1|Page

DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY

Session- 2022- 23
“Professional Ethics”
Final Draft:-

“Professional Misconduct: Meaning, Ambit and

Punishment”

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Manoj Kumar Irul Srivastava

(Assistant Professor, Law) B.A.LL.B. (Hons.)

Dr. RML National Law University Semester- 9th

Lucknow. Enroll no. 180101059 (Section-A)

2|Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend special thanks and gratitude to my teacher who gave me
this golden opportunity to work on the Project Topic “Professional
Misconduct: Meaning, Ambit and Punishment”

 Throughout the research period I have been time and again guided by my
teacher.

I’d also like to convey my regards to Library Staff of my university for helping
me out and getting relevant material for me.
I would like to thank my university Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National
Law ,for giving me the chance to be a part of an unique research oriented
curriculum which indeed boosts the understanding of the subject.
I would also like to thank my parents, mentors and well-wishers who have been
a constant support and have time and again reviewed my work and have
provided their insights on the matter.

Irul
Sem- IX
Roll no. – 059
B.A.LLB (Hons.)
Dr. RMLNLU, Lucknow
3|Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT – MEANING AND AMBIT.................................3

 THE BODY OR AUTHORITY EMPOWERED TO PUNISH FOR

PROFESSIONAL OR OTHER MISCONDUCT..........................................................5

1. STATE BAR COUNCIL AND ITS DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE...............................................5

 INSTANCES OF PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT BY LAWYERS.......................8

 CRITIQUE.....................................................................................................................8

 REFRENCES.................................................................................................................9

Books:............................................................................................................................................9
4|Page

PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT – MEANING AND AMBIT

A person who carries/undertakes the profession is called a professional. Depending on the

profession a person undertakes, he/she is identified with a special name relevant to the
profession.
Misconduct, according to Oxford dictionary means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful
conduct motivated by premeditated act. It is a behavior not conforming to prevailing
standards or laws, or dishonest or bad management, especially by persons entrusted or
engaged to act on another's behalf. The expression professional misconduct in the simple
sense means improper conduct. In law profession misconduct means an act done willfully
with a wrong intention by the people engaged in the profession. It means any activity or
behaviour of an advocate in violation of professional ethics for his selfish ends. If an act
creates disrespect to his profession and makes him unworthy of being in the profession, it
amounts to professional misconduct. In other word an act which disqualifies an advocate to
continue in legal profession.1

To understand the scope and implication of the term ‘misconduct’, the context of the role and
responsibility of an advocate should be kept in mind. Misconduct is a sufficiently wide
expression, and need not necessarily imply the involvement of moral turpitude. ‘Misconduct’
per se has been defined in the Black’s Law Dictionary to be “any transgression of some
established and definite rule of action, a forbidden act, unlawful or improper behavior,
willful in character, a dereliction of duty.” In the context of misconduct of an advocate, any
conduct that in any way renders an advocate unfit for the exercise of his profession, or is
likely to hamper or embarrass the administration of justice may be considered to amount to
misconduct, for which disciplinary action may be initiated.

1
Naiana Jain; The Ethics And Morality Of Legal Profession, available online at
http://www.academia.edu/8416972/Title_of_the_Paper_THE_ETHICS_AND_MORALITY_OF_LEGAL_PRO
FESSION_1st_Author_s_name_Naiana_Jain
5|Page

The Supreme Court has, in some of its decisions, elucidated on the concept of ‘misconduct’,
and its application. In Sambhu Ram Yadav v. Hanuman Das Khatry2, a complaint was filed
by the appellant against an advocate to the Bar Council of Rajasthan, that while appearing in
a suit as a counsel, he wrote a letter stating that the concerned judge, before whom the suit is
pending accepts bribes, and asked for Rs. 10,000 to bribe and influence the judge to obtain a
favourable order. The Disciplinary Committee, holding that the advocate was guilty if
“misconduct”, stated that such an act made the advocate “totally unfit to be a lawyer.” The
Supreme Court, upholding the finding of the Rajasthan Bar Council held that the legal
profession is not a trade or business. Members belonging to the profession have a particular
duty to uphold the integrity of the profession and to discourage corruption in order to ensure
that justice is secured in a legal manner. The act of the advocate was misconduct of the
highest degree as it not only obstructed the administration of justice, but eroded the
reputation of the profession in the opinion of the public.3

2
 2001 6 SCC 1
3
Supra at 4
6|Page

THE BODY OR AUTHORITY EMPOWERED TO PUNISH FOR PROFESSIONAL

OR OTHER MISCONDUCT

1. STATE BAR COUNCIL AND ITS DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE

Organization- Section 35 of the Advocates Act makes it clear that on receipt of a

complaint or otherwise a State Bar Council has reason to believe that any advocate on its roll
has been guilty of professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case for its
disposal to disciplinary committee4. It is one of the functions of the State Bar Council to
entertain and determine the cases of misconduct against the advocate on its roll 5. Section 9
of the Act requires the Bar Council to constitute one or more disciplinary
committees6. Each of such committee is required to consist of three persons of whom two
shall be persons elected by the council from amongst its members and other shall be
a person co-opted by the council from amongst its member advocates who possess the
qualifications specified in the provisions to subsection (2) of section 3 and who are
not members of council and the senior most advocate amongst the members of the
disciplinary committee shall be the chairman thereof.7

Procedure- Section 35 provides that after giving the advocate concerned and the
Advocate- General an opportunity of being heard, the disciplinary committee of a State
Bar Council may make any of the following orders-:

1. Dismiss the complaint or where the proceedings were initiated at the instance of
the State Bar Council, direct that the proceedings be filed;

2. Reprimand the advocate;

3. Suspend the advocate from practice for such period as it may deem fit;

4
§ 35 of Advocates Act, 1961
5
§ 6(c) of Advocates Act, 1961
6
§ 9(1) of Advocates Act, 1961
7
GUPTA S.P., PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ACCOUNTABILITY FOR LAWYER AND BENCH BAR RELATIONS (4th ed.,
2010) Central Law Agency.
7|Page

4. Remove the name of the advocate from the State roll of advocates.8

It is that when the advocate is suspended from the practice under the aforesaid clause (3), he
shall, during the period of suspension, be debarred from practicing in any Court or
before any authority or person in India.9

Section 36-B: Disposal of disciplinary proceedings

This section provides that the disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council shall dispose
of the complaint received by it under section 35 expeditiously and in each case the
proceedings shall be concluded within a period of one year from the date of the receipt of the
complaint or the date of the initiation of the proceedings at the instance of the State Bar
Council, as the case may be, failing which such proceedings shall stand to the BCI which
may dispose of the same as if it were proceedings withdrawn for inquiry under section 36(2). 

Remedy against the order of punishment by the State Bar Council

Section 44: Review of order by disciplinary committee

The disciplinary committee of Bar Council may of its own motion or otherwise review any
order, within 60 days of the date of the order passed by it. However no such order of the
review of the disciplinary committee of a State Bar Council shall have effect, unless it has
been approved by the Bar Council of India.

Section 37: Appeal to the Bar Council of India

(1) Any person aggrieved by an order of the disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council
made Under Section 35 or the Advocate General of the State may within 60 days of the date
of the communication of the order to him , prefer an appeal to the Bar Council of India.
(2) Every such appeal shall be heard by the disciplinary committee of the BCI which may
pass such order including order varying the punishment awarded by the disciplinary
committee of the State Bar Council as it deems fit.

8
§ 35(3) of Advocates Act, 1961
9
§ 35(4) of Advocates Act, 1961
8|Page

(3) No order of the disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council shall be varied by the
disciplinary committee of the BCI so as to prejudicially affect the person aggrieved without
giving him reasonable opportunity of being heard.

Remedy against the order of punishment by the Bar Council of India

Section 48-AA: Review

The bar council of India or any of its committee , other than its disciplinary committee , may
on its own motion or otherwise, review any order, within 60 days of the date of that order,
passed by it under the Advocates Act.

Section 38: Appeal to the Supreme Court 

Any person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of
India under Section 36 or Section 37 or the Attorney General of India or the Advocate
General of the state concerned, as the case may be , may within 60 days of the date on which
the order is communicated to him, prefer an appeal to the supreme court and the supreme
court may pass such order including an order varying the punishment awarded by the
disciplinary committee of the Bar council of India thereon as it deems fit.
However no order of the disciplinary committee of the Bar council of India shall be varied by
the Supreme Court so as to prejudicially affect the person aggrieved without giving him a
reasonable opportunity of being heard.

INSTANCES OF PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT BY LAWYERS

1. Attempt of Murder:
2. Offering Bribe to the Judicial Officer or any other court official :
3. Purchase of the property in dispute of the client:
4. Non filing of the case or filing of the case with nominal court fees:
5. Deliberate delay in filing of the suit:
6. Suppression of material facts with intention to harass poor persons:
7. Manipulation of the judgement and the decree:
8. Handing over of forged documents to the opposite party:
9. Not appearing before the court deliberately and intentionally:
9|Page

10. Advocate actively engaged in carrying other business:

CRITIQUE

The advocates act 1961 was a long sought after legislation to consolidate the law relating to
the legal practioners, constitution of autonomous Bar Councils, prescription of uniform
qualification for admission and enrolment of persons as advocates, more importantly it
imposes punishment for professional misconduct by advocates and in that respect it acts as a
quasi-judicial body. Only body that can be approached for professional misconduct of
advocate is Bar Council constituted under the Act except for contempt of court which is also
misconduct. However the following criticisms are leveled against the Act in terms of its
power to punish for professional and other misconduct;

1. No provision of appeal is provided in the act in respective High Courts; hence power of
bar Council of the State is equated with that of High court.
2. In ordinary course it is difficult for an advocate to approach the Supreme Court and get
the case admitted from an aggrieved order of the Bar Council of India.
3. The act has not defined the term misconduct, instead it has included professional and other
misconduct and definition is left to the Bar councils and Supreme Court to decide and to
widen the scope.
4. Denial of the principle of natural justice to an ordinary litigant who is aggrieved with the
misconduct of the advocate, as the body of their association ie Bar council is deciding the
case in which their own member is the respondent. This is against the rule that “no man
can be a judge in his own case”. The lay person has to approach appropriate fora
constituted under Consumer Protection act 1986 to get any pecuniary relief due to the loss
caused by such misconduct, if it fits under deficiency of service.
5. At times, based on the circumstances the Act is violative of Article 19 (1) (g), right to
practice trade or profession, and also freedom of speech and expression enshrined
in Article 19(1)(a).

However the intention of the legislature to uphold the dignity of the profession and to
preserve the moral etiquette among legal practioners has been largely achieved by the Act.
10 | P a g e

REFRENCES

Books:
1. AIYER P.RAMANATHA AND AIYER N.S RANGNATH, LEGAL & PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS Vol III (3rd ed., 2003) Wadhawa Nagpur.
2. GUPTA S.P., PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ACCOUNTABILITY FOR LAWYER AND BENCH
BAR RELATIONS (4th ed., 2010) Central Law Agency.
3. K. GURURAJ CHARI, ADVOCACY AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS (2000) Wadhwa& Co.

Articles

1. Naiana Jain; The Ethics And Morality Of Legal Profession, available online at
http://www.academia.edu/8416972/Title_of_the_Paper_THE_ETHICS_AND_MOR
ALITY_OF_LEGAL_PROFESSION_1st_Author_s_name_Naiana_Jain

2. Elbepeter, Professional misconduct of lawyers in India, available online at

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/professional-misconduct-of-
lawyers-in-india-1665-1.html