
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udk tcsed rf x D ed ;f odr;f &ef BuKd ;yrf;cJo h rl mS anmif&rf;rif; (at'D 1608 ckEpS ?f Zlvik d v f ? 12 &ufwiG f taemufbufveG rf if;onf
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6 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 7
aygif;í wdkufcdkufum rif;ESifhwuG vlolwkdYudkzrf;,loGm;NyD; xm;0,f? ajrmufbufwiG f Aef;armf? ta&SUbufwiG f usKid ;f ½k;H Bu;D
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f nfh
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udak &m iZifumudyk g &onf/ awmifib l &k ifewf&iS af emifuv kd nf; Muonf/
opömazmufonfqu dk m uGyrf suv f u kd o f nf/ iZifumudv k nf; taemufbufvGefrif;onf eef;wufpü tif;0wGif
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awmhr[kwfay/ eef;wufNyD; (10) ESpfausmfMumrS EdkifiHawmf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHom;wpfpku ykefuefojzifh ESdrfeif;&ao;
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8 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 9

ray:aygufawmhacs/ qd&k ygu omvGerf if;onf ol\eef;ouf xdke,fedrdwftwGif; -

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&efukef? 1997 ckESpf? pm- *g; (aemifwGif ]] &mZ0ifopf? w}} wjznf;jznf;xGef;vm&m omvGefrif;vufxufa&mufonfh
[komnTe;f rnf/) 1/ &mZ0ifopf? w (nTef;NyD;) pm- C
10 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 11
tcg yJcl;NrdKUatmufydkif;&Sd yifv,fonf wa&GUa&GUqkwfoGm; onf/ ,leefe,fwiG f cdv k &HI if; &efrat;ojzifh c&pfEpS f 1651
ojzifh yJcl;NrdKUrSm EdkifiHjcm;oabFmrsm; rqdkufuyfEdkifawmhbJ ckESpfwGif aemufvdkufaemufygwdkYESifhtwl jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY
oabFmqdyftjzpfrS &yfpJoGm;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ul;oef; cd0k ifvmonf/
a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; usqif;vmonf/ þtajctae xdrk if;tm; yif;wvJrif;u ppfuikd ;f wGif ae&mcsxm;ay;
aMumifh yJc;l wGif qufvufaevd[ k efr&Sad wmhojzifh jrefrmjynf NyD; umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;xm;onf/ xkdrif;tjyif EdkifiH
txufydkif; rif;aejynfawmfa[mif;jzpfaom tif;0udk ysujf ym;í vGiyhf g;vmMuaom w½kwv f q l ;kd rsm;u jrefrmEdik if H
a&TUajymif;pdk;pHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmNy;D cd;k qd;k aomif;use;f Muonf/ &Sr;f jynf
omvGerf if;onf c&pfEpS f 1648 ckEpS w f iG f ewf&mG pHco
hJ nf/
ajrmufydkif;rSpí ausmufqnfe,ftwGif;odkY a&mufatmif
yif;wvJrif; (at'D 1648 - 1661) 0ifa&muf wkdufcdkufvk,ufMuonf/(1)
omvGefrif;ewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf omvGefrif;\xD;eef;udk w½kww f \
Ykd aomif;use;f rIaMumifh Edik if rH Nird rf oufjzpfvmcJh
om;awmfyif;wvJrif;u qufcHonf/ xkdrif;vufxufü &onf/ yif;wvJrif;um; w½kww f t
Ykd m; ESrd ef if;Ekid af om tiftm;
w½kwfwdkY\ tEÅ&m,fusa&mufcJhonf/ r&Sad cs/ tif;0NrKd Uudo k m tcdik tf vHjk yKíaeonf/ odjYk zifh w½kwf
(13) &mpktukef (14) &mpktpjyKcsdefü jrefrmEdkifiHodkY
wdkYvnf; xifwdkif;qdk;onfxufqdk;? aomif;usef;onfxuf
w½kwfwmwmwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhaMumif; jrefrmh
aomif;use;f um ausmufqnfe,fwpfcv k ;kH udk vTr;f rd;k vmMu
ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ xdkwmwmwyfrsm;onf
w½kwfjynf rGef*dkrif;qufudk xlaxmifonfh ulAvdkifcHrif;\ onf/ w½kww f &Ykd efaMumifh v,form;wdv Yk nf; v,f,mrsm;udk
wyfrsm;jzpfonf/ rGe*f rkd if;qufuek q f ;kH Ny;D aemuf w½kwjf ynf &J0HhpGmrvkyf&Jatmif&SdMu&onf/ &SdorQqefpyg;udkvnf;
wGif rif;rif;quftyk pf ;kd onf/ xkrd if;qufonf yif;wvJrif; w½kww f uYkd ,lMuonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmufqnfe,f&dS &dum©
vufxufwGif aemufxyfw½kwfjynfodkY 0ifvmaom refcsL; udkrSDae&aom tif;0rif;aejynfawmfü qefpyg; &Sm;yg;
wdkY\vufcsufaMumifh ysufjym;chJ&onf/ 1/ Adv
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f &Si\
f ]] jrefrmEdik if aH wmfordik ;f }} jynfot
Yl vif;yHEk ydS w
f u
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rif;rif;quf\aemufqHk;rif;jzpfonfh ½kHvSDonf refcsL; &efukef? 1953 ckESpf? yOörtBudrf? pm-206-207 (aemifwGif
wdkYudk rcHEdkifí w½kwfjynfawmifydkif;? ,leefe,fodkYajy;vm& ]]b&Sifordkif;}} [kom nTef;rnf/)
12 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 13
vmonf/ qefpyg;vufudkifjyKxm;aom rif;aqG rif;rsKd;ESifh awmif;cHvmonf/ jynfrif;vnf; refcsL;wd\ Yk awmif;qdck suu f kd
t&m&SdBuD;i,fwdkYu qefpyg;udk tqrweftjrwfwifí vdkufavsmNyD; ½kHvSDESifhrdom;pkudk ay;tyfvdkufonf/
tcsif;csif;a&mif;csMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí w½kwfvlqdk;"m;jywdkY qlylrIonfvnf;
þodkYjzifh EdkifiHtwGif;rw&m;rIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm; Nidrf;at;oGm;awmhonf/ þjynfrif;vufxufwGif w½kwf
ay:ayguf v monf / xd k r w&m;rI ? rauseyf r I r sm;ud k olykefwdkY zsufqD;chJorQ ausmif;uefbk&m;? Z&yf? wefaqmif;
yif;wvJrif;u ajz&Si;f Edik pf rG ;f r&Sad y/ xdaYk Mumifh Edik if t H wGi;f rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G o f nfuo kd m
ay:aygufBuHKawGUae&aom tcuftcJtusyftwnf;udk awGU&onf/ tjcm;xll;jcm;aom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;r&Sday/
ajz&Si;f Ekid v f rd rhf nf[k ,HMk unf&aom yif;wvJrif;\ nDawmf aemufaemifqufcHaom rif;rsm;
jynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672) udk eef;wifMuonf/ (1) jynfrif;aemuf tif;0wGif qufcHpdk;pHMuaom rif;&J
jynf r if ; ausmfxif (at'D 1673-1698)? paerif; (at'D 1698-
jynfrif;eef;wufonfw h ikd af tmif w½kwv f q
l ;kd wd\
Yk ta&; 1714) ESifh we*FaEGrif; (at'D 1714-1733) rif;rsm;
onf Nidrf;at;roGm;ao;ay/ qufvufqlylvIyf&Sm;aeqJ onfvnf; acgif;aqmifrIt&nftcsif; nHhzsif;Muolrsm;
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh jynfrif;uppfudkif;wGif ½kHvSDwdkYESifhtwl jzpfonf/ qkwf,kwfysufjym;vsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHawmf\
&Sad eaom w½kwt f rIxrf;wdu Yk kd xlyg½kb
H &k m;twGi;f opömay; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf umuG,af &;paom vkyif ef;rsm;udk vspv f sLjyKcMhJ u
&ef pDpOfco hJ nf/ þuJo h oYkd pömay;&efppD Ofonfukd w½kww f u
Ykd onf[k jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyMuonf/
¤if;wdkYtm; owfrnfxifNyD; &JrufawmfwdkYxHrS vufeufrsm; xdrk if;rsm;vufxufwiG f wdik ;f jynfat;csr;f onf[ak wmh
vkí ckcw H u kd cf u kd Mf uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh jrefrm&Jrufawmfrsm;u qd&k rnf/ odaYk omf wdik ;f jynfw;kd wufraI wmh r&Sad y/ a,bk,s
okwfoifvdkuf&onf/(2) tm;jzifh ppfrufat;csrf;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; we*FaEG
c&pfEpS f 1662 ckEpS w f iG f refcsL;ppfwyfu tif;0bk&ifxH rif;vufxufwGif rPdyl&uonf;wdkY\ {&m0wDjrpfwdkif
0ifa&mufvmNyD; eef;usbk&if½kHvSDESifh rdom;pkudkay;tyf&ef atmif vma&mufxdyg;aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk cH&ao;onf/
1/ b&Sifordkif; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 208 we*FaEGrif;udk qufcHaom r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif;
2/ &mZ0ifopf? w (nTef;NyD;) pm- aC (at'D 1733-1752) vuf x uf w G i f ,cif t if ; 0\
14 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
vufatmufcEH ikd if rH sm;u axmifxm;Muonf/ rPdy&l uonf;
wdkYuvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;0ifNyD; tBudrfBudrfzsufqD;cJh
Muonf/ pOfu h ikd t
f a&SUtkwzf akd wmifajcwGi&f adS om auGUvlrsK;d
rsm;uvnf; c&pfEpS f 1747 ckEpS w f iG f tif;0udk ykeu f efonf/
aemufqHk; atmufjrefrmEdkifiHrS rGefrsm;u 1752 ckESpfwGif anmif&rf;acwfpmay
tif;0aejynfawmfukd wdu k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k Nf y;D tif;0bk&if r[m
"r®&mZm"dywdudk [Hom0wDodkY ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ jrefrmpmayordik ;f udk avhvmonft h cg ouú&mZf 726 ckEpS f
xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; xkrd if;udk ]] [Hom0wDa&mufrif;}} [lí ac: owd k ; rif ; zsm; (at'D 1365-1367) tif ; 0a&T e ef ; ud k
a0:orkwMf uonf/ þrif;um; anmif&rf;rif; (10) qufwiG f wnfaxmifco hJ nfrpS í ouú&mZf 888 ckEpS f &Sr;f rif;od[ k efbmG ;
(at'D 1527-1542) vufxuf yxrtif;0acwfum; jrefrm
aemufqHk;rif;jzpfonf/ anmif&rf;rif;qufjywfcJh&ovdk
pmay qDrD;ta&mifonf tvQHwnD;nD;jzifh yGifhvif;pnfyif
anmif&rf;acwfvnf; ed|dwHoGm;cJh&onf/
cJo
h nfah cwfjzpfonf/ xdu k mvü ysKUd ? armfueG ;f ? {csi;f ? arwåmpm?
vuFm? &wkrsm;pGm t&Sed t f [kejf zifh yGm;pnf;ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/
txl;ojzifh tif;0acwfpmayqdkvQif ysKdUESifharmfuGef;udk
wef;Ny;D jrifrMd uonf/ taMumif;um; tif;0acwfonf ysKUd ESihf
armf u G e f ; wH c G e f p d k u f a qmuf a om acwf j zpf a omaMumif h
jzpfonf/
yk*Hjynfh&Sif ted½k'¨rif; (at'D 1044-1077) vufxuf
oxHkjynfudk wdkufcdkufatmifjrifNyD; yd#uwfoHk;yHktpHk (30)
udk yk*HjynfodkY yifhaqmifvmcJhonfrSpí Ak'¨omoemawmf
BuD;onf yk*HjynfüxGef;awmufvmcJhonf/ xdktcgrSpí yk*H
jynfom; &[ef;&Siv f rl sm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oem ygVdusr;f
15
16 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 17
*efrsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;Muonf/ EIwfwuftm*Hkvnf; Edik o f nf[k rSww f rf;wifc&H aom pmqd&k iS &f [ef; av;yg;vnf;
aqmifMuonf/ yk*Hacwfa&;xdk;aom ausmufpmrsm;tvdk ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/ &SiOf wårausm?f &Sirf [moDv0Ho? &Sit f ;kH ndK?
t& bk&m;ykxkd;rsm;odkYvnf; yd#uwfoHk;yHkrsm; vSLaMumif;od &SifacrmwdkY jzpfMuonf/ tif;0acwfwGif &[ef;pmqkdrsm;
&onf/ *lb&k m;ausmif;rsm;wGiv f nf; (550) Zmwfawmfrsm;rS omru vly*k Kd¾ vpf mqdrk sm;vnf; ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/ xkv d yl *k Kd¾ vf
aumif;Edk;&m&mtcef;rsm;? tuGufrsm;udk o½kyfazmfaq;a&; rsm;u yd#uwfpmayt&mwGif &[ef;yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ÓPf&nf
jcif;? pOfu h iG ;f rsm;xkqpfjcif;jyKMuNy;D bk&m;a[ma'oem? ygVd udk rrDEikd &f um; ysKUd ? armfueG ;f rsm;xuf {csi;f ? &wk? armifbUJG ?
usrf;*efrsm;rS tqHk;trrsm;? oifcef;pmrsm;udk xkwfEkwfum r,fbGJUrsm;udk tm½kHpdkufa&;zGJUcJhMuonf/
ynmay;cJMh uonf/ þodjYk zifh yd#uwfusr;f *efrsm; xGe;f um; ouú&mZf 888 ckEpS w f iG f tif;0jynfBu;D onf wefc;kd t&Sed f
vmonfhESifhtrQ xdkyd#uwfygVdusrf;*efrsm;udk trSDo[JjyK& tapmfavsmhNyD; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ xdktcg tif;0acwfpmqkd
aom jrefrmpmayonfvnf; xGef;um;wdk;wufvm&onf/ yk*Kd¾ vaf usm&f iS &f [ef;rsm;ESiw hf uG rSL;rwfjynfow l oYkd nf ajy;rd
yk*Hacwfü jrefrmpmayonf arG;zGm;pjzpfí xifay: ajy;&m ajy;Ny;D cdrk cd &kd mcdak eMu&onf/ xdt k cgrSpí tif;0acwf
yGivhf ef;jcif;r&Sad o;aomfvnf; tif;0acwfoaYkd &mufonft h cg pmayonfvnf; wdrfjrKyfvkvkjzpfoGm;cJh&onf/
vl;vGex Yf ;kd xGuu f m yGiv
hf if;pnfyifvmcJo h nf/ OD;aqmiforl sm; tif;0tysufü awmifilwGif rif;BuD;ndK (at'D 1405-
u bk&m;a[ma'oem ygVdusr;f *efrsm;udk wwfuRr;f avhvm 1430) xD;eef;tkypf ;kd csed jf zpfonf/ ouú&mZf 883 ckEpS f &Sr;f rif;
NyD; EIwfwwf&G&GaqmifEdkifMuaom &[ef;yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfonf/ odk[efbGm;\ &efudkaMumufNyD; ajy;rdajy;&m ajy;Muaom
usr;f *efwwfy*k Kd¾ vrf sm;jzpfonfEiS t hf nD bk&m;a[ma'oem usr;f wwf? aywwf&[ef;yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;teuf tcsKd Uonf awmifil
rsm;rS Zmwfedygwfrsm;udk xkwfEkwfum acwfumvESifh rif;BuD;ndKxHodkY a&mufMuNyD; tcsdKUrSm jynfbk&ifaxG;xHodkY
avsmfnDatmif ysKdUuAsmrsm; a&;om;cJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajy;atmif;cdkvIHa&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/ &xm;onfwHcGef&SdrS
tif;0acwfwGifay:xGef;cJhaom ysKdUuAsmarmfuGef;rsm;onf wifw h ,fouJo h Ykd eef;awmfonfvnf; eef;awmf\ usuo f a&
"r®aMumif; ET,fonfomrsm;onfudk awGU&onf/ aqmifpmqdw k &Ykd rdS S wifw
h ,faMumif; rif;Bu;D ndKu odjrifxm;
xdkodkY"r®aMumif;ET,faom pmayrsm;xGef;um;vmovdk onfESifhavsmfpGm ol\bkef;awmf&dyfudk cdkvIHvmaom pmqdk
xdpk mayrsm;udk taumif;qH;k ? tajymifajrmufq;kH a&;om;zGUJ qdk wdu Yk kd ajrm§ ufpm;cJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifvh nf; jrefrmpmayordik ;f wGif
]] awmifilacwfpmay}} [lí wpfacwfjzpfxGef;cJhonf/
18 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 19
awmifilacwfum; tif;0acwfuJhodkY ysKdU? armfuGef;acwf xdkausmfBuD;av;ausmfrSm
r[kwb f J &wk? {csi;f xGe;f um;aom acwfjzpfonf/ acwftcg 1/ yk*Ho'´eDwd q&mawmf &Sift*¾0Ho
umvuvnf; ppfrufrsm;aom umvjzpfonf/ &Sib f &k ifrsm; 2/ ppfudkif; &Siftm&d,0Ho q&mawmf
udk,fwdkif ppfrufa&;&mwGif tm;oefcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh 3/ tif;0 &Sif0&mbdoCFemx q&mawmf
vnf; ppfrufa&;&mqdkifaom {csif;uJhodkY ta&;tzGJUrsm; 4/ awmifzDvm q&mawmf rkedE´maCmo wdkYjzpfonf/
acwf p m;vmonf / Zmwd a oG ; ? Zmwd r mef w uf < up&m xdak usmaf v;ausmaf c: usr;f wwfy*k Kd¾ vaf usmaf v;yg;teuf
taMumif;rsm;udk a&;zGJUMuonf/ xdkawmifilacwfpmqdkrsm; ]]&Si0f &mbdoCFemx q&mawmf}} onf taemufbufveG rf if;
rSm vli,fv&l , G rf sm;jzpfNy;D eef;wGi;f wGif Bu;D jyif;cJMh uolrsm;jzpf (at'D 1606-1628) vufxufwiG f tvGex f if&mS ; ausmaf pmcJh
onfESifhtnD eef;wGif;a&;&mudpö? avmuDaMumif;udkom aom q&mawmfjzpfonf/ ygVdooFu½du k u
f sr;f rsm;wGif vGepf mG
tm½k&H o dS rl sm;jzpfMuonf/ tif;0acwfrmS uJo h Ykd &[ef;pmqdrk sm; ESpYH yfNy;D r-wpfv;kH ausaom q&mawmf[k xif&mS ;aomfvnf;
r[kwo f jzifh "r®aMumif;ET,af om ysKUd uAsmarmfueG ;f wdYk arS;rdeS f pmtkypf mwrf;? usr;f rsm;pGmrjyKpck ahJ cs/ toDwed yd gwfawmfvm
wdrfikyfcJhMu&onf/ armifbGJU? r,fbGJU? tcspfbGJUqdkif&m &wk r[mokwaomrZmwfukd Zmwftrd zf UJG Ny;D ]]rPdu@ k v}} 0w¬Kukd
uAsmrsm;udrk l ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm; yDyD 0denf;ESin hf aD wmf oma&;zGJUcJhonf/ þ0w¬Kusrf;BuD;ü 550 Zmwfawmfrsm;
rrlojzifh &[ef;pmqdrk sm;u vufa&Smifaejcif;vnf; ygayrnf/ tm;vH;k yg0ifatmif pDpOfzUJG qdx k m;onf/ tpDtpOftvGeu f sNy;D
ouú&mZf 959 ckEpS f anmif&rf;rif; (at'D 1600-1606) crf;em;vSojzifh pum;ajyusr;f rsm;wGif yxrwef;pm;usr;f Bu;D
vufxufrSponfh anmif&rf;acwfwGif yxrtif;0acwf? tjzpf rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ xdkq&mawmfonf usrf;*efü
awmifilacwfrsm;u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom jrefrmpmayudk vG e f p G m wwf y G e f v d r ® m ojzif h taemuf b uf v G e f r if ; u
jyefvnfjyKpyk sK;d axmif&iS o f efap&mü &[ef;pmqdrk sm; wpfzef udk;uG,fNyD; tif;0NrdKUav;xyfausmif;BuD;udk vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJh
xGef;um;vmMujyefonf/ tif;0acwfwGif ]]ayav;yif? onf/
&Sifav;yg;}} ay:aygufouJhodkY anmif&rf;acwfwGifvnf; ausmfav;ausmf tygt0ifjzpfaom awmifzDvmq&m
ausmfBuD;av;ausmf xif&Sm;cJhonf/ awmfonf ouú&mZf 940 jynfhESpfwGif pvif;NrdKUü zGm;awmf
20 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 21
rlonf/ oufawmf 14 ESpf? ouú&mZf 954 ckESpfwGif pmwrf;paom pmwrf;rsm;wGif q&mawmfonf a0óEÅ&m
a0óEÅ&m ysKUd a[mif;udk pyfqakd wmfro l nf/ xdq k &mawmfukd ysKUd a[mif;a&;om;cJah Mumif; xif&mS ;onf/ odaYk omf xdyk sKUd a[mif;
956 ckEpS w f iG f jynfNrKd Ubk&if &efEidk rf LS ;u yOöi;f 'g,umcHonf/ udkrl &SmazGrawGU&Sd&[kqdkonf/ xkdYaMumifh q&mawmf\
&[ef;bGJUrSm ]]&SifrkedE´maCmo}} jzpfonf/ taemufbuf ysKdUta&;tom;tzGJUtEGJU*kPf&nf rnfodkY&Sdrnf qdkonfudkrl
vGerf if;w&m;Bu;D vufxuf jynfNrKd UrS yifah qmifí tif;0wGif rrSef;qEdkifMuacs/
udk;uG,fawmfrlonf/ ouú&mZf 991 ckESpf tif;0eef;udk q&mawmfonf taemufbufveG rf if;Bu;D tar;awmfy?kH
odrf;jref;aom omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf ppfudkif;wGif omvGerf if;w&m;Bu;D tar;awmfy?kH 0rf;bJtif;pHrif;w&m;Bu;D
Adrmef&wemrnfaom av;xyfausmif;awmfBu;D udk aqmufvyk f tar;awmfyrkH sm;udv k nf; a&;om;pD&ifcahJ o;onf/ xkt d ar;
ylaZmfawmfro l nf/ xdyk al Zmfonhf aeYüyif ]] wdy#d umvuFm&}}
awmfyHkrsm;rSm &mZaMumif;? "r®aMumif;rsm;ESifhywfoufí
bGUJ wHqyd af wmfukd uyfvLS awmfrjl cif;cH&onf/ouú&mZf 1000
odEidk cf aJ om cJ&mcJqpfrsm;udk zGiv
hf pS af jzqdx
k m;aom usr;f rsm;
jynfEh pS wf iG f tvH;k pHpk eG yYf pfcNhJ y;D vQif rif;0HawmifMum;? acsmifBu;D
jzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf
awmifzv D mqD;umaeaom ae&modYk t&n0goD{upm&Dawmf
rSDcdk0ifatmif;awmfrlaomaMumifh oDwif;oHk;onfh ae&mudk wGif udik ;f &Gmpm;rEk&mZmESihf rEkom&"r®owfukd n§Ed idI ;f jyifqif
tpGjJ yKí awmifzv D mq&mawmf[í l ausmMf um;awmfro l nf/ awmfrlcJhao;onf/ rSwfom;zG,f&mtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk
xdaYk emuf ouú&mZf 1013 ckEpS f oufawmf (73) ESpw f iG f ysv
H eG f pum;ajyjzifha&;om;pD&ifaom ,o0¡ke0w¬KrSm 0gus&Snf
awmfro l nf/(1) aomfvnf; t"dymÜ ,frmS &Si;f vif;jywfom;onf/ a&S;usaom
awmifzDvmq&mawmfonf a0óEÅ&m ysKdUa[mif;? toH;k tEIe;f rsm;udk y,fí acwfo;kH pum;rsm;udk toH;k jyKxm;
,o0¡ke0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;pD&ifawmfrcl o hJ nf/ omoem0Ho ojzifh em;vnfvG,fonf/ xkdpmrsm;tjyif 0de,mvuFm
1/ &efukefwuúodkvf ygarmu© OD;azarmifwif\ ]]jrefrmpmay &#Dumopf? arwåmpm? oHaygufq;kH rpm? ausmufpmoHyikd ;f rsm;?
ordkif;}} py,fOD;pmay? &efukef? 1987 ckESpf/ pwkw¬tBudrf? &wkrsm;vnf; a&;om;awmfrlcJhao;onf/(1)
pm- 150 ( aemifwGif ]]jrefrmpmay}} [k omnTef;rnf/) 1/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 152
22 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 23
anmif&rf;acwf&[ef;pmqkrd sm;wGif &Siu
f &0duonfvnf; o'¨rv® uFm& q&mawmf
xif&Sm;onf/ &Sifu&0duonf ycef;BuD;NrdKUe,f? ydkufoif&Gm anmif&rf;acwfwGif 0w¬Kusrf;rsm;a&;om;&mü xif&Sm;
ZmwdjzpfNyD; yxrausmfatmif pHxm;q&mawmf\ wynfh aom &[ef;pmqdkwpfOD;&Sdao;onf/ xkdq&mawmfum;
jzpfonf/ ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf omvGefrif;w&m;BuD; Ouif yif;,NrdKU? a&Tpnf;cHkausmif;wdkufü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom
zGio hf nft
h cg ]] xufxeG ;f vQ0H g }} tpcsD &wky'kd pf o
kH ;kH yd'k u
f kd o'¨r®vuFm&q&mawmfjzpfonf/ yd#uwfordkif;üum;
a&;om;qufoiG ;f cJ&h m bk&ifrif;jrwftvGeo f abmawmfusNy;D ]]r[m&wemu&}} [k jyqdkxm;onf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfa&;aom
xd&k wkukd a&Tusnaf wmufü oGi;f í OD;acgif;&if;wGif tNrx J m; usrf;um; ]]&wemu&}} usrf;jzpfonf/ xdkusrf;udk ouú&mZf
awmfrlaMumif; pum;pOf&Sdonf/ xdkq&mawmfonf yk*HbGJU 1042 ckESpfwGif t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ o'¨g? oDv
vl;wm;? e&ywda&vm;? rif;vS,OfEkysKdU? rif;&JausmfpGm tp&Sad om OpömyGm;rsm;apjcif;iSm "r®y'usr;f udrk í
DS a&;onf/
av;xyfausmif;wnfarmfuGef;rsm;ESifh &wkrsm;udkvnf; þq&mawmf \ pum;ajyonf toG m ;ajzmif h o nf [ k
a&;om;awmfrlcJhao;onf/(2) qdkMuonf/ (4)
&Siuf rk m&uóy OD;ukvm;
ouú&mZf 967 ckESpf eef;wufaom taemufbufvGef anmif&rf;acwfonf pum;ajyxGef;um;aom acwfjzpf
rif;vufxuf ay:xGef;aom &[ef;pmqdkwpfyg;jzpfonf/ onf/ pum;ajyxGef;um;acwfpm;onfh þanmif&rf;acwf
pmay usr;f *efwwfajrmufNy;D uAsm vuFmtpDtuH;k aumif; wGif jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;BuD;wpfapmifay:xGef;vmcJhonf/
onf[k xif&mS ;onf/ vlrsK;d av;yg;wdYk usi0hf wfukd azmfjyonfh xd&k mZ0ifBu;D tjyif &mZ0ifvwf? &mZ0ifcsKyw f u
Ykd ykd g a&;om;
"r®&moDysKdUudk pyfqkdawmfrlonf/ xkdysKdUtjyif "r®&oysKdU olrmS pOfu
h ikd ;f &GmolaX; a'0ao|ESihf olaX;r,m; rPdMoC
udkvnf; a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlcJhonf[k od&onf/ xkdysKdUudkrl wdkY\ om; OD;ukvm;jzpfonf/ r[m&mZ0ifBuD;udk ouú&mZf
&Smí rawGU&acs/(3) 1076-1095 ckESpftwGif; anmif&rf;q,fqufrS av;uRef;
2/ nGefYaygif; ('k) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 398/ rmefatmif? avmurmefatmif apwD'g,um we*FaEGrif;
3/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 154/ 4/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 154/
24 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 25
vufxuf a&;om;pD&ifjcif;jzpfonf/ acwfrif;rsm;\ om;awmforD;awmfrsm;taMumif;udk zGJUEGJU
tzvnf; olaX;rsK;d ? trdvnf;apmfbmG ;NrKd Upm;rsK;d rS arG;zGm; onfh{csif;rsm;udk axmufxm;udk;um;&ayonf/ jynfpHk
aom olaX;om; OD;ukvm;onf pnf;pdrcf NH y;D wm0efrrhJ aebJ armfueG ;f uJo h aYkd om &mZ0ifaMumif;ET,o f nfh armfueG ;f rsm;udk
r[m&mZ0ifusrf;BuD;udk tywfwukwfBudK;pm;jyKpkcJhonfrSm vnf; ,l&onf/
cs;D usL;zG,&f mjzpfonf/ OD;ukvm;\ ]]r[m&mZ0ifBu;D rwdik rf D þuJo h Ykd ausmufpmrsm;? {csi;f rsm;? armfueG ;f rsm;? a&S;a&S;
&mZ0ifausmf}} &SdcJhzl;onf/ þ ]] &mZ0ifausmf }} ray:ao;rD &SdcJhay:cJhNyD;aom &mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;ukd axmufxm;udk;um;
uvnf; &mZ0ifa[mif;rsm; &Sdao;onf/ NyD; &mZ0ifBuD;wpfapmifjzpfatmif a&;om;jyKpk&onfrSm
&Sirf [moDv0Ho\ &mZ0ifausmrf mS rif;qufrsm;udo k m rnfrQcufcJNyD; yifyef;rnfqdkonfudk odEdkifayonf/ wuGJ
pDumpOfum azmfjyojzifh rif;quf&mZ0ifoabmrQom wjym;pD&Sdaeaom &mZ0ifrsm;? taMumif;t&mrsm;udk r½Iyf
&So
d nf/ xk&d mZ0iftjyif yk*&H mZ0if? waumif;&mZ0if? oa& axG;&atmif pDpOfwusae&mcsNyD; ]] r[m&mZ0ifBuD;}} usrf;
acwå&m &mZ0if? tif;0&mZ0if? awmifil&mZ0if ponfjzifh wpfckwnf;wGif 0ifatmifa&;om;jyKpk&onfrSm vG,fulvS
&mZ0ifq&mrsm; a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nfh &mZ0ifrsm;vnf; &Sad o; onf r[kwaf y/ rif;pOfrif;qufwu Ykd kd tpDtpOfwus ae&m
onf/ xkdodkYaom &mZ0ifusrf;tapmifapmifudk wkdufqdkif csEikd o
f nfh ÓPf? tyifyef;cHNy;D jyKpck o hJ nfh vHv
Yk wdu
Yk kd cs;D usL;
n§Ed idI ;f Ny;D OD;ukvm;u ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} [lí jyKpak &;om; &ayrnf/ OD;ukvm;\ tm;xkwfrIonf anmif&rf;acwf\
jcif;jzpfonf/ ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} udk a&;om;&mü xk&d mZ0if *kPfusufoa&udkyif aqmifEkdifcJhonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
rsm;tjyif ausmufpm? {csi;f ? armfueG ;f rsm;udv k nf; axmufxm; taMumif;um; ol\ ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} usr;f um; aemifvm
udk;um;&ao;onf/ aemufom;wdkY pHjyK&avmufaom usrf;BuD;jzpfaomaMumifh
{csi;f rsm;rSm rif;pOfrif;quf tjzpftysut f aMumif;t&m jzpfonf/ jrefrmordkif;&mZ0ifa&;om;jyKpkMuaom aemuf
rsm;ygonf/ qkd&ygu awmifilacwf rif;rsm;taMumif;udk aemufaom &mZ0ifq&m? ordkif;q&mrsm;onf OD;ukvm;\
a&;ygu awmifial cwfwiG af y:aygufco hJ nfh wyifa&Tx;D {csi;f þ ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} usr;f udo k m trSjD yKa&;om;cJMh u&onf/
rsm;? 0drv&mZm{csif;? ocifbkd;{csif;tp&Sdaom awmifil ukef;abmifacwfu bBuD;awmfrif; (at'D 1819-1837)
26 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 27
vufxuf rSefeef;awmftwGif; &[ef;ynm&Sd? vlynm&Sdrsm; awmfrsm;\ qufqHa&;rsm;udk ygatmifa&;zGJUxm;onf/
aygif;pka&;om;cJo h nfh ]] rSeef ef;&mZ0ifBu;D }} onfyif OD;ukvm; &mZ0iftjzpftysurf sm;wGif &mZ0ifq&mu ol\pdwu f ;l udyk g
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f 0w¬Kqefqefjzpfatmifa&;onft h cg zwfcsipf zG,f
awGU&onf/ jzpfvm&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh OD;ukvm;\ ]]r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} onf
OD;ukvm; ]]r[m&mZ0ifBuD;}} \ aumif;jcif;*kPfwpf&yf okwpmay oufoufom r[kwaf wmhbJ okw&oaESmonfh
rSm pum;ajy ajyjypfacsmarmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ toHk;tEIef; pmayusrf;*efBuD;wpfckjzpfaeayonf/
xdrdonf/ olYae&mESifhol tuGufusatmifxm;odkonf/ ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} [laom trnfEiS v hf ukd af tmif jrefrm
rif;qufrsm;\ tjzpftysurf sm;udak &;&mü okw? &oygatmif &mZ0ifukd crf;em;Bu;D us,af tmif a&;om;cJo h jzifh ]]r[m&mZ
a&;zGJUxm;onfukdvnf; ESpfoufzG,fawGU&onf/ 0ifBu;D }} udzk wfowl ikd ;f &mZ0ifpmrsuEf mS rsm;udak yghayghwefwef
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atmifa&;zJGUxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; ordkif;&mZ0ifudk pdwf0if
pdwrf sm;? tm;uspw d rf sm;? jrefrmvlrsK;d jzpf&jcif;twGuf *kP, f l
pm;olrsm;omru a&S;a[mif;jrefrmpmayudk avhvmvdu k pf m;
vdpk wd rf sm; wzGm;zGm;jzpfatmif zrf;pm;xm;Edik o f jzifh ESpaf ygif;
olrsm;yif ]] r[m&mZ0ifBuD; }} udk wpfckyfw& zwf½Iavhvm
rsm;pGmMumonfw h ikd af tmif ]]r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }} udk vufrvTwf
Mu&onf/
Edkif &SdMu&ayonf/
&mZ0ifa&;ol OD;ukvm;onf jrefrm&mZ0ifukd jrefrmwdik ;f
pdwf0ifpm;ap? odapvdk[ef&Sdonf/ ol\ &mZ0ifusrf;wGif 0efBu;D ya'o&mZm
jrefrmrif;tpOftquftaMumif;udk eef;wufESpf? eef;pHESpf? anmif&rf;acwfpmayudk xGef;vif;apaom vlyk*¾dKvf
aumif;rIawmfrsm;? om;awmf? orD;awmfrsm;? ewf&GmpHonfh pmqdkrsm;teuf &mZ0ifq&m ]]OD;ukvm;}} uJhodkY xif&Sm;ol
ESp?f ewf&mG pHonft h wdwef rd w d w f uYkd kd rSww
f rf;oabmrsK;d jzifh wpfOD;rSm 0efBuD;ya'o&mZmjzpfonf/
a&;ovdk jrefrmhx;D eef;wGif pd;k pHcMhJ uaom rif;tqufqufwYkd 0efBu;D ya'o&mZmrSm &wemyl& tif;0NrKd UwGif anmif&rf;rif;
\ pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;? p½dkufvu©Pmrsm;? rif;ESifhol&J q,fqufwdkYteuf &Spfqufajrmuf ouú&mZf (1060) jynhf
aumif;rsm;\ ppfyGJrsm;? rif;ESifhom;awmf? orD;awmf? rSL;rwf ESpwf iG f eef;wufawmfral om rm&fatmif&wem'g,umac:
28 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 29
paerif; (at'D 1698-1714) vufxufuyif pka&;pkudkif awmfysKUd ? ukrb ® ,ysKUd ? qE´ysKd U? ,d;k ',m;oHa&mufysKUd ? raemfysKd U
tjzpfESifh uAsmvuFma&;om;avhvmcJhonf/ ¤if;aemuf rsm;onf xif&Sm;onf/ xkdysKdUrsm;wGif olZmysKdUudk taumif;
ouú&mZf 1076 ckEpS w f iG f eef;wufawmfral om rSeef ef;&Sif qHk;ysKdU[k owfrSwfMuonf/
ac: om;awmf we*FaEGrif;vufxufrSmvnf; qufvufí olZmysKdUudk a&;om;NyD;pD;cJhonfrSm ouú&mZf 1103ckESpf?
uAsm oDcsi;f rsm;udk a&;oGi;f qufoonf/ xkaYd emuf ouú&mZf uqkefvqef; (8) &uf? paeaeYjzpfonf/ pmtEkt,Ofrsm;
1095 ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrlaom [Hom0wDa&muf wGif þysKUd onf a&S;ynm&Syd *k Kd¾ vw f Ykd todtrSwjf yK&aom ysKUd
rif;vufxufrmS ynmt&nftcsi;f ESijhf ynfph o Hk nft
h avsmuf jzpfonf/ Ek,Ofaom pmrsm;zwf½&I ef ESpNf cKd uaf omolwo Ykd nf
rif;&Jrif;vSausmfxifbGJUESifh tonf0efBuD; &mxl;udk csD;usL; olZmysKdUudk vufrvTwfMuavESifh/ olZmysKdUtjyif tjcm;pm
oem;awmf jrwfcH&onf/ xdkYaemuf bk&ifrif;jrwfonf rsm;udkvnf; Ekygonf? ,Ofygonfqdkwdkif; rESpfNcdKufMuESifh
pmqk d j cif ; t&mü vG e f p G m oabmusES p f o uf a wmf r l í
[lí rSmMum;oGeo f ifcv hJ akd omaMumifh ]] olZmudv k nf; rypfEiS ?hf
awmifilrif;qufü &wkuAsmpyfqdkjcif;t&mwGif vGefpGm
pmEkudkvnf;rcspfESifh}} [lí a&S;ynm&SdwdkY pum;qdkxHk;
ausmaf pmcJah om oefvsiaf &muf awmifib l &k if ewf&iS af emif\
bGJUemrawmftwdkif; ewf&SifaemifbGJU? ya'o&mZmbGJUwdkYudk jyKMuonf/(1)
oem;awmfrlonfhtjyif 0efBuD;\0efuawmfESpfa,muf xdkodkYaom pum;qdkxHk;ESifhtnD
udkvnf; rdzk&m;i,fw\ Ykd taqmifta,mifjzifh a'0Dwyfí ]],ckomMunf? qdt k o hH nfum;? xl;vnfpOfp?D t,OftEk?
bGUJ ay;awmfro l nf/(1) BuKd ;rI&if&h m? aocsmrSwzf ?Ykd olZmysKUd wnf?h ESpv f 0kd rf;om? &Tiv f ef;
0efBu;D ya'o&mZmonf [Hom0wDygrif;udk [Hom0wDoYkd pGmonf? aemifvmESpo f rd ?hf rSw&f pfprd }hf } [k ed'gef;wGif zGUJ qdx k m;
ac:aqmifonft h cg tyg;awmfuygvm&onf/ 1116 ckEpS ?f onft h wdik ;f olZmysKUd wpftyk v f ;kH udk vGepf mG Ek,Ofaom pum;vH;k
touf (70) jynfhwGif oefvsifü tedpöa&mufonf/ (2) toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifh a&;zGJUxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
0efBuD;ya'o&mZmonf ysKdUrsm;pGmudka&;om;cJhonf/ olZmysKUd \ xl;jcm;csuu f m; tpOftvma&;om;cJMh uaom
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1/ nGefYaygif;? ('k) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 396-397/ jzpfonf/ a&S;ysKUd a[mif;rsm;rSm bk&m;a[ma'oem? ig;&mhig;q,f
2/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 158/ 1/ nGefYaygif; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 159/
30 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 31
Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;taMumif;udk a&;zGJUMujcif;jzpfonf/ trsK;d pHv
k o
S nf/ eef;wGi;f jyZmwfawmfBu;D rsm;wGif ta[mif;qH;k
olZmysKd UrSm xku d o hJ aYkd om ysKd Ursm;uJo
h Ykd "r®aMumif; rET,?f avmuD jzpf[efwlaom rPduufjyZmwfBuD;udkvnf; a&;om;jyKpk
a&;&moufouftvGrf;taqG;rsm;jzifh ZmwftdrfzGJUa&;om; cJo
h nf/ rPduufjyZmwfrS rPduufysKUd udyk if pmayyHo k P²mef
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&muvnf; a[rm*D&ad wmif wpfrsKd;jzifh jyefvnfa&;zJGUxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
ewfrif;BuD;ESifh rdzk&m;twkva'0DwdkY\ orD;awmfckepfazmf rPduufjyZmwfonf 0efBuD;\ pdwful;jzifha&;zGJUonfh
teuf ti,fqHk;ewforD; olZmtaMumif;a&;zJGUxm;jcif; Zmwfr[kwaf y/ rZösrd a'oü jzpfysucf ahJ om '@m&DZmwfvrf;
jzpfonf/ wpfyk'fudk jrefrmpum;jzifh wefqmqifa&;zGJUxm;jcif;om
ysKUd udk a&;zGUJ pDpOfyv kH nf; xl;onf/ jyZmwfoabmrsK;d ? tjyef jzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;rSm umodu&mZfwikd ;f ? A&mPoDjynf&h iS f
tvSeaf jymqd[ k ef pum;rsm;jzifh a&;zJUG xm;onfuv kd nf; awGU r[mjA[®'wfrif;Bu;D ESihf rdz&k m;twkva'0Dww Ykd iG f om;awmf
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tzG J U tEG J U r,Of a us;? rcrf ; em;aomf v nf ; ol Y t wk d i f ; qD;oD;rSnu hf kd qufoonf/ rdz&k m;Bu;D u qD;oD;rSnu hf kd yGaJ wmf
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EktlysdKU? MumewfauomysKdU? r[mywdysKdUtp&Sdaom ysKdUi,f tcsdefa&mufonfhtcg rdzk&m;BuD;rS bkef;vu©PmESifhjynfhpHk
av;rsm;udkvnf; a&;zGJUcJhao;onf/ xdkYjyif xdyfOD;wif{csif;? aom om;awmfwpfyg;zGm;jrifNy;D jrif;rrSvnf; ywåjrm;a&mif
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1/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 158/ 1/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 162/
32 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 33
jyZmwfobm0tavsmuf wdkuf½dkufpum;rsm;jzifh a&;zJGU csnfeDaAmif;wGwfwGwfu,fESifhav;/
&onft h wGuf ysKUd rsm;avmuf rcrf;em;rBu;D us,af y/ rnfoYkd rdk;a&pGwfvdkY? t0wfu,fryg
qdkap rPduufjyZmwfonf a&S;a[mif;jyZmwfrsm;wGif om;orD;udk udk,fxD;ayGUvdkom
ta[mif;qHk;jyZmwfwpfyk'fjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;acwfrsm;ü aq;wHwpfxGm? udkufumxGef&if;
eef;wGif;jyZmwfrsm;xGef;um;apvdkaom apwemjzifh 0efBuD; v,fuGufuG,fwpfcGif? xGefa&;iif
ya'o&mZm\ BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI? wDxGifqef;opfrIÓPf a&0ifykpGefwGif;i,fESifhav;/}}
udkrl csD;usL;&ayrnf/ ponfjzifh awmolawmifom;qif;&Jom;wdkY\ b0udk
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wGifom usifvnfae&aomfvnf; awmolawmifom;wdkY awmolawmifom;wdkYbufrSm &yfwnfay;aom pmqdkwpfOD;
qif;&JpGm toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ae&yHkudk jrifNyD; u½kPm taejzifh 0efBuD;ya'o&mZmudk rSwfwrf;wifaus;Zl;wif
oufr[ d ef&odS nf/ xkad wmolawmifom;wdYk qif;&Jyu kH kd NrKd Uol oifhvSayonf/
NrdKUom;wdkY *½kjyKapvdkonfh apwemvnf;jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ 0efBu;D onf xdak wmbGUJ awmifbUJ G rsm;udak &;Ny;D NrKdUbGUJ ? bke;f awmf
xkaYd Mumifh 0efBu;D onf xef;wufbUJG ? v,fxeG b f UJG ? awmifyikd f bGUJ rsm;udk cserf xm;bJ a&;zJUG cJah o;onf/ xkt d zGUJ rsm; teuf
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vufwGJi,fajciif? udk,fwGift0wf þoDcsif;cHBuD;onf ta[mif;qHk;yifjzpfonf/(1)
ykqdk;tusÐ? pkwfNyJNyD 1/ jrefrmpmay (nTef;NyD;) pm- 165/
34 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 35
OD;atmifBuD; wefcl;vonf rdó&moDrnfyHk? pef;,SOfeu©wfrSm pdwå&
anmif&rf;acwf vlyk*¾dKvfpmqdkrsm;wGif qDonf&Gmpm; eu©wjf zpfy?kH uHah umf? &ifcwfyef;rsm;? yGiahf vh&ydS ?kH &moDyaJG wmf
OD;atmifBuD;vnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ OD;atmifBuD; tjzpf twmobifudk tif;0NrdKUawmfwGif aysmfaysmfyg;yg;
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uRejf zpfonf/ [Hom0wDa&mufrif;\ crnf;awmf tif;0NrKd U vmatmif a&;zJGUxm;onf/
wGif jrefrmouú&mZf 1076 ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrlaom usefaom &moDbGJUrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wluGufuGuf
we*FaEGrif;vufxufwGif ]] ompGav}} csDwpfq,fhESpf&moD uGi;f uGi;f jrifatmif? &moDqidk &f mtaMumif;t&m? &moDEiS , hf OS f
vl;wm; 15 ydk'fudk a&;cJhonf/(1) aomeu©wf? &moDtvdkuf yGifhaomyef;? &moDtvdkuf
xdk 15 ydk'fteuf yxr ESpfydk'frSm tif;0NrdKUawmfbGJU usi;f yaom yGv J rf;obifrsm;udk yg0ifatmif a&;zJUG xm;ojzifh
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f nf/
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tJoDcsif;ESifh? xHkoif;eHYom? a&oDwm0,f? prÜmu&ruf? r&ay/ xkrd if;onf crnf;awmf we*FaEGrif; jrefrmouú&mZf
yef;aygif;qufí? a&Tcu G t
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qlvS,f a&Teef;udk qufvufp;kd pHawmfral om owd;k rif;acgif jzpfonf/
wifhpHy,fvsuf? jrL;&G,f&Tiftm;? vGefaysmfyg;onf cH,laom bGJUum; ]] r[m"r®&mZm"dywd}} jzpfonf/
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1/ nGefYaygif; ('k) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 397/ "r®&mZm"dywd[lívnf;aumif; xif&Sm;cJhaom rif;udk
36 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 37
aemufyikd ;f wGif ]][Hom0wDa&mufrif;}} [lí ac:wGiMf uonf/ omoemvnf;? a&mif0grvif;
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xdkrif;onf A[kokwtMum;tjrifESifh jynfhpHk½kHomru w&m;jyí a&;xm;onf/
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1/ nGefYaygif; ('k) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 395/ pmayudk ½Ijrifavhvmygu z½dkz&J tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpf
38 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 39
aeaom Edik if aH wmfBu;D udk wpnf;wvH;k wnf;jzpfatmif tpp rnfodkYqdkap wpfacwfrSmwpfusrf;wnf;[k qdk&avmuf
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onf/ yxrtif;0acwfwGif t&SdefwnD;nD;ESifh xGef;vif; rsm;jzifh anmif&rf;acwfpmayavmuBu;D udk rD;½SL;wefaqmif?
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yxrtif;0acwfwiG f ysKUd rsm;xGe;f um;ouJo h Ykd anmif&rf; qdkonfudkrl rnfolrQrjiif;qdkomay/
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awmfyHkusrf;rsm;? oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cHrsm;? wsmcsif;rsm;vnf;
xGufay:cJhonf/
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 41
Zmwfrsm;udo k m a&G;cs,í f tao;pdwf Zmwfcif;xm;onf/
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&Sm;&Sm; awGUjrifavhvmEdik af o;aomae&mrSm ppfuikd ;f awmif½;kd trsKd;av;yg;wdkYvma&mufonfhtcg tusKd;rJhrjzpfapvdk?
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40
42 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 43
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ponfwdkYudk rysufrpD;awGUEdkifao;onf/(1) tusrÐ mS vufrygbJ ud, k x
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rsm;vnf;awGUEdik o f nf/ xkyd rkH sm;wGif qHx;kH xH;k rde;f r? OD;acgif; xbDrmS tuGuf odrYk [kwf tpif;rsm;jzpfí ajcrsupf t d xufem;
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axmufEpS af csmif;ESi&hf yfNy;D aemufbufoYkd orifvnfjyef wGeYf
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vnf;ygonf/ uEkwfyef;udkif qifOD;acgif;ESifhjcaoFhudk,fyg zufwnf;om odkif;í wGJavmif;csxm;onf/
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teDESifhtpdrf;a&mifwdkYjzifh ½kyfvHk;azmfxm;onfhjrif;½kyfudk awGU&onf/ rud#k af qmif; rif;om;rsm;yHw k iG f em;uGi;f Bu;D rsm;
[efygyg a&;qGJxm;onf/(2) vnf;ygwwfonf/ olaX;ol<u,fponfwu Ykd kd aAmif;xkyrf sm;
þodkY avmu*½k vdkPf*leH&Hyef;csDrsm;onf anmif&rf; ESihf awGU&wwfonf/ em;awmif;udrk l vlwef;pm;ra&G; 0wfqif
acwf 0wfpm;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIudk avhvmvdkolwdkYtwGuf yH&k onf/
oufaotaxmuftxm;aumif;rsm;jzpfonf/ rsufESmayguftaetxm;rsm;rSm trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;
1/ a&S;½kd;yef;csD (nTef;NyD;) pm- 22/ qifwlonf/ trsKd;om;rsm;yHkü yg;wpfzufazmif;vsuf
2/ ,if; pm- 22/ a&;qGaJ vh&o dS nfuv kd nf; awGU&onf/ rsuv f ;kH ESirhf sucf ;kH rsm;udk
44 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 45
aq;teufjzifh aumufaMumif;qGJavh&Sdonf/ rsuf&pf? qkd&ygu anmif&rf;acwfyef;csDonf pmayudk yef;csDjzifh
ESmacgif;ESifh yg;pyfwdkYudk teDa&mifjzifha&;onf/ o½kyfazmfjyonfrSm tqifhjrifhNyD; &nfrSef;csuf? &nf&G,fcsuf
yef;csDum;rsm;wGif aq;a&mifrsm;oHk;&mü t0ga&mifudk udk xda&mufaponf[k qdkEdkifonf/ Ak'¨bmomESifh jrefrmh
roH;k oavmuf&o dS nf/ tpdr;f &ifah &mif? tpdr;f Eka&mifurkd l toH;k ,Ofaus;rItwl,SOfvsuf xGef;um;onfudko½kyfazmfjyxm;
jyKonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh [oFmjy'g;eDu yef;csDum;rsm;udk jcif;jzpfovdk jrefrmpmayESifh yef;csDtEkynmaygif;pyfum
vTr;f rd;k xm;onf/ atmufcaH q;om;tvku d f aumufaMumif; bmoma&;t,ltq? tqH;k tr,Ofaus;rIp½du k rf sm;udk vlxk
rsOf;rsm;udkyif teDndKaoG;? [oFmjy'g;eD? teufponfjzifh twGi;f pdr0hf ifomG ;Edik af tmif wDxiG q
f ef;opfr[
I v k nf; qdEk ikd f
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anmif&rf;acwf yef;csv D uf&mrsm;udk ppfuikd ;f wdavmu tEkynmordik ;f wGif wGi&f pfatmif pGr;f aqmifjycsurf sm;vnf;
*k½v
k P kd *f t
l jyif ppfuikd ;f avmurSeu f if;bk&m;? zd;k 0ef;awmif jzpfayonf/
*lrsm;ESihf yk*aH wmif bDy#d uwfwu dk wf w Ykd iG vf nf; awGUjrifavh
vmEdik o f nf/ a&;uGuu f sNJ y;D tEkpw d jf c,freI ;f rI enf;yg;onf/
trsK;d om;rsuEf mS rsm;wGif yg;wpfzufazmif;a&;qGo J nfukd awGU
&jcif;jzifh wpfacwfwnf;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifonf/ tr&yl&
a&T*lombk&m;rS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDonfvnf; wdavmu*k½k
vdkPf*l&dS yef;csDrsm;ESifh qifwlonf/
xdyk ef;cst D m;vH;k onf Ak'b ¨ momqdik &f m yef;csrD sm;omjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨0ifESifhZmwfedygwfrsm;udk Zmwf&nfvnfatmif
tcef;qufí azmfjya&;qGJxm;ojzifh anmif&rf;acwftm;
pmayqkdif&m? yef;csDtEkynmqkdif&m? orkdif;qdkif&m? jrefrmrI
tEkynmqdik &f m? Adou k mydik ;f qdik &f m bufpakH xmifph rkH S avhvm
p&mrsm;tjzpf &Sdaeayonf/
46 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI

anmif&rf;acwf yef;warmh (ausmufqpf) vuf&m

jrefrmhorkdif;udk avhvmygu yk*HacwfwGif jrefrmwdkY\
tEkynmyef;q,frsKd; vufrItwwfonf txGwftxdyf
a&mufatmif xGe;f um;cJah Mumif; yk*aH cwfa&S;a[mif; ,Ofaus;rI
e,fajrrS a&S;a[mif;bk&m;ykxdk;rsm;u oufaojyaeonf/
ppf u d k i f ; Nrd K U? wd a vmu*k ½ k v d k P f * l r S eH & H a q;a&;yef ; csD
xdyk ef;q,frsK;d tEkynmxJrS ausmufux kd q
k pfNy;D yef;rsm;? t½kyf
rsm;azmfonfh ausmufqpftwwf odkYr[kwf yef;warmh
twwfvnf;ygonf/ odkYaomf xdkacwfu tEkynm[efrsm;
onf tdE, d´ [efvrT ;f rd;k rI&adS eonf[k okawoDwu Ykd oH;k oyf
Muonf/ wdkuf½dkufqdk&ygu xdkacwf[efrsm;onf ]]ukvm;
qefonf}} [kqMkd ujcif;jzpfonf/ yk*aH cwftvGef tif;0acwf
wGifrl jrefrmrItEkynmrsm;onf ]]jrefrmqef}} vmonf/
qdk&ygu jrefrmhrl[efppfppfjzpfvmNyD[k qdkMuonf/
tif;0acwfudk qufcH&aom'kwd,tif;0acwfac:
anmif&rf;acwfwGifvnf; tEkynmtqifwefqmrsm;onf
ppf u d k i f ; Nrd K U? avmurS e f u if ; vd k P f * l r S jrefrmhrl? jrefrmh[ef? jrefrmhtEkynmppfppftjzpf qufvuf
rsuf E S m Muuf a q;a&;yef ; csD &SifoefxGef;um;cJhonf/ anmif&rf;acwfonf tif;0yxr
47
48 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 49
acwfESifh ukef;abmifacwfudkaygif;ul;ay;&aom acwfjzpf twGurf l rSeaf umif;rSeEf ikd af omfvnf; *ljyif0? *l0t0iftjyif
onfEiS t hf nD tif;0acwfut kd arGcx
H m;ovdk uke;f abmifacwf ausmufom;jyifwGif xGif;xktvSqifxm;aom rkcf0wHuJ
qufcH&mtarGcHtjzpf &SdcJhonf[k qdk&rnf/ pvpf tqifwefqmrsm;twGufrl pOf;pm;p&m &Sdayonf/
anmif&rf;acwfausmufqpftwwfynm odkYr[kwf xkrd ck 0f wHuJ tqifwefqmvuf&mrsm;udk uke;f abmifacwfO;D
yef;warmhvuf&mrsm;udk rH&k mG NrKd Uwpfzufurf;rS zd;k 0ef;awmif ydkif;vuf&m? wpfenf; anmif&rf;acwf vuf&mtjzpfom
wGiaf vhvmEdik o f nf/ xkad wmifonf csi;f wGi;f jrpftaemufbuf okawoDwdkYu qdkMuonf/
rkH&Gm-*efYa*gum;vrf;ay:wGif&Sdaom ,if;rmyifNrdKUrS ig;rdkif xdv k Pkd *f t l 0 tjyiftqiftjc,ftvS,rf sm;rSm vdP k *f l
tuGmwGi&f o dS nf/ rH&k mG taemufbufurf;? anmifyifBu;D qdyf wpf c k E S i f h w pf c k rwl M uacs/ t&G , f t pm;uG m jcm;ovd k ?
rS (14) rdik f a0;onf/ zd;k 0ef;awmifukd zdv k 0f ifawmif[v k nf; yHo
k P²mef[efyefuvnf; rwlMuay/ a,bk,stm;jzifq h vdk Qif
ac:Muao;onf/ xdak wmifonf ay 1000 cefjY rifí h ta&SU xk*d 0l rkcw f u H rJ sm;rS uke;f abmifacwf &mZyv’if wHuyJ rkH sK;d om
taemufo, G w f ef;aeonf/ zk;d 0ef;awmifEiS hf wpfqufwnf; rsm;onf/ &mZyv’ifwHuJyHkESifhrwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;aomyHkrsKd;
a&Tbawmif? EGm;odk;awmif? zefcg;awmifponfh awmifpOf vnf; a&maESmvsufawGU&onf/
wef;rsm;ü ausmufawmifudkxGif;xkxm;aom vdkPf*lrsm;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh *layguf0rsm;rSm trd;k cH;k yHrk sm;jzpfonf/
vdkPf*ltwGif;ü bk&m;qif;wk½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;&Sdonf/ tcsKdUvnf; puf0dkif;jcrf;yHktcHk;? tcsKdUrSm puf0dkif;jcrf;xufydk
1914-1915 ckESpf a&S;a[mif;okawoe tpD&ifcHpmyg
aom trdk;cHk;tcRefrsKd;jzpfonf/ xdktrdk;cHk;rsm;ESifhavsmfnDpGm
'l½KG id Zf ,f\ ]]zd;k 0ef;awmif? ausmuf*rl sm;taMumif; a0zefcsu}f }
rkcf0wHuJrsm;udk xkqpfjc,fvS,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
pmwrf;wGif ausmufawmifyuwdukd xGi;f azmufí yv’iq f if;wk
awmfrStp tm;vHk;wpfom;wnf;jzpfjcif;ESifh ausmufpm *layguf0udk xGi;f &müvnf; axmifrh eS pf wk*yH u kH susygovdk
a&;xd;k rxm;jcif;[laom tcsuEf pS &f yfuakd xmufí ysLacwf t&if;us,ftzsm;usOf;aom yHkrsKd;vnf;ygonf/ xdkyHktae
vuf&mjzpfaMumif; a0zefa&;om;xm;onf/ txm;twdik ;f ab;ESpzf ufw½k P kd w
f ikd rf sm;udk xkqpfMuonf/
xdkpmwrf;yg a0zefa&;om;csufonf ausmufawmifudk xkqpf&müvnf; yuwdausmufom;jzif&h o dS nfh taetxm;udk
xGif;xm;aom vdkPf*lESifh*ltwGif;rS bk&m;½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; vdkufavsmnDaxGusus xkqpfxm;onf/ tcsdKUwk½kdPfwdkif
50 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 51
rsm;ü tv,fwiG f puf0ikd ;f yHyk ef;pMumudk yGizhf wfrsm;ESihf xkqpf wk½Pkd w f idk \
f xdy?f ab;ESpzf ufrS uEkwyf ef;vefusae[ef
xm;NyD; atmufbufwdkifajcrS yef;axmifBuD;u xdkpuf0dkif;yHk xkqpfxm;ovdk wk½P kd w
f ikd \ f tajcrS tjyifbufoYkd aumhvef
yef;yHkxJ wdk;0ifaeovdk wk½dkPfwdkifxdyfrS yef;vSBuD;wpfcku xGufaeaom tcReftrGrf;vnf; xkqpfjc,fvS,fxm;onf/
atmufupkd u kd qf if;um puf0ikd ;f yHk yef;yGix fh oJ Ykd wd;k 0ifae[efrsK;d xdktcReftrGrf;ESifhtay:rS vefusae[ef uEkwfyef;tMum;
awGU&onf/ tcsKdUü uEkwfyef;rsm; wkdifrsufrSmjyiftjynfh vnf; yef;wef;jc,fvS,fxm;jyefao;onf/
jc,fxm;onfuakd wGU&onf/ yef;rsm;tpm; vuftyk cf saD eaom wk ½ d k P f w d k i f \ xd y f & S d wH u J a wmf \ Ouif a wmf r S m
ewf ½ k y f w pf z uf w pf ½ k y f p D wk ½ d k P f w d k i f r suf E S m jyif t jynf h uke;f abmifacwf &mZyv’if OuifawmfrsK;d ESiw hf o
l vdv
k Ekd iS hf
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f ikd x
f yd rf S tjyifbuf
wk½P kd wf idk \f wdik x f yd ?f wkid af jc? tjc,ftvS,rf sm;vnf; wpfzufwpfcsuu f kd uefxGufae[ef&Sdaom tcReftaxmif
ygonf/ ykvJvHk;pDabmifcwfrsOf;ay:wGif arSmufxm;aom (pdik af ygif) onf tcsKUd rkc0f wHuüJ '&if (wk&if) \ txGwu f kd
rDvkrDcif &Snfvsm;ovdk tcsKdUrkcf0wHuJü '&iftajcxdom
cGuw f pfc?k vSex f m;aomcGuw f pfcwk if[ef (MumarSmufMumvSef
&S n f o nf u d k awG U &onf / tcsKd U wH u J ü tajcae&m&S d
oabmrsKd;) tjc,ftvS,frsKd;vnf;awGU&onf/ MumarSmuf
aus;auG ; onf oH k ; ck & S d o vd k tcsKd U ü wpf c k o m&S d o nf /
MumvSet f qifwefqm\ tOD;tpavm[k pOf;pm;p&m&So d nf/ aus;auG;ae&mü yef;yGifh yef;0wfqH t0ef;oP²mef tauG;
xdtk ay:urS ckw H ;kH wpfcck NH y;D yef;axmifwifonf/ tv,fwiG f t0ef;jyKxm;onfvnf;&Sdonf/ '&ifudkyif Mumzl;MumyGifh
yef;wpfyiG jfh c,fv, S o f nf/ uke;f abmifacwf &mZyv’iw f ½k P
kd f yGifhtefae[ef xkqpfxm;onf/
wdik rf sm;ü awGU&aom ae? vtqifwefqm xnfah vSmifxm; aus;auG;txufü arSmw f ef;&So
d nf/ tcsKd UwHuüJ arSmw f ef;
aomae&mjzpfonf/ ae?v txdrf;trSwftpm; yef;yGifhudk ESpq f ifah wGU&onf/ arSmw f ef;tMum;ü yef;&Gurf sm;avSmifxm;
xnfhavSmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wdkifxdyfüvnf; ykvJvHk;pD onf/ arSmfwef;txufü taqmf&Sdonf/ taqmfvnf;
abmifcwfrsOf;ay:wGif cGufarSmufcGufvSefyHkrsKd;wifNyD; xdkcHk uEkwfyef;aqmf? ewfaqmf[líawGU&onf/ awmf&aemifOD;
wHk;atmuf &Snfvsm;aom tzsm;yg anmif&GufyHk pdkufqif; aqmufyef;rsm;rawGU&bJ ½d;k ½d;k &Si;f &Si;f taqmftcRerf sm;om
ae[ef a&;qGJjc,fvS,fjcif;rsKd;vnf; awGU&onf/ wefqmqifxm;&So d nf/
52 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 53
þuJo h Ykd wk&if? taqmf? pdik af ygif? aus;auG;rsm;yg Ouif
yHrk sK;d tjyif vdP k *f 0l trd;k cH;k ay:ü trd;k cHak vsm tacsmif;twef
BuD;oP²mef OuifrsKd;vnf;awGU&onf/ tzsm;ESpfzufpGef;
wGirf l pdik af ygifrsK;d ? uEkwyf ef; tauG;taumhjzifh wefqmqif
xm;onf/ tcsKd UwHuüJ xdt k rd;k cH;k avsmtjynfh uEkwyf ef;rsm;
xkqpfjc,fv, S xf m;onf/ tcsKd UwHuüJ tem;owfrsO;f aMumif;
rsm;wGif ykvJvHk;rsm;? tpDt&Dxkqpfxm;onf/ cHk;txuf
ay:rSmrl wk&ifae&mwGif tcsKd UtxGww f ifonfvnf; &So d nf/
txGwrf mS wk&ifyrkH sK;d r[kwb f J iSuaf ysmzl;yHk rsK;d &So
d nf/ taqmf
tcRefwyf&mae&mwpfzufwpfcsufü udEé&m½kyfjc,fvS,f
xkqpfxm;onfudkvnf; awGU&onf/

zd k ; 0ef ; awmif * l b k & m;wpf q l r S *l 0 tqif w ef q m

54 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 55

zd k ; 0ef ; awmif * l b k & m;wpf q l r S *l 0 tqif w ef q m zd k ; 0ef ; awmif * l b k & m;wpf q l \

rk c f a yguf tjyif r S e wf ½ k y f
56 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 57
trd;k cH;k avQmüyif tcsKd Uu cH;k cH;k ? tcsKUd uajyajyavQmavQm
ESprf sK;d awGU&onf/ aus;auG;[laom tqifwefqmrygao;
ojzifh acwftenf;i,f apmonfhvuf&m[k ,lqEdkifp&m
&So
d nf/
pdkifaygif? taqmf? wk&if? aus;auG;yg rkcfwHuJtxGwf
rsm;rSmyif tcsKd UwHurJ sm;ü Ouifyikd ;f onf pGiphf iG u hf m;um;<um;
<um;&Gm;&Gm;r&S?d pdik af ygiftpGe;f ESpzf ufonf wk½P kd w f ikd f tjyif
bufrausmfbJ&Sdojzifh ydefcsyfcsyf&Sdaeonfrsm;vnf; awGU&
onf/ pkid af ygifw\ Ykd oabmonf wk&if\vnfukd rxk;d &ovdk
rdk;ay:odkYvnf; axmifrae&ay/ xdkYaMumifhyif ]]vnfvnf;
rxdk;? rdk;vnf;rarQmf}} [laom pum;yif&Sdonf/ xdkpum;ESifh
rnDbJ rdk;arQmfonfh pdkifaygifrsm;vnf;awGU&onf/ atmuf
ausmufom;rsuEf mS jyift&St d wdik ;f xkqpf&ojzifh yHo k P²mef
rsKd;pHk&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnf&onf/
*lrsm;xGif;azmuf&mü *laygufwpfckESifhwpfck eD;uyfvS
onf/ *laygufwikd ;f ü rkc0f wHuu J kd xkqpfMuonfjzpf&m wHuJ
wpfcEk iS hf wpfct k Mum; uGuv f yfrjzpf&atmif yef;uEkwrf sm;?
t½kyrf sm;jzifh uGuv f yfr&Sjd c,fv, S x f q
k pfxm;onfrmS vnf;
csD;usL;zG,f&mjzpfonf/ xdkacwfausmufqpf (yef;warmh)
zd k ; 0ef ; awmif * l b k & m;wpf q l \ rk c f a yguf r S ynm&Sifrsm;\ tEkynmpdwful;pdwfoef; uGefYjrL;csifwdkif;
ewf ½ k y f [ ef w pf r sKd ; uGejYf rL;rIrsm;u aESmif;acwfynm&Sirf sm;tm; tHMh obeef;jzpf
aponf/
58 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
*layguftedrthf jrifh rwl? tusO;f tus,u f jJG ym;onft
h jyif
rsufESmwpfjyifwnf; nDnmjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf rkcf0wHuJ
rsm;onf Bu;D onfuBu;D ? ao;i,fonfuao;i,f? jrifo h nfu
jrif?h edro
hf nfuedrv
hf su&f adS omfvnf; wHuyJ o
kH P²mefurl twwf
EdkifqHk;wlnDatmif xkqpfxm;onf/ acwfOD;? acwfv,f? anmif&rf;acwf
acwfaESmif;uGmonfhtavsmuf wHuJ'DZdkif;yHkpHrsm;vnf; aMu;oGef; (yef;wOf;) twwf
tenf;ESifhtrsm; uGmjcm;rI&Sdonf[kawmh qdkEdkifonf/
anmif&rf;acwfausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;wGif tEkynm awmifilacwf bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;BuD;\vufxuf
tajrmufqHk;rSm *laygufab;eH&Hrsm;ü xkqpfxm;aom eef;awmfwcH g;ü w&m;acgif;avmif;Bu;D wpfv;kH oGe;f vkycf sw d f
rwfwyf&yf ewforD;? ewfom;½kyfrsm;jzpfonf/ acgif;rSmu qGx
J m;aMumif; yk*aH &Tpnf;cHb k &k m;ü bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D
o&zlaqmif;onf/ tEkqpfvuf&mrSm atmufydkif; t0wf vSL'gef;xm;onfh acgif;avmif;awmf&Sd urÜnf;pmaMumif;a&
tqifjzpfonf/ ab;ESpfzufjyefYum;xGufaeonfh t0wf
7ESifh 8wGifazmfjyxm;onf/
tqifwefqm oHk;xyfoHk;qifht½kyfazmfxm;yHkrSm vuf&m
bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D \ ajr;awmf taemufbufveG f
ajrmufvSonf/ tem;prsm;udk tzGmzGmjzpf[ef tpuf
rif; (at'D 1606-1628) uvnf; jynfoltrsm; ta&;qdk
tajymufrsm;jzifh tEkpdwfxkqpfxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
rsuEf mS yHyk ef;oP²mefuvnf; Eke,fysKjd rpfonf/ rsuEf mS xm;u wdik Mf um;Edik &f ef bd;k awmfb&k ifah emifrif;w&m;\ enf;vrf;udk
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onf/ vuftaetxm;u vuftkyfcsDae[ef tb,rkj'm oGe;f vkycf o hJ nf/
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Edkifaom jywdkufBuD;jzpfonf[kyif qdkEdkifaumif;ayonf/ ay;rnf[k &nf&, G Nf y;D aiGpifaiGom;ydómwpfaxmif wefz;kd
59
60 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 61
xduk af om acgif;avmif;wpfv;kH udk oGe;f vkyaf ponf/ ouú&mZf wufrIESifh w&m;rQwrIwdkYudk &&SdcJhMuaMumif; azmfjyxm;Mu
984 ckESpf? rv’*kPÖoH0pä&? ewfawmfvqef; (12) &uf? onf/(1)
wevFmaeY? b'´g'D'D? "Ekv*faewuf 3 Mwm 2 yg'f? taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;BuD;\ acgif;avmif;urÜnf;
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{u&mZfrif;jrwfonf w&m;acgif;avmif; oGef;vkyfxm;ap bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D uJo h Ykd rGejf refrmwpfom;wnf; jzpfap
onf/ acgif;avmif;\ tav;csdefrSmydóm 8254 &SdNyD; vdak om oabmygonf/ taemufbufveG rf if;onf bk&ifah emif
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rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;u acgif;avmif;oGef;onfhaeYudk bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D \ vufeufEikd if BH u;D udk jyefvnfppk nf;
wydw Yk vJG jynf?h Mumoyaw;aeY[k azmfjyxm;onf/ acgif;avmif; wnfaxmifEikd cf ½hJ rHk u jynfy&efp, G t
f EÅ&m,f usa&mufrnfh
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w&m;acgif;avmif;BuD;udk at'D 1622 ckESpfrSm oGef;vkyfNyD; 1613 ckESpfwGif BuD;rm;aom aqmif&GufcJhrIjzpfonf/
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jynfoljynfom;wdkY Nidrf;csrf;om,mcJhMuaMumif;? pD;yGm;wdk; a&;om;cJo h nf/ odaYk omf xdak cgif;avmif;awmf\yHu k rkd l rjyEdik f
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27-6-93 &ufxkwf jrefrmhtvif;? aemifwGif ]]acgif;avmif;}}
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62 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 63
xdkacgif;avmif;awmfonf ppfab;'Pf ESpfBudrfcH&NyD; rkcfwefaqmif;\ ta&SUbufwGif wpfvHk;(1) ? ta&SUbuf
jynfywpfae&m&modYk a&mufomG ;[ef&o dS nf/ tmomz,f&m\ rkcft0ifvuf,mbufüwpfvHk;(2) ? bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif
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f nf/ acgif;avmif;urÜn;f pmrsm;
vD*gt&yf&Sd [dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;twGif;ü aemufqHk;awGU t& anmif&rf;acwfwGifoGef;vkyfaom acgif;avmif;rsm;
cJh&aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu jzpfaMumif; twdtusqdkEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/
wpfcsed u f þacgif;avmif;awmfBu;D taMumif;udk tdE, d´ wGif tvm;wl anmif&rf;acwf\acgif;avmif;rsm;udk yckuúL?
pHpk rf;Munfch zhJ ;l aMumif;vnf; od&onf/ rnforYkd S ajc&maumuf a&Twefw Y pfb&k m;&ifjyifawmf(4) wGiw f pfv;kH ? oD[Vkd &f iS bf &k m;
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ír&cJh[k qdkonf/ Bu;D \ twGi;f &ifjyifawmf ta&SUajrmufbufwiG f wpfv;kH awGU
tu,fíom xdak cgif;avmif;awmfBu;D udk ajc&maumuf Edik af o;onf/ a&TUwefw Y pfb&k m;&ifjyifawmf&dS acgif;avmif;rSm
&cJhNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHudkjyefvnfa&muf&Sdygu anmif&rf;acwf rlvu yckuLú NrKd Ue,f? uGe;f &Gm? 'DyuF&mapwD&ifjyifü csw d q f JG
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ aMu;csdefydóm 130 &SdaMumif;vnf;od&
yef;wOf; (aMu;oGef;) twwfudk *kPf,lzG,frSwfwrf;wifEkdif
onf/ oD[Vkd &f iS b
f &k m;rS acgif;avmif;url aMu;csed rf od&ay/
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acgif;avmif;t0onf wpfawmifwpfru kd ?f apmufwpfawmifx h mG ?
anmif&rf;acwfü aMu;oGef; (yef;wOf;) twwfonf (6)
vHk;ywft0ef; oHk;awmifwpfrdkuf&SdaMumif;od&onf/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vufryI nmwpf&yftaejzifh xGe;f um;
1/ vIdif0if;aqG\ ]] jrefrmhacgif;avmif;}} pmayAdrmef? &efukef?
vsu&f adS eonfrmS aocsmonf[k qdEk ikd o f nf/ tav;csed t f m;jzifh 1986-ck? pm- 32 (aemifwGif ]]vIdif0if;aqG}} [komnTef;
rsm;aom? tvH;k txnftm;jzifh Bu;D rm;aom anmif&rf;acwf rnf/)
acgif;avmif;BuD;rsm;udk ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;ü awGUjrif 2/ vIdif0if;aqG (nTef;NyD;) pm- 38
avhvmEdkifonf/ 3/ ,if; pm- 43
4/ ,if; pm- 48
a&pBuKd NrKd Ue,f? ycef;pnfo&l iS bf &k m;rSmyif anmif&rf;acwf 5/ ,if; pm- 49
acgif;avmif;oH;k vH;k cefaY wGUEdik o
f nf/ pnfo&l iS bf &k m;ajrmufbuf 6/ ,if; pm- 51
64 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 65
rH k & G m Nrd K U? zd k ; 0ef ; awmif b k & m;&if j yif a wmf w G i f v nf ; ½ky?f *VKe½f yk ?f ewf½yk ?f odMum;½kyf ponfwo Ykd nf wGzJ ufyg0ifNrJ
anmif&rf;acwf oGe;f acgif;avmif;wpfv;kH awGUEdik o f nf/ aMu;csed f jzpfonf/ xdt k ½kyrf sm;udk vH;k wnf;vnf; jc,fv, S of nf/ twGJ
ydóm 250 &So d nf/ NrKd iNf rKd U? a&Tjrifwifb&k m;&ifjyifü csw d qf JG tzuft½kyrf sm;ESiv hf nf; jc,fv, S of nf/ tcsKUd ü Zmwf0ifcef;
xm;aom acgif;avmif;rSmvnf; anmif&rf;acwfacgif;avmif; wpfckü o½kyfaqmifrsm;tjzpf jc,fvS,fonfvnf;awGU
yifjzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;urÜnf;pmt& ouú&mZf 1101 &onf/ t½kyfrsm;udk jc,fvS,f&mü rsufpdyom'jzpfatmif
ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynfah usmf (9) &ufwiG f oGe;f vkyo f nf[k qdx k m; uEkwfyef;rsm;yg0ifjc,fvS,fwwfMuonf/
ojzifh anmif&rf;acwfukefqHk;umeD;umvwGif oGef;vkyfcJh anmif&rf;acwfacgif;avmif;rsm;ürl xku d o hJ aYkd om tajymuf
aom acgif;avmif;[k rSwf,l&onf/(1) trGrf;tqifwefqm enf;yg;vSayonf/ acgif;avmif;uGif;
anmif&rf;acwf acgif;avmif;rsm;\xl;jcm;csurf mS tjcm; wpfzufwpfcsufüom jcaoFh½kyfESpf½kyfudk aigif;pif;pif;awGU
aomacgif;avmif;rsm;ESirhf wl? &Snaf rsmarsmyHo k P²mef&o dS nf/ &wwfonf/
acgif;avmif;yHk rus[yk ifqEkd ikd o f nf/ tqifwefqmjc,fv, S f xdo k Ykd tqifwefqmrsm;enf;yg;&jcif;onf yef;wOf;tEk
rIvnf; enf;yg;vSonf/ acgif;avmif;uGif;\ wpfzuf ynmrzGHUNzdK;aomaMumifh[líom rqdkEdkifay/ xdkacwfumv
wpfcsufwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh jcaoFhESpfaumifomygonf jynforl sm;\ acgif;avmif;oGe;f jcif;tay:xm;onhhf oabm
udkawGU&onf/ acgif;avmif;wpfvHk;ü acgif;avmif;udkif;? xm;tay:wGif rlwnfrnf[k qdEk ikd o f nf/ acgif;avmif;onf
acgif;avmif;uGi;f onf aMu;yef;wOf;ynm&Siw f Ykd vufprG ;f jy&m tqifwefqmwdjYk zifh vSyzdrYk vd?k ]] wnfNird cf x hH nfzo Ydk mvd&k if;}}
ae&mjzpfonf/ xkad e&müt½kyrf sm;? yef;rsm;vSyatmif wefqm [k oabmydkufMuonfvnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ acgif;avmif;[l
qifrGrf;rHMuonf/ onf toHjzifh today;jcif;? toHvLS jcif; ud, k pf m;jyKypön;f jzpf
omoedu taqmufttHrk sm;? omoemESihf qufpyfaom ojzifh toHom,mpGmxGuaf y:a&;udo k m tm½kx H m;jcif;vnf;
toH;k taqmifypön;f rsm;wGif jcaoF½h yk ?f e*g;½ky?f udE&é D udE&é m jzpfEikd o
f nf/
1/ vdIif0if;aqG\ ]]jrefrmhacgif;avmif;}} pmayAdrmef? &efukef?
xdjYk yifvnf; awGU&orQaom anmif&rf;acwfacgif;avmif;
1986 ck? pm- 32 (aemifwiG f ]]vIid 0f if;aqG}}[kom nTe;f rnf/) rsm;\ aumif ; rI & S i f r sm;rS m wpf O D ; wnf ; \ aumif ; rI
pm- 54 r[kwfMubJ trsm;pkaygif;aumif;rIcsnf;rsm;onf/ olwdkY
66 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 67
udk;uG,faom q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;udk trSL;xm;í acgif;avmif;wGif ywfxm;aom tajymufrsm;uvnf;
'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm; pkaygif;vSL'gef; ukov kd jf yKjcif;rsm;jzpf xl;jcm;ovk&d o dS nf/ MumcHonft h qifwefqmrsK;d rawGU&ay/
onf/ xdYkaMumifh trsm;\oabmqE´? OD;xdyfxm;aom ykwD;aph? c½kywfrsOf; odkYr[kwf ta&;taMumif;oHk;aMumif;?
q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;\oabmqE´ESifhtnD ½dk;pif; ES p f a Mumif ; ponf j zif h c H í wef q mqif w wf M uonf /
&Sif;vif;pGm oGef;vkyfcJhonf[k rSwf,l&onf/ zd;k 0ef;awmif bk&m;&ifjyifrS acgif;avmif;rSmrl aAm"d&u G yf ckH í
H
(1)
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tapmqHk;awGU&aom yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkapwD ¤if;txufrS ykwD;aphywfxm;aMumif;awGU&onf/
&ifjyif½dS bk&ifah emifrif;w&m;Bu;D \ aumif;rIawmf acgif;avmif; NrKd iNf rKd U? a&Tjrifwifb&k m;&ifjyif&dS acgif;avmif;ud, k x f nf
onfyif ½kd;½kd;&Sif;&Sif;jzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;uGif;ü tqif ywfvnfürl tajymufrsm;vSypGmjc,fxm;onfudk awGU&
wefqmrawGU&ay/ xdak cgif;avmif;awmfBu;D onf jrifawGU& onf/ acgif;avmif;\ atmufbufEIwfcrf;txufESpfqifh
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ycef;pnfo&l iS b f &k m;rS acgif;avmif;jzpfonf/ þacgif;avmif; acgif;avmif;tm; tapmift h a&Smufoabmxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
ESpvf ;kH onf yHo k P²mefcsi;f qifwMl uonf/ odaYk omf pnfo&l iS f tay:ydik ;f wGiv f nf; t½kyrf sm;udk tuGut f uefjY zifh ywfvnf
bk&m;rS acgif;avmif;ü tqifwefqmt½kyEf pS rf sK;d jzifh oGe;f avmif; wefqmqifxm;onf/
xm;onfukd awGU&\/ acgif;avmif;\ txufcsw d wf iG f e&m; anmif&rf;acwfacgif;avmif;rsm;ü acgif;avmif;pmonf
½kyfudk oGef;xm;onf/ atmufajcuGif;ü jcaoFhESpfaumifcH a&;xdk;yg&SdNrJjzpfonf/ acgif;avmif;pmrsm;rSm refusnf;aph
onfudk awGU&onf/ yHkoP²mefjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;ü av;axmifhrefusnf;aph
wpfcq k &kd ef&o dS nfrmS anmif&rf;acwfacgif;avmif;rsm;rS yHo
k P²mefrS t0dik ;f yHo k Ykd ajymif;vJvmonfuv kd nf;awGU&onf/
jcaoFhrsm;onf wnfNidrfcefYnm;rIaqmifaomfvnf; yHkpHu pmvH;k t&G,t f pm;url acgif;avmif;wpfv;kH wnf;rSmyif rnD
½kd;pif; &Sif;vif;vGef;vSonf/ oGufvuf<u&Gonfh[efrsKd; rnm? tcsKdUuBuD;vsuf? tcsKdUui,fvsuf a&;xdk;xm;
rawGU&ay/ xkjYd yif t½kyrf sm;udk Munfjh yefvQiv f nf; jcaoF½h yk ?f onfudk xl;jcm;pGm awGU&ao;onf/
e&m;½kyrf Qom awGU&wwfonf/ udE&é D udE&é m? odMum;? yÍö½yl ? 1/ vIdif0if;aqG (nTef;NyD;) pm- 121
rEkó[ D wkdYudk rawGU&ay/
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 69
trwfynm&Sw d uYkd ]]ewf*VKeBf u;D ? aumif;rINy;D aomf? &yfo;D
awmifpeG ?f jzKe;f jzKe;f yst H }hH } [kqo
kd nfh wabmifpum;&Sad Mumif;?
apwDwnfjcif;udk rpOf;pm;oifah Mumif; avQmufMum;Muonf/
rif;BuD;u ]]jzpfvQifysufNrJ"r®awGU&rnfom? bk&m;rwnfbJ
anmif&rf;acwf bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm; aeaomf urÇmywfvHk;touf&SnfpGmae&oavm? ukodkvf
aumif;rIjyKro S m ewf&mG edAmÁ efa&mufEidk af Mumif;}} rdeaYf wmfrNl y;D
anmif&rf;acwfAo d u k mvuf&mrsm;teuf txif&mS ;qH;k tb,*grPdtrSL;&So d nfh trwfwu Ykd kd apwDwnf&ef ae&m&Sm
bk&m;apwDwpfqq l ul jkd yygqdv
k Qif ppfuikd ;f ]]&mZrPdpVl m}} ac: apcJhonf/
]]aumif;rIawmf}} apwDBu;D udk OD;pGmjy&ayrnf/ xkad pwDawmf tb,*grPdtrSL;&Sdonfh trwfwdkYvnf; xD;? wHcGef?
BuD;onf anmif&rf;rif;qufrS oHk;qufajrmufrif; jzpfonfh qDrD;wefaqmif? aygufaygufponfh ylaZmfzG,frsm;ESifhwuG
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omvGefrif;onf tif;0wGif eef;pHonfhESpfrSmyif b@m aumif;rIawmfBuD;wnf&mae&mudk &SmawGUMujcif;jzpfonf/
awmfwdkufrS a&TaiGrsm;pGmudk xkwf,lNyD; ½kyfwkawmf? qif;wk {&m0wDjrpfajrmufbufurf;? tif;0NrKd UawmfrS taemufajrmuf
awmfrsm; oGe;f vkyu f m apwDawmfBu;D wnfvyk &f ef pDrcH o hJ nf/ ,Ge;f csirhf eS ;f ocsmF ESp*f g0kwf ckepfrikd rf Q a0;aomt&yfjzpfonf/
omvGefrif;onf rif;om;b0ESifhjynfNrdKUrSmaepOf 'Gwå xdak jrae&mwGif ta&SUtaemuftvsm;av;q,f&h pS w f m?
abmifrif;aumif;rIawmf o&rmapwDudkjrifawmfrlcJhNyD; rdrd awmif a jrmuf t eH a v;q,f ck e pf w mES p f a wmif t wd k i f ;
txGwftjrwfodkYa&mufvQif onfapwDuJhodkY wnfrnf[k t&Snf&Sdonfh ajrae&mudkokwfoifpifMu,foyÜm,fatmif
t"d|mefawmfrl&if;&SdcJhonf/ xdkpOfu t"d|mefxm;&SdcJhonfh pD&ifaponf/ Ny;D vQif tapmufoaH wmifig;awmif (10-ay)
twdik ;f o&rmapwDoP²mef &mZrPdp|l mapwDwnf&ef pD&if tvGefrmonfh oHawmifuJhodkY&SdatmifzdkYaponf/(1)
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/(1) 1/ OD;apmjrifh\ ]]ppfudkif;NrdKU? &mZrPdplVmaumif;rIawmf apwD
1/ OD;ukvm;\ ]] r[m&mZ0ifBu;D ? wwd,tkyf ]] jrefrmokawoe awmfBu;D ordik ;f }} ppfuikd ;f NrKd Ua[mif;? aumif;rIawmfa*gyutzGUJ ?
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]]OD;ukvm;w}} [k omnTef;rnf) pm-237 ]]aumif;rIawmf}} [kom nTef;rnf/)
68
70 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 71
&mZrPdpVl m aumif;rIawmfapwDawmfBu;D wnfvyk jf cif; ouú&mZf 999 ckEpS ?f 0gqdv k jynfah usmf 8 &uf(1) wevFm
ESifhywfoufí OD;ukvm;\r[m&mZ0ifBuD; wwd,tkyfü aeYwGif wwd,Xmyemwdkuf ausmufzsmcif;onf/ awmfo
tus,fw0ifh azmfjyxm;onf/ vif;vqef; 10 &uf(2) aomMumaeYwGif wwd,Xmyem
f jynfah usmf 8 &uf(1) aomMum
ouú&mZf 998 ckEpS ?f uqkev awmfro l nf/(3)
aeYwiG f aumif;rIawmf&mZrPdpVl mwnf&m ajrudn k o
d§ nf/ xkEd pS f txufXmyemwdkufNyD;vQif tvHk;awmfudkaumif;rGef
'kw, k jynfah usmf 7 &uf(2) Ak'[
d 0gqdv ¨ ;l aeY wGif Xmyemwdu k f aooyfatmifvkyfaqmifawmfrlonf/ wHwdkif;0ef;usif
pwnfonf/ a&Tudk,fav;awmf bk&m;oGef;onf/ 0gacgif udv
k nf;vkyo f nf/ q&mawmfig;yg;wdYk MuyfrwfNy;D ? Zmwfawmfrsm;
vqef; 7 &uf(3) Mumoyaw;aeYwiG f aiG½yk w f ak wmfoeG ;f onf/ a&;&onf/ NyD;vQifjrefrm? rGef? ,Gef;wdkYbmom tu©&m
(4)
awmfovif;vqef; 3 &uf wevFmaeYwGif aumif;rI urÜnf;ESifhcsnfxm;onf/ 0ef;usifwHcg;av;rsufESmudkvnf;
awmfwGif oufu,feef;awmfaqmufonf/ awmfovif; tkwjf ymom'fvyk o f nf/ &ifjyifawmfukd ausmufzsmcif;onf/
vqef; 10 &uf wevFmaeY(5) Xmyemausmufzsmcif;onf/ ausmufqDrD;wdkif pdkufNyD;vSLonf/ apmif;wef;av;rsufESm
awmfovif;vqkwf 7 &uf(6) paeaeY a0gjymom'fpD;í txufwGifvnf; eHYomausmufzsmBuD;av;csyfxm;&onf/
xGuaf wmfro l nf/ ewfawmfvjynfah usmf 10 &uf(7) aomMum r[m&H0ef;usifudkvnf; ausmif;BuD;av;ausmif;? ausmif;&H
aeYwGif yxrXmyemawmfrlonf/ jymodkvqef; 1 &uf(8) 40 ESifhwuG vSLonf/(4)
aomMumaeY? 'kw, d Xmyemwdu k f ausmufzsmcif;onf/ wydw Yk JG 1002 ckEpS ?f uqkevf qef; 5 &uf(5) wevFmaeY? aumif;rI
vqef; 11 &uf Ak'¨[l;aeY(9) 'kwd,Xmyemawmfrlonf/ awmfrmS ok"r®mZ&yfjirf;yEéupf u
kd o f nf/(6)
f nf/ r@dKiaf wmfvyk o
1/ 16 {NyD? 1636 6/ 10 pufwifbmv? 1636 1/ 3 Zlvdkif? 1637
2/ 13 Zlvdkif? 1636 7/ 11 'DZifbmv? 1636 2/ 18 Mo*kwf? 1637
3/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 237
3/ 28 Zlvdkif? 1636 8/ 16 'DZifbmv? 1636
4/ ,if; pm-239
4/ 22 Mo*kwf? 1636 9/ 25 Zefe0g&D? 1637 5/ 14 {NyD? 1640
5/ 29 Mo*kwf? 1636 6/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 240
72 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 73
1005 ckESpf? uqkefuvef; 8 &uf(1) aomMumaeYwGif awmfapwDawmfBuD;wnfvkyfonfh ouú&mZf 998 ckESpfrS
awmifirl q S ufvmaom"mwfawmfukd aumif;rIawmf? &mZrPd a&wGuaf omf ouú&mZf 1010 jynfEh pS w f ik d af tmif wnfaqmufa&;
plVm cs&m;oD;wGif Xmyemonf/(2) umvonf 12 ESpf rQ&S d c J h o nf / xd k a pwD a wmf B uD ; ud k
ouú&mZf 1006 ckESp(3)f ? waygif;vwGif aumif;rIawmf 'g,umjzpfol omvGefrif;vufxuf xD;awmfrwifEdkif
ausmif;Bu;D av;ausmif;udk jyKAmÁ 0ef? 'udP© m0ef? ypärd m0ef? Owå cJhay/
&m0ef [líorkwo f nf/ odrof rkwrf nf[k ausmufukd a&G;cs,f omvGerf if;onf ouú&mZf 1010 jynfEh pS ?f awmfovif;
apNy;D q&mawmfrsm;udk ok"r®mZ&yfoyYkd ifu h m odro f rkwrf nfh vqef; 10&uf(1) &ufwiG f ewf&mG pHc&hJ m om;awmfyif;wvJrif;
taMumif;wdik yf ifonf/ aumif;rIawmfukd a&Tx;D vnf; rwif (at'D 1648-1661) u crnf;awmf\ t½du k tf &mudq k ufcH
&ao;? ausmif;awmfrsm;udkvnf; rvSL&ao;? a&TxD;wifí onf/ xdkodkYqufcHNyD; ouú&mZf 1111 ckESpf? uqkefvqef;
ausmif;udkvSLNyD;rS odrforkwfoifhonf[k q&mawmfwdkYu 8 &uf(2) wevFmaeYwGif xD;awmfwifvSLcJhonf/
rdeMYf um;onf/(4) apwDawmfBu;D \ Adou k myH[ k efum; wpfrx l ;l jcm;vsu&f dS
ouú&mZf 1010 jynf?h uqkev f jynfah usmf 6 &uf(5) t*FgaeY? onf/ oa&acwå&mwGif&Sdaom ysLacwfbk&m;BuD;? bk&m;rm
aumif;rIawmf &mZmrPdplVmodkYul;NyD; ausmif;oHk;ausmif; uJo h yYkd rkH sK;d vnf;r[kw?f yk*wH iG &f adS om bl;bk&m;ESiv hf nf;rwl?
udkvSLonf/ wpfausmif;udkrl rD;usíavmifcJhaomaMumifh yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkrSpNyD; aemufydkif;acwftqufqufwnfvkyfcJh
topfaqmufvyk &f onf/(6) aom ajrpdkufapwDrsm;ESifhvnf; uGJjym;onf/ r[m&mZ0if
aumif;rIawmfapwDawmfBu;D wnfvyk yf u kH kd r[m&mZ0if awmfBuD;tvdkt&rl jynf (oa&acwå&m) &Sd ighhwyg;rif;\
Bu;D ü tus,w f 0ifh rSww
f rf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þaumif;rI ]]o&rm}} apwDawmfBuD;yHkawmftwdkif; wnfvkyfonf[kqdk
1/ 14 {NyD 1640 xm;onf/
2/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 241 tcsKdUbk&m;ordkif;usrf;rsm;u tcsif;oHawmif (160)?
3/ at'D -1644 wpfrdkufav;opf? tapmufoHawmif (101)awmif twdkif;
4/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 242
5/ 2 ar 1648 1/ 17 Mo*kwf? 1648
6/ OD;ukvm; (w) nTef;NyD; pm- 249 2/ 8 {NyD? 1649
74 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 75
t&Sn&f o dS nfh oD[Vkd u
f Re;f (,cko&D v d uFm) rS a'0geHy, D wdó xD;awmfapmuf (10) awmif (8) opf
rif;Bu;D \ ukov kd af wmf ]] xlyg½kaH pwD}} yHak wmf[k qdMk uonf/ xD;awmfaMu; tav;csdef (3440) ydóm
t&Sirf [dEr´ ax&fjrwf\ Mo0g'jzifh wnfaomapwDjzpfonf/ qnf;vnf;aygif; (80)
t&Sifjrwfu ]]t&SnfcHapvdkvQif}} pyg;pHk yHkwnf&rnf[k anmif&Gufaygif; (152) csyf
rdefYawmfrlcJhonfhtwdkif; wnfonf[k qdkvdkonf/(1) ywfvnfvdkPfrkcfESifh ewf½kyfaygif; (120)
odkYaomf omoem0ifordkif;usrf;aygif;rsm;pGm jyKpkawmf ywfvnf a&>yefe*g;½kyfaygif; (60)
rlcahJ om q&mawmfBu;D wpfyg;url oD[Vkd u f Re;f tEk&m"NrKd Uü ywfvnfausmufwdkifaygif; (1000)
apwDawmfBuD;wnfvkyfjcif;twGuf tkwfcsyfaygif;
wnf&Sdaom 'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ aumif;rIr[mapwDBuD;\
10ç186ç 552? ajreD 1ç644ç585 wif;? t*Faw 22ç498 wif;
yHkawmfESifhom trsm;qHk;wlawmfrlaMumif; ukd,fawGUrsufjrif
ukefusaMumif;(1) rSwfom;&onf/
zl;awGUcJh&onfhtwdkif; trdefY&SdawmfrlcJhaMumif; rSwfom;&
xdak pwDawmfBu;D ü r[m&mrfo;kH xyf&&dS m tjyifr[m&mrf
onf/(2) BuD;rSm ta&SUtaemuf tvsm; 97 wm? awmifajrmufteH
apwDawmfBuD;\ Adokumqdkif&m twdkif;twmrsm;rSm 95 wm? tapmufoaH wmif 5 awmif 4 opf? twGi;f r[m&mrfrmS
ÓPfawmftjrifh oHawmif (101)awmif (8) rdkuf tvsm; 62 wm2 awmif? teH 62 wm 2 awmif jzpfNyD;
(,ckacwf twdkif;twmtm;jzifh 188 ay) tay:r[m&mrfrSm tvsm; 48 wm2 awmif? teH 47 wm
tcsi;f oHawmif 162 awmif 1 rdu k f (280 ay 9vufr) 1 awmif? tapmuf 5 awmif&Sdonf/(2)
t0ef;vk;H ywf 502 awmif 2 rdu k f 4 opf (880 ay? 5 vufr) Bu;D rm;us,jf yefaY om r[m&mrfwwH ikd ;f Bu;D ESihf vH;k ywfBu;D
xD;awmftcsif; (10) awmif awmfrlaom þ&mZrPdplVmac: aumif;rIawmfapwDawmf
1/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 65-66 BuD;rSm Adokumtjrift& xl;jcm;aom yHkoP²mef&SdaeNyD;
2/ ppfudkif; OD;nTefY&if \ ]] ppfudkif;bk&m;rsm;ordkif;}} nTefYpmay? 1/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 23-24
&efukef? 1345 ck? ewfawmfvjynfh? pm- 79 2/ aumif;rIawmf (nTef;NyD;) pm- 22
76 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 77
anmif&rf;acwf\ Adokumvuf&mtaejzifh xD;xD;rm;rm; zGHUNzdK;pnfyif&ef tvkdYiSm pGrf;tm;&SdorQaqmif&GufcJhjcif;
xif&mS ;pGm wnf&adS ejcif;u anmif&rf;acwftwGuf armfueG ;f Bu;D jzpfonf/
wpfqlyif jzpfaeayonf/ xdkapwDonf tif;0ESifhwHwm;OD;tMum; armfawmfum;
vrf;\0JbufuyfvsufwGif wnf&Sdonf/ xkdapwDwnf&ef
twGuf ajrae&mudk ta&SUtaemufawmifajrmuf wmav;
q,fausmf? tapmufckepfawmifudk rSL;om;rwfajr;wdkYESifh
ouú&mZf 964-ck? wefc;l vjynfah usmf (6) &uf? aomMumaeY(1)
wGif wl;azmfjyifqifonf/ 0gqdkvjynfhaeY(2) wGifa0gpD;NyD;
rif;BuD;onf bk&m;wnfrnfhae&modkY xGuf<uvmcJhonf/
aemufwpf&uf ]]aerGef;wnfh u&u#fv*f? u&u#fw&if;?
u&u#f e0if;jynfhvQif a&TBudK;ESifhwrsOf;csí &wemtwdpD
aom a&Twl&Gif;udkifí pawmfrlonf}}(3) [k rSefeef;&mZ0if
awmfBuD;wGif vmonf/
apwDawmfBuD;pwifwnfae&mü om;awmfBuD; r[mOy
&mZm? om;awmftvwf rif;&JocFo?l om;awmfti,f pukrif;
BuD;wdkYu a&Twl&if;? aqGawmfrsKd;awmf rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;
ppf u d k i f ; Nrd K Uaumif ; rI a wmf &mZrPd p l V mapwD a wmf u aiGwl&Gif;rsm;udkifí yg0ifcJhMuonf/ tvsm;? teHESifh
tapmufoHckepfq,fhig;awmif owfrSwfNyD;? apwDawmfBuD;
r[mjrwfrek ad pwDawmf
anmif&rf;acwfwGif xif&Sm;aomtjcm;apwDwpfqlrSm tm; a&TtkwfaiGtkwf pípDawmfrlcJhMuonf/
r[mjrwfrkedapwDawmfjzpfonf/ anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD; 1/ 2 {NyD? 1602
(at'D 1600-1608) \ ukodkvfawmfjzpfonf/ anmif&rf; 2/ 23 ZGef? 1602
rif;w&m;BuD;\ eef;pH (8) ESpfumvtwGif; omoemawmf 3/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 128
78 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 79
ouú&mZf 964-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (12) &ufaeY(1) taemufbufveG rf if;onf r[mjrwfrek ad pwDawmftm;
wGif yxrtBudrfXmyemonf/ ajr,mrsm;ESihf uReof ;D awmfrsm;vnf; vSLcJo h nf/ ausmufpm
ouú&mZf 966-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (12) &ufaeY(2) vnf;a&;xdk;cJhonf/ xkdausmufpmrl&if;udk rawGU&ao;
'kwd,tBudrf Xmyemonf/ aomfvnf; bd;k awmf (A'Hrk if;) vufxuf qifx h ;dk xd;k í ylaZmf
xkdESpf waygif;vjynfhausmf (8) &ufaeY(3) wGif wwd, vSL'gef;cJhaom ausmufpmudkrl awGU&onf/ (1)

tBurd f XmyemcJo
h nf/ waygif;vjynfah usmf (13) &uf aeYwiG f ouú&mZf 972 ck? wydw JG qef; (1)&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY(2)
Yk v
yef;vnfwdkifpdku(4)
f onf/ wefcl;vqef; (1) &ufaeY(5) wGif wGif taemufbufvGefrif;onf þr[mjrwfrkedü &[ef;
pwkw¬tBudrfXmyemí aumif;rIawmfNyD;onf/ oHCmawmfwdkYudk yifhzdwfum qGrf;auR;vkyfNyD; w&m;emcJ(3) h
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;u apwDawmfBuD;udkNyD;pD;atmif aMumif; &mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyMuonf/ xkt Yd wl omvGerf if;
wnfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; xD;awmfrwifEdkifoGm;&ay/ xD;awmf vufxuf ouú&mZf 999-ck? wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf (5) &uf?
rwifrD ewf&GmpHcJhonf/ om;awmftaemufbufvGefrif;u t*FgaeY(4) ,if;&JapwDawmfww H ikd ;f wGif r@yfaqmufí yd#uwf
crnf;awmf\ t½du k t
f &mudq
k ufcNH y;D ouú&mZf 968 ck? e,kef aA'ifudkpí a&;&onf/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkü t"dyÜm,fudk todrf
(6)
vjynfh? paeaeY wGif xD;awmfwifcJhonf/ apwDawmfBuD; tarGU,lEdkifaom t&d,moljrwfwdkYvnf; rp&onf/ obif
udk,fvHk;awmfudkvnf; a&Tcsonf/(7)
1/ wd;k vS? tNird ;f pm;ordik ;f ygarmu©? rEÅav;wuúov
kd ?f rEÅav;\
1/ 16 atmufwdkbm? 1602 ]]yif;,-tif;0ajrrS ordkif;0ifapwDykxdk;rsm;}} (672-1247)
2/ 23 atmufwdkbm? 1602 2006-ckEpS ?f rwfv? pm- 126 (aemifwiG f wd;k vS (yif;,-tif;0)
3/ 1 rwf? 1605 [komnTe;f rnf/)
4/ 6 rwf? 1605 2/ 3 Zefe0g&Dv? 1611
5/ 9 rwf? 1605 3/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 162? OD;ukvm;
6/ 10 ar? 1606 r[m&mZ0if? wwd,tkyf? pm- 157
7/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 188 4/ 23 Zefe0g&D? 1638
80 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 81
Bu;D pGm&ufvnfatmif cHawmfro l nf/ &ufvnfvQif r[mjrwf
(1)
rke0d ef;usiüf a&;&onf [lí &mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjyMuonf/
omvGefrif;vufxufü r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udk ukd,fvHk;
awmfjynfh a&TuyfvSLylaZmfxm;aMumif;? wHwdkif;0ef;usifudk
vnf; tqef;wMu,fp&D ifí vSLcJah Mumif;(2) vnf;od&onf/
paerif;vufxufwiG f ouú&mZf 1062 ckEpS ?f waygif;v
jynfah usmf (13) &uf? paeaeY (3)wGif r[mjrwfrek u d kd xD;awmf
(4)
wifvSLcJhaMumif; &mZ0ifrsm;üawGU&onf/
xkad nmif&rf;rif;\ ukov kd af wmf r[mjrwfrek ad pwDonf
atmufajcav;axmifh ypö,mcHy*k aH &Tpnf;cHyk akH wmfrsK;d jzpfonf/
apwDawmf\ypö,mav;axmifüh jcaoF½h yk Bf u;D rsm;cHxm;onf/
tay:ypö,rH sm;udw k ufonfh avSum;rsm;u ruef;avSum;
rsm;jzpfonf/ avSum;xdyrf ck w f u H aJ &SUwpfzuf wpfcsuüf bDv;l
ESpaf umif? xkrd t
S xufypö,o H t Ykd wuf e*g;ESpaf umifqif;[ef
avSum;? xdkavSum;txufwGif jcaoFhESpfaumif ponfjzifh
wefqmqifxm;onf/ owå0grsKd;pHku apwDawmfBuD;udk
apmifha&Smuf[ef,lyHk&onf/ tif ; 0Nrd K Ua[mif ; rS r[mjrwf r k e d a pwD a wmf
1/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm-235? OD;ukvm;
r[m&mZ0if? wwd,tkyf? pm-238
2/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 248
3/ 22 azazmf0g&Dv? 1711
4/ rS e f e ef ; &mZ0if B uD ; ? wwd , wG J ? pm- 333? OD ; uk v m;
r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm- 363
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 83
vjynfhausmfwpfq,fhoHk;&uf(1) Mumoyaw;aeY oHk;csuf
wD;ausmfwGif ausmufjzLudk pdefawmifvkyf&onf/ tkwfpí
zkwf&onf/ o&Gwfajrpí,lonf/
waygif;vqef; (8) &uf(2) paeaeYnOfah v;csuw f ;D ausmf
rmefatmif&wemapwDawmf ESpef m&Dwpfyg'fwpfAZD emwGif a&Ttw k af iGtwk pf ívky&f onf/
vqef;wpfq,fo h ;kH &uf (3) Mumoyaw;aeY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D
anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;\ ukov kd af wmfrsm;wGif Adou k m
ausmf ig;em&Do;kH yg'fwiG f "mwfav;&yfNrKd UMuiSmef;oH;k &yfopfxl
vuf&myHkoP²mefrwljcm;em;aom apwDrSm paerif; (at'D
onf/ wGi;f csonf/ xdn k Ofo h ;kH csuw
f ;D ausmwf iG f aumif;rIawmf
1698-1714) \ ukodkvfawmf rmefatmif&wemapwDjzpf
tkwfpívkyfonf/ Xmyemwdkufausmufzsm pía&;onf/
onf/ OD;ukvm;\r[m&mZ0ifBu;D ü paerif;\ ]]rmefatmif
vqef; (14) &uf(4)aomMumaeY nOfhav;csufwD;ausmf
&wemapwDawmf}} wnfvkyfyHktqifhqifhudk tus,fw0ifh
ckepfem&D ESpyf g'fav;ADZemwGif aumif;rIawmf&majrjyifonf/
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ azmfjyxm;yHkrSm
yef;vnfwdkifapwD&modkY oGif;onf/
ouú&mZf 1060 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (14) &uf(1)Mumo
waygif;vjynfah usmf (13) &uf(5) aomMumaeY nOfEh pS cf suf
yaw;aeY? a&Teef;awmftaemufawmifaxmifh crnf;awmf
wD;ausmf av;em&DwGifaumif;rIawmf&majrrSpí xGefonf/
bk&m;tdraf wmf&mwGif aumif;rIawmfb&k m;wnf&ef ajrMunfh
XmyemausmufzsmapwD&modkY oGif;onf/
Mu&onf/ xdak eY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmo f ;kH em&DwiG f aumif;rI
awmf&majr&SpfrsufESmwGif rSwfwdkifpdkufonf/ 1/ 16 azazmf0g&D? 1699
wydw
Yk v f pf&uf(2) paeaeY nOfw
JG jynfah usmw h pfcsuw f ;D ausmf 2/ 25 azazmf0g&D? 1699
ig;em&DwGifaumif;rIawmf&m ajrewf N*dK[fewfylaZmf&onf/ 3/ 2 rwf? 1699
4/ 3 rwf? 1699
1/ 2 azazmf0g&D? 1699
5/ 17 rwf? 1699
2/ 4 azazmf0g&D? 1699
82
84 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 85
wefcl;vqef; (12) &uf(1) eHeufav;csufwD;ausmf uqkev f jynh(1)
f t*FgaeY noH;k csuw f ;D ausmf ig;em&DwiG f
ESpef m&Dwpfyg'fq,fAZD emwGif apwDawmf&myEéupf u kd of nf/ Xmyemrnfh½kyfwkawmf taygif;wdkYudk oHCmawmfwpf&mh
xkad eYnOfw
h pfcsuwf ;D ausmf oH;k yg'fav;ADZemwGif apwDawmf ig;q,f taeuZmwifawmfro l nf/ xkad eY wpfcsuw f ;D ausmf
&majrpepfonf y&dwfawmf&Gwfonf/ ig;em&D ESpyf g'fwiG f t|0Do½kywf ak wmfEpS uf syd &f pS q f u
l kd tvsif
wefcl;vjynfhausmf (1) &uf(2) t*FgaeYnOfhwpfcsufwD; Xmyemawmfro l nf/ xkad eY nOfah v;csuw f ;D ausmf ajcmufem&D
ausmf ig;em&Dwpfyg'fwGif apwDawmfa&TtkwfaiGtkwfrSpí oHk;yg'fwGif arGawmf"mwfawmf ½kyfwkawmftaygif;wdkYudk
pDonf/ r[m&mrfajrpESpfonf? r[m&mrfopfa&Gonf/ udk,fawmfwdkif Muyfrwfawmfrlí Xmyemawmfrlonf/ xdkaeY
t*Fawpívkyfonf/ r[m&mrfwefaqmif;yHkudkifonf/ tajymufpíxkonf/
wefcl;vjynfhausmf (11) &uf(3) aomMumaeY eHeuf
xD;awmfpí vkyfonf/
av;csufwD;ausmf ckepfem&DESpfyg'fwGif apwDawmfXmyem
uqkev f jynfah usmf (1) &uf(2) Ak'[
¨ ;l aeYot Ykd 0if nOfEh pS f
ausmufzsmcif;onf/
ouú&mZf 1061 ckESpf uqkefvqef; (11) &uf(4) csufwD;ausmf oHk;yg'fig;ADZemwGif Xmyemwdkufausmufydwf
aomMumaeY eHeufav;csuw f ;D ausmf ajcmufem&DwiG f arGawmf onf/ vjynfah usmf (9) &uf(3) Mumoyaw;aeY eHeufwpfcsuf
"mwfawmfwdkYudk aysmfbG,fuRef;ü a&oyÜm,f&onf/ uqkef wD;ausmf ajcmufem&DESpfyg'fig;ADZemwGif apwDawmfjcaoFh
vqef;wpfq,fo h ;kH &uf(5) we*FaEGaeY? eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmf pítkwpf v D yk o f nf/
arGawmf"mwfawmfwdkYudkapwDawmf&modkY ydkYaqmifawmfrlí e,kefvqef; (6) &uf(4) t*FgaeYodkYt0if nOfhoHk;csuf
wefaqmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrlae&onf/ wD;ausmf ESpfem&DckepfADZemwGif apwDawmfjymom'fwdkif
1/ 31 rwf? 1699 r[m&mrf0ef;usif wefaqmif;wdkif pía&Gonf/
2/ 4 {NyD? 1699 1/ 2 ar? 1699
3/ 14 {NyD? 1699 2/ 3 ar? 1699
4/ 28 {NyD? 1699 3/ 11 ar? 1699
5/ 30 {NyD? 1699 4/ 23 ar? 1699
86 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 87
0gqdkvjynfhausmf (5) &uf(1) Ak'¨[l;aeY oHk;csufwD;ausmf uyifí h jynfow l Ykd ylaZmf&onf/ xdak eYEpS cf suw f ;D ausmf oH;k em&D
oH;k em&Dwpfq,fah v;ADZemwGif apwDawmfywfvnfwikd pf u kd f ESpfyg'fwGif apwDawmft*Fawpívkyfonf/ wefaqmif;
onf/ r[m&mrfww D nf/ vjynfah usmf (8)&uf(2)
H ikd ;f pí tkwpf o jymom'fxyk u d mvkyo f nf/ emrHawmfurÜn;f ur®0gpmwGiaf &;
paeaeYnOfhoHk;csufwD;ausmf ESpfem&DoHk;yg'fav;ADZemwGif onf/
apwDawmfjymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrfyEéufpdkufonf/ 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (1) &uf(1) wevFmaeY eHeufwpfcsuf
jirf;axmufonf/ wD;ausmf wpfem&Dq,fhwpfADZemwGif apwDawmfrSmqGJ&ef
vjynfah usmf (10) &uf(3) wevFmaeY ESpcf suw f ;D ausmf qnf;vnf;oGef;onf/ 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (10) &uf(2)
oH;k yg'fESpfADZemwGif jymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrf wGif;wl; Ak'[
¨ ;l aeY eHeufav;csuw f ;D ausmf ESpef m&Do;kH yg'f ajcmufAZD em
onf/ vjynfhausmf (12) &uf(4) eHeufwpfcsufwD;ausmf wGif apwDawmfaMu;pavmif;oGe;f onf/ cs&m;oD;za,mif;yHk
oHk;em&D oHk;yg'fudk;ADZemwGif jymom'fwefaqmif; r[m&mrf vkyfí oGef;onf/
wGif;wl;onf/ wpfcsufwD;ausmf ckepfem&Dq,fADZemwGif awmfovif;vjynf(3) h wevFmaeY eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmf
wGif;odkYopf&yfonf/ av;em&DwGif r[m&mrfapmif;wef;rkcfOD; aygif;ul;onf/
vjynfhausmf (14) &uf(5) aomMumaeY nOfhESpfcsufwD; acgif;avmif;av;vHk; za,mif;yHkvkyfonf/ apwDawmf
ausmf wpfem&DoHk;yg'fq,fhwpfADZemwGif r[m&mrfjymom'f opfap; píokwo f nf/awmfovif;vjynfah usmf (10) &uf(4)
wefaqmif;xkyaf vsmufwifonf/ 0gacgifvqef; (9) &uf(6) Mumoyaw;aeY q&mawmfav;yg;? yd#uwfawmfav;yg;wdu Yk kd
wevFmaeY eHeufav;csuw f ;D ausmw
f iG f pG,af wmfukd jymom'f usr;f *efMunf½h aI wmfrí l apwDr[m&mrfZmwfp&D ifawmfryl g&ef
1/ 5 Zlvdkif? 1699 awmif;yefawmfrlonf/
2/ 8 Zlvdkif? 1699 1/ 21 Zlvdkif? 1699
3/ 10 Zlvdkif? 1699 2/ 9 Mo*kwf? 1699
4/ 12 Zlvdkif? 1699
5/ 14 Zlvdkif? 1699 3/ 28 Mo*kwf? 1699
6/ 24 Zlvdkif? 1699 4/ 7 pufwifbmv? 1699
88 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 89
oDwif;uRwv f qef; (13) &uf(1) wevFmaeY nOfEh pS cf suf a&cyfonf/ xdkaeYESpfcsufwD;ausmf wpfem&DoHk;yg'fwGif
wD;ausmfoHk;em&DwGif apwDapmif;wef;jcaoFh pívkyfonf/ apwDawmfukd rmefatmif&wem[laom trnfurÜn;f xd;k onf/
cs&m;oD;oGif;onf/ jymom'fwefaqmif;xkydumwifonf/ wydkYwGJvqef; (5) &uf(1) paeaeY apwDawmfoHwHwdkif;
rSeu
f if;vkyo f nf/ oDwif;uRwv f jynfah usmf (10) &uf(2) pae pdu
k o f nf/ xdak eYeeH uf wpfcsuw f ;D ausmo f ;kH em&D ESpyf g'fwpfAD
aeY nOfhESpfcsufwD;ausmf oHk;yg'fwGifapwDawmfrSm cs&m;oD; ZemwGif aumif;rIawmfudk xD;wifawmfrlonf/ aeYESpfcsuf
aMu;rHw
k yfonf/ jymom'ftrGr;f csiyf w d w
f ifonf/ r[m&mrf wD;ausmf oH;k em&DwiG q f ak wmif;awmfpmzwfí a&pufcsawmf
wGift½kyfpía&;onf/ rlonf/ rm&fatmif&wem[laom urÜn;f udv k nf; uyfvLS awmf
ewfawmfvqef; (10) &uf(3) wevFmaeY nOfhwpfcsuf rlonf/ obifBuD;pGm &ufvnfatmifcHawmfrlonf/ 0wåu
wD;ausmf wpfem&DwGif aumif;rIawmfrmefatmif &wemodkY rdk;ajrESifhwuG uRefoD;awmfvnf;trsm; vSLawmfrlonf/(2)
rif;BuD;xGufawmfrlonf/ aeYESpfcsufwD;ausmf av;em&DwGif apwDawmfwnfvyk yf t kH qifqh ifu
h kd tao;pdwrf w S w f rf;
0ifawmfro l nf/ jymodvk jynfah usmf (9) &uf(4) t*FgaeY wpfcsuf wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;aomrnfonfhtaqmufttHk
wD;ausmw f iG f obifeef;awmfu ta&SUawmif,eG ;f wGif xD;awmf udrk Q þrQtao;pdwt f us,w f 0ifah zmfjyjcif;r&Sb d J þapwD
xm;p&m wefaqmif;aqmufonf/ xkdaeY nOfhwpfcsufwD; awmfEiS yhf wfoufíomawGU&ojzifh apwDawmfwnfvyk af &;
ausmf ckepfem&DwGif apwDurÜnf;ausmuf jyKvkyfonf/ qdkif&m Adokumoabmudk &Sif;vif;pGmodEdkif&ef tjynfhtpHk
wydw
Yk v JG qef; (3) &uf(5) Mumoyaw;aeY eHeufwpfcsuf aumufEkwfazmfjy&jcif; jzpfonf/ apwDawmfwnfvkyfa&;
wD;ausmf ig;em&DwGif rmefatmif&wemxD;awmfaq;&ef umvrSm ajrMunfo h nfh 2 &uf azazmf0g&Dv 1699 ckEpS rf pS í
xD;awmfwif a&pufcsurÜn;f wyfNy;D onfh 13 &uf Zefe0g&Dv
1/ 25 pufwifbmv? 1699 1700 jynfhESpftxd wpfESpfomMumayonf/ vkyfief;
2/ 7 atmufwdkbmv? 1699 vkyfaqmifonfh &ufpGJrsm;udkMunfhygu qufwu kd qf okd vdk
3/ 20 Edk0ifbmv? 1699
1/ 13 Zeffe0g&D? 1700
4/ 2 Zefe0g&Dv? 1700
2/ OD;ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm 351-358
5/ 11 Zefe0g&Dv?1700
90 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 91
wGe;f Ny;D vkyfaqmifonfudk awGU&onf/ &ufaumif; tcg vufxuf bk&m;? ykxdk;apwDrsm;pGmwnfvkyfcJh&m yHkoP²mef
aumif;vQif aeYaeYnn tcsdefra&G; vkyfief;udk pwifí tm;jzifh xl;jcm;aom þavmurm&fatmifapwDukd wifjyvdk
vkyfaqmifaMumif;vnf; awGU&onf/ ayao;onf/ avmurm&fatmifapwDonf jrifawGUaeus
tjcm;aomapwDykxdk;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ þapwDawmfü apwDyEkH iS rhf wl xl;jcm;pGm atmufajcrS xD;awmftxd axmifch sK;d
r[m&mrfww H ikd ;f wGif vdP
k pf u
D mazmufNy;D vdP k rf sm;twGi;f ü &Spfaxmifhjzifh wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Zmwfawmfrsm;qdik &f m o½kyaf zmfaq;a&;aMumif; awGU&onf/ yk*HacwfrSpNyD; þanmif&rf;acwf? paerif;vufxuf
þuJo h aYkd q;a&;&ef q&mawmfwu Ykd Zmwfawmfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f txd a&S;uwnfaqmufcJhMuaom apwDrsm;rSm atmufajc
ay;&aMumif;vnf; od&onf/ r[m&mrfww H ikd ;f ü vdP
k jf yKum ypö,aH v;rsuEf mS ? ig;rsuEf mS ? &Sprf suEf mS ponfjzif&h MdS uNy;D ypö,H
Zmwfawmfo½kyfazmfaq;a&;jcif;rsKd;udk þanmif&rf;acwf (oH;k )qifEh iS hf acgif;avmif;yHak tmufuo kd m axmifch sK;d rsm;jyKvyk f
wGifom awGUEdkifonf[k qdk&rnf/(1) avh&cdS MhJ uonf/ ,ck avmurmefatmifapwDrmS atmufajc
paerif;onf þrmefatmif&wemapwDodkY q&mawmf rSpNyD; xD;awmftxdaxmifhcsKd;&SpfaxmifhcsKd;NyD; wnfvkyfxm;
rsm;udk yifhNyD; pmayrsm;a&;om;apcJhonf/ yd#uwfoHk;yHkwGif ojzifh &Sm;yg;vuf&mAdou k m[kqEkd ikd of nf/ atmufajcaxmifh
edó&nf;r&Sad o;aom usr;f *efwu Ykd kd edó&nf;&Sad tmif pD&if &SpfaxmifhwGif jcaoFh&SpfpD;xnfhxm;onf/ atmufajc
awmfrlay;yg&ef wHqdyfawmf& q&mawmfrsm;udk yifhzdwf zd e yf a wmf a xmif h r sm;üxm;&S d j cif ; jzpf o nf / atmuf a jc
awmif;yefco hJ jzifh q&mawmfwYkd pD&ifcMhJ uonf (2) [k rSwo f m; &Spfaxmifhypö,moHk;qifh? ypö,maxmifhrsm;ü axmifhcsKd;
&onf/ pdefawmifrsm; jc,fvS,fxm;onf/
avmurm&fatmifapwDawmf xdkypö,moHk;qifhtay:ü &Spfaxmifh? azmif;&pfckepfck
avmurm&fatmifapwDawmfonfvnf; paerif;\ wufNy;D xdt k xufü &Spaf xmifch sK;d acgif;avmif;yHu k kd wifxm;
ukov kd af wmfyifjzpfonf/ tif;0? bvJb h t&yfüwnf&o dS nf/ onf/ acgif;avmif;\tv,fü cg;ywfoP²mefazmif;&pfxnfh
,ckaps;Bud K&yf[k vlodrsm;onf/ anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm; xm;ojzif h acgif ; avmif ; yH k o nf ES p f q if h y H k j zpf a eonf /
1/ wdk;vS (yif;,-tif;0) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 140 acgif;avmif;yHktay:ü &SpfaxmifhcsKd;iSufaysmzl;udkwifNyD;
2/ ,if; pm- 140 xD;pdkufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ jyefvnfjyKjyifxm;onfh vuf&m
92 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 93
jzpfaomfvnf; rlvAdou k m vuf&myHo k P²mefukd tajccHum od&onf/(1) xkdqif;wkawmfBuD;udef;0yfEdkif&ef tkwfjymom'f
jyKjyifrGrf;rHxm;jcif;jzpfrnf[k rSef;q&onf/ udv k nf; r[m"r®&mZm"dywdu wnfvyk cf o hJ nf/ we*FaEGrif;
þavmurmefatmifapwDukd paerif;u pwifwnfvyk f vufxuf tNyD;rowfEkdifcJhaom avmuo&zlapwDawmf
cJNh y;D we*FaEGrif;vufxufwiG rf S tNy;D owfEikd cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ udkvnf;NyD;pD;atmif wnfawmfrlNyD; r[m&mrfESifhwuG
bk&m;\bGJUtrnfawmfudk we*FaEGrif;u uyfvSLawmfrl vkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ a&TxD;vnf;wifawmfrlcJhonf/
cJhjcif; jzpfonf/(1) wnfNy;D p avmuo&zlapwDawmf\ xD;awmfonf 1098
avmuo&zlb&k m;ESiahf vmuo&zlapwD ckEpS f waygif;vwGif wdu k cf wfaomrkew f ikd ;f aMumifh r[m&mrf
we*F a EG r if ; vuf x uf ü pusif a wmif a jcrS p usif tjyifoaYkd &mufatmif jyKwu f sc&hJ onf(2)[k rSwo f m;&onf/
ausmufjzLwH;k Bu;D wpfw;kH ud&k &SNd y;D tif;0odo Yk ,faqmifum bk&m; aemufydkif;rif;tqufqufESifh ukodkvf&SifwdkY jyKjyif
½kyyf mG ;qif;awmfBu;D xkvyk yf al Zmfco hJ nf/ ,ck tif;0NrKd Ua[mif;? wnfvyk x f ed ;f odr;f cJjh cif;aMumifh avmuo&zlb&k m;ESihf apwD
qifusHK;&yfwGif&Sdonf/ xkd½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;onf we*FaEGrif; awmfudk ,ckwdkiftif;0NrdKUa[mif;? qifusKH;&yfwGif zl;awGU
vufxufüNy;D pD;atmif rxkvyk o f mG ;Ekid cf ahJ cs/ om;awmf r[m Edkifayao;onf/
"r®&mZm"dywd (at'D 1733-1751) [Hom0wDa&mufrif; anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm; aumif;rIawmfapwDrsm;wnfxm;
vufxufusrS Ny;D pD;atmif vkyaf qmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ bGUJ awmf &mü xkrd if;wdYk pHjref;&mt&yfrS eHawmfrv l &St d &yfü wnfvyk f
udkvnf; r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif;yif ]] avmuo&zl}} [k avh&SdMuonf/ rlvarG;eHudkaA'ifusrf;rsm;ü jyonfrSm
urÜnf;wyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ we*FaEGom;\ rlvt&yfrSm taemufajrmuft&yf? Ak'¨[l;
xdk½kyfwkawmfBuD;onf yv’iftxufwpfq,fhESpfawmif om;\ rlvt&yfrSm ajrmuft&yf? &m[kom;\rlvt&yfrSm
tjrif&h o dS nf/ yv’iu f ajcmufawmiftjrif&h o dS nf/ xkaYd Mumifh ta&SUajrmuf? wevFmom;\ rlvt&yfrmS ta&SUt&yf? pae
qif;wkawmfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH \ ÓPfawmft f jrifo h nf wpfq,fh
1/ wdk;vS (yif;,-tif;0) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 156
&Spaf wmif&o dS nf/ tav;csed f (490.36) wef&adS Mumif;vnf;
2/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 367
1/ wdk;vS (yif;,-tif;0) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 146-151
94 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 95
om;\ rlvt&yfrSm ta&SUawmif? aomMumom;\ rlv onf/ ]]bk&m;om;arG;onfqMdk uonf}} rjyKaumif;? wdik ;f a&;
t&yfrmS awmift&yf? t*Fgom;\rlvt&yfrmS taemufawmif jynfa&;cufapEdkifonf[k ,lqMuonf/(1)
t&yf? Mumoyaw;om;\rlvt&yfrSm taemuft&yf
wdjYk zpfonf/ þrlveHawmf&&dS mt&yfwiG f aumif;rIawmfapwD
rsm; wnf x m;ud k ; uG , f y gu omoemawmf j rwf p D ; yG m ;?
udk,fawmfjrwfpD;yGm;? jynfolvl&[ef;wdkYpD;yGm;? om;awmf
tpOf ajr;awmftquf? jrpfawmftñGefY t"GefY&SnfpGm pD;yGm;
rsm;rnf[kvnf; ,HkMunfMuonf/(1)
xk d o d k Y , H k M unf í vnf ; anmif & rf ; rif ; w&m;onf
aomMumom;jzpfí r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;udkawmift&yfü?
taemufbufvGefrif;onf t*Fgom;jzpfojzifh taemuf
awmifü? omvGefrif;onf we*FaEGom;jzpfí taemuf
ajrmufoYkd aumif;rIawmfuo k vkd af wmfrsm; jyKcahJ Mumif;(2) awGU
&onf/
bk&m;apwDrsm;wnf&mü apwDwpfql\OypmtwGif;
tjcm;apwDwpfqlwdk;í wnfjcif;rsKd;udka&SmifMuOfavh&SdMu
1/ ,Ofaus;rI0efBu;D Xme? a&S;a[mif;okawoe? ñTeMf um;a&;0ef\
1962-63 ckESpftwGuf ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm? A[dkyHkESdyfwdkuf?
&efukef? 1971 ckESpf? pm-21 (aemifwGif ]]62-63 ESpfcsKyf}}
[kom nTef;rnf/)
1/ oGif;pmrsm; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 33/
2/ oGif;pmrsm; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 35/
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 97
xdvk Pkd *f o l nf jrefrmouú&mZf 1034 ckEpS f (at'D-1672)
wGif eef;wufaom e&m0&rif;vufxufwiG f wnfvyk cf ahJ om
vdkPf*ljzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSwfwrf;rsm;url taemufbuf
vGerf if;\ukov kd af wmf[q k Mkd uonf/ vdP k *f w
l nfvyk cf o hJ nfh
anmif&rf;acwfvdkPf*lAdokum aemufcHordkif;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/
tif;0rS pmayusrf;*efwwfajrmufNyD;aom yÍöif;ysKd
anmif&rf;acwfAdokumvuf&m vdkPf*lawmfrsm;udk wpfyg;onf vl0wfvJ&eftBuHESifh t0wftpm;rsm;,lNyD;
avhvmvdkygu ppfudkif;awmif½dk;&Sd wdavmu*k½kvdkPf*lESifh tazmf&[ef;rsm;ESifh ,if;&JqdyfodkYvmonf/ &[ef;tjzpfESifh
avmurSefuif;*l ESpfckudkyifñTefjy&ayrnf/ wdavmu*k½k bk&m;udk&Sdcdk;OD;rnf[k vdkPftwGif;odkY0ifí &Sdcdk;ylaZmfonf/
vdkPf*lonf ppfudkif;awmif½dk;&Sd qGrf;OD;ykn&SifapwDawmf\ xdt
k cg 'umrwpfa,mufu vdP k t
f jyifbufu bk&m;&Sit f m;
awmifbuftqif;? taemufbuftajcwGif&dSonf/ a&csrf;oGef;avmif;NyD; ]]þaumif;rIjzifh qif;&JESifh i&J
wdavmu*k½kvdkPf*lonf ESpfqifh*ljzpfonf/ 0ifayguf uif;vkd\? jzpfavwdkif;aomb0üvnf; vlxGufr,m;
oH;k ayguf&odS nf/ tay:xyfuw kd ufaom avSum;ud*k t l wGi;f rjzpfygvdk}}[k qkawmif;\/
ajrmufbufxdyfrSuyfí ta&SUbufodkYOD;wdkufjyKvkyfxm; xdo k q Ykd ak wmif;oHukd xdyk Íöi;f ysKMd um;vQif ]]tHzh ,
G af umif;
onf/ vdP k *f t
l wGi;f bufwiG f tv,fA[d&k dS *E¨u#k w D ukd cf ef; avpG ? iguvl x G u f z d k Y v monf ? 'umrvnf ; tjyif u
udk armif;rvnfac: ywfvnfpBuø0ef;&Hxm;NyD; xdkpBuøvrf; qkawmif;onf? ar;MunfOh ;D rnf}} [k BuNH y;D vdP k jf yifxu G u f m
rsm;ESiwhf nfwh nfw k *f il ,frsm;ESihf tcef;zGUJ xm;onf/(1)
h iG f vdP 'umrudk ar;prf;Munfhonf/
1/ ,Ofaus;rI0efBu;D Xme? a&S;a[mif;okawoe? ñTeMf um;a&;0ef\ ]]vlxGufr,m;rjzpfygvdk}} [k bmaMumifh qkawmif;
1962-63 ckESpftwGuf ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm? A[dkyHkESdyfwdkuf?
oenf;[k ar;onf/ 'umru ]]vlxu G rf ,m;rjzpfygvd}k } [k
&efukef? 1971 ckESpf? pm- 21 (aemifwGif ]]62-63 ESpfcsKyf}}
qkawmif;&onfrSm ]]vlrdkufr,m;rjzpfvkd[k qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfaMumif;}} avQmufonf/
[kom nTef;rnf/)
]] vlxu G v f Qiyf if rku
d af vawmhovm;}} [k ar;jyefonf/
96
98 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 99
]]vlxGufaom &[ef;onf tb,faMumifh rrdkufbJ&Sd þwdavmu*k½k q&mawmfonf ouú&mZf 967 ckESpf
rnfenf;? &[ef;qdkonfrSm olvSLaom t0wftpm;? olvSL eef;wufonfh taemufbufveG rf if;vufxuf eef;pH (10)ESpüf
aom t&dyo f uFe;f udk oH;k aqmifpm;aomufí csr;f ompGmae ykcef;BuD;NrdKU taemufbufajcmufwdkif c&D;tuGm&Sd qdwf
xdik &f onf/ pmayusr;f *efoifvakd omfoif&\/ roifvv kd Qif qif;&GmZmwd[k yd#uwfordkif;uqdkonf/
vnf; ouFe;f Bu;D udk ajcuefum tdycf sit f yd af eEdik o
f nf/ xko d Ykd xkv
d P kd *f w
l iG f q&mawmfonf ckepf0goDwif;oH;k Ny;D aemuf
jzpfvsuf olYuRefcHOD;rnf? r,m;uRefjyKí vkyfauR;OD;rnf/ wynfhjzpfol wdavmuvuFm&ausmif;xkdifonf/ xdkq&m
xkaYd Mumifvh x l u
G af om &[ef;xufru kd af om vlr&SNd y?D vlru kd f awmfonf wy,if;NrKd Uawmifbufuefzsm;&Gm Zmwdjzpfonf/
r,m;jzpfacsu uREykf rf qif;&JNyaD vm}} [k 'umruqdo k nf/ pmwwfyk*¾dKvfausmf[lí wHqdyfuyfcH&aom q&mawmfjzpf
yÍöif;ysKdvnf; owdoHa0*&NyD; ]]vl0wfrvJawmhNyD}} [k onf/ pmwwfyk*¾dKvfausmfoHk;yg;wGif tygt0ifjzpfonf/
qHk;jzwfum ppfudkif;odkYul;onf/ wdavmuvuFm& q&mawmfonf wdavmu*k½v k P
kd *f w
l iG f
ppfudkif;odkYa&mufvQif usrf;*efwwfaom q&mwdkYxH y&dwBf u;D #Dumudk pD&ifa&;om;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ yd#uwfordik ;f ü
enf;emcHNyD;rS yknapwDawmif ,ck&Sdonfh wdavmu*k½k wdavmuvuFm& q&mawmfudk omvGefrif;vufxufu[k
ausmif;&mwGif ausmif;i,fESifhaeonf/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/(1)
pmayoifMum;ydcYk say;onf/ pmoifpmemrsm;í ausmif;rae omoemvuFm& pmwrf;tvdkt& e&m0&rif; (at'D
avmufaomaMumifh wJaqmufumrd;k umaeMu&onf/ wpfcg 1672-1673) \ ukodkvfawmf[kqdkojzifh xkdrif;vufxuf
aomf t0rif;yknapwDodkY xGufawmfrlvm&if; wJaqmufí rS a&wGuv f Qiyf if þwdavmu*k½v k P
kd *f \
l oufwrf;onf
aeMuonfukd jrifNy;D OrifEiS w hf uG ausmif;aqmufí xkyd Íöi;f ESpfaygif;oHk;&mhav;q,frQ&SdNyDjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh þvdkPf
ysKdtm; wifvSLawmfrlonf/ wdavmu*k½kemrnfvnf; *ltwGi;f a&;qGx J m;aom eH&aH q;a&;yef;csrD sm;\ oufwrf;
ay;tyf(1) aMumif;qkdonf/ onfvnf; ESpfaygif;oHk;&mhav;q,frQ &SdNyD[kqdkEdkifonf/
1/ ndKacsm\ ]]tif;0acwfyef;csDvuf&mrsm;pka0;&m}} aqmif;yg;
1/ r[m"r®oBu\ ø ]] omoemvuFm&pmwrf;}} [Hom0wDy#d uwf (7-12-64) xkwfvkyfom; jynfolYaeYpOfowif;pm (aemifwGif
yHkESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1956 ckESpf? pm- 174-176/ ]]tif;0acwfyef;csD}} [k omnTef;rnf/)
100 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 101
tcsKdUrSwfwrf;rsm;t& þvdkPf*lBuD;onf ouú&mZf &ef avSum;cHkozG,f jzpfayonf/ tay:xyfwufonfh
967 ckESpfü eef;wufaom taemufbufvGefrif; (at'D avSum;udktv,fA[dkrSaeí taemufbufodkY OD;vSnfh
1606-1628) vuf x uf r S ouú & mZf 991 ck E S p f w G i f wyfqifxm;onf/
eef;wufaom omvGefrif; (at'D 1629-1648) vufxuf vdPk *f t
l wGi;f zGUJ pnf;yHrk mS 0J? ,mjyKvyk Nf y;D awmifajrmufjyK
txd xdrk oS moemvuFm&pmwrf;tvdk ouú&mZf 1034 ckEpS f vkyfxm;aom twGif;pBuøvrf;jzifh qufxm;onf/ twGif;
eef;wufaom e&m0&rif; (at'D 1672-1673) txd pBuøvrf;\tus,frSm (3) ay (4) vufrcefY&SdNyD;? awmif
rif;quf (3) qufpvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaeonfh taqmuftOD ajrmuft&Snrf mS ay (100) cef&Y o dS nf/ xkpd Buv ø rf;rsm;ESiq hf uf
[k qk&d ayonf/ anmif&rf;acwfqikd &f m a&S;a[mif;okawoe ívkdPf*lrsm;? tcef;rsm;zGJUxm;onfhtay:xyfodkYrl twGif;
url ouú&mZf 1000 ausmfu[k tMurf;tm;jzifh cefYrSef; pBuvø rf;ESihf qufo, G xf m;&m ay (30) ausmrf Q &Snv f sm;vdrhf
xm;aMumif;od&onf/(1) rnf[k cefrY eS ;f &onf/ tay:qifw h iG f A[drk jS ywif;wpfcak zmuf
avmurSeu f if;vdP
k *f l xm;onft h jyif 0J,mwGiv f nf; "r®pMumyHt k uefY (8)uef&Y adS om
ppfuikd ;f awmif½;kd wGif anmif&rf;acwfqikd &f m eH&aH q;a&; avomjywif;ydwf oJausmufjym;i,fwkdYjzifh avnif;ESifh
yef;csDrsm;avhvmMunfh½IEdkifaom vdkPf*lESpfck&Sdonfhteuf tvif;0if&efjyKvyk x f m;onf/ ¤if; avomjywif;ydwaf usmuf
wpfckrSm avmurSefuif;vdkPf*ljzpfonf/ ppfudkif;awmif½dk; jym;i,frsm;onf yk*H*lausmufrsm;wGif toHk;rsm;aomfvnf;
taemufbufavmurSefuif;acsmifwGif &SdonfhvkdPf*ljzpf ppfudkif;wGifrl tawGU&enf;ayonf/
onf/ avmurSeu f if;vdPk *f ol nf rnfonfrh if;\ ukov kd af wmf
avmurSefuif;vdkPf*lonfvnf; wdavmu*k½kvdkPf*l [k twdtusrw S w
f rf;rawGU&aomfvnf; OD;ukvm;\ ]] r[m
uJhodkY ESpfxyfvdkPf*lyifjzpfonf/ *ltwGif;odkY0ifayguf &mZ0ifawmfBu;D }} wGirf l avmurSeu f if;ausmif;awmf aqmuf
ESpaf yguf&o dS nf/ vkPd *f rl suEf mS pmtv,fwiG f tkw½f ;kd xkBu;D vkyfyHkudk aphpHkpGmazmfjyxm;aMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
ydwq f ;D xm;onf/ xdt k w
k ½f ;kd xkBu;D yifvQif vdP
k *f al y:odw
Yk uf ¤if;ausmif;awmfudk ouú&mZf 1062 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;
1/ 62-63 ESpfcsKyf (nTef;NyD;) vqef; (10) &ufaeYrSpí yHkudkif&m ouú&mZf 1063 ckESpf?
102 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 103
wydkYwGJvqef; (8) &ufaeYwGif 'k&ifrSefuif;wyfqifonf/
xdak eYwiG yf if tif;0NrKd UawmfrS qifv;kH ? jrif;&if;ESiahf 0gjymom'f
pD;um avmurSefuif;ausmif;wGif xGufawmfrlí NrdKUqdyfodkY
a&mufvQif jrpfukd u&0duaf &TazmifawmfEiS hf ul;awmfro l nf/
xkdaeYwGifyif ¤if;ausmif;awmfudk &Sifwdomoe"Ztm;
wifvLS awmfro l nf/ odaYk omf þausmif;rSm opfom;ausmif;
jzpfonf/ þausmif;awmfESifh avmurSefuif;acsmif&Sd
vkdPf*lawmfudk wpfacwfwnf;[k,lqygu þvdkPf*l\
oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif;oHk;&mausmfrQ&SdNyDjzpfonf[k cefYrSef;&
ayrnf/

ppfudkif;NrdKU? avmurSefuif;vdkPf*lawmf t0ifvrf;

ppf u d k i f ; Nrd K U? wd a vmu*k ½ k v d k P f * l a wmf

 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 105
t*Fawyef;rsm;avhvm awGUjrifEikd o f nf/ tkww f u
kd ftay:
axmifhav;axmifhwGif t&HapwDi,frsm;&Sdonf/
tkww f ukd tf wGi;f ü tv,fr@dKi&f NdS y;D oyfpaD ygif;ul;enf;
jzifhwnfaqmufxm;onf/ tkwfwdkuftwGif;ajrmufbufrS
anmif&rf;acwftkwfwdkufcH*lbk&m;rsm; vGíJ uset f ydik ;f rsm;wGif tkwjf zifh ydwx f m;aomeH&rH sm;&So
d nf/
,if;eH&aH y:wGirf ck u f yfi,frsm;&So d nf/ odaYk omf *lb&k m;wpfck
anmif&rf;acwftw k w f u kd cf H *lb&k m;rsm;udk jynfa'owGif vHk;\ 50 &mcdkifEIef;rSm ysufpD;aeNyDjzpfygonf/(1)
avhvmEdik o f nf/ jynfa'oü tkww f u kd cf *H b
l &k m;ESpq
f &l o
dS nfh jynfa'o&Sd tkwfwdkufcH*lbk&m;wpfqlrSm jynfNrdKUe,f?
teuf wpfqrl mS av;axmifb h &k m;ac: uaygif;bk&m;jzpfonf/ oJuek ;f aus;&Gmtkypf ?k oJuek ;f aus;&Gmawmifbuf v,fuiG ;f xJ
jynfNrdKUe,f? rka|;aus;&Gmtkyfpk? uaygif;aus;&Gmü &Sdonf/ ü&Sdonf/ þbk&m;rSmvnf; av;axmifhtkwfwkdufcH bk&m;
xdak pwDrmS tkww f ukd cf aH pwDtrsK;d tpm;jzpfonf/ av;axmifh jzpfonf/ tkwfwdkuftwGif;av;axmifhr@dKifESpfckyg&SdNyD;
tkww f u
kd cf rH S tay:apwDtxd ÓPfawmf (28) ay use&f NdS y;D oyfpaD ygif;ul;enf;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ twGi;f ü vdP k f
av;axmift h w k w f u kd \ f tem;wpfzufvQif (27) ay&So d nf/ ywfvrf;&Sdonf/ tkwfwdkuftwGif; ta&SUbufwGif rkcfuyf
rlvav;axmift h w k w f ukd cf aH y:wGif apwDaygufxm;jcif; ESpcf ?k taemufbufwiG f rkcu f yfEpS cf ?k awmifbufwiG f rkcu f yf
jzpfaomfvnf; tay:apwDrmS acgif;avmif;txdom useaf wmh oH;k ck? tv,fr@dKiEf pS cf w k iG f rkcu
f yfwpfcpk ?D pkpak ygif;rkcu
f yf
onf/ useftydkif;rsm; ysufpD;aeNyDjzpfonf/ t0ifrkcfayguf ud;k ck&odS nf/ ta&SUbufrck u f yfrv S íJG rkcuf yfrsm;\taemuf
onf ajrmufbufwiG &f o dS nf/ tkww f ukd \ f ta&SU? taemufEiS hf bufwiG f tvif;aygufrsm;azmufxm;onf/ rkcrf sm;ü ,cifu
awmifbufwiG rf ck u f yfrsm;&So d nf/ rkcu f yfrsm;wGif tkw?f xH;k ? qif;wkawmfrsm;&Sd[efwlonf/ eH&HwGifawGU&onfh aq;jc,f
o&Gwjf zifjh yKvyk x f m;aom anmif&rf;qif;wkrsm;&Sad eonf/ ta&SU xm;aom qif;wkypkH yH &kH yd rf sm;t& rSe;f qMunf&h jcif; jzpfonf/
buf&dS qif;wkawmfrmS ysupf ;D rIenf;yg;ao;onf/ taemuf
1/ jynfa'o&Sd ordik ;f 0ifapwDyx
k ;kd rsm;rSww
f rf;? a&S;a[mif;okaw
bufEiS ahf wmifbufrck rf sm;&Sd qif;wkawmfrsm;url rsm;pGmysupf ;D oe? trsKd;om;jywdkufESifh pmMunfhwdkufOD;pD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI
aeNyjD zpfonf/ tkww f u kd ef &H &H dS pdeaf wmifrsm;udk Mumyef;yHo k P²mef 0efBuD;Xme? 2011-ckESpf? rwfv? pm- 96
104
106 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
rkcfuyftcsKdUwGif t*Fawjym;tenf;i,fusef&SdNyD; ,if;
t*Fawjym;rsm;wGif teDa&mifEiS t hf eufa&mifaq;a&mifrsm;
awGU&Sd&onf/
tkww f u
dk t f wGi;f 0ifa&muf&ef ta&SUbufwiG f oyfprD ck f
aygufEpS cf &k o dS nf/ rkcaf ygufrsm;\tjyifbufukd rkccf ;kH rsm;jzifh anmif&rf;acwf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; Adokum
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ rkccf ;kH rsm;rSm vuf&ydS if 75 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
ysufpD;aeNyD jzpfonf/ tif½kH&Gmpm;0efBuD; oD&dOZem\ ]]avmuAsL[musrf;}}
tv,fr@dKiEf pS cf \ k tay:wGiv f nf; oyfprD ck af ygufwpf (tif½pHk mwrf;) onf anmif&rf;acwfjrefrmrif;wd\ Yk taqmif
aygufp&D o dS nf/ tay:trd;k rSm ta&SUbufwiG f wd;k vQKad yguf ta,mifESifh xD;rleef;&mrsm;ukd azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;onfh
aygufaeNyD; taemufbufwGif taygufr&Sdaomfvnf; usrf;jzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI Adokumoabmudk
tkwcf syrf sm; NyKd usaeonfukd awGU&onf/ tkww f u kd \f xkrmS rD;armif;xdk;jyaeaom usrf;wpfql[kvnf; rSwf,lEdkifonf/
oH;k ayajcmufvufr&So d nf/ *lBu;D bk&m;[k trnfwyfxm;aom þtif½kHpmwrf;udk a&;om;ol tif½kH&Gmpm;0efBuD; oD&d
þ*lb&k m;\ ÓPfawmftjrifrh mS 17 ay &So d nf/ av;axmifh OZemrSm ouú&mZf 1060 jynfEh pS w f iG f eef;wufonfh paerif;
tkwfausmif;\ twdkif;twmrSm ta&SUtaemuf 24 ay? vufxuf (at'D 1698-1714) rSpí tpka&;tjzpfjzifh
awmifajrmuf 20 ay 6 vufr&Sdonf/ toHk;jyKxm;aom trIxrf;cJholjzpfonf/ paerif;\ om;awmfwe*FaEGrif;
tkwfcsyfrsm;rSm tvsm; 18 vufr? teH 6 vufr? xk 2 (at'D 1714-1733) vufxuf? ouú&mZf 1089 ckESpfwGif
vufrjzpfonf/ wk&if&mZmbGJUESifh tif½kH&Gmudktydkifpm;&onf/ we*FaEGrif;
þ *lbk&m;vnf; 50 &mcdkifEIef; ysufpD;aeNyD jzpfonf/(1) vufxufrmS yif tif½&Hk mG pm;0efaxmuft&modYk wd;k jri§ chf efx
Y m;
cH&onf/ [Hom0wDygrif; (at'D 1733-1752) vufxufü
1/ jynfa'o&Sd ordik ;f 0ifapwDyx
k ;kd rsm;rSww
f rf;? a&S;a[mif;okaw
vuf,m&EÅob l UJG ? oD&ad Z,socF,mbGUJ ESihf 0efaxmufcefNY y;D
oe? trsKd;om;jywdkufESifh pmMunfhwdkufOD;pD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI
0efBuD;Xme? 2011 ckESpf? rwfv? pm- 121
aemuf aersK;d oD[olbUJG ? aersK;d &mZmbGUJ ? oD&Od ZembGUJ ponf
107
108 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 109
wdjYk zifch s;D jri§ chf &H Ny;D 0efBu;D cefcY o
hJ nf/ [Hom0wDygrif;vufxuf ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m ul;vl;qufo, G af y;onfh wHwm;vnf;jzpf
wdik w f m;NrKd Uudpk m;&í 0efBu;D tjzpfcpm;xrf;&Gucf u kd f ouú&mZf ayonf/
1114 ckESpfü [Hom0wDygrif;udk rGefrif;wdkY [Hom0wDodkY þusr;f wGiyf gaom bke;f Bu;D ausmif;qkid &f m rSww f rf;rsm;
aqmif , l o G m ;aomtcg 0ef B uD ; ya'o&mZmES i f h t wl onf anmif&rf;acwfbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;? Adou k mtvif;jy
[Hom0wDodkY vdkufygoGm;&onf/ aMu;rHk[kyif qdkEdkifonf/
[Hom0wDwiG f rGeb f &k ifu oD&pd E´mAvbGUJ ESihf rGe0f efBu;D xkdrSwfwrf;ü tdrfa&SUrif;om;ausmif;? Z&yfaqmufvkyf
rsm;ESifhtwl vTwfwufpD&if&ef cefYxm;csD;ajr§mufaomfvnf; vQif ausmif;? Z&yfupkd ed zf ;l ? rSeu f if; rwyf? txGwt f jrwfoYkd
[Hom0wDygrif;\ opömawmfudkapmifhodí raqmif&GufbJ a&mufrS pdefzl;? rSefuif;wyf&aMumif;(1)ygonf/ qkd&ygu
aecJo h nf/ tavmif;rif;w&m; [Hom0wDukd atmifjrifonfh tdraf &SUrif;wdYk aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;aom ausmif;rsm;? Z&yfrsm;
tcg tif;0odkYjyefvnfvdkufyg&onf/(1) wGif pdezf ;l ? rSeu
f if;wyfciG rhf &S?d rwyf&ay/ bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;
þodjYk zifh tif½&Hk mG pm;onf rif;oH;k qufrcD o hJ jl zpfNy;D xD;rI aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;aom ausmif;rsm;rSmom pdefzl;? rSefuif;
eef;&mqdkif&m "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk od&SdcJholjzpfonf/ trSwf wyf&onf/
tom;vnf;aumif;NyD; tavhtvmtpktaqmif;vnf; tvm;wl rif;om;rsm;? o'¨gapwem&Sí d ausmif;aqmuf
aumif;oljzpfojzifh ol\avmuAsL[musrf; (tif½kHpmwrf;) ívSLvQif ]]xm;0,fESpfxyfjzpfap? aZw0efoHk;xyfjzpfap
onf anmif&rf;acwfaemufyikd ;f uke;f abmifrif;(11) qufwYkd aqmufírkcfvkyfonf/ trGrf;jcifydwfwk&ifudk a&Tjynfhxnfh
tav;tjrwfjyKí vkdufemusifhoHk;&m eef;rleef;&mvrf;ñTef onf/ t&dyfaejyifywfvnfwGif uywfBuD;? uywfi,f
usrf;jzpfcJhonf/ anmif&rf;acwfESifh ukef;abmifacwfwdkY\ twGif;trdk;ae cHkzdeyf abmifyef;vS? qifuyfywfvnfcHk
1/ tif½kH&Gmpm;? 0efBuD;oD&dOZem\ ]]avmuAsL[musrf;}} (tif½kH abmifyef;vSxnfhí tkwfavSum;oHk;qlxnfhonf/ twGif;
pmwrf;) jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme jrefrmha&S;a[mif; t&dyfaeESifh rm&bifudk a&Tjc,fíxnfhonf/ wkdifudka&Ta&;
pmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIXmepdwf? &efukef? 1985 (aemifwGif uywfpnf;ía&Tjynfx h nf&h onf/ t&dyaf ejyifywfvnfwiG f
]]tif½kH}} [kom nTef;rnf) pm- ed'gef; 1/ tif½Hk ( nTef;NyD; ) pm- 28
110 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 111
uywfBuD;? uywfi,f ydwif;tdrfwHcg;usnf;auG;rsm;udk xnfhonf/ pdefzl;wyfonf/ twGif;t&dyfae cHkyef;abmifvS
a&Tjc,fíxnfo h nf/ Ouifo rxnf&h ? rSeu f if; rpdu
k &f ? trdeYf jyifqifuyfywfvnfcHk yef;abmifvSxnfhí tkwfavSum;
(1)
awmf&SdrS pdkuf&xnfh&onf/ oH;k ql xnfo h nf/ twGi;f &dyaf erm&bifukd a&TEpS pf ?k teDwpfpk
rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;? o'¨gapwem&Sdí ausmif;aqmuf wdkifudkurÜwfpnf;í a&Tydef;xnfhonf/(1)
vQif xm;0,fEpS x f yfjzpfap? aZw0efo;kH xyfjzpfap? qifuyf þtif½pHk mwrf;yg rSww f rf;rsm;t& anmif&rf;acwfwiG f
oH;k rsuEf mS avSum;wpfqEl iS ahf qmufí ausmif;OD;t&dyaf eudk rif;rdz&k m;rsm;rSty rif;nDrif;om;rSL;rwft&m&Srd sm;? aiGaMu;
a&Tajymufxnfhí pdefzl;a&Tydef;xnfudkwyfí aumif;rIjyKMu "euHkvHk<u,f0csrf;omolrsm;onf aiGaMu;rsm;pGmwwfEdkif
onf/(2) aomfvnf; bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;udk aqmufcsiw f ikd ;f aqmuf?
ae&moH k ; oG , f a ezd k Y a usmif ; aqmuf v Qif ausmif ; ud k trGrf;tajymufwifcsifwdkif; wifcGifhr&SdaMumif;od&onf/
qifuyfvnfí avSum;ESpfqlxnfhonf/ pdefzl;udka&Tyef; &mxl;Bu;D vQiBf u;D onft h avsmuf? edrvhf Qief rd o
fh nft
h avsmuf
xnfí h pdu k wf wfonf/ ausmif;OD;t&dyaf eudk a&Twpfp?k teD vkyfaqmifcGifhrsm;rSm tuefYtowf&Sdonf/ pnf;pepfwus
wpfpx k nfí h aumif;rIjyKonf/(3) owfrSwfcsuf? uefYowfcsuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifMu&onf[k
'l;ae&mwdYk o'¨gapwem&Sí d ausmif;aqmufvQif qifuyf em;vnf&onf/ uefYowfcsuf? owfrSwfcsufpnf;abmifudk
ywfvnfjyifcHkzdeyfxnfhonf/ tkwfavSum;ESpfql? ausmif; ausmfí rvkyfaqmifMu&acs/
t&dyfae a&TESpfpk? teDwpfpk wdkifa&Tydef;xnfhonf/ pdefzl; xdaYk Mumifh anmif&rf;acwf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;wGif
a&Tyed ;f xnfo h nf/(4)
pdefzl;? rSefuif;ygonfvnf;&Sdrnf/ rygonfvnf;&Sdrnf/
awmfae&mrsm; ausmif;aqmufvQifrkcfxkwfí trGrf;
a&Tydef;csonfhausmif;? a&TESpfpk?teDwpfpkxnfhonfhausmif;
jcifydwf? wk&ifacgifoef;Muufarmufudk a&TESpfpk? teDwpfpk
ponfjzifu h jJG ym;rnf/ trGr;f tajymuf tjc,ftvS,?f tpdwf
1/ tif½kH ( nTef;NyD;) pm -289 tusJ? tvStyuGmjcm;rI&SdMurnf/ aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onfh
2/ ,if; pm- 292
3/ ,if; pm- 293
'um? 'umrwdkY\ &mxl;edrfhjrifhudkvkdufí Adokumqdkif&m
4/ ,if; pm- 294 1/ tif½kH ( nTef;NyD;) pm- 299
112 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 113
rGrf;rHjc,fvS,frIrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;Murnf/ bkef;awmfBuD; aMumif; jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;üawGU&onf/ anmif&rf;rif;w&m;Bu;D
ausmif;wpfausmif;\ Adokumqdkif&m aqmifyHkESifhbHkxGwf aqmufvyk af om aumif;rIawmfpm&if;ü a&TNrKd Uawmfr[mjrwf
ydik ;f qdik &f m pkvpfrrG ;f cRerf sm;? trGr;f tajymuf tjc,ftvS,f rkead umif;rIawmf taemufü ewfArd mefEiS w hf al om av;xyf
rsm;udkMunfhNyD; ausmif;'um\&mxl;tqifhudk odEdkifcGJjcm; a&Tausmif;awmf(1)ausmufav;qlb&k m;ü ]]aZw0efausmif;}} (2)
Edik o f nf/ [líawGU&onf/
rif;nDrif;om;rsm;aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cGi&hf adS om bke;f awmfBu;D taemufbufvGefrif;\ aumif;rIawmfrsm;pm&if;wGif
ausmif;aqmifyHkrsm;wGif xm;0,fESpfxyf? oHk;xyfaZw0ef a&TNrKd Uawmftaemufawmifaxmifh v,fBu;D t&yfü ]] jymom'f
aqmifwyYkd gonfuakd xmufNy;D bk&ifrif;jrwfEiS hf rdz&k m;Bu;D wk\ Yd a&Tausmif;awmf}}? ppfuikd ;f rif;0Hawmifxyd üf av;xyfausmif;
ukov kd af wmfqv kd Qif tenf;qH;k oH;k xyfaZw0efaqmif? av;xyf awmf? ykn&Sit f aemufawmifajc&if;ü a&TOrifEiS ahf &Tausmif;
aZw0efaqmifrsm; aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;Murnf[k tvG,yf if awmf(3)? omvGefrif;\aumif;rIawmfpm&if;ü ppfudkif;NrdKU
rSef;qodjrifEdkifonf/ ajrmufyknapwDta&SUü ]] ckdeef;ausmif;}}? ppfudkif;NrdKUajrmuf
ausmif;aqmifyHkrsm;wGif ESpfxyfwpfvnfay:qdkvQif 0ufcsuf&Gmawmifü a0Z,EÅma&Tausmif;(4)? r[mjrwfrked
xm;0,faqmif? oHk;xyfESpfvnfay:qdkvQif aZw0efi,f? ajrmufüaZw0efausmif;(5) ponfjzifh awGU&onf/
av;xyfoHk;vnfay:qkdvQif aZw0efBuD;? ig;xyfav;vnf xdt Yk wl tjcm;aom rif;rsm;vnf;ausmif;rsm;udk aqmufvyk f
ay:qdv k Qif ig;xyfaZw0ef ac:Muonf/ bHo k ;kH qifEh pS v
f nf vSL'gef;cJhMu&m xl;jcm;onfh0daoojzifhrazmfjybJ ]]ausmif;}}
ay:aqmifrsm;udk pjrifcHí aqmufonfhtcg aZw0efi,f [líom azmfjycsufrsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ xdk ]]ausmif;}}
onf bHkav;qifhvdkvdkxif&onf/ tvm;wl bHkav;qifh 1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm- 138
oH;k vnf ay:yg&Sad om aZw0efBu;D aqmifyakH usmif;rsm;onf 2/ ,if; pm- 139
pjrifcHvdkufvQif bHkig;qifhvdkvkd xif&onf/ 3/ ,if; pm- 189
anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;onf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;udk 4/ ,if; pm- 250
aqmufvkyfNyD; q&mawmf? oHCmawmfrsm;udk wifvSLcJhMu 5/ ,if; pm- 251
114 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 115
qdok nfrmS vnf; tenf;qH;k oH;k xyfaZw0efausmif;rsm;jzpfzYkd onfBuD;½kH? jrif½kHomr[kwf bHkxGwfydkif;qdkif&m pkvpfrGrf;cRef
rsm;onf/ rif;\ukov kd af wmfrsm;jzpfojzifh xkxYd uftqifeh rd phf mG rsm;jzifh vScsifwdkif;vSaeayrnf/ bHktqifh? txyfrsm;av?
aqmufvkyf v S L 'gef ; rnf [ k rqd k o macs/ rnf o d k Y q d k a p pkvpfrrG ;f cRet
f qifwefqmydrk sm;avjzpfonf/ trd;k bHt k qifh
anmif & rf ; acwf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;aqmifyHkrsm;wGif txyfwikd ;f ü rkcw f &k if? axmifw h &k if&rdS nf/ jrif;rk&d yf w
d f trd;k
]]av;xyfausmif;}} onf tjrifhqHk;jzpfonfudkawGU&onf/ pGef;? acgifpGef;rsm;ü taqmftcRefrsm;&Sdrnf/ rkcfwk&if?
]]ig;xyfaZw0efausmif;}} [lí ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif axmifhwk&ifrsm;wGif yg0ifaeus wk&if (a'gif;&if)? pdkifaygif?
rawGU&acs/ awmf&aemif? taqmfaMu;auG;? xD;? pdezf ;l ? rSeu f if; ponfjzifh
&Sib f &k ifEiS hf rdz&k m;Bu;D wdu Yk wdik ;f jynfwiG f tjrifjh rwfq;kH &Srd nf/
jzpfonfEiS t hf nD aiGaMu;"etiftm;vnf;wwfEikd Mf uonf/ trGr;f tajymuftqifwefqmrsm;wGif Mumudt k ajcjyKí
rdrdwdkY\tvSLudkvnf;trsm;ESifhrwl crf;em;csifwdkif;crf;em;? jzpfvmaom uEkwyf ef;rsm;? oZifyef;? oZifcufrsm;udk tajc
xnf0gcsifwdkif;xnf0g? vSycsifwdkif;vSyatmif jyKEdkifpGrf;Mu jyKaom oZifEG,f? jcL;yef;jcL;EG,frsm;vnf; ygrnf/ tjcm;
onf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; rdrdwdkY\aumif;rIawmfausmif;rsm; obm0yef;rsm;? t&Gurf sm;? tEG,t f cuf toD;tyGirhf sm;vnf;
aqmufvkyf&mü wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd xdyfwef;tausmftarmf ygrnf/ vl½yk ?f ewf½yk ?f odMum;½ky?f jA[®m½ky?f udE&é D udE&é m? qif?
Adokumrsm;udk ac:,lNyD; aqmufvkyfaprnfomjzpfonf/ jcaoFph aom t½kyrf sm;vnf; ygrnf/ xkt d ½kyrf sm;udk t"dymÜ ,f
AdokumBuD;rsm;uvnf; rif;rdzk&m;wdkY\ csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;rI rJx
h nfí h xnfw h yfrrG ;f rHwefqmqifjcif;awmh r[kwaf y/ ig;&mh
atmufwiG f rdrw d \ Ykd Adou k mynmudt k pGr;f ukezf ;l yGiMhf urnf/ ig;q,feyd gwfawmfxrJ mS aumif;Ek;d &m&mtcef;udk ynmay;qH;k r
rdrwd \ Ykd pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;ESithf Ekynmudk qef;csiw f ikd ;f qef;í vdo k nfh oabmjzifx h nfo h iG ;f jc,fv, S x f m;jcif;jzpfonf/ trk;d
uGecYf siw f ikd ;f uGecYf iG &hf Murnf/ odEYk iS t hf rQ rif;rdz&k m;wd\ Yk ukov kd f bHkxGwfydkif;qdkif&m pkvpfrGrf;cRefrsm; rsufpdyom'jzpfatmif
awmfrsm;onf tHhMocsD;rGrf;zG,f&mcsnf;&Sdayrnf/ jc,fv, S o
f vdk trd;k bHak tmuf? ausmif;eH&t H wGi;f tjyif? 0&efwm
xkdrif;? rdzk&m;wdkY\ ukodkvfawmfrsm;onf oHk;xyfaZw vuf&ef;? avSum;cHkrStp trGrf;tajymufrsm;jc,fvS,fMu
0efi,f? av;xyfaZw0efBuD;rsm;jzpfí ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm; ayrnf/
116 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 117
xdkuJhodkY bHktqifhqifh? pkvpfrGrf;cReftrGrf;tajymuf qdik ;f qdik ;f ? yef;wdik ;f nGe&Yf eT ;f ? oHvsi;f pGe;f 0,f? ruef;oD[?
tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh wifw h ,fvyS usuo f a&&Spd mG &Sad ernfh awG;avMu[k? iSufvSoHom? usL;jrnfvSmodkY? udEé&m
anmif&rf;acwfbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;udk vufnKd§ ;xk;d jyí armifESH? wlpHruGm? auo&mxuf? wefqmqif,if?
r&Edkifaomfvnf; anmif&rf;acwfqdkif&m bkef;awmfBuD; 'uf v nf w G i f E S i f h ? aumif ; uif y sH v d ? xif a csbd \ ?
ausmif;wpfausmif;\ armfueG ;f bGUJ wpfcu k rkd l jrefrmpmaye,f xdkNyDwjcm;? ewfom;rsm;rl? pum;wrnf? rqdkonfom?
wGiaf wGUEdik af yonf/ xdak rmfueG ;f rSm anmif&rf;acwf taemuf xl;axGpGm\}} [lívnf;aumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
bufveG rf if;vufxuf ouú&mZf 984 ckEpS ?f &Siu f &0dua&;zJUG anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;onf bk&m;apwDrsm;wnf&mü
aom rif;&Jausmpf mG av;xyfausmif;wnf armfueG ;f jzpfonf/ vnf;aumif;? ausmif;rsm;aqmufvyk &f müvnf;aumif; tvsif
xkdarmfuGef;yg tjcm;Adokumqkdif&mtaMumif;rsm;udk pvdk aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ oifh^roifh? &m^r&m avmu"r®
rwifjyvdak omfvnf; bHx k wG yf ikd ;f qdik &f m pkvpfrrG ;f cRet f qif a&;&mwdüYk uRr;f usiv f rd m® awmfrMl uaom q&mawmf oHCmawmf
wefqmrsm;ESifh ywfoufíaumufEkwfazmfjyvdkayonf/ rsm;udk ar;jref;avQmufxm;NyD;rS aqmif&Gufavh&SdMuonf/
bHkxGwfydkif;qdkif&m jc,fvS,fxm;yHkudk q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; rif;rsm;u oHo,udp&ö dS
]]tpGef;xdyfaAG? ewfoaeum;? a&Tvnf&GH&GH? pmo0efü í ar;avQmufonfhtcgwdkif; usrf;*efvmtqkdrsm;ESifhtnD
MuefESifhnDpGm? pE´omrl? MuufvsmtoGif? eef;csnfiifodkY? oGif;pmrsm;a&;í jyefMum;wwfMuonf/
xufjyifxkwfoef;? usD;&ef;ysHpGJ? MumqGJaus;EIwf? vdkifrkcf oGi;f pmwpfapmifü ]]bk&m;&mwGif bk&m;? ausmif;&mwGif
ausmif;? odrf&mwGif odrfwnfxm;aqmufvkyfoifhaMumif;?
vnfqD;? a&T&nfpD;rQ? nD;nD;a&mifvQH? jcifcHjcifydwf?
ausmif;&mwGif odraf pwDwnfoifah Mumif;? bk&m;&mwGiaf usmif;?
zdwfzdwf&Tef;awmuf? Muufarmufacgif;jy? csyf0yf0yfu?
odrrf wnfoifah Mumif;? apwDwpfqyl suí f ajrjyifjzpfomG ;tH?h
wHvSyfrxdk;}} [lí vnf;aumif;?
topfwpfql xdkae&mwGif wnfoifhaMumif;? apwD&m?
]] xufbrkH mS u? rsuEf mS qDwnf?h e*g;Munfí h ? aygufxnfh
ausmif;&m? odrf&m? wefaqmif;&mwdkYü vlwdkYtdrfaqmufí
rnfyif? wk&ifuarmif;? nGw[ f efaY umif;vsu?f &Guaf nmif;
raeoifhaMumif;? tu,fí aerdtHh pnf;pdrfr&Snf/ touf
118 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
aomfvnf; wkdrnf/ a&m*gOy'frSmrqdkomNyD}}(1) [lí owd
ay;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/
ausmif;wpfausmif;onf ysupf ;D í ajrjyifjzpft?hH xdak usmif;
oHCu d b@mwdu Yk kd tjcm;wpfausmif;rSm 0ifaptyfaMumif;?
xdkodkYr[kwfvQif xkdysufaomausmif;onf ysufpD;onfrnf anmif&rf;acwfeef;wnfpepf
aMumif;? tu,fíxkdausmif;onf tkwfwHwdkif;tpHk tukef
rysufao;bJwnfvsuf&SdaetHh? xdkwpfausmif;\ oHCdu 'kw,
d tif;0acwfjzpfonfh anmif&rf;acwfukd a&S;OD;wnf
onfwpfausmif;odkYul;oef;&monf/ xkdrysufaom ausmif; axmifjyKpkaom anmif&rf;rif;w&m; (at'D1600-1606)
aetqufukd ausmif;uodum© ,laom q&mwdt Yk qufu&kd nf onfouú&mZf 959(1) ckESpfwGif tif;0xD;eef;udk jyefvnf
íaqmufaom ausmif;aomfvnf;jzpft?hH xdo k C H mwdu Yk &kd nf wnfvkyf&ef pOf;pm;pOfu tif;0a&Teef;ausmh&Sif (at'D
í aqmufonfrnfaomaMumifh xkad usmif;u oHCu d ypön;f 1501-1527) \ eef;awmfBuD;udk oabmusESpfNcdKuf[ef&Sd
udktopfjyKaomausmif;ü 0ifapoifhaMumif;?(2) ausmif;rsm; onf/ a&Teef;ausm&h iS \f eef;wnfausmufpmtwdik ;f ol\eef;
aqmufvkyf&mü owdxm;zG,f? qifjcifzG,frsm;axmufjy awmfukd wnfaqmufrnf[k tBu&H ydS &kH onf/ odaYk omf bm;rJh
xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ anmif&rf;acwfbkef;awmfBuD; q&mawmf? rkeo d CF&mZmq&mawmf? avmukw&å mq&mawmf
ausmif;aqmufvkyfwnfxm;jcif;qkdif&mOya'orsm;tjzpf wdkYu a&Teef;ausmh&Sif\ a&Teef;wnfausmufpmonf bk&m;
rSwf,l&ayrnf/ tm;vSLcJNh y;D jzpfí ,if;ausmufpmudk a&;ul;Ny;D rpD&ifoif[
h k
wm;jrpfawmfrcl MhJ uonf/ eef;opfwnf&eftwGuf a&Teef;wnf
pmwrf;topfukd wifqufMuNy;D ,if;pmwrf;twdik ;f a&Teef;
awmfudk aqmufvkyfMu&onf/
1/ oGif;pmrsm; (nTef;NyD;)pm- 34
2/ oGif;pmrsm; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 34 1/ at'D 1597/

119
120 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 121
f ol\eef;awmfukd ouú&mZf 872(1)ckEpS f
a&Teef;ausm&h iS u anmif&rf;rif;\eef;awmfwiG f ]]5 yGiahf ompMumeef;awmf
wGif wnfvyk cf o hJ nf/ xdEk pS rf mS eef;awmfwnfvyk Nf y;D eef;wnf ESifh 7bHkaom jymom'feef;awmf(1)ü anmif&rf;rif;u &mZ
ausmufpmudk a&;xdk;cJhonf/ xkdeef;wnfausmufpmudk yv’ifOuifzGifhNyD;bGJUwHqdyfcHjcif;jzpfonf/ omvGefrif;
od[k efbmG ; (at'D 1527-1542) u ouú&mZf 888(2) ckEpS w f iG f vufxufürl eef;awmftwGi;f wGif 10 aqmifaom eef;awmfukd
bk&m;udk vSLcJoh nf/ xdaYk Mumifh aemufaemufrif;rsm;vufxuf xyfí eef;awmfjymom'faqmuf(2) onf}} [k rSwfwrf;
eef ; awmf w nf v k y f & ef ud p ö & S d o nf h t cgrsm;wG i f a&T e ef ; wpfapmifwGif awGU&onf/
ausm&h iS \
f eef;wnfausmufpmudk r,lv?kd roH;k vdMk uawmhay/ eef;opfaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf vdktyfaomopfrsm;ukd
bk&m;ypönf;jzpfoGm;NyD[lí ,lqMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ckw, f ?l xkw, f &l ef olBu;D Adou
k mwdu
Yk kd wm0efay;onf/ olBu;D
omvGerf if; (at'D 1629-1648) onf ouú&mZf 991(3) Adou k mwdu Yk vnf; tnmwGif wyfav;wyfcefNY y;D ? opfrsm;udk
ckESpfwGif eef;wufonf/ 996(4) ckESpfwGif eef;awmftopf ckwf,lumxkwf,lapMuonf/
wnfaqmufonf/ omvGefrif;eef;wufpOfu crnf;awmf ckwfNyD;aom opfrsm;udk ppfudkif;pukarmfodkY ydkY&onf/
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;\eef;awmfonf &Sdao;onf/ ESpfaygif; xkdopfrsm;xJrS eef;awmfaqmufvkyf&ef oifhavsmfaom?
oHk;q,fausmfrQMumjrifhNyDjzpfí a[mif;EGrf;aejcif;aMumifh tjypftemtqmrsm; uif;&Sif;onfhopfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fum
avm? xD;a[mif;eef;a[mif;wGif rpd;k pHví kd avm rcefrY eS ;f om MuiSef;wdkif? MuiSef;rwdkif? wk&ifwdkif[lí a&;rSwfMuonf/
ay/ crnf;awmf\eef;awmfudkzsufNyD; topfaqmufvkyfcJh xkod pfwEYkd iS w hf uG rsm;pGmaomopfrsm;udk ouú&mZf 996 ckEpS ?f
onf/ 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (9) &uf(3) wGif a&csMuonf/ N*dK[fewf
1/ at'D 1510/ 1/ a&S;a[mif;pmay okawoDwpfO;D \ ]]a&S;acwfjrefrmEdik if NH rKd U&GmG
2/ at'D 1526/ e,fy,fordik ;f }} jznfph u
G w
f ?JG jrefrmrIArd mefpmaybPf? vufEydS f
3/ at'D 1629/ pufr?l pm-14 (aemifwiG f ]] NrKd U&Gme,fy,f}} [kom nTef;rnf/)
4/ at'D 1634/ 2/ NrdKU&Gme,fy,f (nTef;NyD;) pm- 14/
3/ 7 Mo*kwf? 1634/
122 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 123
wduYk v kd nf; ylaZmfonf/ obifvnf;cHonf/ xkaYd emuf rif;om;? a&Gjy;D aom opfrsm;udk a&Taqmuf? aiGaqmufwjYkd zifh bk&if
rif;ajr;? apmfbGm;? apmfcHrSL;BuD;rwfBuD;? qifonf jrif;onf? paom tajymuftrGrf;rsm;xkvkyfMuonf/ awmfovif;
olaX;ol<u,fwdkYESifhwuG avSBuD;avSi,fwdkYjzifh ]] r[armf}} vqef;(13)&ufaeY(1)wGif eef;awmfajrudk wdkif;onf/ xkdrS
wdkifatmif qefíul;Muonf/ AHkarmif;awGwD;rIwf uckefjrL; ESpv f wdwjd cm;Ny;D wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf (13)&uf(2) wGif
wl;NyD; ul;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ xkdodkYjrpfudkqeful;&mü eef;awmf ajrudx k eG o f nf/ ajrudx k eG &f mü a&TxeG ?f aiGxeG ?f a&Tw;l &Gi;f ?
opfrsm;u tvdv k ykd if avSa&SUrsm;rSveG Nf y;D ul;onf[k qkMd u aiGw;l &Gi;f wkjYd zifh xGe&f wl;&jcif;jzpfonf/ Mueftifvu©PmESihf
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]]rmefatmif}} qdyf wGifqdkufuyfxm;onf/ qifvsuf yka&m[dw&f pS af ,mufwu Ykd kd a&SUrSmxm;um xGeaf p?
xdkopfwdkYudk yka&m[dwfwdkYu a&Tzvm;? aiGzvm;? wl;ap? aygufapjcif;jzpfonf/
vuf,m&pf c½koif;wkjYd zifh rEÅe&f w G Nf y;D pifMu,fpmG aq;aMum ewfawmfvqef; (11) &uf(3) wGipf yg;rsK;d 7 yg;Buo J nf/
(4)
Mu&onf/ ewfawmfvjynfhausmf (10) &ufwGif eef;awmfyHk
xdkESpfawmfovif;vqef; (2) &uf(1) wGif eef;awmf udik of nf/
aqmufrnfht&yfudk tcrf;tem;ESifhoGif;Muonf/ pkyHkonfh jymodkvqef; (3)&ufwGif (5) eef;awmfNrdKUusKH;wl;onf/
tcg taemuft&yfudk t&if;? ta&SUt&yfudk tzsm;xm;í jymodv k qef;(9)&ufwiG (6) f a&(7)yg;? ajr(7) yg;? tarT;rsK;d
pkyMkH uonf/ (7)yg;? EGm;EkdY? axmywf? ysm;? wifvJ? ajrpmjruf? EGm;acs;
xko d pfwu Ykd kd aAmif;Bu;D nGeo Yf , G af ygif;aom Adou k mBu;D wdYk wkdYjzifh a&míusHNyD; aMu;rHkESifhnDñGwfpGm yGwfonf/
u a&TwrH sO;f ? aiGwrH sO;f wdw Yk ifNy;D a&Twpfpnf;? aiGwpfpnf;wkYd 1/ 25 Mo*kwf? 1634/
2/ 7 Edk0ifbm? 1634/
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3/ 20 Edk0ifbm? 1634/
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qko d nf/ 5/ 11 'DZifbm? 1634/
1/ 14 Mo*kwf? 1634/ 6/ 17 'DZifbmv? 1634/
124 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 125
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(1)
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wkdYjzifh ylaZmfonf/ wGi;f wkid ;f wGi;f wkid ;f taphxnf&h onf/ xko d x Ydk nfNh y;D rS MuiSe;f zk?d
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onf/ rif;uk, d vf yk u
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(4)
(8) &uf wGif &mZyv’ifudk xkonf/ xkyfavsmufwifonf/ a&Teef;awmfr? aZw0efokH;aqmif?
wykdYwJGvqef; (3) &uf(5) wGif eef;awmfopf xkonf/ jymom'f? eef;&H ajcmufaqmifESifhwuG a&Teef;awmf (10)
xkNyD;rS opfzsm;ü xD;jzLjzifhtkyfNyD;? ydwfykqkd;wkdYukd qJo G nf/ aqmifudk xkyaf vsmufwifonf/ NAw J u dk tf rd o f mawmf opfvnf;
xef;ckid ?f tke;f ckid ?f iSuaf ysmckid w
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cyfaoma&jzifh yka&m[dwfwkdYukdaq;onf/ wku
Yd dk opfap;okwo f nf/ rdz&k m;tdro f mukv d nf; aqmufonf/
1/ 20 'DZifbm? 1634/
2/ 24 'DZifbm? 1634/ 1/ 14 Zefe0g&D? 1635/
3/ 25 'DZifbm? 1634/ 2/ 18 Zefe0g&D? 1635/
4/ 31 'DZifbm? 1634/ 3/ 21 Zefe0g&D? 1635/
5/ 10 Zefe0g&D? 1635/
126 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 127
wydkYwJGvjynfhausmf (13) &uf(1)wGif NAJwkduf tdrfomykH vkyfonf/ r@dKifovGefawmfwifonf/ trGrf;jcifydwfwk&if
ukdifonf/ pa&G;a&Gonf/ xkyfavsmufwifonf/ waygif; wifonf/
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onf/ oHuGef&ufvkyfonf/ onf/
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f nf/ uqkev f jynfah usmf (4) &uf(2)wGif ajreef;aqmuf onf/
waygif;vjynfah usmf (11) &uf(4)eef;awmf tkwpf o D nf/ pm;awmf t d r f a qmuf o nf / qif w if ; uk y f a qmuf o nf /
ajreef;yEéufpkdufonf/ apmif;wef;wHcg;vkyfonf/
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f nf/ wHcg; uqkefvjynfhausmf (7) &uf(3) f we*FaEGaeYwGif Ouif
vkyfonf/ a&uefwl;onf/ o&mZyv’if wk&if? xkydumrSefuif;wifonf/
wefc;l vqef; (9) &uf(6)wGif xkyu
d mwifonf/ rif;aqmif uqkefvjynfhausmf (13) &uf(4) wGif pnf0ef;pnfaAsm
vkyfonf/ armif;oGef;onf/ Muufonf/
ouú&mZf 997 ckEpS f uqkev f qef; (5) &uf(7)wGif ajrmuf e,kefvqef; (5) &uf? paeaeY(5)wGif oBuFefawmf
a,mif;awmfopfxGif;onf/ (8) &uf(8)wGif usufoa&wkduf ac:p&m jymom'faqmufonf/
1/ 4 azazmf0g&D? 1635/ e,kefvqef; (8) &uf? aomMumaeY(6) u xD;jzLawmf
2/ 15 azazmf0g&?D 1635/ rk;d onf/ 0ef;pnf? ajrm§ ufpnfMuufonf/ ajrmufa,mif;awmf
3/ 19 azazmf0g&D? 1635/ prkcfNAJwkduf trGrf;jcifydwfwifonf/
4/ 3 rwf? 1635/ 1/ 20 {NyD? 1635/
2/ 24 {NyD? 1635/
5/ 15 rwf? 1635/
3/ 27 {NyD? 1635/
6/ 16 rwf? 1635/ 4/ 3 ar? 1635/
7/ 10 {NyD? 1635/ 5/ 10 ar? 1635/
8/ 13 {NyD? 1635/ 6/ 13 ar? 1635/
128 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 129
e,kefvqef; (11) &uf (1) NrdKUurÜnf;wkdifvkyfonf/ eef;awmfaqmufvyk o
f nfh vkyif ef;pOfürl aAmif;Bu;D nGeo
Yf ,
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þum; omvGefrif;\ a&Teef;awmf aqmufvkyfonfh aygif;aom AdokumBuD;wkdYu OD;aqmifaqmufvkyfaMumif;
tpDtpOf jzpfonf/ rSeef ef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D ? wwd,wJ?G awGU&onf/
pmrsufESm 227 rSpí tao;pdwfazmfjycsufjzpfonf/ eef;awmfykH
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wkuYd dk ylaZmfjcif;onf tav;uJvsu&f o dS nf/ vkyif ef;wpfcu k dk jymom'fEiS w hf al om tvGeBf u;D us,f om,maom a&Tjymom'f
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r&Sb d J r*Fvmtcgtavsmuf vkyo f nfudk awGU&ojzifh avmuD awmfrlí}} [kom a&;xkd;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/
qkid &f mt,lpu GJ dk tvGe*f ½kpu
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awGU&onf/ vkyfaqmif&müvnf; jA[®PykPÖm;wkdYuyif okH;aqmif? jymom'feef;ajcmufaqmifESifhwuG a&Teef;awmf
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oDvESifhjynfhpkHaom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ukdyifhí qGrf; rSww f rf;ürl ajreef;? eef;raqmif? ajrmufeef;awmf? taemuf
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ylaZmfjcif;wku Yd ydk g awGU&ojzifh jA[®Pwk\ Yd [dEL´ rIwiG f &wem eef;wGif;yk&ykdufjzLyg omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;\ ouú&mZf
ok;H yg; ylaZmfjcif;[laom ax&0g'qkid &f m Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmrI 996 ckEpS f (1)? eef;awmfypHk üH aqmifa& 25 rS 27 xd&adS Mumif;
ukyd g a&maESmxm;onfh oabmvnf; ygonf[k qkEd idk o f nf/ azmfjyxm;onf/ wpfaqmifcsif; a&wGufMunfhonfhtcg
ylaZmfrt
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1/ 16 ar? 1635/ 1/ at'D 1634/
130 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 131
taqmifBu;D i,f pkpak ygif; 23 aqmifEiS hf tdro f majcmufv;Hk BuH y k H n D n G w f ? a&T j ymom'f v nf ; ? auG ; ñG w f O uif ?
awGU&onf/ pmjzifhrl tdrfomig;[k jyxm;onf/ a&Tyv’ifESifh? pD&ifwwfpGm? AdokumwkdY? rsufESm&Spfrnf?
xif & S m ;onf h eef ; aqmif r sm;u prk c f E S i f h w uG a om vQHvnfvSwifh? ukd;qifhoepf? uspfvspfMumcH? rif;pH
ajreef;aqmif0, J m jymom'fawmfBu;D ? peul;ESihf aZw0efaqmif? MumoGw?f a&Txw G af &Tx;D ? &nfp;D vkv?k EIid ;f wkr&hJ m? ajreef;
avomaqmif? NAJwkdufaqmif? rSefeef;awmfac: eef;raqmif omvnf;? a0qmvSwif?h ewfrif;bkaH &T? rk;d u ajrok?Yd vlajr
ESifh awmifeef;? ajrmufeef;? taemufeef;awmfaqmifrsm;[k ay:xGef;? eef;rsm;wHcGef? pHwkdif;vGefonf? a0,efwrQ
cefYrSef;&onfh taqmifawmfBuD;rsm;jzpfonf/ xkdtaqmif tqifaomf0f}} [lí a&;zJGUxm;&m eef;rukd;aqmifESifh
awmfrsm;tm;vkH; tkwf<uyfrkd; jzpfonf/ bkHukd;qifh&Sdaom jymom'fawmfBuD;wkdY\ wifhw,fvSy
yk&ykdufykHpHü eef;awmfopfukd azmfjy&mü crf;em;ykHukd pdwfrsufpdjzifh cHpm;MunfhjrifEkdifayonf/
uGef;opf - 238 wkdif ,m,DpeH ef;awmfrsm;
vufcHopf - 586 wkdif anmif&rf;acwfrif;rsm;\ xl;jcm;csufwpfckrSm aA'if
Murf;jyifopf - 118 wkdif udef;cef;rsm;ukd ,kHMunfMuNyD; aA'ifudef;cef;nHhaom umv
axmufopf - 11 wkdif? pkpkaygif; 953 wkdif rsm;wGif eef;awmfBu;D rSm rpHawmhbJ ,m,DpeH ef;awmfrsm;wGif
[lí awGU&onf/ a&TUajymif;eef;pHawmfrw l wfMuonf/ om"utm;jzifh taemuf
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aAGxuf? wdrfajcxdeD;? a&TwdNyD;í nD;nD;ajymifajymif? usrS a&Teef;awmfokdY 0ifawmfrlonf/ (2)

csnw f pfaxmifEiS ?hf rkud af rSmifviG ahf ysmuf? ajruaygufo?Ydk 1/ 7 'DZifbm? 1610/
xGef;awmufajymifajymif? ukd;aqmifa&TbkH? ½kyfrsKd;pkH\? 2/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pm- 164-166/
132 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 133
ouú&mZf 1026 ckEpS ?f uqkev f qef; (7)&uf(1) Mumoyaw; Munho f nf/ oDwif;uRwv f qef; (10)&uf(1) Mumoyaw;aeY?
aeYwiG f jynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672) onf qif&&efatmif eHeuf wpfcsufwD;ausmfwGif eef;awmfopfckwfoGm;&onf/
bk&m;taemufbuf &r®0wDt&yfü ]]bHkpH0wD}} eef;awmf xdak eY ESpcf suw f ;D ausmf ESpaf rmif;wGif eef;awmf&majrrSww f ikd f
aqmufvkyfí ,m,DpHjref;awmfrlcJhonf/(2) pdu
k of nf/ wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (2)&uf(2) t*FgaeY ESpcf suw f ;D
ouú&mZf 1058 ckEpS (3) f wGif 0rf;bJtif;pHrif; (at'D 1698- ausmw f iG f eef;awmf&mudk ]]r*Fvmblr}d } orkwo f nf/ wefaqmif
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(8)
pHcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &uf t*FgaeY eef;awmf&majrxGefonf/ oDwif;uRwf
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ouú&mZf 1048 ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvqef; (3)&uf(7)
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Mumoyaw;aeY? eHeufwpfcsuw f ;D ausmw
f iG f eef;awmf&majrudk
2/ 7 atmufwdkbm? 1686/ pm-371/
1/ 21 {NyD? 1664/ 5/ at'D 1735/
3/ 21 atmufwdkbm? 1686/ 7/ 18 {NyD? 1687/
2/ rSefeef;? w (nTef;NyD;) pm 282/ 6/ rSefeef;? w(nTef;NyD;)
4/ 11 Edk0ifbm? 1686/ 8/ 6 pufwifbm? 1687/
3/ at'D 1696/ pm- 371/
5/ 16 Zefe0g&D? 1687/ 9/ 15 pufwifbm? 1687/
4/ rSefeef;? w (nTef;NyD;) pm- 319/ 7/ 9 pufwifbm? 1686/
134 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 135
vjynfhausmf(2)&uf(1) t*FgaeYwGif eef;awmfA[dk&fpif? anmif&rf;acwfonf ESpfaygif; 150 ausmfrQ &SnfMumcJh
armfuGef;wdkifwpfcsdefwnf; wpfcgwnf; yEéuf½dkufonf/ onhf acwfjzpfonf/ xdu k mv xD;eef;tkypf ;kd aom rif;(11)yg;
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acgif;avmif;qGJonf/ eef;awmfurÜnf;wyfonf/ waygif; (at'D 1714-1733)wdkYjzpfonf/
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f iG f omvGerf if;u eef;awmfopfjyefvnfwnfvyk o f nf/
acgif;avmif; píwD;onf/(3) xdkrS ESpfaygif; (90)tMum ouú&mZf 1086 ckESpfwGif (3)

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armfueG ;f wdik pf u
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onhfrSwfwrf;rsm;udk Munhfygu anmif&rf;acwfü tNrJwrf; Bu;D u ouú&mZf 959 ckEpS ?f wydw JG jynhaf usmf (7)&uf(4)wGif
Yk v
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aA'ifued ;f cef;tm;jzihf pHjref;rnfh eef;awmfrsm;udyk if r*Fvmtcg (9)&uf(5)wGif NrKd Uawmf? eef;awmftygt0if ig;Xmeudk wpfcsed f
&ufaumif;&ufjrwfrsm;a½G;Ny;D pepfwusaqmufvyk af vh&ad S Mumif; wnf;? wpfNyKd iw f nf;jyKjyifwnfvyk af Mumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
anmif&rf;acwfeef;wnf Adokumoabmudk odEdkifonf/ 1/ at'D 1598/ 4/ 17 Zefe0g&D? 1598/
1/ 11 atmufwdkbm? 1687/ 2/ at'D 1634/ 5/ 5 Zlvdkif? 1599/
2/ 21 atmufwdkbm? 1687/
3/ at'D 1724/
3/ rSefeef;? w (nTef;NyD;) pm- 301-303/
136 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 137
ZmwmawmfyHk&mZ0ifü ouú&mZf 960 jynfh? 0gacgif tif;av;tif;ajrrSm -
vqef; (7)&uf[k jyqdu k m omoemvuFm&pmwrf;ü ouú&mZf 1/ rdk;aumif;uiftif; (tif;awmfBuD;) ajr
961 ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef; (12) &uf? aomMumaeY[k azmfjy 2/ t*Farmfta½SUawmiftif;ajr
xm;onf/ Edik if aH wmfe,fy,f tvm;tvmjyayrl wpfqu l rl 3/ awmiforeftif;ajr
]]ouú&mZf 960 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvqef; (6)&ufü wHcg;wdik f 4/ awmifjrihfawmifxdyftif;ajr wdkYjzpfonf/
pkdkufí tkwf½dk;pDaMumif;? ausmfav;&yfajrrSm -
ouú&mZf 960 ckESpf? 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (6)&ufwGif 1/ tnmoD[awmajr
eef;awmfpaqmufaMumif;? 2/ a½Tpm&Hbk&m;ajr
ouú&mZf 960 ckESpf? waygif;vqef;(12)&ufwGif 3/ a½T,ifarQmfbk&m;ajr
eef;odrf;aMumif; jyqdkxm;onf/(1)}} 4/ yk*Ha½Tpnf;cHkajr wdkYjzpfonf/
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;Bu;D \ NrKd Uwnfeef;wnfpmwrf;tvdk
uRef;av;uRef;ajrrSm-
t& anmif&rf;rif;w&m;Bu;D onf ouú&mZf 959 ckEpS f anmif&rf;
1/ a½Tay:uRef;ajr
uvmawmfrlonfhtcg Am;rJhtausmf? tmp&tausmfwdkYudk
2/ prÜm,fe*dktnmuRef;ajr
yifhNyD; qiftvHk;t&if;ESihfvmaMumif; od&onf/
3/ t0oHvsufuRef;ajr
ouú&mZf 960 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (9)&uf? we*FaEGaeY?
4/ a½TMuuf,uftv,fuRef;ajr wdkYjzpfonf/
u&u#f? v*f? NAdpämpef;ü ]]&wemyl&}} [laom trnfudk
y,fzsufNyD; ]]a½T0NrdKUBuD;}} [k orkwfawmfrlcJhonf/ xdkaeY awmifav;awmifajrrSm-
a½Teef;awmfaqmuf&mwGif eef;awmfa[mif;ajrae&mü tif;av; 1/ awmiforefawmifajr
tif;ajr? ausmfav;&yfajr? uRef;av;uRef;ajr? awmifav; 2/ awmifjrihfajr
awmifajrudkpDpOfí zdkYvkyfonf/ 3/ awmifusnf;ajreDomukef;ajr
1/ 0if;armif (wrÜ0wD)\ jrefrmrIoak woepm ]]yef;rsKd ;wpf&m}} pmay? 4/ awmifjyKef;BuD;ajrwdkYjzpfonf/(1)
&efukef? pm- 179 (aemifwGif ]]jrefrmrI}} [kom nTef;rnf/) 1/ jrefrmrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 185
138 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 139
þajrrsm;onf jrihfjrwfaomajr? atmifajr? r*Fvm "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk aumif;pGmavhusufykdifEdkifMu[ef&Sdonf/
twdw&f adS omajrrsm;jzpfojzihf eef;wnf&mwGif xdak jrrsm;udk aA'if,Mwmusr;f rsm; avmuDtpDt&ifqikd &f m pmayusr;f *ef
ajrcHoabm,lum aqmufvkyfaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/ rsm;udk arTaESmufwwfodxm;íavm? rif;tqufqufudk
eef;awmf&mtjynhfzdkYvkyfjcif; jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf/ pwdtjzpfzdkY odrSDMuí eef;wGif;qdkif&m tpDt&if "avh xHk;pHrsm;udk xJxJ
vkyfjcif;[k ,lqEdkifonf/ 0if0ifESHYpyfíavm? wduspGm rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; ausmufxD;
ouú&mZf 961 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvqef;(7)&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY wEÅKyrm avmuDt&m vGefpGmvdr®m uRrf;usifcJhMuonf/
wGif NrdKUawmfwnfvkyfNyD; jy? wefaqmif;? wHcg;wdkYudk om"uwpfckudk jy&ygu anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD; eef;awmf
aqmufpu kd o
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vkyfawmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ eef;awmfudk NrdKU&Gmrsm;u aqmuf q&mawmfwu Ykd ]]bk&m;tm; vSLNy;D aom ausmufpmudk ul;í
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pHy,fawmfrlonf[k qdkonf/ enf;edoQtwGuf aMumihfMup&mr&Sd}} (1) [k qdkjcif;udk jy&
eef;awmfraqmufvyk rf D y&dwrf EÅerf sm; &Gwzf wfonhf tpD ayrnf/ xdkq&mawmfwdkY rdefYonfhtwdkif; eef;wnfpmwrf;
tpOfuv kd nf; awGU&onf/ ouú&mZf 960 ckEpS ?f wydw Yk vJG qef; wpfapmifqufoGif;Muonf/ xdkqufoGif;onfh pmtwdkif;
wGif Am;rJhq&mawmfESif h rGef&[ef;tyg; 20wdkYu jrpfi,fjrpf ½ d k ; eef;awmfudk wnfvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; ordkif;pmrsufESmrsm;
wpfavQmufwiG f avmif;avSBu;D ESppf if;ESifh av;axmif0h aJ uGUrS wGif vmonf/
{&m0wDjrpftxd pkecf sq D efcsD oH;k &ufwikd w f ikd f y&dw½f w
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rSwfom;zG,f&maumif;onfrSm anmif&rf;acwf? oHC 1/ a½Tudkif;om;\ ESpf 600 jynhftif;0 (tif;0acwf jyefvnf
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1/ jrefrmrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 186 (aemifwGif ]]tif;0}} [kom nTef;onf? pm- 19)
140 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 141
ESihf Am;u&mq&mawmfwdkY OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKcJhrnf[k ,lq& ta&SUydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 11
onf/(1) eef;raqmif 1
anmif&rf;rif;wnfvyk af om eef;awmftm; yk&ydu k jf zLwGif taemufydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 3
awGU&orQ yEéufyHkrSm pEkaqmif 4
ta&SUydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 11 rdzk&m;aqmif 8
eef;raqmif 1 pkpkaygif;taqmif 27
taemufydkif;rif;crf;awmfaqmif 3 tdrfomawmf 5
pEkaqmif 3 avSum; 14 wdkY(1) jzpfonf/
rdzk&m;aqmif 8 EdIif;,SOfavhvmEdkif&ef wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/
pkpkaygif;taqmif 26
tdrfomawmf 2
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awGU&onf/
anmif&rf;rif;aemuf omvGefrif; ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf
wGif wnfvyk af om eef;awmfuvnf; anmif&rf;rif;eef;awmf
uJoh Ykd a½SUydik ;f rif;crf;awmfaqmif? aemufyikd ;f rif;crf;awmfaqmif
yEéufyHkpHta&twGuf wloavmuf&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/
ouú&mZf 996 ckESpf (at'D 1634) wGif wnfvkyfaom
omvGefrif;\ eef;awmfyEéufyHkü
1/ jrefrmrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 186/
2/ tif;0 (nTef;NyD;) pm- 226/ 1/ tif;0 (nTef;NyD;) pm- 226
142 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 143
144 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI

anmif&rf;acwftrd f
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f &Sib f &k ifEiS fh ywfoufaom eef;awmf?
q&mawmf? oHCmawmfwYkd oDwif;oH;k &m bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;
rsm;udk aqmufvkyf&mü aqmifzGJYyHkpepf? tcef;cef;taqmif
aqmifzpYJG nf;yHrk sm;onf Bu;D us,v f oS nf/ avmua&;? "r®a&;
ESpfjzmwGif tjrihfjrwfqHk;rsm;aexdkif? oDwif;oHk;&mjzpf
íxkduJhodkY BuD;us,f&jcif;jzpfonf/
rif;rdz&k m;wdaYk tmuftqihef rd ahf om tdraf &SUrif;? rif;nD
rif;om;? rSL;rwft&m&Srd sm;aexdik &f m tdraf wmfrsm;onfvnf;
xdkufoihfoavmuf BuD;us,fMuayonf/ &mxl;tedrfhtjrifh
tqifhtavsmuf taqmifzGJUyHk? tcef;zGJUyHk? trGrf;tajymuf
qif&yHk uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdaomfvnf; omrefjynfolrsm;\
aetdrfxufrl rsm;pGmBuD;us,fayonf/
xdkoabmudk avmuAsL[m (tif½Hkpmwrf;) vm
tdrfa&SUrif;aeonfh tdrfaqmufvkyf&yHkjzihf odEdkifayonf/
tdrfa&SUrif;tdrfawmfESihfywfoufí
145
146 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 147
]]tdraf wmfaqmufvyk &f mrSm (11) xkypf t D quf? ta&SU þazmfjycsuft& tdrfa&SUrif;tdrfawmf\ yEéufyHkudk
qufrSm avsmif;awmfOD;aqmif? tv,fqufrSm traqmif? pdwftm½Hkjzihf rSef;qMunhfjrifEdkifonf/ tdrfawmfonf ta&SU
taemufqufrmS taemufaqmif? ta&SUavsmif;awmfO;D aqmif? taemufwef;onf/ aeoGm;&mvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f taqmif
taemufaqmifukd ypöKuefo Y nf/ taqmifywfvnfukd Murf;jyif zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUpGefu avsmif;awmfOD;aqmif?
vnfí avsmif;awmfO;D quf? ta&SUrsuEf mS Murf;jyifwiG f avSum; tv,fu traqmif? taemufu taemufaqmifponf
wnfonf/ traqmifwiG f rm&bifysOaf xmifumoef;í tv,f wef;aernf/ tv,faqmifjzpfonfh traqmif\ vuf0J
csuu f kd ydwif;Bu;D xm;onf/ ydwif;Bu;D vufwiG ;f odYk b@dKijf zL vuf , mwG i f wpf a qmif p D x yf x k w f x m;onf / vuf 0 J
wnfí rsuEf mS Muufcgomudk Mum,yf wpfqifx h Ek iS ?fh rsuEf mS aqmifrmS twGi;f 0efwaYkd eonft h aqmif? vuf,maqmifrmS
Muufqo JG nf/ traqmifvuf0v J ,f,m Murf;jyifvufjyifu Oykofawmfapmihftaqmifjzpfonf/ xdkESpfaqmifpvHk;rSm
xm;0,faqmifEpS af qmif pD&ifonf/ vuf0u J ta&SUpGex f m;0,f xm;0,faqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ bHEk pS q f ihf wpfvnfay:aqmif
aqmifrmS avomwpfaqmif twGi;f 0efwaYkd eonf/ vuf,m rsm;jzpfonf/ taemufaqmif\ taemufawmifwiG f xm;0,f
bufuta&SUpGef xm;0,faqmifrmS Oykoaf wmfapmiht f aqmif?
vsm;wpfaqmif&adS o;onf/ þodjYk zihf tdraf &SUtdraf wmf yEéuf
taemufawmif taemufMurf;jyifu xm;0,faqmifvsm;
yHuk kd rSe;f íMunhEf ikd o
f nf/ avSum;u avsmif;awmf OD;aqmif
wpfaqmifaqmufvyk o f nf/tdraf qmifrmS xkypf yG af vsmufpyG &f
e,fcí H ½dik (f 2)xyfr;kd onf/ ½dik af y:wGif oufi,fr;kd í Muufeif; ta&SUrSm &Sdonf/
rsufuG,fuyfwifonf/ trGrf;jcifyw d uf kd oyd;k ysOu f v kd yk íf tdrfa&SUrif;wGif udk,f&Hawmfrsm;&Sdonf/ ta>ct&Hrsm;
BuKd ;iifvu kd o
f nf/ wk&ifv;kH xnfo h nf/ pdefzl;rwyf&/ trGrf; &So
d nf/ ½H;k trIxrf;rsm;&So d vdk vHNk cKH a&;0efxrf;rsm;vnf;&So
d nf/
jcifydwfudk teDrokwf&/ twGif;t&dyfae ysOfaxmifrSpí xdo k w l Ykd aep&mtdrrf sm; tvkyv f yk &f m½H;k ? toH;k taqmifypön;f
xdk&e,fxkyfavsmuf0ef;rsufESmMuufrsm;rSm ajrjzLokwí f rsm; xm;&mae&mrsm;vnf; &S&d onf/ 0if;av;rsuEf mS tum
urÜwBf u;D i,fukd teDow k of nf/ ydwif;Bu;D rm&bifudkvnf; t&Hvnf; &Srd nf/ xd0k if;xJrmS rS vlaetdrt f aqmufttH?k wduk ?f
(1)
teDokwfonf }}[lí azmfjyxm;onf/ wef;vsm;ponfwdkY&Sdrnf/ þodkYjzihf tdrfa&SUrif;wpfyg;\
1/ tif½Hk (ñTef;NyD;) pm- 10-11/ ta>ct&H? taqmifta,mif? toH;k taqmifrsm; aeavmuf
148 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 149
xm;avmufatmif us,f0ef;aom 0if;twGif;wGif Adokum ESpaf qmif? vuf,mbufuvnf; onfenf;aqmufvyk o f nf/
twwfjzihf ae&mcs&ayrnf/ avsmif;awmfO;D vuf0b J ufajrmuf0if;em;twGi;f udk vufaqmif
avmuAsL[musrf; (tif½Hkpmwrf;) rSmyif þAdokum ,lwdkuf? onftaemufudk pnfawmfwdkuf aqmufvkyfonf/
oabmudk azmfjyxm;onf/ 0if;av;rsuEf mS ywfvnfjyif0if;em;wGif vuf0b J ufu ud, k &f H
]]0if;av;rsufESmrSm jrif;Murf;uyfumonf/ txufudk aewef; 10aqmif? vuf,mbufu ud, k &f aH ewef; 10aqmif?
ysOfurÜwfBuD;owfonf}} [k 0if;taetxm;udk azmfjy a½SU0if;wHcg;jyifaumifae[efwef;oHk;? vuf,mbufu
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ aumifae[efwef;oH;k ? taemufwcH g;jyifuvnf; onfenf;wl
0if;wHcg;rsm;xm;yHkESihf ywfoufí aqmufvkyfonf(1)}} [lí azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkazmfjycsufudk
]]avsmif;awmfO;D avSum;qDwnfw h iG f 0if;wHcg;? taemuf tajccHNyD; Adokumoabm ae&mcsMunhfygu yl;wGJazmfjyyg
rsuEf mS uonf tv,fcsuw f iG f aemuf0if;wHcg;wpf? 0if;wHcg; yHkpHtwdkif; yEéufyHk&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
12qlxm;onf}} [kazmfjyxm;onf/ 0if;twGi;f ü taqmuf tdraf wmfü xm;0,faqmif ESpaf qmif? xm;0,fvsm;aqmif
ttHkrsm;udk ae&mcsxm;&müvnf; wpfaqmifygonfukd awGU&onf/ ESpx f yfwpfvnfay:ü pkvpf
]]twGi;f wGif vuf0u J tdraf v;? vuf,mbufu tdraf v; rGr;f cRerf sm;pGm rwyf&? wk&ifv;kH wyfonf/ pdezf ;l rwyf&onf
aqmif?aygif;ud;k aqmif? tdraf qmifaqmufonf/ onftwGi;f udkvnf; jyxm;onf/ Adokumoabmt& uefYowfcsuf?
udkrm&bifuyfumoef;í twGif;u 0if;wHcg;ig;xm;onf/ owfrw S cf sut f wdik ;f xnh&f wyf&onfukd owdxm;rd&monf/
0if;awmfjyifu a½SU0if;wHcg;wpf? jyifvuf,mbufu ½H;k rwpf? rmefatmif&wembk&m;'g,um rif;w&m;vufxuf nDawmf
vuf0Jbufu ½Hk;i,fwpf? taemufwHcg; vuf,mbufu &Sief ef;qufukd tdraf &SUt&may;onft h cg ]]trd;k tkw<f uyfEiS fh
taemuf½Hk;wpf? xm;0,fvnfay: trGrf;jcifydwf wk&ifjym; trGrf;jcifydwfwk&ifudk teDokwfaMumif;(2) wdkifzHk; urÜwfBuD;
xnfo h nf/ 0if;wGi;f u avomaqmif? ajrmufrm&biftwGi;f wGif i,fudk teDokwfaMumif;(3)}} awGU&onf/
aoewfaqmifESpfaqmif? avsmif;awmfOD; vuf,mrm&bif 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;)pm- 11-12/
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0if;em;wGif aoewfwef;aqmif;wpf? onfajrmufuu kd ,
kd &f aH e 3/ ,if; pm- 236/
150 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 151
jynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672) vufxuf aemifawmf 0gacgifvqef; (4)&uf (1) aomMumaeY tdrfawmfwuf(2)
awmifirl if;udk awmifiu l akd y;Ny;D rif;jyK&mü ]]tdrjf zL ig;quf? aMumif; ordkif;pmrsufESmwGif tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf/
ESpfxyf? a&mifOD; oHk;xyf? ajrmufavom uGrf;aq;? tdrfom tdrfawmfwufonftxd tcsdefwdkumvwpfvtwGif;rSm
trGrf;jcifydwf cHkwdkifoHk;? uHywf teDay;}} (1) awGU&onf/ NyD;pD;atmif tjref tifwdkuftm;wdkufaqmufvkyfcJhaMumif;
&rnf;oif;rif; (rif;&Jausmfxif) (at'D 1673-1698) od&monf/
vufxuf tdraf &SUrdz&k m;r,fawmf&iS rf zd &k m; tdraf wmfaqmuf
vkyfyHkudk
ouú&mZf 1047 ck? 'kwd,0gqdkvjynhf(2) we*FaEGaeY
opfxGif;?
vjynhfausmf (1)&uf(3) wevFmaeY tdrfawmfyEéuf½dkuf?
vjynhfausmf (3) &uf(4) Ak'¨[l;aeY tdrfawmfopfxl?
vjynfhausmf (5) &uf(5) aomMumaeY tdrfawmfwGif;
wl;wGif;cs? xkyfavsmufwif?
vjynhaf usmf (10)&uf(6) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY tdraf wmftrGr;f csiyf w
d f
wif?
1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm228/
2/ 5 Zlvdkif? 1685/
3/ 6 Zlvdkif? 1685/
4/ 8 Zlvdkif? 1685/ 1/ 24 Zlvdkif? 1685/
5/ 10 Zlvdkif? 1685/ 2/ OD;ukvm; r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm- 255/
6/ 15 Zlvdkif? 1685/
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 153
a[mif;rsm;url t0dkif;yHkraqmifaomfvnf; NrdKU½dk;axmifh
cRef;rsm; auG;0ef;aeaomaMumihf t0ef;yHkaqmif NrdKU½dk;[kyif
owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf/
ysLNrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm; acwfvGefNyD; yk*HacwfESihfaemufydkif;
anmif&rf;acwf Adou
k mpepfqikd &f mtcsKd ;;;; acwfNrKd UjyEdik if rH sm;wGif NrKd U½d;k rsm;udk av;axmifph wk*yH jkH zpfap?
pwk&ef;yHjk zpfap? axmifrh eS af xmihcf sKd ;jzihf wnfvyk v f mMuonf/
jrefrmAdokuma0g[m&wGif armfvdkifcsdK;? armf,Gef;csdK;? rEÅav;? tr&yl&? a½Tbdk? awmifil? [Hom0wD (yJcl;) NrdKU½dk;
cdek ef;csKd ;[laom tcsKd ;oH;k rsKd ;&So
d nf/ a&S;acwfAo d u k mwdYk wHwikd ;f rsm;rSm tqdyk gav;axmifph wk*yH ?kH pwk&ef;yHk NrKd U½d;k rsm;jzpfonf/
cwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? taqmufttHk\ atmufajcudk tif;0NrdKU½dk;url xdkNrdKU½dk;yHkrsm;ESihfrwl? wpfrluGJjym;pGm
yHkazmfaqmufvkyf&mü csdK;avh&Sdaom tcsdK;oHk;rsdK;jzpfonf/ &So
d nf/ tif;0NrKd U½k;d yHuk kd armf,eG ;f csKd ; csKd ;Ny;D wnfvyk xf m;jcif;
xdok ;kH rsKd ;teuf armfvikd cf sKd ;rSm auGUauGUaumufaumuf jzpfonf/ uke;f abmifrif;qufrS qifjzL&Sirf if; (at'D 1763-
tcsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ armf,eG ;f csKd ;rSm axmifah xmif, h eG ;f ,Ge;f tcsKd ; 1776) vufxufNrdKUawmfudk topfzGihfí wnfonfhtcg
rsKd ;jzpfonf/ cked ef;csKd ;rSm axmifrh eS af xmifq h uftcsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ a½TNrdKUawmf ta½SUrsufESmudk armf,Gef; (5)csufcsdK;í
a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; NrdKUopfrsm;wnfvkyfonfhtcg NrdKU½dk; awmifrsufESmudk armf,Gef; (9)csuf? taemufrsufESmudk
yHkpHoHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;jzihf wnfvkyfavh&SdaMumif; od&onf/ armf,eG ;f (11)csu?f ajrmufrsuEf mS udk armf,eG ;f (5)csucf sKd ;í
a&S;tusqHk; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf (ysLNrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm;) ü wnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ armf,Gef;tcsdK;aygif; 30 &Sdonf/
NrKd U½d;k udk t0dik ;f t0ef;yHk wnfvyk w f wfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf pOfhul;rif; (at'D 1776-1782) vufxufa&mufonhftcg
oa&acwå&mNrKd Ua[mif; NrKd U½d;k yHrk sKd ;jzpfonf/ 0dik ;f 0dik ;f pufpuf ajrmufrsuEf mS wGif ESpcf sKd ;avsmo h mG ;ojzihf armf,eG ;f 28 csKd ;om
r[kwaf omfvnf; t0dik ;f yHak qmif NrKd U½d;k [kqEkd ikd o f nf/ tvm;wl usefonf[k od&onf/
waumif;? 0wD;? oJukef; ponfhNrdKUa[mif;rsm;onfvnf; tif;0udk þodaYk rmf,eG ;f csKd ;csKd ;í wnf&onfrmS tif;0NrKd U
t0dkif;yHkNrdKU½dk;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ AdóEdk;? [efvif;paom ysLNrdKU ukef;ajronf a&pyf? tif;pyf? ukef;csdKihfa&maeaom ae&m
152
154 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 155
jzpfaeaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf a½S;usaom ysLNrdKUjy axmifha&muf wnfvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf/ wHcg;ayguf 33
Edik if rH sm;uJo h Ydk t0dik ;f yHNk rKd U½d;k vnf;wnfr&? pwk&ef;yH?k pwk*yH kH &So
d nf/
jzpfatmif rsOf;ajzmifhNrdKU½dk;tem;a&;rsm;udk ajzmihfajzmihf ig;ydwef;NrKd Uaxmifw
h iG f ta½SUudak zmufí rd;k aumif;wHcg;?
rwfrwfcwfívnf;r&ojzihcf sKd ;vdu k ?f apmif;vdu k ?f qufvu dk f ¤if;awmifta½SUudkazmufí aiGpifacsmif;0ausmfatmif
ESit fh csKd ;rsm; pyf[yfum NrKd U½d;k cwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEikd f wHcg;?
onf/(1) ¤if;awmif armf,Gef;uGif;awmifudk azmufí &efa½GwHcg;?
tif;0NrKd U\ armf,eG ;f csKd ;yHNk rKd U½d;k udk uke;f abmifacwf qifjzL ¤if;awmifuakd vQmufí ta&SUudak zmufvsuf &efpifwcH g;?
&Sifrif;vufxuf wnfvkyfonf[kqkdaomfvnf; ueOD; ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí &efESdyfwHcg;?
armf,eG ;f csKd ;tpudk anmif&rf;acwf r[m"r®&mZm"dywd (at'D ¤if;u ta&SUudkarmf,Gef;csDí ajrmufudkazmufvsuf
1733-1752) vufxufNrdKUwnf&mü pcJhonf/ uif;vGwfwHcg;rom?
r[m"r®&mZm"dywdrif;vufxuf ouú&mZf 1110 jynfEh pS f ¤if;ta&SUudkazmufí &efuif;wHcg;?
(at'D 1748) wGif wyfBuD;udk odrf;íNrdKUwnfcJhonf/xdkodkY ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí &efNrdKUwHcg;?
wnf&mü qif;&Jom;uReaf wmfrsKd ;wdrYk mS yifyef;vSonf/ rcefY ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí uif;vwfwHcg;rom?
rxm; rvkyaf qmifapbJ &Sib f &k ifu, kd wf ikd rf pS Ny;D rif;rdz&k m;? ¤if;awmifta&SUudkazmufí cHvGwfwHcg;?
rif;nDrif;om; rSL;awmf? rwfawmfwYkd xdu k &f moif&h m wma0Ny;D ¤if;u NrdKUaxmifhxm;cJhNyD;vQif taemufudkavQmufí
vkyfMu&onf/ rif;{u&mZfu wm 500? rif;rdzk&m;wdkYu awmifudkazmufvsuf pHa0;wHcg;?
wm 250 pD? awmifi&l mZmu wm 300? rSL;awmfrwfawmfwu Ykd ¤if;pHxm;wHcg;?
xdkuf&moifh&m vkyfaqmifMu&onf/ ¤if;armf,Gef;csDNyD;vQif awmifudkazmufí &efESdyfwHcg;?
NrKd Uudk NrKd Uawmf&if; ta&SUawmifaxmihf ig;ydwef;NrKd Uaxmifrh S ¤if;u armf,Gef;csDNyD;vQif taemufudkazmufí uif;a0;
uke;f ½d;k rd;k xd ausmif;udyk wfNy;D td;k bd?k qifusKH ;rSr;D aoG; wdu k Nf rKd U wHcg;rom?
1/ wuúov kd af rmifarmifBu;D \ ]]pmaytoGiEf iS fh uReaf wmft
h jrif}} ¤if;u taemufudkavQmufí awmifodkYazmufvsuf
pmcspfol &efukef? 1975 ck? pm- 145-147/ &efpifwHcg;?
156 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 157
¤if;taemufawmifudkazmufvsuf ausmfrdk;wHcg;? ta&SUudak vQmufí ajrmufukd azmufvsuf atmifomwHcg;?
¤if;u armf,eG ;f csí D taemufuakd zmufvsuf &efviT w hf cH g;? ¤if;u ta&SUudak vQmufíajrmufuakd zmufvsuf rQKUd atmif
¤if;u taemufuakd vQmufí awmifuakd zmufvsuf &efa0; wHcg;?
wHcg;? ¤if;u ta&SUudak vQmufí ajrmufuakd zmufvsuf atmifrQKd U
¤if;utaemufudkavQmufí NrdKUaxmifhxm;cJhNyD;vQif wHcg;?
ajrmufukd avQmufvsuf taemufuakd zmufí &efwm;wHcg;? ¤if;NrdKUaxmifhwGif ajrmufudkazmufvsuf rQdKUOD;wHcg;(1)
¤if ; uajrmuf u d k a vQmuf í taemuf u d k a zmuf v suf pkpkaygif;wHcg; 33? NrdKUawmfwGif; wHcg;udk;ckxnfhygu wHcg;
oufuif;wHcg;? 42 ck&Sdonf/
¤if;u ajrmufudkavQmufí taemufudkazmufvsuf anmif&rf;acwfü NrdKUwnf&mwGif armf,Gef;csdK;[efudk
ausmfbifwHcg;? tpjyKco hJ vdk Adou k m[efwpfcjk zpfaom ]]cdek ef;csKd ;}} uvnf;
¤if ; uajrmuf u d k a vQmuf í taemuf u d k a zmuf v suf anmif&rf;acwf\ Adokum[efwpfcktjzpf pwifcJhonf/
pHa&;wHcg;? þwGif ]]cdkeef;csdK;}} [laoma0g[m&udk apwDNrdKU½dk; ponfwdkY
NrKd Uaxmifx
h m;cJNh y;D vQif ta&SUodcYk sí
D ajrmufuakd zmufvsuf
wGif&Sdaom taxmihftauG;(2) [k jrefrmtbd"mefu zGJUqdk
wufvGwfwHcg;?
onf/ a½TbekH 'd gef;usr;f url ]]cdek ef;}} udpk Md w*D0gcdrk if; aeonfh
ta&SUudak vQmufí qifusKH ;axmif?h avSum;tqif;ajrmuf
eef;ESihfwlí ]]cdkeef;}}(3) [kac:aMumif; zGihfqdkxm;onf/
udkazmufí pHuif;wHcg;?
ajrmufudkaxmifcsDí qifusHK;ta&SUavSum;ESihf twnfh 1/ a&S;a[mif;pmay okawoDwpfOD;\ ]]anmif&rf;acwf ESpf 40
taemufudkazmufvsuf &efcGmwHcg;? &mZ0if (1071 rS 1113)}} jrefrmrIArd mef? pmaybPf? vufEydS f
ajrmufudkavQmufí taemufudk azmufvsuf uif;oH pufrl? pm- 26/
wHcg;? rom? 2/ jrefrmtbd"mef? jrefrmpmtzGJU? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme/
¤if;uaxmifcsDcJhNyD;vQif ta&SUudkavQmufí ajrmufudk 3/ aZ,socF,m\ ]]a½TbHked'gef;}} [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef?
azmufvsuf &efESifwHcg;? 1963 ck? pm- 63 (aemifwGif ]]a½TbHked'gef;}}[kom nTef;rnf/)
158 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 159
jrefrmrif;rsm;\ xD;eef;"avhtpOftvmwGif 0if;rSL;av; tcsdK;rsm; yg0ifonfhyHkpHjzpfonf/ cdkeef;uGufyHkpHrsm;udk aypm
a,mufxm;&Sad Mumif;? xd0k if;rSL;av;a,mufteuf vuf,m tzHk;usrf;rsm;rS a½TZ0gyef;? eH&Hyef;csDqufyef;uGufrsm;?
0if;rSL;rSm ]]ckdeef;}} yHk wHqdyfyg"m;udk aqmif&onf/ abmifcwftem;? taqmufttHrk sm;\vnfEiS efh &H ?H apwDawmf
]]ta&SUrSeful? ZrÁLrsufjzm? vuf,mcdkeef;? aemufpuf0ef; rsm;\ atmufcyH pö,mrsm;paom Adou k mtEkynm vuf&m
ESihf? yHkeef;vuf0J? &J&JvQHywf? trSwfa½S;avQmuf? pOfr wdkif;wGif cdkeef;uGufyHkpH yg0ifpNrJjzpfonf/
azmufonf? av;a,muf0if;rSL; aqmif"m;wnf;}} [lí anmif&rf;acwf AdokumtEkynmwGif cdkeef;uGufonf
ta&SUbuf0if;rSL;u rSeu f ?l vuf,m0if;rSL;u cdek ef;? taemuf anmif&rf;acwf\ Adou k m[efwpfc[ k í
l qdEk ikd af vmufatmif
0if;rSL;u puf0ef;? vuf0J0if;rSL;u yHkeef;xkvkyfí a½S;rif; wGifus,fcJhonf/ ,cifu atmufajcypö,mrsm;rS xD;awmf
tpOftquf ay;tyfpGJaqmifaponfh xHk;Oya'&SdaMumif;(1) txd puf0dkif;yHkrsm; qifhumqihfum jyKvkyfcJhaom wHwm;OD;?
od&onf/ r*FvmapwDuo hJ Ykd yGwaf pwDypkH rH sm;rSmvnf; atmufajcypö,m
anmif&rf;rif;quf yif;wvJrif;vufxuf nDawmfrif;&J oHk;qifhrSpí acgif;avmif;em;? oydwfarSmuf? azmif;&pf
ausmfxifudkay;aom taqmifta,mifrsm;wGif]]qifaygif; tqifq h ih?f MumarSmufMumvSef cs&m;oD;rSpí xD;awmfwdkif
0ef;a½Ta&;cdek ef;}}(2)? jynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672) vufxuf atmifyifanmif&rf;acwfü cdek ef;csKd ;? z½Hak jrm§ ifph aom yHpk rH sm;
aemifawmf awmifilrif;udkay;onfh taqmifta,mifrsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJvmMuonf/ ypö,moHk;qihfrS xD;awmfwdkif
wGifvnf; ]]vufzuftdk; &Spfajr§mihftem; ywåjrm; ig;&pfudk cdek ef;csKd ; axmifrh sm;jzihf wnfxm;cJah om anmif&rf;apwDawmf
ywåjrm;zHk; cdkeef;pDESihf avSmfum;cdkeef;}}(3) wdkYyg0ifonfudk wpfqu l kd a&pBuKd NrKd Ue,f? rtlaus;&Gm? a½Trak |mapwD&ifjyifü
awGU&onf/ awGU&SdEdkifonf/(1)
cdkeef;? ckdeef;csdK;rS cdkeef;uGufonf jrefrmrIAdokumwGif yHkpH cked ef;uGuyf pkH aH cwfpm;cJah om anmif&rf;acwfwiG f ,cifu
wpfrsdK;taejzihf&SdvmcJhonf/ pwk&ef;uGuf\ axmifhrsm;ü av;axmifph yfpyfom jyKvyk cf o hJ nfh bHt k qifq h ih&f dS opfom;
1/ a½TbHked'gef; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 64/ 1/ udk0if;armif (wrÜ0wD)\ ]]uarÇmZom'Deef;awmfqdkif&m
2/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm- 215/ rSwfwrf;rsm;}} (25-8-93) xkwf aMu;rHkowif;pm (aemifwGif
3/ ,if; pm- 218/ ]]uarÇmZom'D}}[kom nTef;rnf/)
160 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
jymom'fyHkpHtrdk;rsm;onfvnf; cdkeef;yHkpHjzpfoGm;cJhMuonf/
xdaYk Mumihyf if ppfuikd ;f ? tr&yl&? tif;0NrKd Ua[mif; 0ef;usiw f iG f
anmif&rf;acwfAdokum tEkynmvuf&mwpf&yftaejzihf
cdek ef;yHpk H taqmufttHrk sm;udk awGUjrifavhvmEdik jf cif;jzpfonf/
om"utaejzihf jy&ygu ppfudkif;NrdKU? a0VK0efig;xyfBuD; anmif&rf;acwfqif,ifx;kH zGUJ rI
bk&m;odkYt0if rkcfOD;onf bHkckepfqifh ,Gef;qufcdkeef;csdK;
jymom'f? ppfuikd ;f NrKd U? &mZrkPpd Vl maumif;rIawmfBu;D bk&m;\ anmif&rf;acwfjynfolwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIESihf
ywfoufí a½S;a[mif;oD;jcm;rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm; ruse&f adS y/
r[m&Hww H ikd ;f 0ifaygufav;ckü bHck ek pfqihf cdek ef;csKd ;jymom'f
xdkYaMumihf anmif&rf;acwfjynfolrsm;onf rnfodkY 0wfqif
ESihf r[m&HwHwdkif;axmifhav;axmifhü bHkig;qihfcdkeef;csdK;
Muonf/ rnfoYkd qif,ifx;kH zGUJ Muonf[í l wdwyd yajym&efrl
jymom'f(1) wdkYudk awGUjrifavhvmEdkifonf/
cufcJayonf/ acwfNydKif eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;? ysdKU? uAsm
omvGefrif; (at'D 1629-1648)\ ukodkvfawmfrsm;
vuFmrsm;? ordik ;f rSww f rf;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;jziho f mvQif &Edik f
teuf ppfudkif;NrdKU ajrmufyknapwDta½SUü ]]cdkeef;ausmif;}}
oavmuf cefYrSef;wifjyEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;cJjh cif;uvnf;(2) anmif&rf;acwfü ]]cdek ef;}} anmif&rf;acwfwGif yk*HacwfrSmuJhodkY *lbk&m;rsm;wnf
onf wGiu f s,Ef ikd v
f eG ;f aom tEkynmvuf&mwpfcjk zpfaMumif; vkyNf y;D *ltwGi;f eH&rH sm;ü aq;a&;onft h avhonf xGe;f um;
awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ aeqJ jzpfonf/ a&;orQtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSmvnf; ,HMk unf
ud;k uG,rf qI ikd &f m bmoma&; taMumif;t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/
jrwfA'k \ ¨ Ak'0¨ ifjzpfawmfpOfEiS f h ig;&mhig;q,f Zmwfawmfrsm;udo k m
ta&;tqGJrsm;Muonf/ xdkyef;csD aq;a&;½kyfrsm;wGif vl½kyf?
ewf½kyf? wd&pämef½kyfrsm;ygrnf/ xdkaq;a&;yef;csDyg vl½kyf
1/ uarÇmZom'D (nTef;NyD;) rsm;onf xdak cwfrif;ESifh jynforl sm;udk xif[yfu, kd pf m;jyKjcif;
2/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? w? pm- 210/ omjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf eH&aH q;a&;yef;csyD g vlrsm;\ 0wfpm;
161
162 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 163
qif,ifrrI sm;onf xdak cwfjynforl sm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifr[ I k yk*aH cwfüeef;wGi;f olrsm;onf &mxl;tqiht f vduk f qHyif
azmfjy&rnf jzpfonf/ rsm;udk xH;k zGUJ Mu&[ef&o dS nf/ txl;ojzihf r*FvmtcgawmfyJG
anmif&rf;acwfqdkif&m eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;udk ppfudkif; rsm;wufa&muf&mü xHk;zGJUjyifqifMu&jcif;jzpfrnf/ xdkuJhodkY
wdavmu*k½kvkdPf*l? avmurSefuif;*l? zdk;0ef;awmifa'o&Sd qHyifx;kH zGUJ enf;onf trsKd ;trnftm;jzihf (55) rsKd ; &Scd o hJ nf/
*lb&k m;rsm;wGif awGUjrifavhvmEdik o f nf/ xdt Yk wl yk*aH wmif xdkqHxHk; (55) rsdK;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJholu tif;0acwfpmqdk
bDy#d uwfwu kd ?f yk*OH ygvdord rf S yef;csrD sm;onfvnf; ppfuikd ;f &a0&SifaxG;jzpfonf/ xdkqHxHk; (55) rsdK;rSm-
wdavmu*k½kvkdPf*lrSyHkrsm;ESifhwlojzihf anmif&rf;acwf (1) NrdwfjzL? (2) NrdwfpdkY? (3) NrdwfvGwf? (4) pkvnf;? (5)
eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDtjzpf avhvmEdkifonf/ acwfaESmif;ydkif;? a&mh&nf;? (6) wdrfawmifwufopf? (7) vQyfppfwjyuf? (8)
acwfOD;ydkif;vuf&mrsm;tjzpf uGJjym;rI&SdEdkifonfudkvnf; p0Sufa&mifajy;? (9) ESif;ao;rpdkY? (10) MumndKU0wfqH? (11)
rSwo f m;xm;&ayrnf/ rnfoq Ykd akd p anmif&rf;acwfvuf&m "l0EH iId ;f Munh?f ½IMunhf rNi;D ? (12) OD;jynfa½Taysm?f (13) Zifa,mf
ppfppftaejzihf wdavmu*k½v k P kd *f al wmfrS eH&aH q;a&;yef;csD wef;0J? (14) ykvu J ;kd vH;k ? (15) *rke;f iHt
k m? (16) avoma0hvnf?
rsm;onf a&S;rlrysuf ta&twGurf sm;pGmudk ,ckwikd f avhvm (17) jrLjcnfrxif? (18) ,*if? (19) c½kacsmif? (20) xH;k aMumif?
Edkifayao;onf/ (21) xHk;usm;? (22) ig;yg;NrdwfpdkY? (23) atmifNrdKUedrdwf? (24)
acwfNydKifpmayrsm;taejzihfvnf; anmif&rf;acwf\ u&0dwfEIwfoD;? (25)qdwforD;? (26) jyefYNyD;q,faxG? (27)
txif&Sm;qHk;aom pum;ajyusrf;BuD;jzpfonfh OD;ukvm;\ aetm½HkcH? (28) nOfh,Haomuf½SL;? (29) wdrfOD;eHyg;? (30)
]]r[m&mZ0ifBu;D }}? 0efBu;D ya'o&mZm\ ]]olZmysKd U}}? qif;&Jom; av;yg;&moD? (31) EIdif;NyD;pHvGwf? (32) e*g;ywfaMumhuGif;?
bGUJ wsmcsi;f rsm;? oDcsi;f rsm;wGif wdx Yk ad zmfjycsurf sm; &Sad yonf/ (33) ewfwGif;rÍÆL? (34) rjyLrkwf0? (35) y'kr®od'¨d? (36)
[dkwpfp? 'DwpfpjyefYusJNyD;&Sdaeaom ta&;tzGJUrsm;udk rPdudk;yg;? (37) c&m;yGihfao;? (38) ,kefa&;vES,f ? (39)
aumufoif;aumufovdk vkdufvHaumufodrf;NyD; pkaqmif; ae0,fOa'gif;? (40) oH;k aMumif;jcL;,Su?f (41) p0Suaf &mifacsm?
azmfjyjcif;rsKd ;jzihf anmif&rf;acwf0wfpm;qif,ifx;kH zGUJ rI[í l
(42) oabFmwHceG ?f (43) tEÅzo k Q arm&*D0g? (44) [oFmpcG?H
wpfcef;wpfu@ wifjyvdkuf&ayonf/
(45) ykZif;awmifjyef?Y (46) onf;ñGev Yf ufoif? (47) uGr;f vif?
164 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 165
(48) aemufwGJ? (49) rkwåm½GJ? (50) ykvJuGefjcm? (51) &wem a½Teef;oH;k yk&ydu k rf w l iG f uke;f abmifacwfO;D wGif xH;k zGUJ aom
r@dKif? (52) yGihfqdkifykPÖ&dwf? (53) e*g;tdwfav;a'gihf? qHxHk; (28) rsdK;udk trnfemrESihfwuG yHkpHrsm;ESihfyg avhvm
(54) &Spfajr§mihf? (55) jyefumzuf wdkYjzpfonf/(1) awGU&Sd&onf/ukef;abmifacwfOD;onf anmif&rf;acwf
yk*HacwfrSm xHk;zGJUcJhaom qHxHk; (55) rsdK;onf anmif&rf; tarGukd qufc&H onfjzpfaomaMumihf xdu k ek ;f abmif acwfO;D
acwfodkYa&mufonfhtcg qHxHk;xHk;enf; (37) rsdK;om&Sdawmh qHx;kH (28) rsKd ;onf anmif&rf;acwfwiG f xH;k zGUJ cJrh nf[k rSw, f l
onf[q k o
kd nf/ qd&k ygu omvGerf if; (at'D 1629-1648) &ayrnf/
vufxuf "m;a&; (37)? odkif;a&; (37)? uma&; (37)? uke;f abmifacwfbBu;D awmfvufxufü qHx;kH ckepfrsKd ;om
wufa&; (37)? jrif;a&; (37) ponfjzihf (37) yg;pk jrefrmrIrsm; &Sdawmh[ef&Sdonf/ xdkqHxHk;ckepfrsdK;taMumif;udk a&;zGJUaom
acwfpm;vmaomtcgwGif qHxHk;xHk;enf;vnf; (37) yg; vuFmwpfy'k rf mS -
jzpfvmawmhonf/(2) ]]a½Teef;oHk;udk? ydkufusHK;rSwf,l? odawmfrlavmh? NrdwfjzL
odkYaomf omvGefrif;vufxufjzpfay:vmaom qHxHk; ndKUndKU? Nrwd pf x
Ydk w
G x f w G ?f Nrw d v
f w
G rf nf;rnf;? pkvnf; ½Ti½f iT ?f
(37) rsdK;udk rnfonfhpmay? rSwfwrf;rsm;wGifrS pkpkpnf;pnf; ,*ifxHk;xHk;? vHk;wifopfopf? Nrdwf&pfNrdwfcH? rsufysH&wem?
&SmazGrawGU&acs/ acwfNyKd iu f Asmpmayrsm;ESifh wdavmu*k½k od*gF a½Tom;? ywåjrm;a&mifNyKH ;? ckepfv;kH onf? qHx;kH r*Fvmwifh
eH&Haq;a&; yef;csDwdkYwGif awGU&orQ eef;wGif;olwdkY qHxHk; ½Te;f wnf;}} [líjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf bBu;D awmfvufxufü
xHk;yHkrSm pkvnf;qHxHk;? NrdwfjzLqHxHk;? vHk;wifqHxHk;wdkYjzpfMu (1) NrdfwfjzL (2) NrdwfpdkY (3) NrdwfvGwf (4) pkvnf; (5) ,*if
onf/(3) (6) vH;k wif (7) Nrw d &f pfwo Ykd m useaf wmhonf[k qk&d rnf/(1)
1/ '*kefewf&Sif\ ]]jrefrmh½dk;&mqifwefqm}} pmayAdrmef?&efukef? qHxHk; (37) rsdK;ESihf ywfoufNyD; &cdkifajrmufOD;acwfqHxHk;
pm-24 (aemifwGif ]]ewf&Sif}} [komnTef;rnf/) (37) rsdK;zGJU vuFmwpfyk'fudkvnf; awGU&ao;onf/
2/ MuL&wemarmifjrBudKif\ ]]pmay? ,Ofaus;rI aqmif;yg;rsm;}} ]]qHxHk;xHk;enf;? þedó&nf;udk? urÜnf;wifjyef? usrf;*ef
&Sifrawmifpmay? &efukef? 2004ckESpf? 'DZifbm? pm- 13 t&? azmfxw k Mf utH?h yxrrSm jrtd;k vH;k ? vrGeo f ;D ? woD;wvD?D
(aemifwGif ]]MuL&wem}}[kom nTef;rnf/)
1/ ewf&Sif (nTef;NyD;) pm- 28/
3/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qk/
166 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 167
wywfcGD? oHk;ywfcGD? NrdwfpdkY? wcsdKUNrdwfvGwf? rcRwfvD? ]]a½Tcsncf s,b f uf? vufcsw d , f ufonf? uyfuu G u
f sL;ausm?f
Nrw
d wf &H nS pf onfwpfrsKd ;? pl;xd;k ywåjrm;? rrSm;wrH;I ? usKd uw f ;kH 0wfvJawmfudk}} [laom pum;wdkYESihf [Hom0wDygrif;\
uwHk? wpHku,if? xdkYjyifbD;pdkuf? tvdkufoihf&Sm? xHk;&m trSmawmfyHkwGif ]]vufcsdwfvGef;ysH? {ueH? onfwGif tp
wD;wkw?f OD;pGe;f zkwEf iS ?fh tokwaf emufq?JG rvGx J yd w
f if? xdjYk yif ay:vmNyD}} [laom pum;wdkYt& anmif&rf;acwfwGif
wa&S m if ; ? aoQmif ; apmif ; Nrd w f a cguf ? woG , f a jr§ m uf r S ? ]]tcsdwf}} [laom t0wftqifwpfrsdK; ay:aygufaeNyD[lí
Nrdwfacgufyef;pdkuf? wNzdKufwvJ? avsmhvsJMum0wfqH? wzef odEikd &f monf/
ykvJuHk;? wEIef;c½kywf? rvGwfNrdwf&pf? pepfr½Gwf? e*g;ywf yk*H? OygvdodrftwGif;rS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;onf
aMumhuGif;? r,Gif;vv,f,kef? pHkwlrvGJ? rkwåm&GJESihf? qifhuJ tif;0acwfaemufyikd ;f anmif&rf;acwfvuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/
e*g;vdr?f EdiI ;f &Sed o
f rm?*rke;f tmiH?k vH;k pHrk &Gw?f wrsO;f cwfvsu?f xdek &H aH q;a&;yef;csrD sm;wGif rif;nDrif;om;rSL;rwfa>c&Hwo Ykd nf
&pfywfxHk;acG? wihfMuayonf/ þajr&u© a½Tjynfwnf;}}(1) ]]tcsdwf}} ykqdk;rsm; qif,ifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
xdkvuFmyg qHxHk;rsm;onf anmif&rf;acwf qHxHk;rsm;[k wdavmu*k½kvdkPf*lrS yef;csDt&vnf; trsdK;om;rsm;rSm
qdkaomf qdkEdkif&monf/ ,Ofaus;rI ul;vl;qufqHa&;t& vufputuso Ð ifwikd ;f udk 'l;zH;k atmif0wfNy;D ykq;kd udk cg;yHck sí
&cdkifESihf jrefrm,Ofaus;rIonf qufpyfrI&SdEdkifaomaMumihf 0wfqifaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkacwfa,musfm;0wfykqdk;rSm
jzpfonf/ tvsm; (16) awmif&n S í f teH (5) xGm&So d nf/ vufputusÐ
t0wftqif rSmudk,fxnfcyfyGyGjzpfonf/ odk&if;tusÐ[k ac:Edkifrnf
anmif&rf;acwfü ]]tcsdwf}} [laom t0wftqifrsdK; xifonf/(1) rif;nDrif;om;yHrk sm;udk rud#k af qmif;yHk odrYk [kwf
ay:aygufaeNyD[k ,lqEdkifonf/ 0efBuD;ya'o&mZm\ o&zlaqmif;yHkjzihf jc,fvS,fwwfMuonf/ tusÐta&mifrSm
]]olZmysdKU}} wGif tpdr;f a&mifjzpfojzihf xdak cwfu tpdr;f a&mifukd toH;k jyKrsm;
]]e*dk&fpdk;csm? rif;wdkYomvQif? 0wf&mpOf½dk;? &mjrihfrdk;\? [ef&o dS nf/ olaX;ol<u,fwyYkd u kH rkd l aAmif;xkyEf iS fh awGU&onf/
ykqdk;vQyfoGif}} [laompmyk'fESihf
1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD/
1/ MuL&wem (nTef;NyD;) pm- 14/
168 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 169
tif ; 0ol w d k Y \ t0wf t qif r sm;rS m uef Y v ef Y p if ; ES i h f rsm;ESihf opfvGifawmufyaom t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifMu
tjzLcHwGif yef;yGifhazmfxm;aom xbDrsm;udk ajcrsufpdtxd aMumif; odEdkifonf/(1)
0wfqifvsuf tusÐrsm;uvnf; vufryg? &ifom;txufrS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;wGif uacsonfrsm;\ yHkwGif tuÐs
'l;avmuftxd pGyfí 0wfqifxm;Muonf/ ycHk;ESpfzufwGif vuf y G E S i h f xbD t em;yG B uD ; rsm;ud k 0wf q if x m;onf /
y0gjzLESifhwbufudk vTrf;NcHKxm;onf/ y0gjzLudk ycHk;wpfzuf trsdK;orD; wl&d,m0dkif;rsm;udk yk*H? tmeE´mtkwfausmif;eH&H
wnf;odkif;í wGJvsm;csxm;onf/(1) yef;csDü awGU&onf/n§if;rIwfol? ywåvm;wD;ol? apmif;?
taemufbufveG rf if;\ q&mawmfwpfyg;a&;aom yk*NH rKd U? rdausmif;wD;ol ponfjzihf ygonf/ wbufNcKH onf"h avhonf
"r®&mZdubk&m; rifpmvuFmoHk;yk'füvnf; anmif&rf;acwf xif&mS ;onf/ ]]awmify<H u<uNr;D yGyEG iS ?fh rEÅ&oGi?f Oa'gif;½Tio
f }Ykd }
(2)
trsdK;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkudk awGU&onf/ [laom pmESihfudkufnDatmif <u<u&G&GyHkrsm; jzpfonf/
]]ewfoGifndrfhav;? ysdKi,faoG;wdkY? eHYarT;aygufjy? 0wfqif a,bk,stm;jzihq f &kd ygu anmif&rf;acwfjynforl sm;onf
Muí? aZmwvTJajymif;? em;a#mif;vufMuyf? vufpGyfa½Tyef;? qif;&Jcsrf;omra½G;? *kPfjrihf *kPfedrfhrcGJjcm;bJ wpfyHkpHwnf;
aom ykqdk;? xbD? tuÐs? wbufwdkYudk 0wfqifMuaMumif;
ajymif½eT ;f ysKd ;jyuf? vQw
H ufqu H si?f ud,
k pf q
D ifí ewfoiG pf aH jrmuf?
od&onf/ rif;nDrif;om;? rSL;rsKd ;rwfE, G f ponfwu Ykd uwåyD g?
BudKifopfatmuf0,f? 0if;awmufajymif½Tif? azmfyift&Sdef?
cgom? Zy,if? w½kwfykqdk;? ydk;? ywåL? ykqdk;? zJ? rIdif;vHk;
Edk;bda½T&if}}[lí vuf0wfvufpm;? qHxdk;? qHusifponfwdkY
ponftzd;k wef t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfNy;D qif;&Jom; jynfol
0wfqifaMumif;od&monf/ rsm;u csnx f nftnHph m;udk csKyv
f yk 0f wfqifonfom uGmjcm;
,if;"r®&mZdubk&m;rifpmüyif rI&adS yonf/f ta&mifvnf; teD? tpdr;f ? tjym? tjzLESifh ykpeG q f D
]]yefwsmonfr? ,OfppESi?fh oG,v f savsmv h sn;f ? ezl;pnf; a&mifwdkYom acwfpm;[ef&Sdonf/ (3)
ESihf? cg;pnf;vufMuyf? 0if;0if;vQyfom;? wD;cwfpnf;us? 1/ xHk;zGJUrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 47/
qdt k uwGi?f ½Tiyf sEv S ;kH }} [lí uacsonfrsm; ezl;pnf;? cg;pnf; 2/ xHk;zGJUrI (nTef;NyD;) pm- 46/
3/ a&Tudkif;om; ]]jrefrmwdkY\ 0wfqifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;}} BuD;yGm;a&;
1/ apmrHknif;\ ]]jrefrmtrsdK;orD;qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI}} pmayAdrmef? tvkyw f ukd ?f rEÅav; pm- 43 (aemifwiG f ]]a&Tuikd ;f om;}} [kom
&efuek ?f 1989 ckEpS ?f pm- 45 (aemifwiG f ]]xH;k zGUJ rI}} [kom nTe;f rnf) nTef;rnf/)
170 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 171
anmif&rf;rif;quf paerif;vufxufwGif tdE´d,jynf? rSL;pk? pma&;awmfBuD;? emcH? oHqifh olaX; ol<u,fponfwdkY
r'&yfNrdKUrS bk&ifcH\ oHwrefzvd0kESihf vufpvDwdkYonf onf ajceif;udk pD;avh&SdMuonf/ xdkYjyif xdktxufwef;vTm
vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;ESihf tif;0aejynfawmfudk a&mufvm rif;aqGpdk;rsdK;ESihf rSL;rwfEG,fwdkYrSm wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY
onf/xdkvufaqmifawmfpm&if;wGif ydk;xnf? csnfxnf ajcusiftoGm;enf;vsuf &xm;xrf;pif? oefvsif;ESihf jrif;
trsdK;rsdK;? a½TpvG,fodkif;t0wf oHk;ck? a½Ta&SSmapmif wpfck wduYk kd pD;eif;oGm;onfomrsm;onf/ jrif;pD; trIxrf;i,fww Ykd iG f
ponfwdkY yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/(1) trsm;tm;jzihf zdeyfrygay/ ajceif;uGi;f wGif ajccsn;f xnfí h
(1)
trsdK;om;wdkY\acgif;rSm OaoQmifqHxHk;ESihfjzpfonf/ pD;eif;avh&SdMuonf/
rif;nDrif;om;wdu Yk aygif;oif;uspw
f Ykd 0wfqifMuovdk awmf? ppfonfrsm;rSm vufwaH wmifqpfx&d n S Nf y;D atmuftem;
'l;? penf;? ba0gae&mae rSL;rwfoal umif;wdv Yk nf; qif,if aygifv,fcefYtxda&mufaom 0wfvHktusÐESihf 'l;qpftxd
aygif;xkyfcGifh &Muonf/ xdkatmufedrfhaom rif;rIxrf;rsm; a&mufaom ykqdk;cg;awmif;usdKufudk 0wfqifMuonf/
acgif;wGif yg;um? em;umESihf armufwdk? armuf½l? carmuf
teuf ynmonftrnf&? tvkyfonftrnf&? Adokum
wdkYudk aqmif;Muonf/(2)
trnf&wdkYrSm aygif;jzLaygif;í vTwfwwfcGihf&Muonf/
em;awmif;udkrl vlwef;pm;ra½G;0wfqifavh&SdaMumif;
usefaomolrsm;rSm aygif;? oif;uspf0wfqifvsuf rif;crf;
rif;em;odkY wufa&mufcpm;cGihfr&Muay/(2) od&onf/
awmolawmifom;qif;&Jom;wdrYk mS ½d;k ½d;k omref acgif;aygif; anmif&rf;rif; (10) qufwiG f (7) qufajrmufeef;pHrif;jzpf
rsm; 0wfqifavh&MdS uonf/ eH&aH q;a&;yef;csrD sm;ü qif;&Jom; onfh 0rf;bJtif;pHrif;w&m;vufxufü jynfol jynfom;
a,musfm;wdkYrSm ukd,ftxufydkif;wGif tusÐAvmusif;vsuf wd\ Yk 0wfpm;qif,ifrrI sm;onf vQyaf y:avmfvnfvmonf/
&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkYtwl zdeyfvnf; pD;avh&Sd[efrwl? xdaYk Mumihf 0rf;bJtif;pHrif;u jrefrmouú&mZf 1040 jynfEh pS ?f
zdeyfryg ajccsn;f om tawGU&rsm;onf/ rif;? rdz&k m;? rif;orD;? e,kefvqef; (10)&ufwGif trdefYawmfwpf&yfxkwfjyef
rif;om;? 0efBuD;? 0efaxmuftwGif;0ef? NrdKU0ef? ppfuJ? 0efpk? &onf/
1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD 1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- ql
2/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- qD 2/ ,if; pm- qk
172 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
]]ig\ EdkifiHawmftwGif; qif;&Jom;uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYonf
bdk;bpOfvmtwdkif; 0wfpm;qif,ifMu&rnf/ armifrif;wdkY
a½T&SdaMumif;txdrf;trSwftjzpfjzihf om;orD;rsm;udk a½Tajc
csi;f r0wfqifap&}} [laomtrdeaYf wmfjzpfonf/ xdt k rdeaYf wmf
twdkif; aemufrif;tqufqufvnf; vdkufemMuojzihf anmif&rf;acwf jrefrmrI 37 yg;pk
anmif&rf;acwftwGif; qif;&Jom;rsm;onf a½Tajccsif;
r0wfMu&acs/ rdk;BudK;ESihf aiGajccsif;om 0wfcGihfjyKonf/(1) a&S;txufu ordik ;f acwfrsm;ESirfh wlbJ anmif&rf;acwfü
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f t0wftpm;ESifh ywfoufí rSwo f m; jrefrmrI 37 yg;pkonf acwfpm;vmonf/ 37 yg;pk qdkif&m
zG,&f mwpfcrk mS [Hom0wDa&mufrif;Bu;D (at'D 1733-1752) jrefrmrIrsm;onf a&S;txufacwfumvrsm;uwnf;u
vufxufü &Siaf vmif;rsm;udk pvG,?f oif;uspq f ifí omuD &SdcJhonfcsnf;jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf ta&twGuf*Pef;url 37
0ifrif;rsdK;odkY oGwfoGif;awmfrlcJhjcif;jzpfonf/(2) jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf/ xdkxufausmfcsifausmfrnf? avsmhcsif
avsmrh nf/ anmif&rf;acwf omvGerf if; (at'D 1629-1648)
vufxufa&mufonfhtcg xdkjrefrmrItyg;pkrsm;udk wlwl
nDnjD zpfatmif 37 *Pef;jzihf pnf;abmifacwfvu kd jf cif;jzpf
onf/ 37 *Pef;ukd,l&müvnf; Ak'¨omoemudk ,HkMunf
udk;uG,fonfhtavsmuf aAm"dyud©&w&m; 37 yg;udk tjrifh
tjzpfqHk;,lNyD; xdkaAm"dyud©&w&m; 37 yg;rS 37 *Pef;udk
,ljcif;jzpfrnf[k em;vnfEdkifonf/
omvGerf if;vufxuf acwfpm;aom jrefrmrI 37 yg;pkwiG f
odkif;a&; 37? uma&; 37? 'dkif;a&; 37? "m;a&; 37? vSHa&;
1/ a½Tudkif;om; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 41/ 37? jrif;a&; 37? wufa&; 37 ponfwdkYygonf/ þjrefrmrI
2/ ,if; pm- 41/ rsm;onf ppfa&;qdik &f m jrefrmrIrsm;jzpfonf/ þjrefrmrI tpk
173
174 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 175
rsm;teuf odkif;a&; 37? uma&; 37? 'dkif;a&; 37wdkYudk pmay vnfavsmuf? (32) aemufvnfavsmuf? (33) "m;oGJU?
rSww f rf;rsm;wGif rawGU&ao;í razmfjyEdik af o;aomfvnf; (34) "m;jy? (35) wpfzufEIwf? (36) ESpfzufEIwfESifh (37)
"m;a&;? vSaH &;? jrif;a&;? wufa&;rsm;udrk l azmfjyEdik af yonf/ aemufvSn(1) fh wdkYjzpfonf/
"m;a&; 37/ jrif;a&; 37? vSaH &; 37
a½S;jrefrmwdkYonf "m;xufMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ "m;a&; jrefrmwdkY\ aoe*FAsL[m ppft*Fgav;yg;udk ]]qif? jrif;?
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180 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 181
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184 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 185
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bdodufjzpfonf/(1) bdodufjzpfonf/ omvGefrif;onf ouú&mZf 997 ckESpf?
bd;k awmfb&k m;vufxufrpS í oGe;f cHaom rk'g¨ bdaou e,kefvjynhfausmf (4)&uf(2)ü 'kwd,tBudrf bdodufoGef;
&mZbdou d o f nf w&m;ojzihf usiBhf ut H yk cf sKyyf grnf[k 0efcH cHcahJ o;onf/ þtBurd u f rkd l [Hom0wDrmS r[kwaf y/ tif;0
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onf/ bdou d rf cHvQif rif;rjzpf[q k o kd nf/ xdaYk Mumihf a½S;rif; 0wDüodyfrMum/ aemufydkif;ü rif;aejynfawmfudk tif;0odkY
rsm;onf xD;eef;wufprSmyif &mZbdou d u f kd oGe;f cHMuonf/ a½TUajymif;pdk;pHcJhonf/
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jynfxJa&;udk okwfoifNyD;rS bdodufcHcJhonf/ xdkrZösdra'o pmrsufESm 210 rS 217 xd azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ anmif&rf;acwf
oD&"d r®maomu rif;xH;k udk ESv;kH rlNy;D yk*aH cwfusepf pfom;rif; qdik &f m ]]&mZbdou d }f } oGe;f cHykH ,Ofaus;rI"avhwpfcjk zpfojzihf
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bdou d of eG ;f cHco hJ nf/ xdtYk wlyif anmif&rf;acwf omvGerf if; omvGefrif; [Hom0wDjynfü &mZbdodufoGef;cHonhf
(at'D 1629-1648) onfvnf; ouú&mZf 991(2)ckEpS ?f [Hom tcg yd#uwf? aA'ifwwfaom jrefrmq&m? rGefq&m? A[k
0wDx;D eef;ud&k Ny;D av;ESpyf wfv;kH jynfa&;&GmrIukd pD&ifonf/ okwESihf jynhfpHkaom jrefrmtrwf? rGeftrwf? ,Gef;trwf?
ouú&mZf 995 ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhfausmf (9)&uf(3)wGifrS yka&m[dww f EYkd iS fh n§Ed idI ;f wdik yf ifNy;D pD&ifcif;usi;f aMumif; ordik ;f
&mZbdou d cf cH ohJ nf/ [Hom0wDjynf\ taemufajrmuf,eG ;f q&mu qdkonf/
1/ tkyfcsKyfyHk (y) ñTef;NyD; pm 247/
2/ at'D 1629/ 1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm-210/
3/ 14 'DZifbm 1633/ 2/ 24 ar? 1635/
188 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 189
xdok Ykd pD&ifcif;usi;f &mü r[mor®wrif;rSpí oka'¨g"e aiGBudK;wdkYjzihf wefqmqifum a½TxGef? aiGxGefwdkYjzihf xGef&
rif;Bu;D wdik f oH;k ode;f oH;k aomif; av;axmifih g;&majcmufq,hf onf/ xGef&mü ykPÖm;&Spfa,mufudk a½SUwnfNyD;xGefonf/
&Spyf g; (334568) aom rif;wd\ Yk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifwYkd ol<u,fvu©PmESifh jynfph akH om ol<u,fom;ajr;wdu Yk kd
vnf;ygonf/ tZmwowfrif;rSpí oD&d"r®maomuwdkif a½Taygufwl;? aiGaygufwl;rsm; pGJudkifapNyD; N*dK[fewfwdkYudk
ESpu
f syd uf ;kd yg;aomrif;wd\ Yk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifwv Ykd nf; ylaZmfum wl;qGaponf/
ygonf/ oa&acwå&mpaom ayguúH&mr? yif;,? ppfudkif;? ajrjyif
tif;0ü bke;f Bu;D aom rif;wdYk toH;k taqmiftpDt&ifvnf; onfhaemuf pyg;rsdK; ckepfyg;BuJonf/ a&rsdK;ckepfyg;?
ygonf/ xdktoHk;taqmiftpDt&ifwdkYudk EdIif;,SOf cif;usif; av;uRef;ajrESihf ajrrsdK;ckepfyg;? ajrZm? EGm;acs;wdkYjzihf
onf(1)[kqx kd m;onf/ nDnGwfpGm usH&onf/
eef;awmfaqmufvyk jf cif; 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (12)&uf(1) t*FgaeYwGif N*dK[fewf
bdoufcH&eftwGuf a½S;OD;pGm r*Fvmeef;awmfudk wduYk ykd al ZmfNy;D yEéupf ukd o
f nf/ jirf;aqmufonf/ awmfovif;
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Ykd kd
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eef;awmfaqmuf&ef ouú&mZf 995 ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvqef; rif;utp ewftyg; ESpfusdyfwdkYudk tkef;tdyf&mpHk? qefwif;?
(12) &uf(3)? wevFmaeYwiG f N*Kd [ef wfwu Ykd kd pm;Nred t
f &omwdYk pyg;wif;? tkef;yifayguf? MumoGwftdk;? vifyef;? zvm;?
ESihf ylaZmfonf/ xdkokdY ylaZmfNyD;rS ajrtjyifudk nDnGwfpGm xrif;jzL? EGm;EdkY? axmywf? ysm;wifvJ? tNrdeft&om? uGrf;?
pD&ifonf/ 0gacgifvjynfah usmf (2)&uf(4)paeaeYwiG f Mueftif vufzuf? qDrD;eHYom? xD;? wHcGefwdkYjzihf ykPÖm;rsm;u rEÅef
vu©PmESihfjynfhpHkaom EGm;&Spf&SOf;udk a½TjcL? aiGjcL? a½TBudK;? &Gwyf al Zmf&onf/ atmufüvnf; acgpmauR;&onf/ acgpmü
1/ OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? pm-210/ tcsuf? taMumf? tavSmf? aopmuGrf; vufzufwdkYygonf/
2/ 28 Mo*kwf? 1633/
3/ 6 Mo*kwf? 1633/ 1/ 21 Mo*kwf? 1633/
4/ 11 Mo*kwf? 1633/ 2/ 26 Mo*kwf? 1633/
190 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 191
wGi;f 0ef; ykqdk;wkdYjzihf rGrf;rHjc,fvS,f&onf/ twGif;ü teDa&mif?
awmfovif;vqef; (5)&uf(1) t*FgaeYwGif pnfarmif; a½Ta&mif[oFmjy'g;wdkYjc,fvS,f&onf/
c&mwD;rIwNf y;D a½Tw;l &Ti;f ? aiGw;l &Gi;f wdjYk zihf wpfNyKd ief ufw;l ap ajreef;xkyfudk;awmifoHk;rkduf
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eef;aqmuf Ouifeef;jrihfESpfrdkuf
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ajreef;ESihfwuG jymom'fav;aqmifudk wpfNydKifeufaqmuf r*Fvma&cyftpDtpOf
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ajreef;tpDt&if csdwfqGJqif,if&onf/ vrf;qHkwdkif;rSmvnf; obifBuD;pGm
r*Fvmeef;awmfta½SUpl;pl; ajrtjyifudk nDnGwfatmif cH&onf/ r*Fvma&cyfrnfah &uefuv kd nf; tqifwefqmrsm;
jyKNyD; jrwfaom a&ckepfyg;? ajrckepfyg;? tarT;ckepfyg;wdkYjzihf jc,fvS,fqif,if&onf/
vdrf;usHyufzsef;pD&ifonf/ þodkY pD&ifNyD;rS ajreef;r@yfudk t&yf&pS rf suEf mS udk xrif;tNred tf &omtpH?k uGr;f vufzuf
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&Spfawmif&Sd&onf/ trGrf;tajymufqif&onf/ oref;jruf &onf/
½dkif;udkrdk;NyD; rsufESmMuuf&onf/ ydwfykqdk;wkdYjzihf yef;awmif; onfhaemufrS tdk;p&nf;&SpfvHk;udk qdkif;jzihfxrf;&if;
vnf&onf/ qef;Mu,fpGmaom ykqdk;wdkYjzihf Mum,yfxnhf vduk &f onf/
&onf/ ykvo J EÅmwdqYk &JG onf/ r@yfwikd u
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xnfph u kd Nf y;D 0wfaumif;0wfoefY vkvifwu Ykd xrf;vsuvf u
kd f
1/ 28 Mo*kwf? 1633/ &onf/
2/ 9 pufwifbm? 1633/
192 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 193
onfhaemuf yka&m[dwf&Spfa,mufu xrf;pifpD;NyD; xdktcg a&uefapmihfewfu
vdu
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194 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 195
oBueF af c:&eftwGuf jymom'fxufav;aqmifü MumoGwf ajreef;wufaomtpDt&if
td;k av;vH;k udk a&xnfNh y;D o&uf? rk&m;? OoQp?f oajy? ajrZm ajreef;wuf&eftwGuf &Sifbk&ifvufawmfESihf tvsm;
tñGefY yef;ig;yg;udkxnfhí oifjzL;? ykqdk;cif;í xm;&onf/ oH;k awmihwf pfru
kd ?f teHo;kH awmif? txlav;opf? tajcav;ck
xrif;yGüJ tNred t f &omxnfNh y;D tke;f oD;yifayguf wHcg;av; wyf? y'kr®mMumyGifhoP²mefa½Tjzihfa&;aom a½Ttif;ysOfudk
rsuEf mS wGif MumoGwt f ;kd wpfv;kH pD? yef;ig;yg;xnfu h m oifjzL;? ajreef;Ouifxufü xm;&onf/ qef;Mu,fpmG aom uAÁvmudk
ykq;kd ? vifyef;? zvm;yGEJ iS x fh m;&onf/ jymom'f &Sprf suEf mS ü cif;xm;&onf/ a&ozef;ysOfatmufü eHYomrsdK;ig;yg;udk
N*Kd [&f pS v
f ;kH ? a½Tuakd e½ky?f aiGuvkd ½kyv f yk í
f wefqmqif&onf/ trIefYjyKí xm;onf/
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ouú&mZf 995 ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhfausmf (8)&uf(1) uGrf;bl;? uGrf;vif? oajy? rk&m;? ajrZmxnfhí wnfxm;
aomMumaeYwiG f oBueF af c:onf/ oBueF af c:aom tpDt&if &onf/
rSm &mZoQEÅDusrf;ü vmonfhtwdkif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUpl;pl;ü MumoGwt f ;kd wpfv;kH wGif a&jynf?h uGr;f bl;?
a&rsdK; ckepfyg; uGr;f vif? oajy? ajrZmxnfí h xm;&onf/ xdrk w S pfyg; toD;
wa&mf ckepfyg; t&Guf? tjrpfESihf jynfhpHkaom iSufaysmav;yifpdkuf&onf/
a½T aiG e0&wfwdkYjzihfxnfhfí rEÅef&Gwf&onf/ xdktyg;ü tkef;cdkif? uGrf;oD;cdkif? iSufaysmcdkif? txll;xl;aom
ajcawmfvufawmfwdkYü vufpGyfq,fcsnf0wf&onf/ opfoD;yef;ref qDrD;wefaqmifxGef;&onf/ jrLwmwpf&mh&Spf
cHwGif;awmfüvnf; ywåjrm;vufpGyfudk iHkawmfrlxm; vHk;ü uGrf;bl;? uGrf;vif? oajy? rk&m;? ajrZmxnfhí r@yf
&onf/ þodiYk v kH suf oBueF af wmfac:&onf/ oBueF af c:Ny;D 0ef;usifwnfxm;&onf/ r@yf0ef;usifü EdkY&nf&Sdaom
onfESihf t0wfwefqmwdkYudk jymom'fü xm;um jzLaom yanmifom;? ozef;om;wdkYudk pdkuf&onf/
t0wfukd vJ&onf/ onhaf emufwpfaqmifaom jymom'foYkd ta½SUpl;pl;ü wHcGefBuD;aqmuf&onf/ a½Tvifyef;ü
<uawmfru l m qef;Mu,fpmG aom t0wfwu Ykd kd wefqmqifNy;D xrif;tNred t f &omxnfí h tke;f cdik ?f uGr;f oD;cdik ?f iSuaf ysmcdik ?f
ajreef;awmfodkY wuf&onf/ qDr;D wefaqmif? yef;ref? uGr;f vufzufxnf&h onf/ wefqm
1/ 13 'DZifbm? 1633/ qifxm;aom qifaygufudkvnf;xm;&onf/
196 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 197
ta&SUawmifaxmifhü wHcGefBuD;aqmuf&onf/ aiG n§donf/ r*Fvm&Sdaom qifwdkYudk wefqmqif &Haponf/
vifyef;wGif xrif;tNrdeft&omponf a&S;enf;wl xnfh& r*Fvm&Sdaom jrif;jzihf rdefndK0wfvsuf a½TumpGJaom ol&J?
onf/ wefqmqifaom qdwfjrefrmudkvnf; xm;&onf/ a½Tav;pGJaom ol&J? rdefndK0wfaom ol&JwdkYudk &Haponf/
awmifpl;pl;ü wHcGefBuD;ESihf oHvifyef;wGif xrif;tNrdef 0wfvjJ ymom'fawmfuvnf; r*Fvmeef;awmfukd vuf,m
t&om a&S;enf;wl xnfh&onf/ wefqmqifaom uRJr &pfvSnhfawmfrlonf/ ajreef;wufawmfrlaom vrf;udk xD;?
xm;&onf/ wHcGef? BuH? iSufaysm? tkef;cdkif? xef;cdkif? qDrD; wefaqmifwdkY
taemufawmifaxmifhü cJrjzLvifyef;wGif om;>yrf; wefqmqifxm;&onf/ ajreef;wuf&ef &wem twdNy;D aom
xrif;ESifh a½S;enf;wlxnfo h if&h mudk xnf&h onf/ wefqm ,mOfudkpD;awmfrlNyD; qifpD;? jrif;pD;wdkYjzihfNcH&Hvsuf r*Fvm
qifaom vltdrfaxmifpk xm;&onf/ eef;awmfudk vuf,m&pfvSnfhawmfrlonf/ ajreef;wHcg;odkY
taemufpl;pl;ü wHcGefBuD;ESihf cJrjzLvifyef;wGif xrif; a&mufvQif jrefrmrsKd ;üjzpfaom yka&m[dww f u Ykd ajreef;awmf
tNred tf &om a&S;enf;wlxnfpY &mrsm; xnh&f onf/ wefqm rSxGufí
qifaom jrnf;udkxm;&onf/ ]]bkef;awmftvGefBuD;jrwfawmfrlvsuf oufawmf&Snf
taemufajrmufaxmifhü wHcGefBuD;ESihf aMu;eDvifyef;? awmfrí l omoemawmfjrwf\ pD;yGm;? ud, k af wmfjrwf\pD;yGm;?
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xnfh&onf/ wefqmqifaom xrif;udkxm;&onf/ tquf? jrpfawmftnGefYwdkif &SnfjrifhpGm apmihfa&Smufawmfrl
ajrmufp;l pl;ü wHceG Bf u;D ESifh a&Tvifyef;wGif t&omig;yg; pdrfhaomiSm þonfhajreef;awmfudk pD&ifonf/ wufawmfrl}}
wdkYjzihf >yrf;aomxrif;udkxnfhNyD; a&S;enf;wl xnfhp&mrsm; [kaumif;csD; r*Fvmay;&onf/
xnfh&onf/ wefqmqifaom jrif;udkvnf;xm;&onf/ ajreef;udk ouú&mZf 995 ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynfhausmf
ta&SUajrmufaxmifüh wHceG Bf u;D ESihf a½Tvifyef;wGif tNred f (9) &uf(1) aomMumaeYwiG f ajreef;wufawmfrNl y;D vuf,m&pf
t&omwdkYjzihf >yrf;aom xrif;ESihf a&S;enf;wl xnfhp&mrsm; vSnahf wmfrNl y;D rS a&ozef;ysOo
f Ykd wufawmfru l m ta&SUpl;pl;odYk
xnf&h onf/wefqmqifaom EGm;vm; Oobudx k m;&onf/ a&S;½Iawmfrlvsuf xuf0,fzGJUacGaeawmfrlonf/
wHcGefBuD;tMum;ü iSufaysmyifpdkufonf/ qDrD;wefaqmif 1/ 14 'DZifbm? 1633/
198 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 199
yka&m[dwf &Spfa,mufwdkYu bdoduf*gxmudk &GwfNyD; qifjzL&wemckepfyg;wdkYonf a&mufapaomf? wdkif;um;
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yka&m[dwfwdkY orkwfNyD; yka&m[dwf&Spfyg;wdkYu ]]a&ESihfajrudk oajyrk&m;? ajrZm? o&ufñGefYwdkYudkxnfhí a&SUawmfu
tpdk;&awmfrlaom w&m;rif;jrwf? rif;wumwdkY usifhawmf aqmifumoGm;&onf/
rl&aom? cyfodrf;aom vlwumwdkY\ pD;yGm;csrf;omudkvnf;
ajreef;awmfuonf r*Fvmeef;awmfa&mufatmif ajrü
&Smawmfrlavmh? tvSLay;jcif;? oDwif;oHk;jcif;udkvnf;
oifjzL;cif;&onf/ oifjzL;xufü jzLpifaom ydwfykqdk;wdkYudk
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csrf;omudk &SmawmfrltHhaomiSm w&m;ESihfavsmfpGmvnf; udkom qdkMu&onf/
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rS L ;BuD ; rwf & m apmf b G m ;apmf c H jynf o l t aygif ; wd k Y o nf udkvnf; ydkufíaeaponf/ taemufajrmufaxmifhü jzLpif
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]]oufawmftvGe&f n S af paomf? bke;f awmftvGeBf u;D apaomf? pl;pl;ü c½koif;? a&jynfhESihf ta½SUajrmufaxmifhü a&tdk;BuD;
200 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 201
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usr;f OD;yd#uwfxm;onf/ atmufü jrif;om;trd? EGm;om;trd &ufvnfatmif vSLawmfrlonf/
xm;onf/ wdkif;um;EdkifiHawmftaygif;ü&Sdaom bk&m;? ykxdk;?
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oH;k yg;? N*Kd [u
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ylaZmfNyD; yka&m[dwf&Spfyg;wdkYudk arwåmyef;urf;apNyD;rS wpfa,mufom;zGm;onf/ ynm&SdwdkYvnf; om;awmftpOf?
vuf , majcawmf u d k csD a wmf r l u m wuf a wmf r l & onf / ajr;awmftquf? jrpfawmftñGew Yf ikd af tmif {u&mZfcsn;f ESif
onfhaemuf vuf,mwHcg;u0ifawmfrlí jrwfaom&wem jzpfawmfrMl uí jynfo?l vl? &[ef;wdt Yk m; 0rf;xGuo f m;uJo
h Ykd
twdNyD;aom ae&mxufaeawmfrlonf/ oem;u½kPm&Sad wmfrMl urnf[k avQmufMuukeo f nf/ bdou d f
&wemoHk;yg;? N*dK[fudk;yg;? odMum;jA[®m? pwkavmu cHonfh eef;awmfudkvnf; rdk;BudK;usonf/ [Hom0wD wHcg;
ygv? ½ku©pdk;? bkr®pdk;? tmumopdk;? omoemudk apmihfaom &Guaf tmufwiG v f nf; ysm;Bu;D pGo
J nf/ tpOf&n S pf mG omoem
ewf? t&yfq,frsuEf mS udk apmihaf omewf? ud, k af wmfüapmihf awmfjrwfpD;yGm;? udk,fawmfjrwfpD;yGm;? jynfolvl&[ef;wdkY\
aomewf? orm"dewfwdkYtm; vufawmfjzihf ylaZmfawmfrl pD;yGm;udk apmihfa&Smufawmfrlrnf[lí avQmufMuonf/
&onfhaemuf raemvifyef;ü tNrdeft&omwdkYudk pm;awmf
ac:NyD; a½Tyv’ifxufwufí aeawmfrl&onf/
xdt k cg txl;xl;aom uacsobifocD si;f wdjYk zihf Bu;D pGm
aom obifawmfudk cHawmfrlonf/ rif;om;? rif;ajr;?
rif;aqGpdk;rsdK;rSL;BuD;rwfcdkifwdkYudkvnf; xD;? pnf? oif;uspf?
pvG,?f taqmifta,mif? trnfNrKd Ujyaus;&Gmwdu Yk kd ay;awmf
rlonf/ Adokumvuform;taygif;wdkYtm;vnf; qkvmbf
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 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 203
cJhMuaom rif;rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkrif;oHk;yg;teuf omvGefrif;
w&m;BuD;vufxuf eef;awmfopfwufodrf;jcif;r*Fvm tpD
t&ifudk rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ? pmrsufESm 229
rS 233 xd tao;pdwaf &;om;azmfjyxm;onfukd avhvmawGU
anmif&rf;acwfeef;opfwufr*Fvmobif &S&d onf/
oH;k aqmifaom jymom'f
omreft&yfot l &yfom;rsm; td;k opftrd o f pfaqmufNy;D eef ; awmf o pf w uf o d r f ; jcif ; r*F v mobif t wG u f
onft h cg tdrof pfwufr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm; usi;f youJo h Ykd a½S;OD;pGm oHk;aqmifaom jymom'feef;udk aqmuf&onf/
a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf eef;opfpH&eftwGuf eef;awmf xdkjymom'fwdkYudk tajymuftrGrf;rsm; qef;Mu,fpGmpD&ifNyD;
topfrsm; aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;onfhtcg eef;awmfopfwuf teDa&mif? a½Ta&mif? [oFmjy'g;wdkYjzihf okwfvdrf;a&;jc,f&
r*Fvmobiftcrf;tem;udk crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm qif,if onf/ ydwyf q k ;kd wdjYk zihf rsuEf mS Muuf? Mum,yfrsm; pD&if&onf/
usif;yNrJjzpfonf/ xdkodkY eef;awmfopfwuf r*Fvmtcrf;
tem;udk jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;u ]]eef;awmfopfwufodrf;jcif;}} a&GeT ef;awmfoaE¨onft h pDt&if
[laom a0g[m&jzihf azmfjyMuonf/ a½Teef;awmfodkYrwufrD tBudKaeYwGif a½Teef;awmfudk
eef ; awmf o pf w uf o d r f ; jcif ; r*F v mtcrf ; tem; BudKwifí oaE¨xm;&onf/ oaE¨xm;&aom tpDt&ifrSm
taMumif;udk ya'o&mZfpepftm; jyefvnfwrf;w trTr;f wif MumoGwt f ;kd av;q,hEf pS v f ;kH udk csnw
f pfrQipf jD zihf rEÅe&f w
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wpfu@zGihfí a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/ &Gwfí a&jznfhavmif;&onf/ oifjzL;cif;onf/ onfxuf
anmif&rf;acwfwiG f anmif&rf;rif;w&m; (at'D 1600- pyg;awmif;? onfxuf qefawmif;? onfxuf ,cifMumoGwf
1606)? omvGerf if; (at'D 1629-1648)? we*FaEGrif; (at'D tdk;udkxnfhonf/ xdktxuf tkef;oD;yifaygufwnfonf?
1714-1733) rif;oHk;yg;onf eef;awmftopfrsm;wnfvkyf tkef;oD;udk ykqdk;jzLtkyfonf? vifyef;zvm;ü xrif;? EGm;EdkY?
202
204 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 205
axmywf? qDOD;? ysm;? wifvJ? oum? BuH? iSufaysm? tcsdK? r*Fvma&cyftpDtpOf
tcsO?f tqdrw hf uYkd kd jynhaf tmifxnfí h wnfonf/ qDr;D ESpw f ikd f r*Fvma&awmfcyf tpDt&ifudk tusOf;csHK;NyD;jy&ygu
pdkufonf/ txHkrSm cGufüeHYom? u&ruf? tausmf? prÜm? a½SUqH;k u umeDpo J G &l rJ sm;? onfah emufa½Tum? onfah emuf a½Tav;?
pE´mul;? xif;½SL;? opfBuHydk;? uysnf;? yGJvsufwdkYudkwdkufí onfah emuf a½Tv?HS onfah emuf uacsobif? onhaf emuf
wnfNy;D rS rD;xnho f nf? acgif;xd;k í rE eÅ f &Gw&f onf/ oifjzL;cif; tdk;p&nf;BuD; &SpfvHk;udk qdkif;ESihfxrf;í oGm;&onf/ jrLwm
onfrpS í pDro H rQukd rEÅe&f w G Nf y;D pD&if&onfcsn;f jzpfonf/ (18) vHk;udk olaumif;wdkYu 0wfpm;wefqmqifNyD; xrf;í
rEÅefrSm &mZbdaouusrf;vmrEÅef jzpfonf/ vdu k &f onf/onfah emuf yka&m[dww f uYkd xrf;pifjzihv f u
kd yf g
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&onf/ onfah emuf oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fpmG aom owdo Yk rD;wdfYk
avomudk om&pd;k ewfEiS fh &Spyf g;? taemufeef;awmfukd r[m
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ckepfyg;? vTwfawmfudk oD&dewfESihfudk;yg;? Ouifoudk ra[
ol&ewfESihf oHk;q,hfajcmufyg;? apmif;wef;udk bkr®'u©&uf rif;ajr;? rSL;awmf? rwfawmf? olaX;ol<u,f? oif;rSL;? aus;pm;
ewfESihf ig;yg;? þewfrsm;udk MumoGwftdk; wpfvHk;pDxnfhí &Gmpm;wdkYu qifjrif;xrf;pifwdkYjzihf vdkuf&onf/
vifyef;wGif xrif;? EGm;EdYk ponfxnfí h ykPmÖ ;wpfa,mufpD jrpfqdyfwGif a½TavS? a½Tavmif;wdkYudk ESJ? wH&Snf? c&m?
e0EÅdudk&Gwfí ylaZmfaponf/ AHak rmif;wD;rIwv f suf obifcaH eMu&onf/ yka&m[dw&f pS yf g;
ta&SUwHcg;udk eE´ewf? awmifwHcg;udk &u©Kdufewf? ESihf owdkYorD;wdkY jrpfqdyfodkYa&mufonfhtcg jrpfBuD;ig;oG,f?
ajrmufwcH g;udk o&pd;k ? NrKd Uav;rsuEf mS ü ta&SUwHcg;udk "w&| jrpfi,fig;&mudk tpd;k &aom rPdarcvmewfjrwftm; a½Tyef;?
ewfBuD;ESihf oHk;usdyfaomewfapmifh\/ taemufwHcg;udk aiGyef;? a&Taygufayguf? aiGaygufayguf? a½Twefaqmif?
0d½yk u©ewfrif;Bu;D ESifh ewfo;Hk usyd ?f ajrmufwcH g;udk uka0&ewf aiGwefaqmif? a&TcJ? aiGcJ? e0&wfudk;yg;wdkYjzihf qkawmif;
rif ; BuD ; ES i h f ewf o H k ; usd y f a pmih f \ / xd k e wf w d k Y u d k v nf ; yw¬emjyK ylaZmf&onf/ NyD;rS a&udk oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;
MumoGwt f ;kd ? tke;f oD;? vifyef;? zvm;ü tNred t f &omxnfNh y;D tvdiYk mS aA'ifusr;f rsm;rSvmaom rEÅeu f &kd w
G Nf y;D cyf&onf/
yef;eHYomwdkYESihfwuG ykPÖm;tm;rEÅef&GwfNyD; ylaZmfaponf/
206 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 207
r*Fvma&cyfNyD;aomf jrpfqdyfodkYvmpOfutwdkif; tpD eef;opfrwufrD BuKd wiftpDt&if
tpOfjzihf jyefMu&onf/ a½Teef;awmfrwufrD BudKwifí vkyfaqmifpD&if&onf
oBuFefawmfac:awmfrrlrD [Hk;ewfudk ylaZmf&onf/ rsm;&Sdonf/ eef;awmfütwuf ta½SUpl;pl;ü rD;r,fzsL;ESihf
oBueF af c:aomtpDt&if qefawmif;xm;&onf/ ta&SUawmifaxmifhü xD;? wHcGef?
oBueF af wmfac:&eftwGuf jymom'ftxuf av;aqmifü qD r D ; ? ayguf a yguf x m;&onf / awmif p l ; pl ; ü r[myd E é J
MumoGwt f ;kd av;vH;k udk a&tjynhx f nf&h onf/ o&uf? rk&m;? ausmufysOfausmufoGm;xm;onf/ taemufawmifaxmifhü
OoQp?f oajy? ajrpmñGeiYf g;yg;xnfNh y;D ykq;kd cif;í wnf&onf/ urÁvmeDxm;&onf/ taemufpl;pl;ü &wem? a½T? aiGESihf
xrif;yGJü tNrdeft&omxnfhonf/ tkef;oD;yifayguf wHcg; orD;unm aMumifudk ydkufíae&onf/
av;rsufESmwGif MumoGwftdk;wpfvHk;pD? yef;ig;yg;xnfhum taemufajrmufaxmifhü jzLpifpGmaom xrif;? [if;?
ykqdk;? vifyef;? zvm;ESihfxm;&onf/ jymom'f &SpfrsufESmü tNrdeft&om tpHkxm;onf/ ajrmufpl;pl;ü c½koif;a&jznfh
N*dK[f&SpfvHk;? a½Tudkae½kyf? aiGudkv½kyfvkyfNyD; wefaqmif;ESihf xm;onf/ ta&SUajrmufaxmifüh a&td;k Bu;D ig;vH;k a&jznfx h m;
xm;&onf/ onf/ tv,fü bk&m;usrf;OD;yd#uwfxm;onf/ atmufü
oBuFefawmfac:&ef a&rsdK;ckepfyg;? wa&mfckepfyg;? a½T? jrif;jzLom;trd? EGm;om;trd xm;onf/
aiG? e0&wfwdkYjzihfxnfhí rEÅef&Gwf&onf/ NyD;vQif ajcawmf? a½TovGet f yg;üxm;onfrmS ta½SUpl;pl;ü eef;OD;oP²mef
vufawmfwu Ykd kd vufpyG q
f ,fjc,fp0D wf&onf/cHwiG ;f awmfü ta&SUawmifaxmifhü om;NrD;,yf? awmifü cRef;awmif;?
vnf; ywåjrm;vufpGyfudk iHkawmfrlxm;&onf/ þodkYiHkvsuf taemufawmifaxmifüh ig;Muif;f yGwo f P²mef? txufrsuEf mS
oBuFefawmfac:&onf/ Muufü yg'ewfoef? tH;k awmfatmufüukrjk 'mMumtxyfwpf&m
oBueF af wmfac:Ny;D aemuf oBueF af wmfac:aom t0wf oP²mefxm;&onf/
wefqmwdkYudk ,if;jymom'fü pkíxm;&onf/ onfhaemuf a½Teef;awmfudk wufawmfrl&mü vuf,m&pfvnfí
t0wfjzLudk vJ0wfNyD; wpfaqmifaom jymom'fawmfodkY wuf&rnfjzpf\/ xdv k rf;ü ukumú ;? wHceG ?f qDr;D ? wefaqmif?
ul;awmfrl&onf/ xdkjymom'fwGifrS rif;0wfwefqmwdkYudk a&csr;f td;k ? Bu?H iSuaf ysm? tke;f cdik ?f uGr;f oD;cdik w
f jkd zh ihf wefqm
qifawmfrl&onf/ qifxm;&onf/ a½Teef;awmftaemufwHcg; ygyt&yfü
208 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 209
vuf0Jbufu qifrudk vufeufud&d,mESihf t*Fgom;pD;í eef;awmfwuftpDt&if
aeap&onf/ qifaygufwu Ykd vkd nf; ppf0wfwefqmjynfpY pkH mG ESif h xdok Ykd pD&ifcif;pD&ifz,G &f odS nfwu Ykd kd BuKd wifí pD&ifxm;
vuf,mbufu &m[kom;pD;í aeap&onf/ armufwkd rden f Kd &onf / tvH k ; pH k p D & if x m;NyD ; rS 0wf v J a wmf j ymom'f r S
0wfvsuf vufeufpaJG om ol&t J rnf&adS om ol&&J pS u f syd wf uYkd kd eef;awmfodkY wufawmfrl&ef qifpD;? jrif;pD;vufeufud&d,m
qifü&Hí aeap&onf/ wdkYjzifhNcH&Hvsuf rif;ajr§mufwefqmig;yg;ESihf ajrmufpnf?
a&Teef;awmf ta&SUwHcg;pl;pl; ol&ZÆt&yfü vuf0b J uf pnf0ef;? pnfaAsm? wkavmif? oajy? c½koif;? wH&Snf? wH>rm?
u qifrudk ppfvufeufud&d,mESihfwuG we*FaEGom;pD;í wHaumuf? cGucf iG ;f ? vufcsy?f vif;uGi;f ponfwu Y k d k d wD;rIwv
f suf
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ESif h paeom;pD;íaeap&onf/ armufwrk d ed n f Kd0wfvsuf vufopf
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ajrmufwHcg; tNrdwå&t&yfü vuf0Jbufu qifrudk 0wfjzLpifMu,f0wfqifxm;aom AdokumwdkY\ tBuD;trSL;
ppft*Fg vufeufud&d,mESihf Ak'¨[l;om;pD;í aeap&onf/ Adou k m q&mBu;D wdu Yk ]]a&ESiafh jrudk tpd;k &awmfral om? r[m
vuf,mbufu qifaygufudk ppfud&d,mESihf aomMumom; "r®&mZf?bkef;awmfBuD;í oufawmfwpf&mhESpfq,fywfvHk;?
pD;íaeap&onf/ armufwrkd ed n f Kd 0wfvsuf vufopfvufa½G; omoemawmf jrwfpD;yGm;? om;awmftpOf ajr;awmftquf
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awmifwHcg; aumvDt&yfü vuf0Jbufuqifrudk awmfrl pdrfhaomiSm þonhfa½Teef;awmfudk vkyfaqmifpD&if
ppfu&d , d mESifh wevFmom;pD;í aeap&onf/ vuf,mbufu awmfrlonf? wufawmfrlavmh}} [kac:&onf/
qifaygufukd ppfu&d , d mESifh Mumoyaw;om;pD;í aeaponf/ eef;awmfopfwuford ;f yHk
armufwrkd ed n f Kd 0wfvsuf ol&&J pS u f syd f ud;k a,mufwu Ykd qifukd eef;opfwufodrf;&eftwGuf &wema0gawmfay:rS
&Hí aeMu&onf/ qif;awmfrrlrD ajray:ü oifjzL;cif;&onf/ xdkrS ydwfykqdk;
210 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 211
xyfcif;&onf/ xdkodkYcif;NyD;rS a0gawmfay:rS qif;awmfrlNyD; ylaZmfawmfr&l onf/ rkaemvifyef;ü tNred t f &om pm;awmf
ueuú'Pf xD;jzLudkaqmif;um <uvmawmfrl&onf/ ac:NyD;rS a½Tyv’ifxuf wufí aeawmfrlonf/ uacsonf
a½Teef;awmfapmif;wef;odkY a&mufonfhtcg a½S;OD;pGm obiftpHt k pHw
k u Ykd toH;k awmfcMH uonf/xdo k Ykd obifc&H if;
&wemoHk;yg;udk ylaZmfawmfrl&onf/ NyD;rS odMum;? jA[®m? rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rif;aqGpdk;rsdK;? rSL;BuD;rwf&mwdkYudk txdkuf
N*dK[fudk;yg;? orm"dwnfaomewf? t&yfq,frsufESmudk tavsmuf xD;? pnf? pvG,f? oif;uspf? taqmifta,mif
apmihfaomewf? udk,fawmfü apmihfaomewf? a½Teef;awmfü trnf? NrdKUjyaus;&GmwdkYudk ay;awmfrlonf/
apmihfaomewfwdkYudk ylaZmfawmfrl&onf/ Adou k mtBu;D rSpí Adou k mtaygif;wdu Yk vkd nf; qkvmbf
yka&m[dwf&Spfa,mufudkvnf; c½koif;vuf,m&pfESifh rsm;pGm ay;awmfrlonf/ jynfwGif; jynfyü&Sdaom apwD?
bdou d af wmfay;í wufNy;D rS trsKd ;tEG,t f m;jzihf jrwfaom qif;wk? ½kyfwk? t&d,moHCmyk*¾dKvfoljrwfwdkYudkvnf;
trwfBu;D u a½Teef;awmfxufraS eí ]]bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmf tvSLBuD;ay;awmfrlonf/ wdkif;um; EdkifiHrSm&Sdaom apwD?
rlí oufawmfwpf&mhESpfq,f ywfvHk;? omoemawmfpD;yGm;? qif ; wk ? ½k y f w k ? t&d , moH C myk * ¾ d K vf j rwf w d k Y t m;vnf ;
udk,fawmfjrwfpD;yGm;? om;awmftpOf? ajr;awmftquf? rsm;pGmaom tvSL0w¬Krsm; ay;vSLonf/ jrwfaomqkuv kd nf;
jrpfawmftnGefYwdkYpD;yGm;? jynfol vlwumwdkY\ pD;yGm;udk awmif;awmfrlonf/
&Snjf rihpf mG aqmifEikd af paomf0}f } [lí bdoud rf *Fvmpum;udk þazmfjycsurf sm;rSm ouú&mZf 997 ckEpS f e,kev f jynfah usmf
(1)
qd&k onf/ xdo k q
Ykd rkd S vuf,majcawmf udkcsDNyD; wufawmfrl& av;&uf paeaeY omvGefrif;w&m;BuD; eef;awmfopfwuf
onf/ xdrk S OuifowHcg;udk 0ifawmfrNl y;D &wemtwdNy;D aom odrf;jcif; r*Fvmtcrf;tem;tpDt&ifrsm;yifjzpfonf/
usufoa&wdkufü aeawmfrl&onf/ pmacsmatmif tenf;i,fjyifí a&;onfrv S NJG y;D rSeef ef;&mZ0if
&wemoHk;yg;? N*dK[fudk;yg;? odMum;? jA[®m? pwkavmu awmfBuD;wGif vmonfhtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
ygv? bkr®pdk;? ½ku©pdk;? tmumopdk; omoemawmfudkapmihf anmif&rf;acwfbk&ifwpfyg;\ eef;awmfopfwufodrf;jcif;
aomewf? t&yfq,frsuEf mS udk apmihaf omewf? ud, k af wmfü obifukd pdwrf supf jd zihf jrifa,mifvrd rhf nf[k rSe;f qrdygonf/
apmihfaomewf? orm"dwnfaom ewfwdkYtm; vufawmfESihf 1/ 24 ar? 1635/
 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 213
oN*ØK[fyHkuGmjcm;ouJhodkY oN*ØK[fonfhae&mvnf; rwl
uGjJ ym;rI&o dS nf/
&Sib f &k ifrsm; aovGeo f nhtf cg eef;NrKd UwGi;f ? vTwaf wmf
ta&SUajrmufaxmifw h iG of m oN*KØ [af vh&odS nf/ omvGerf if;
anmif&rf;acwf 'kr*Fvusi;f yyHpk epf (at'D 1629-1648) onf 17 &uf Mo*kwv f 1648 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v
f eG f
onf/ 19 &uf Mo*kwv f 1648 ckEpS w f iG f om;awmf yif;wvJrif;
anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rI"avhtaMumif;ajymvQif (at'D 1648-1661) u crnf;awmf tavmif;udk oN*KØ [af y;
'kr*Fv"avhuv kd nf; csev
f yS x
f m;ír&ay/ wpfcef; wpfu@ onf / vT w f a wmf t a&S U ajrmuf w G i f pMu0aw;rif ; ud k
zGihfía&;om;oihfonf[k xifjrif,lqNyD; xdkacwf"avh oN*ØK[fouJho(1) dkY oN*ØK[fonf[k &mZ0ifrsm;u a&;onf/
xHk;wrf;rsm;udk tusOf;rQ azmfjyvdkayonf/ tvm;wljynfrif; (at'D 1661-1672)? e&m0&rif;
anmif&rf;acwfü vlwef;pm;tqift h wef;? &mxl;tqifh (at'D 1672-1673)? &rnf;oif;rif; (at'D 1673-1698)
tedrt hf jrihf rwlujJG ym;onft h avsmuf 'kr*Fvudpu ö si;f y&mü wdkY aovGefonfhtcgvnf; vTwfawmfta½SUajrmufaxmifh
rwlujJG ym;rI&o dS nf/ rif;rdz&k m;rsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [f wGio f m oN*KØ [Mf uonf/ we*FaEGrif; (at'D 1714-1733)
onfhxHk;wrf;? rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[f aovGefpOfurl prkwfawmfaqmif ta&SUawmifaxmihfwGif
onfx h ;kH wrf;? rdz&k m;r,fawmfrsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [f oN*ØK[fonf(2) udkawGU&onf/
onfx h Hk;wrf;? udk,fvkyfawmfrsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[f rdz&k m;rsm; aovGeo f nfth cgvnf; &Sib f &k ifrsm;udk oN*KØ [f
onfhxHk;wrf;? rif;orD;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg oN*ØK[fonfh ouJhodkY vTwfawmfta&SUajrmufaxmihfwGif oN*ØK[fMuonf/
xHk;wrf;? tdrfa&SUrif;rsm; aovGef&mü oN*ØK[fonfhxHk;wrf;? rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm; aovGefonfhtcg eef;NrdKUtjyifwGif
rif;nDrif;om;rsm; aovGe&f mü oN*KØ [o f nhx f ;kH wrf;? 0efBu;D ?
oN*ØK[faMumif;(3) od&onf/
rSL;awmf rwfawmf? ae&m &r&wdkY oN*ØK[fonfhxHk;wrf;[lí 1/ &mZ0ifopf (w) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 87/
&So
d nf/ &mxl;tqihf tedrhf tjrifu h mG jcm;rI&o dS avmuf 'kr*Fv 2/ tif½Hkpmwrf; (nTef;NyD;) pm- 302/
udpöusif;y&mü crf;em;rI? BuD;us,frI uGmjcm;ayonf/ 3/ ,if;? pm- 318/
212
214 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 215
ud, k v
f yk af wmfrsm;? tdraf &SUrif;rsm;? rif;nDrif;om;rStp a½Tanmif&GufwGif ywåjrm;pDíuyfonf/ vif;EdkYawmifudk
0efBuD;? rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;? uawmfr,m;rsm;ponfwdkY a½TykpGefcGHuGyfonf/ ywåjrm;ausmufpDonf/}}(1)
aovGefvQif eef;NrdKUtjyif tif;0qifusHK;teD;wGif oN*ØK[f rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm;twGuf wvm;udkrl ]]ysOfudk,fESihf
Muonf/ tzHk;udk uwåDygrTrf;onf/ urÜwfudk a½Txnfhonf/ arSmfBuJ
oN*KØ [of nfx h ;kH wrf;pOfvm trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sad omfvnf; wlnD onf/}}(2)
onfh"avh tpOftvmwpfckurl &Sifbk&ifrStp rnfolrqdk udk,fvkyfawmfwdkYtwGuf wvm;udkrl ]]ysOfudk tzHk;
aovGefvQif <uif;usef&pfaom ½kyfuvmyfudk wpfnom a&uefyg;ESihf pyfvkyfNyD;vQif ysOfudk,fESihftzHk;udk uwåDygrTrf;
eef;awmftdrfawmfwGif xm;&NyD; aemufaeYwGif oN*ØK[frnfh í a½TarSmfBuJonf/ urÜwfudk a½Tydef;xnfhonf/}}(3)
ae&modkY ydkYaqmifum rD;oN*ØK[f&jcif;jzpfonf/ &mxl;tqihfedrfhoGm;onfESihftrQ trGrf;trHtqif
oN*ØK[f&mü ½kyfuvmyfxnfh&ef acgif;wvm;ysOf? wefqmenf;yg;NyD; wefzdk;t&mvnf; avsmhusoGm;onf/
o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef oefvsif;? rD;oN*ØK[f&ef avmifwdkuf? þenf;ESifESif oefvsif;awmf? taqmifawmf? avmifwdkuf?
iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif;ponfwu Ykd kd jyKvyk &f onf/ &mxl;tqifh iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif;tqiftjyif rGr;f rHrrI sm;rwlujJG ym;oGm;
tjrihftedrfhtvdkuf wefqmqifrI? crf;em;rI uGJjym;pGm onf/ tao;pdwfudk avmuAsL[m (tif½Hkpmwrf;)wGif
owfrSwfcsuf? uefYowfcsuftwdkif; aqmif&GufMu&onf/ avhvmEdkifonf/
oN*ØK[f&modkY vdkufygydkYaqmifonfh tpDtpOf? oN*ØK[fonfh rif;a,musmf ;rsm;wGiv
f nf; &Sibf &k ifNy;D vQif tdraf &SUrif;
tpDtpOf? t½dk;aumufonfhtpDtpOf? a&rSm oN*ØK[fonfh onf tqihftjrihfqHk;jzpfonf/ olUatmufwGif usefrif;nD
tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; xdkenf;wl&Sdonf/ rif;om;rsm;? 0efBuD;rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdkY&Sdonf/ tqihfjrihf?
&Sifbk&ifESihf rdzk&m;wdkYtwGuf acgif;wvm;jyKvkyf&mü tqihfedrfhuGJjym;ouJhodkY 'kr*FvudpöpD&ifcif;usif;&mü rwl
]]ysOfudktzHk;a&uefyg;ESihf pyfvkyfNyD;vQif twGif;jyifudk uGjJ ym;onf/
a½Tyed ;f xnfoh nf/ wvm;ysOu f , kd Ef iS t
fh zH;k udk uwåyD geDrrT ;f í 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 303/
2/ ,if; pm- 319/
arSmfBuJonf/ urÜwfudk a½TykpGefcGHrTrf;onf/ urÜwfaxmifhudk 3/ ,if; pm- 322/
216 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 217
acgif;wvm;rSmyif tdraf &SUrif;twGurf mS ]]ysOu f pkd yfvyk f ukvm;tcsKyo f rm;wdrYk mS rif;nDrif;om;? rSL;awmf rwfawmf
Ny;D vQif twGi;f tjyif a½Tyed ;f xnfo h nf/ tzH;k rSm a&uefyg;ESifh wdkYu aovGef&m vkyfaqmifxrf;ydk;vdkuf&vQif t&Gwf0efu
pyfvkyfonf/ a½Tydef;xnfhonf/ ysOfudk,fESihftzHk;udk uwåDyg zsiEf pS pf ?kH t&Gwpf ma&;u zsiw f pfp?kH wdik jf zpfol t&Gwo f m;wdrYk mS
(1)
rTrf;í urÜwfESihf vif;EdkYawmifudk a½TykpGefcGHrTrf;onf/}}(1) aMu; (30)ay;&onf/
rif;om;ae&mwdt Yk wGuu
f rl ]]ysOu f kd tzH;k a&uefyg;pyfí vly*k Kd¾ vrf sm; oN*KØ [o f nft
h cgrSmom tqifch jJG cm;onf
ysOfudk,fESihf tzHk;udk,fudk uwåDygrTrf;í a½TarSmfBuJonf/ r[kwfay/ q&mawmfrsm; ysHvGefonfhtcgvnf; tqifh
urÜwfudk a½Tydef;xnhfonf/}}(2) cGJjcm;um oN*ØK[favh&Sdonf/ rif;rdzk&m;wdkY udk;uG,fonfh
vdu
k yf gydaYk qmif&mü eef;NrKd UwGi;f rSm oN*KØ [o f nfukd vduk yf g q&mawmfBuD;rsm; ysHvGefawmfrlvQif ]]ysOfBuD;ysOfi,fudk
ydaYk qmifonfh tcif;tusi;f ESifh eef;NrKd UjyifwiG f oN*KØ [o f nfukd a½Tydef;xnfhonf/ ysOfBuD;wif&xm;jymom'f? ysOfi,fwif
vdu k yf gydaYk qmifonfh tcif;tusi;f rwlay/ eef;NrKd Ujyifü oN*KØ [f &xm;jymom'f? t½dk;tdk;wifjymom'f? tvSLwifjymom'f
onfukd vdu k yf gydaYk qmif&mü vHNk cKH a&;twGuf a&SUwyf? aemuf ajcmufaqmif? aygif;&xm;jymom'f udk;aqmif? roN*ØK[fcif
wyfponfwdkYjynfhpHkpGm vdkufygydkYaqmifaMumif; awGU&onf/ wpf&ufu obifawmfpHkcHNyD; oefvsif;ESihf oN*ØK[f&onf/(2)
anmif&rf;acwf 'kr*Fvrsm;ü t&Gwfpk ukvm;? rGef? tcsKd Uausmif;q&mawmfrsm;udrk l &xm;jymom'f ig;aqmif?
jrefrmwdkYu pnf? ESJ? c&m? tNidrfhpHkwD;rIwf&onf/ &Sifbk&if? tcsKd Uudk oH;k aqmif ponfjzihf oN*KØ [o f nf/ rif;om; rif;ajr;
rdz&k m;? rif;nDrif;om;wdYk aovGev f Qif rGeu f rGet f wD;trIw?f rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdkYu aqmufonfhausmif;udk emrHwHqdyf
jrefrmu jrefrmtwD;trIw?f ukvm;wdu Yk tcsKyt f pyfvyk af qmif vSLonfh q&mawmfjzpfvQif jymom'fo;kH aqmifEiS o fh N*KØ [&f jcif;
&onf/ rde;f rwdrYk mS t0wfjzL0wfí taqmifuikd &f onf/ ylwm jzpfonf/
&Gu&f onf/ a,musmf ;wdrYk mS Adwefuikd f rD;td;k xrf;? tavmif; q&mawmfwYkd ysv H eG af wmfrol nht f cg vGeo f nhaf eYupNy;D
(3)
pifrsm;udk xrf;Mu&onf/(3) wpfvtwGi;f Ny;D atmifvyk í f oN*KØ [&f onf/ q&mawmfwYkd
1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 344/ 1/ NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/
2/ ,if; pm- 344/ 2/ tif½Hk (ñTef;NyD;) pm- 349/
3? NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/ 3/ NrdKU½Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/
218 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 219
ysvH eG af wmfro l nfuv kd nf; t&Gwpf o k m;wdu Yk vkyaf qmifuikd if if jzpfonf/ &Gmpm;vnf;ay;onf/ a½Tusyf? vufzuftdk;?
&onf/ t&Gwpf k twD;tNird ?hf rGe?f jrefrmwdYk wD;&rIw&f onf/ a&waumif;? carmufwpfckpDvnf;ay;onf/(1)
ukvm;wdrYk mS jymom'fvyk ?f ay:yefuv k m; a&TpuúL tvS;D tcRwf rdzk&m;qdkygu rdzk&m;\ uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYwGif oifhol
rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&onf/ puúLayg ukvm;a&Trsm;udk olaX; wpfa,mufa,mufudk t½dk;aumufcefY&onf/(2)
wdu Yk ay;&onf/ rGejf refrmrde;f r a,musmf ;wd0Yk wf&ef zsirf sm;udk tdrfa&SUrif;wdkYqdkygu tdrfa&SUrif; uRefawmfrsdK;xJu
ykqdk;wdkufpdk;u ay;&onf/(1) oifholudk a½G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/(3) rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm;udk
&Sifrdzk&m;tygt0if rif;rdef;rrsm;\ tavmif;jyif&ef oN*KØ [o f nft h cgrl t½d;k aumuftjzpf vlMurf;iSm; vkyaf qmif
pnfw;D &mü rde;f rpnfw;D pH&k olvnf;&So d nf/ r&olvnf;&So d nf/ Muonf/(4)
&olu rdef;rpnfwD;pHkudk wD;&onf/ r&olu rompnfom oN*ØK[fyHktpDtpOfrsm;udk pdwftm½HkxJ jrifxifEdkif&ef
wD;&onf/ &Sib
f &k ifrsm; aovGeo f nft h cg oN*KØ [yf t
kH pDt&ifukd avmu
oN*KØ [&f mü o&P*Hw k ifNy;D zdjk zihf rD;uRr;f atmif oN*KØ [f AsL[m (tif½Hkpmwrf;) rS tusOf;rQ aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkay
½HkESihf 'kr*Fvudpöonf rNyD;ao;ay/ t½dk;aumufNyD; jrpfxJ onf/
oN*KØ [Nf y;D rS tNy;D wdik Nf y;D pD;onfjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihf rD;oN*KØ [f oN*KØ [yf tkH pDt&if
Ny;D onfukd t½d;k aumuf&onf/ t½d;k aumufou l v kd nf; rif;rSm &Sifbk&ifwdkYaovGefí <uif;usefaom ½kyfuvmyfudk
wpfrsdK;? rdzk&m;rSmwpfrsdK;? tdrfa&SUrif;rSmwpfrsdK;? a&G;cs,fcefY a&csKd ;oefpY ifNy;D tavmif;pifay:wifonft h cg xD;jzLzGijfh cif;?
xm;avh&Sdonf/ pnfw;D jcif;? avSum;a,mifaxmifay;&jcif;? uky;Dæ ac:aool
&Sifbk&iftwGuf taemuftwGif;trIxrf;oaygufrSL; twGuf pm;aomufz, G &f m jyifqifjcif;ponft h pDtpOfig;&yf
wdrYk S oihaf vsmo f ul kd a&G;cs,o f nf/ xdo k u l kd bGUJ vnf;ay;tyf udk wpfNydKifwnf; pD&if&onf/
onf/ bGUJ url o0efvuf,m? o0efvuf0?J oa&yknmwpfcck k 1/ tif½Hk (nTef;NyD;) pm- 305/
2/ ,if; pm- 314/
1/ NrdKU&Gme,fy,fordkif; (jznfhpGufwGJ) (nTef;NyD;) pm- 40/ 3/ ,if; pm- 333/
4/ ,if; pm- 320/
220 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 221
½kyfuvmyf (tavmif;aumif) xnfh&ef acgif;wvm; xm; &onf/ &mZrwfjyifywfvnf&adS xmifh av;axmif?h wHcg;
vky&f onf/ oN*KØ [&f modYk ydaYk qmifo,f,&l ef oefvsi;f jyKvyk f av;ckESihf wHcg;ESihf axmihfNcHpyfMum;wdkYü vSH? um? vTm;? 'dkif;?
xm;&onf/ pE´m;? ,yfrm;? a½TjrLwm? aiGjrLwm? a½Twaumif;? av;jrm; cif;usif;xm;&onf/
aiGwaumif;? a½TycsKy?f aiGycsKyrf sm;ponfh taqmifrsm;vnf;
t½d;k td;k ESifh t½d;k aumuf
xm;&onf/ zdxif;ac: zdw;kH ig;wH;k udv k nf; wifxm;&onf/
rD;oN*ØK[fNyD; t½dk;aumuf&eftwGuf t½dk;tdk;? t½dk;tdk;
rD;oN*KØ [cf geD; o&P*Hw k ifNy;D aemuf <uvmorQaom oHCm
awmfrsm;udkvSL&ef cgom? ykqdk;jzL? vufzufacsmif; ponf wifrnfh yef;axmifudkvnf; jyKvkyfxm;&onf/ t½dk;tdk;udk
rsm;udv k nf; ,laqmifum avmifwu kd tf eD;rSm pkyx kH m;&onf/ opfjzihf yGwv f yk &f onf/ t½d;k aumuf&eftwGuf t½d;k aumuf
avmifwu kd rf mS rD;oN*KØ [&f ef tavmif;wifpifygonfh jymom'f udkvnf; a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/
ukqd vkd o kd nf/ avmifwu kd o
f Ykd ydaYk qmifonft
h pDtpOf
avmifwu kd t f pDt&if ½kyfuvmyfudk rD;oN*ØK[fonfhae&modkY ydkYaqmif&mü
avmif w d k u f ü tk w f e H & H E S p f z uf p D o nf / tay:u a½SUqHk;u rD;tdk;xrf;orm;? aemufuzdxif;ac:zdwHk; ig;wHk;
oHuGef&uf cif;onf/ tkwfeH&HESpfzufü pjrif;wdkif? yGwfvHk; xrf;olrsm;? xdkYaemufpE´m;? ,yfrm; ponfhtaqmifudkif
ajcmufvkH;pdu k Nf y;D xif;ig;xyfy&kH onf/ xif;yHak y:wGif rD;td;k &Spfa,muf? rD;owftdk; q,fvHk;&Gufí vdkuf&ol q,fOD;?
ajcmufvHk;udk acgif;&if;buf? ajc&if;buf? vuf0Jbuf? uGrf;bl; oHk;ckudk oHk;a,muf? eHo Y mwH;k &Spw f ;kH xrf;ol &SpOf ;D ?
vuf,mbufwdkYü xm;onf/ ESi;f &nf oH;k vH;k udik o f ?l onfah emuf ukyæD;yGJudkif/
rD;oN*KØ [rf nfh tavmif;pifay:wGif iSuaf cs;cHwefaqmif; xdkYaemufrSmrS t½dk;aumufpD;onhfqif? aygif;0ef;
&Sdonf/ ½dkiftrdk;ESihfjzpfonf/ rsufESmMuufcgom Mum,yf wifqif? tH;k arG&Y mwifqif? aAmif;wk&ifwifqif? twGi;f awmfNrJ
ESpqf ihjf zpfonf/ 0g;yd;k av;vH;k udk av;wdik pf u kd Nf y;D eD;yg;xnf trwfwpfa,mufu aAmif;xky0f wfjzLESifh aAmif;wk&ifawmf
rGrf;BudK;ESihf iSufacs;cHwefaqmif;udk qGJwifonf/
udkydkufvsuf qif&JuwGifpD;&onf/ a&SUawmfajy;rSL;ESihf
avmifwu kd \f ywfvnfuzkd siu f m&onf/ tjyifywfvnf
a&SUawmfajy;pkom;wdkYonf pnfawmfpHkudk wD;ívdkuf&onf/
udkvnf; &mZrwfaxmihfNcHum&onf/ wHcg;av;rsufESm
222 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 223
xdjYk yif usKid ;f awmf &Sppf if;udk usKd i;f awmfom; &Spaf ,muf udvk nf; acgif;&if;u ESppf if;? ajc&if;u ESppf if;? &mZrwfurkd í SD
udkifvsuf vdkuf&onf/ a0gawmfudk a0gom;wdkYxrf;&onf/ pdu
k xf m;&onf/
pm;awmfuGrf;cGuf-wpf? aomufawmfa&-wpf? vufzuftdk;- t½dk;aumufudk qifay:u qif;oufapNyD; ukyæD;yGJESihf
wpf? ,yfawmf-wpf? aq;wHawmf-wpf? ajceif;awmf-wpf aeap&onf/ t½d;k aumufqif? aygif;0ef;wifqif? tH;k arGU&m
udik of rl sm;vdu k &f onf/ ysOBf u;D udk trwfysKd wYkd rívdu k &f onf/ wifqif? aAmif;awmfwifqif? qifav;pD;udk &mZrwfjyif?
jrif;rSL; &Spaf ,muf&jH rm;BuKd ;udik í f vduk &f onf/oefvsi;f awmf awmifuaeap&onf/ pnfawmfpHku &mZrwfjyif? ta½SUu
udk trwfwx Ykd rf;í vdu k &f onf/ oefvsi;f awmfa½SUu xD;jzL tqufrjywf wD;ae&onf/
a0gawmf usdKif;awmfudk &mZrwftjyif ajrmuft&yf
ESpfpif;? aemufuxD;jzL ESpfpif;? jrif;awmfonfwdkYudkifí
a0gawmfpifwGif cif;usif;xm;&onf/ NyD;aemuf ysOfBuD;udk
vdu k &f onf/ rif;om;? jrif;rSL;ae&mae? ES;D acgufae trnf&
xif;ay:wGif wif&onf/ oefvsi;f awmfu, kd OS Nf y;D ½kyu
f vmyf
jrif;Bu;D jrif;acgif;trSL;tBu;D pma&;pmcsD aoG;aomufBu;D pk?
tavmif;awmfukd ysOBf u;D wGif oGi;f &onf/ oefvsi;f awmfukd
jrif;awmfonfwdkY vdkuf&onf/ &mZrwftwGif;wGif xm;&onf/ taqmifrsm;udkvnf;
xdo k Ykd vdu k &f mü aAmif;xkyaf ygif;? 0wfjzLESifh vdu
k &f ovdk &mZrwftwGif;wGif taqmifudkifwdkY udkifí ae&onf/
0wfjzLESihfom vdkuf&olrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ ydkYaqmif&mü rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rSL;awmf? rwfawmf taygif;wdkYvnf;
ajreef;awmf ajrmufvuf0rJ m&bifwcH g;u xGuNf y;D vTwaf wmf &mZrwfywfvnfudk 0ef;&Hí aeMu&onf/
ajrmufwHcg;u xGufum oGm;Mu&jcif;jzpfonf/
bk&ifrif;jrwfwYkd ydaYk qmifoN*KØ [yf kH
avmifwu kd t
f eD;cs&yf tcif;tusi;f &Sifbk&ifrsm;aovGefonfhtcg om;awmf odkYr[kwf
ydkYaqmifolrsm; rD;avmifwdkufodkY a&mufvQif rD;tdk;? nDawmfrsm;u xD;eef;udk qufcH&pNrJjzpfonf/xD;eef;qufcH
rD;owftdk;? uGrf;bl;? eHYombl;? ukyæD;yGJrsm;udk &mZrwf aom bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;u aovGefol &Sifbk&ifrsm;\
twGi;f rSm xm;&onf/ pE´m;? ,yfrm;paom taqmifrsm;udk ½kyfuvmyfudk OD;aqmifoN*ØK[f&onfh xHk;&SdonfESihftnD
&mZrwfywfvnf &mZrwfurkd NDS y;D pduk &f onf/ xD;jzLav;pif; bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;u vdkufygydkYaqmifoN*ØK[fay;&onf/
224 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 225
ydkYaqmifoN*ØK[fay;onfhtpDtpOfrSm ½kyfuvmyfudk aemuf&if;awmfvu kd f aoewfvv k ifwu
Ykd a0gawmf\ vuf0J
ydkYaqmifoGm;í eef;awmfrSm NidrfoufpOf bk&ifrif;jrwfu vuf,mrSmcif;í aeMu&onf/ a0gawmf&yfonfhtcg
a½Teef;awmfNAw J u kd f a0g,mOfu a0gpD;vTwaf wmfukd xGuaf wmf ajymhBuD;rSL;u ae&muOD;csNyD;vQif xí usKdif;awmfa&SUvdkuf
rl&onf/ aemufawmfu vdu k &f onfrmS a&SUzsm;usKdi;f awmf? ud,k &f aH wmfwaYkd &SUwGif ykqpfwyk í
f ae&onf/ xdaYk emuf bk&if
a&SUvdu k f ud,
k &f aH wmfwu Ykd ykq;kd rJao;0wfí ppf0wfwefqm rif;jrwfu tavmif;awmfudk rD;ylaZmfap[k trdefY&SdvQif
ESihf vufpGJvdkuf&onf/ twGif;0efwdkYu trdefYawmfudkcHí ajymhBuD;rSL;&Sd&mvmNyD;
onfhaemuf awmfae&mae? rif;om;ae&maewdkYu ykqdk; trdefYawmfudk jyef&onf/
rJao;? oif;usp?f ykq;dk 0wfí vku d &f onf/ usKid ;f awmf-&Sppf if;?
ajymhBuD;rSL;u trdefYawmfudkcHNyD; rD;avmifwkdufwGif
usdKif;awmfpyfMum;ü av;q,fawmfom;? ig;q,fawmfom;
oN*ØK[foltBuD;udk ajymhBuD;rSL;trdefYawmfudkcHum jyefNyD;rS
wdu Yk ykq;kd oif;uspEf iS v hf u kd &f onf/ a0gawmf? a0gxrf;wdv Yk nf;
tavmif;awmfukd zdak jcmufv;kH xd;k í rD;ylaZmf&onf/ rD;xí
yuwd 0wfNrJt0wfESifh vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/ pm;awmf
uGrf;a&udkif? twGif;awmfNrJvlysKdwdkY ykqdk;rJao;ESifh vkduf& rD;cd;k jrifrS bk&ifrif;jrwfvnf;eef;awmfoYkd jyef0ifawmfro
l nf/
onf/ aemuf&if;awmfvkduf aoewfvkvifwdkY ykqkd;rJao;? t½d;k aumufoN*KØ [jf cif;
ppf0wf? aoewfESifh vdkuf&onf/ a0gawmfaemufvkduf? ½kyu f vmyfukd rD;oN*KØ [í f rD;uRr;f vQif t½k;d aumufwu Ykd
udk,f&HawmfwdkY ykqdk;rJao;? ppf0wf? pGJudkifNrJvufeufESifh t½dk;awmfaumufMu&onf/ t½dk;udk cgomESifhxkyfNyD; t½dk;
vku d &f onf/ aumufwdkYvG,faponf/ pnfawmfpHku a&SUuoGm;&onf/
vTwaf wmfa&ScU s&yfonfth pDtpOf t½d;k aumufux kd ;D jzLESppf if;tkyNf y;D rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rSL;awmf
vTwaf wmfa&SUa&mufonft h cg vTwaf wmfta&SUavSum; rwfawmfwdkYNcH&Hvsuf vuf0JwHcg;u xGuf&onf/ avom
ESifh ESpfwmcGmí a0gawmfudk a0gom;wdkYxrf;&yfNyD; a&SUrS wHcg;u xGufíNrdKUjyifodkY xGuf&onf/
vdkuf&olrsm;u tpOftwdkif; a&SUrScif;í &yfaeMu&onf/ a&qdyef m;wGif avSmu f m;wpfpif;cHxm;onf/ xdak vSmu f m;
aemufrv S dkuf&olrsm;uvnf; aemufrSmcif;í aeMu&onf/ ESiphf ;D Ny;D AHak rmif;wD;um t½d;k awmfukd jrpfv,frmS oN*KØ [&f onf/
226 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 227
oN*KØ [Nf y;D aemuftpDt&if eef;wGif;? eef;jyifwpfOD;OD;aovGefvQif wm0ef&SdolrS
t½dk;awmfaumufudk ppfudkif;bufrSm csxm;&onf/ rnfo?l rnfonft h qif?h rnfonfah &m*gjzif?h rnfonfah eYwiG f
avSmfum;udk &mZrPdplVmbk&m;0wfodrf; r[mocF&mZmrSm aoqHk;aMumif; bk&ifrif;jrwfxH owif;yYdk&onf/ bk&ifrif;
tyf&onf/ pnfawmftpHkESifh qif&Juaygif;0ef;rsm;udk jrwfu rnfolaovGefpOfu oN*ØK[fonfhenf;jzifh oN*ØK[f
tarGwu kd rf mS oGi;f xm;&onf/ tH;k arGU&mawmfukd q&mawmf ap[k trdex Yf wk &f onf/ bk&ift h rdeaYf wmftwdik ;f oN*KØ [Mf u
&onf/
ausmif;rSm vSL&onf/ a0gawmfusKid ;f awmfrsm;udk tarGwu kd f
rdz&k m;wGif jrifonfrh if;om;? ud,
k v
f yk af wmfwwYkd iG f jrifonfh
rSmxm;&onf/ taqmifawmfrsm;udkvnf; aq;aMumNyD; rif;om;rsm;aovGefonfhtcg vdkufygydkYaqmif&mü &Sd&SdorQ
tarGwdkufrSmxm;&onf/ ysOfBuD;urÜwfwGif a&TykpGefcHGESifh rif;om;? rif;ajr;? rSL;awmfrwfawmftm;vH;k vku d yf &Ykd efrvdak y/
ausmufrsm;udk cGm,lí tarGwdkufrSmxm;&onf/ oefvsif; usef;omítm;vyfolwkdYudkom EId;aqmfNyD;oN*ØK[faponf/
udkvnf; tarGwdkufrSm xm;&onf/ apmfbGm;? NrdKU0ef? ppfuJwdkYaovGefonfhtcg aovGef
þonfrSm anmif&rf;acwfrif;wdkY aovGefonfhtcg aMumif; oHawmfOD;wifvQif tulawmfcgomykqdk;rsm; ay;ydkY
oN*ØK[fpOfudk avmuAsL[m (tif½kHpmwrf;) pmrsufESm 302 oN*ØK[fonfh "avhvnf;&Sdonf/
rS 310 txd azmfjycsuu f kd tusO;f csKyaf umufEwk af zmfjyxm; þrQjzifh anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rI"avhwpfckjzpfaom
jcif;jzpfonf/ 'kr*Fv"avhudk odjrifEdkif&monf/
rdzk&m;rsm;aovGefonfhtcgüvnf; &Sifbk&ifudk oN*ØK[f
onfeh nf;wl oN*KØ [o f nf/ rdz&k m;a[mif;rsm;udv
k nf; tqifh
wlxm;í oN*ØK[fMuonf/ eef;NrdKUwGif;rSm oN*ØK[fonfESifh
eef;NrKd UjyifrmS oN*KØ [o f nfomuGmonf/ rdz&k m;\r,fawmfrsm;
aovGef&mwGifvnf; þenf;wltqifhwlxm;í oN*ØK[f
Muonf/
armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI

ed*;kH
ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDí &Snfvsm;vSonfh jrefrmhorkdif;?
jrefrmhvt Yl zGUJ tpnf;onf wnfNird Nf y;D cdik rf maom ,Ofaus;rI
udk apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f Edik cf o
hJ nfrmS armfueG ;f yifx;kd avmuf
onf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;aom
,Ofaus;rIum; rnfonfEh ikd if ?H rnfonf, h Ofaus;rIEiS rhf Q rwl
xl;jcm;aom tESpo f m&u euf½idI ;f us,0f ef;ovdk xkxnftm;
jzifhvnf; BuD;rm;vSonf/
acwfumvrsm; rnfodkYajymif;vJ ajymif;vJ jrefrmwdkY\
,Ofaus;rI rl[efrsm;urajymif;vJ? acwfumvtcuftcJ?
tusyftwnf;rsm; BuD;rm;pGm&SdcJhonfhwkdifatmif jrefrmh
,Ofaus;rItarGudkrl aumif;rGefpGm qufcHEdkifcJhMuonf/
þodkYjzifh jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIonf cdkifrmonfxuf cdkifrm?
&ifhusufonfxuf &ifhusuf&if; jrefrmhvlYtzGGJUtpnf;udk
urÇmhtv,frSm xnf0gapcJhonf/
229
230 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 231
odaYk omf ,aeYrsuaf rSmufumvü urÇmv h t Yl zGUJ tpnf;Bu;D tzGJUtpnf;odkY t&Sdeft[kefaumif;pGmjzifh wGef;xdk;½dkufcwf
wpfckvHk;onf vsifjrefpGma&GUvsm;ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtrQ pdr0hf ifvsu&f adS eonfrmS jrifomodomaeNy;D jzpfonf/ jrefrmh
xkdta&GU xkdajymif;vJrIonf jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;udkvnf; ,Ofaus;rI\ euf½Idif;rI? cHhxnfrIudk rodem;rvnfolrsm;u
t&Sdefjzifh½dkufcwfvsuf&Sdaeonf/ urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;tMum; rdrdwdkY\,Ofaus;rIudk txifao;csifaeMuNyD? ysHUESHYpdrfh0ifvm
e,fpnf;rjcm;? urÇm&h mG Bu;D tvm;jzpfvmcJNh y;D Ekid if t H csi;f csi;f aom tjcm;vlt Y zJUG tpnf;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIukd txifBu;D Ny;D
yGivhf if;vGwv f yfpmG ul;vl;qufqrH I rsm;vmonf/ okEYd iS t hf rQ vufcu H sio
hf ;kH vmaeMuNy/D a[mif;EGr;f aqG;jrnfah eNy[ D í l rdrd
vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\,Ofaus;rIonfvnf; xdawGUrIrsm; wdkY\,Ofaus;rIudk acsmifxkd;xm;csifolrsm;vmaeMuNyD/
vmonfESifhtrQ a&maxG;,SufwifjzpfvmaeNyD jzpfonf/ ½d;k &m,Ofaus;rIuw kd efz;kd xm; av;pm;jrwfE;dk olwtYkd m; a&S;½d;k pGJ
þtajctaewGif urÇmBuD;\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpf 0g'Drsm;[k owfrSwfNyD; *E¦0ifxJrSmxm;csifMuNyD/
aom jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; a&SmifvTJír&Edkifovdk wGef;vSef þtajctaersKd;u jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;\ wefzdk;ESifh
EkdifpGrf;vnf;r&SdEdkifay/ urÇmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;ta&GUonf jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItwGuf pd;k &drpf &mjzpfaeonf/ jrefrmhvt Yl zJUG
BuD ; rm;onf x uf B uD ; rm;? tif t m;aumif ; onf x uf tpnf;\wefz;dk udk tav;xm;jrwfE;kd olwikd ;f ? ½k;d &m,Ofaus;rI
aumif;vmygu jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;\,Ofaus;rIonf aysmufoGm;rSm pdk;&drfylyefaeMu&NyDjzpfonf/
ododomom ,drf;,dkifysufpD;ajymif;vJoGm;p&m&Sdayonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItwGuf &wufrat;Ekdif
,Ofaus;rIysupf ;D ajymif;vJomG ;ygu jrefrmhvUl tzGUJ tpnf; jzpfaeMuygonf/ xkaYd Mumifv h nf; ,Ofaus;rIxed ;f odr;f apmifh
\ wefzkd;onfvnf; wdrf;,drf;ysufpD; oGm;rnfomjzpfonf/ a&Smufa&;twGuf tylwjyif; vIHUaqmfa&;om;ajymqdkaeMu
jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;\wefzkd;udk wefzkd;xm;olwdkif; rdrdwdkY\ ygNy/D
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIukd raysmufysuaf tmif ta&;xm;Ny;D ta&; pma&;olvnf; wpfaxmifhwpfae&mrSm yg0ifaom
wBuD; apmifh&Smufxdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfaeNyDjzpfonf/ tm;jzifh þ ]] anmif&rf;acwf,Ofaus;rI}} udk jyKpv k u kd yf gonf/
pufrEI iS hf odyeHÜ nf;ynmrsm; wd;k wufxeG ;f um;vmonfEiS hf þpmtkyfudk jyKpka&;om;&mü ya'o&mZf? {u&mZfacwfudk
trQ tjcm;vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmhvlY jyefvnfwrf;w&Sifoefapvdkonfh apwemtvsOf;r&Sdyg/
232 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI
]]anmif&rf;acwf}} umv\,Ofaus;rIrnfrQeuf½Idif;NyD;
xkxnf Bu;D rm;aMumif;odap? jrifapvdak om apwem t&if;cH
om jzpfygonf/
pma&;ol\ apwemxif[yfay:vGifonf[kqdkvQifyif
pma&;oltaejzifh þpmtkyu f jkd yKpu
k sK;d eyfNy[
D k cH,rl yd gonf/ ud;k um;aom pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;

armif , Of v I d i f ; (ysOf ; rNrd K if ) 1/ uk v m;? OD ; \ ]r[m&mZ0if B uD ; } wwd , tk y f ?

jrefrmokawoetoif;? [Hom0wDyEkH ydS w f u
kd ?f &efuek ?f
1960 jynfhESpf/
2/ cifarmifñGefY? a'gufwm\ ]jynf y a&muf jref r m
rif ; rsm;\ w&m;acgif ; avmif ; awmf - 3} (rGefESihf
jrefrmurÜn;f pmjzihf rSww
f rf;wif) 27 - 6 - 93 &ufxw k f
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/
3/ apmrHknif;\ ]jref r mtrsd K ;orD ; qif , if x H k ; zG J U rI }
pmayAdrmef? &efukef? 1989 ckESpf/
4/ apmjrifh? OD;\ ]ppfudkif;NrdKU? &mZrPdplVmaumif;rI
awmfapwDawmfBuD;ordkif;} ppfuikd ;f NrKd Uaumif;rIawmf
a*gyutzGJU? 1995 ckESpf? ZGefv/
5/ Zmwmawmf y H k & mZ0i
mZ0if? jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rI0ef
BuD;Xme? a&S;a[mif;okawoe ñTefMum;a&;0ef½Hk;?
a&S;a[mif;pmayESihf ,Ofaus;rIXmepdwf? 1960 ckESpf/
233
234 armif,OfviId ;f (ysO;f rNrKd i)f anmif&rf;acwf ,Ofaus;rI 235
6/ aZ,ocF,m\ ]]a½TbHked'gef;}} [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf? 14/ azarmifwif? &efuek w f uúov kd yf garmu©? OD;\ ]]jrefrm
&efukef? 1963 ckESpf/ pmayord k i f ; }} py,fOD;pmay? &efukef? 1987 ckESpf?
7/ ZrÁL'DyOaqmif;usrf;? jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif;? Zefe0g&Dv? pwkw¬tBudrf/
&efukef? 1960 ckESpf/ 15/ b&Sif? Adkvf\ ]]jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf o rd k i f ; }} jynfolY
8/ ndKacsm\ ]]tif;0acwf yef;csDvuf&mrsm; pka0;&m}} tvif;yHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1953 ckESpf? yÍörtBudrf/
aqmif;yg;? 7-12-64 &ufxkwf vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf 16/ r[m"r®oBuø\ ]]omoemvuFm&pmwrf;}} [Hom
owif;pm/ 0wDyd#uwfyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1956 ckESpf/
9/ ñGefY&if? ppfudkif;OD;\ ]]ppf u d k i f ; bk & m;rsm;ord k i f ; }} 17/ armifarmifBuD;? wuúodkvf\ ]]pmaytoG i f E S i h f
uRefawmfhtjrif}} pmcspo f ?l &efuek ?f 1975 ckEpS /f
ñGefYpmay? &efukef? 1348 ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynfh/
18/ jrBud K if ? MuL&wemarmif \ ]]pmay,Of a us;rI
10/ ñGe[ ]tif;0acwfu jrefrmhvufrI ynm?
Y f H (MuLawm)\ ]]tif
aqmif;yg;rsm;}} &Sirf awmifpmay? &efuek ?f 2004ckEpS ?f
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