CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT

DATE: AUG 12 2022

DETERMINATION OF RATE OF EVAPORATION OF

DIFFERENT LIQUIDS.

Name: Pranjal Pal

Roll: 21

Class: XIIB science

CBSE Affiliation No. 3030007

Academic Year: 2022-23

 MOUNT LITERA ZEE SCHOOL, NAROLI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify has that PRANJAL PAL a student of Class 12B(Science) has
successfully completed the research on the following research on the below mentioned
project under the guidance of Ms. Soney Khan during the year 2022-23 in partial
fulfillment of during Chemistry the practical examination .

Signature of Principal

Signature of External Examiner. Signature of subject teacher

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry
mentor Ms. Soney Khan for her vital support, guidance and
encouragement: without which this project would not have
come forth.

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Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into
gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such
molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid
all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a
small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy
to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous
phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the
molecules which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left
behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower
average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant
the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the
molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept
one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is
taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of
the liquid evaporates

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THEORY
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
(1) Nature of Liquids : The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determine the speed of evaporation. Weaker the
inter-molecular forces of attraction larger is the extent of evaporation.
In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

(2) Temperature : The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly

with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the
surface also increases. Thus with the increase in temperature rate of
evaporation also increases.

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(3) Surface Area : Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.

(4) Composition of Environment : The rate of evaporation of liquids

depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid.
Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid took away the
molecules of the substance in vapour state there by preventing
condensation.

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Activity 1:
Aim : To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.
Requirement : Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm., 10 ml.
pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly
pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B"
and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each
of the petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri Liquid Volume

dishes Taken (V1) remaining Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)
Marked ml. (V2) ml. V=V1–V2 ml./s

A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133

B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116

C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

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Results :
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion :
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are
in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

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Activity 2:
Aim : To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethylether.
Requirement : Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm.
with cover, 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri dishes A, B
and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl
ether from each Petri dish.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken
Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) Remaining Vol. Evaporated
(ml.) volume

A 2.5 10 4 6

B 5.0 10 2 8

C 7.5 10 0 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as

7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

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 Conclusion : Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
Activity 3
Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement : Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10
ml. pipette, thermometer, thermostat.
Procedure :
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and
cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same
time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Temperature Evaporated

Time (Sec.) Volume Taken
Marked (0C) volume
(ml.)
(ml.)
A 10 30 10 10

B 20 40 10 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given

Room Temperature < Heating.
Conclusion : Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases
with temperature.

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Activity 4
Aim : To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement : Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure :
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation :
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.

Petri dishes Marked Conditions Time (Sec.) Volume Evaporated

(ml.)

A With fan 40 10

B without fan 50 10

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Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as
given
With fan > Without Fan..
Conclusion : The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the
increase in rate of flow of air current.

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Bibliography

 Wikipedia
 Problems in Physical Chemistry
 Pictures: Google

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