GREEK ARCHITECTURE

(650 – 30 B.C.)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
In general an approach to mathematical proportion of various parts of building, its

relationship with other parts of building, the symmetry, harmony and balance in the plan of the

building, are the key features of the Greek architecture.

There are two principal phases of Greek architecture.

i. Hellenic Period (650 – 323 B.C.)

ii. Hellenistic Period (323 – 30 B.C.)

In many respects the Greek architecture inherits its architectural features from the

preceding Aegean civilization. Columns were the important feature of the Greek architecture.

GREEK TEMPLE
In Hellenistic period, temples remained the most important buildings. Temples were the

pride of every city and were built on highest places in the form of groups. Greek temples usually

had their elevation towards east, so the first ray of the rising sun falls on the marble temple to

create the most beautiful visual effect.

The constructional plan of Hellenic temple was borrowed from Aegean Magaron. The

typical temple had no congregational (religious gatherings) purpose, since public meetings and

ceremonies were held in the open air. The temples were made to glorify their gods. The interior

of the temple was full of relief decorations and sculptures. In the beginning, these temples were

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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made of wood, but later on they were constructed with limestone, marble and gypsum. The

temple was placed upon a platform of three steps. Hellenic temple was consisted of

i. Cella or Naos

An enclosed oblong room with an opening to the east, in which huge statue of god or

goddess was placed.

ii. There was sometimes a Treasury chamber.

iii. At the front of the building and surrounding the verandas were porticoes / pro-naos i.e.

series of columns supporting a roof. At the front and at the back were porticoes known as

pro-naos. The temples were surrounded by the columns from all the four sides. The

temple enclosure had front porch and entrance gateway. The roofs of the temples were

constructed with timber, bordered and covered with marble tiles overlapping one another.

GREEK STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE

The Greek style of architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated (of beams) which

gave it a simple style. Greek columns and their entablatures were at first entirely wooden, made

of timber, with terracotta decorations in the upper part of the column, but were converted into

stone quite early in 600 B.C. Stone was shaped in exactly the form of timber column. For this

reason their architecture is sometimes called carpentry in marble. The columns supported the

beams consisting of single large stone slab, which in turn supported the roof. The distance

between the two columns corresponds the length of the stone slab. Due to the rains and sunny

weather of Greece, porticoes became an important part of the buildings.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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 GREEK ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
It was the Greeks who developed the orders of architecture. As a term, an order in

architecture means “a total assemblage consisting of a column and entablature.” Greek order of

architecture had a timber origin.

Division of Column
1. Base (if it has any)
2. Shaft
3. Capital

Division of Entablature
1. Architrave
2. Frieze
3. Cornice

Types of Greek Orders

Greeks introduced three types of orders of architecture.

1. Doric Order
2. Ionic Order
3. Corinthian Order

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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DORIC ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE
The name Doric is given in accordance with the geographical area in which the Doric

order is mostly found. The Doric order is a massive and solid structure, resembling a well-

integrated, sturdy body like a tree trunk. It has no base, and built on three steps. It has fluted

shaft separated by sharp arrises. It has its origin from timber, derived from Aegeans. Later on

they were built in gypsum and marble.

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Doric Shaft
It stands without a base directly on a crepidoma / stylobate, usually consisting of three

steps. The height of the column including the capital is 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base in

the Hellenic period, and up to 7 ¼ in the Hellenistic period.

To break the flatness of the surface, the circular shaft is divided into 20 shallow flutes.

Sometimes these flutes are 12, 16, 18 and 24 in number. Probably these flutes were made to

create a harmonious contrast of light and dark. The shaft tapers towards the top.

Doric Capital
The distinctive Doric capital consists of

i. Necking — a horizontal groove at the top of the shaft.

ii. Circular Echinus served the purpose of transmitting the weight of entablature to
the column’s shaft.
iii. A square slab above it known as Abacus.

Doric Entablature
It has three main divisions.

i. Architrave or chief beam is usually made up of two or three marble steps.

ii. Frieze is formed of triglyph with three upright channels which alternate with
metopes or square spaces, often ornamented with relief sculptures as in the
temple of Parthenon.
iii. On the top of frieze, there is a horizontal slab which is called Cornice.

Parthenon temple, built for the goddess Athena, has the best example of Doric order.

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 DORIC TEMPLES IN GREECE

c. 590 B.C. The Heraion (Temple of Hera), Olympia

c. 540 B.C. Temple of Apollo, Corinth
c. 510 B.C. Temple of Apollo, Delphi
c. 490 B.C. Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
c. 460 B.C. Temple of Zeus, Olympia
449 – 444 B.C. The Theseion (Temple of Hephaestus), Athens
c. 450 – 425 B.C. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae
447 – 432 B.C. The Parthenon, Athens
444 – 440 B.C. Temple of Poseidon, Sunium
c. 350 B.C. The Tholos, Epidauros
436 – 432 B.C. Temple of Nemesis, Rhamnus
c. 380 B.C. Temple of Asclepius, Epidauros
c. 300 B.C. Temple of Apollo, Delos

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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PARTHENON TEMPLE, At Athens (447 – 432 B.C.)
It was erected on Acropolis (the upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city). This

temple was dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos. Famous Greek architects, Ictinus and

Callicrates were responsible for completing this monument, while Pheidias was the master

sculptor of this temple. The decorations over it were designed by Pheidias.

The beauty of this building depends upon many factors but mostly upon the delicate

proportional balance between vertical and horizontal lines, and the reliefs on its walls.

The Parthenon, Athens (447 – 432 B.C.)

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 Plan of Parthenon Temple

External Plan of the Temple Building

The temple stands on a crepidoma of three steps which measure 101 ft. 4 inches x 228 ft.

It has “octastyle plan” (8 columned). It has 8 Doric columns at the front and 8 at the back, and

17 columns on its each side. The dominant feature is its marble fluted Doric orders. These

columns are 34 ft. 3 inches high. The diameter of the base goes 5 ½ times into the height of the

column.

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Entablature of Parthenon
The columns support an entablature about 11 ft. high, which has a usual division of

architrave, frieze and cornice. Architrave was ornamented with bronze shields, probably

presented by Alexander the great in 334 B.C. with dedicatory inscription in bronze letters.

The Pediment of Parthenon

The pediment or triangular wall above the entablature is filled with finest sculpture or

relief of Pheidias. The Eastern Pediment represents the birth of the goddess Athena, and the

Western Pediment represents the contest of goddess Athena with the sea god Poseidon, for the

soil of Attica, the city of Athens.

Subject Matter of Frieze

Panathenaic frieze shows the procession which went every fourth year to the acropolis, to

present the “peplos” (a body-length garment established as typical dress for women in ancient

Greece) or robe to the goddess Athena. It portrays the preparations of Athenian knights, and the

great procession of cavalry, chariots, men with olive branches, musicians, youth, sacrificial

animals, maidens with sacrificial vessels, magistrates and gods, all culminating in a central group

at the Eastern end, over the principal entrance to the temple. The movement of the procession

becomes slower as it goes to the Eastern side. At the corner gods and goddesses appear to be in

the quest of the goddess Athena.

Internal Plan of Parthenon

i. Naos
The main doorway on the East led to the temple’s main chamber called Naos. This Eastern

chamber or the Naos was 63 ft. wide and 98 ft. long. It had Doric colonnades or columns on

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 three sides, forming a passage behind the columns. Near the Western end stood the famous

statue of Athena Parthenos. The height of the statue was 42 ft. including the pedestal. It is

one of the most marvelous works of the famous sculptor Pheidias. The goddess Athena was

shown fully armed with lance (spear) and helmet, and holding the statue of winged victory

(the god of Victory) in her right hand. This statue was made of ivory and gold. The hands,

feet and face of the statue were of ivory, the eyes were precious stones, while the drapery and

armor were of solid gold, and the rest of the body was of wooden core, covered with gold

plates. The gold plates which formed the armor and drapery were detachable, so that they

could be removed in case of danger. However the statue was lost long ago, and we find its

references through literary sources and historic articles.

ii. Parthenon or the Virgin Chamber

To the West of the Naos was the Virgin chamber or Parthenon from which the temple took

its name. Its roof was supported by four Ionic orders. Both, Doric and Ionic orders are found

in this temple.

iii. Opisthodomos
At the back of the Parthenon chamber was another room, called opisthodomos, serving as a

treasure room.

iv. Pro-naos
In front of the Naos was pro-naos, which also served as the treasure room.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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THE HERAION (TEMPLE OF HERA), At Olympia (c. 590 B.C.)
The Temple of Hera at Olympia, dedicated to the goddess Hera, is the most ancient

Greek temple found. It consists of all the important aspects of Greek temples, like Peristyle,

Cella / Naos, pro-naos, Opisthodomos etc. It stands on a platform of two steps, measuring 168 ft.

by 64 ft. 6 inches. As usual with early Doric temples, the plan has long proportions.

Plan and Elevation of Temple of Hera at Olympia

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Cella or Naos
The thick naos walls are of ashlar stone to a height of 3 ft. 6 inches, but all the upper

walls were of sun-dried bricks, strengthened with wooden framing, a method of construction

reminiscent of Aegean practice. The tiles on the roof and supporting walls were made up of

baked clay. The base inside the cella was made up of limestone. This compartment was meant to

keep the statue of god.

Columns
The temple exterior has 6 columns at the front and 6 at the back, and 16 columns on each

of the other two sides.

Inside the temple, alternate columns of a range of eight on each side were attached by

spur walls to the naos walls. The columns of the colonnade are 17 ft. high with their capitals, and

are either monolithic or built-up in a varying number of drums. The internal columns and all

those in the colonnades outside were originally of wood, but were replaced with stone from time

to time over a period of centuries, retaining the Doric form. The entablature remained always of

timber, and the antae and the door casings were also of wood.

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IONIC ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE
The principal examples of this order are found in Greece and Asia Minor. The capital of

the column seems to have been derived from both Egyptians and Assyrians. This order is divided

into column and entablature.

The column is in turn divided into

i. Base
ii. Shaft
iii. Capital

i. Base

This column is separated from the stylobate by an individual base. In Ionic orders, the

columns stand on a moulded base.

ii. Shaft

Ionic order has a high and slender shaft. This is specially known for its voluted (or spiral)

motif. It is supposed that Greeks took this motif from Egyptians, Assyrians, Asia Minor

or Aegean art and architecture. It has 24 flutes. The height of this column is usually 7 to

10 times the diameter of its base.

iii. Capital

Capital consists of three parts

a. Necking
b. Echinus
c. Abacus

a. Necking

The Necking of Ionic order is a honey suckle band.

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 b. Echinus

Echinus is decorated with beads, reel, eggs and darts.

c. Abacus

The double scroll or volutes of the Ionic orders are treated almost as a separation

between the narrow echinus and thin abacus.

Entablature
Ionic entablature consists of

a. Architrave
b. Frieze
c. Cornice

a. Architrave

The architrave is represented as three super-imposed beams.

b. Frieze

Above the architrave is a frieze which is sometimes plain and sometimes in bas-relief.

c. Cornice

After the frieze, there is a cornice, which is decorated with dental ornaments.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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 IONIC TEMPLES IN ASIA MINOR

c. 560 B.C. Archaic Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

c. 540 B.C. Temple of Hera, Samos
c. 356 B.C. Later Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
c. 334 B.C. Temple of Athena Polias, Priene
c. 325 B.C. Temple of Artemis-Cybele, Sardis
313 B.C. – A.D. 41 Temple of Apollo Didymaeus, Miletus
193 B.C. Temple of Dionysus, Teos

IONIC TEMPLES IN GREECE

449 B.C. Temple on the Ilissus, Athens

c. 450 – 425 B.C. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae (internal order)
427 B.C. Temple of Nikè Apteros, Athens
421 – 405 B.C. The Erechtheion, Athens
339 B.C. The Philippeion, Olympia (external colonnade)

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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THE ERECHTHEION, At Athens (421 – 405 B.C.)

The Erechtheion is a famous temple, which stands on the Acropolis north of the

Parthenon, and designed by Mnesicles. It was considered sacred for Athenians because it has

many religious features. This temple has been erected on an uneven surface. Its columns are of

Ionic type. It is unusual and irregular in plan, having three porticoes (on east, west and north

side) as well as an attached colonnade on the western end, and was constructed at two different

levels. The western half of the naos and the ground to the north and west sides of the building are

10 ft. 6 inches below the rest. A flight of steps north of the east portico joined the two levels.

Eastern Side

The eastern part of the main block, forming the shrine of Athena Polias, guardian of the

city, is at the general Acropolis level, approached from a hexastyle (six columned) porch, with

columns 21 ft. 6 inches high, by a high doorway flanked by a window on each side. Windows are

quite rare in Greek temple architecture. The western part of the naos, at the lower level, was

divided into three chambers, together comprising the shrine of Erechtheus.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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Western Side

On the western side there was only the resemblance of a portico. Its upper part has an

attached colonnade of four columns in antis, while the lower part has a doorway. The east porch

and the attached portico on the west shared the same entablature, of the Attic type, without

dentils, which surrounded the whole building.

Northern Porch

The North Porch is tetrastyle (four columned) and two bays deep, with columns 25 ft.

high. The Porch stands at the lower level and its entablature fits just below the main one,

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resembling it in design and, like it, having a frieze of black Eleusinian limestone to which relief

sculpture in white marble formerly was attached by cramps. The North Porch capitals are very

fine. The spirals of the volutes are elaborately decorated. Within the Porch is an excellently

preserved doorway. The proportions of the columns of the three porches differ.

Southern or Caryatid Porch

The North Portico is roughly balanced on the south side, where there is Caryatid

(sculptured draped female figure used as an architectural column) Porch, which, being at the

higher level, had the necessary flight of steps within it. The Southern or Caryatid Porch had six

draped female figures or Caryatids, 7 ft. 9 inches high, standing on a solid marble wall rising

about 8 ft. above the Acropolis level. All the figures face southwards. The three western figures

lean on the right and the three eastern on the left leg, giving an effect of supporting the weight of

the entablature, which is of Asiatic type of design, lacking the frieze and with dentils in the

cornice. The second caryatid from the west is in the British Museum, and is replaced by a terra-

cotta copy.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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LATER TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, At Ephesus, Asia Minor (c. 356 B.C.)

The Later Temple of Artemis stands on the site where the previous temples had been

burnt. It was considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The outer row of columns

rested upon square sculptured pedestals which stood upon a platform of steps. Another flight of

steps led up to the platform upon which were other columns. These pedestals added height to the

lower columns, making both rows of the same level. There were 20 columns each side of the

temple and about 100 in all, 36 of which had sculptured lower circular drums. The cella had

super-imposed columns which carried the roof. Because of its size, sculptured drums and

pedestals this temple have been one of the most impressive in Greece.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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CORINTHIAN ORDER OF ARCHITECTURE
This order is more decorative than the Ionic order and therefore very little used by the

Greeks who preferred simplicity.

i. Base and Shaft

Its base and shaft resemble the Ionic order but it is slightly taller.

ii. Capital

The origin of the capital is not known. It is possible that it was inspired by the Egyptian

bell shaped capital and Assyrian spirals. It is a deep bell with two lines of 8 acanthus

leaves. Between the leaves of the upper row are eight scrolls surmounted by a curly leaf,

from which springs the volutes.

These volutes support the angles of moulded abacus, while the central volutes support the

flowers or leaf ornament at the center of the abacus.

iii. Entablature

The Corinthian entablature is similar to the Ionic order i.e. it consists of Architrave,

Frieze and Cornice. The architrave is represented as three super-imposed beams, and

above it is a frieze which is sometimes plain and sometimes in bas-relief. The cornice is

decorated with dental ornaments. The difference between the Ionic and Corinthian order

is that its cornice moulding is more decorative.

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 CORINTHIAN EXAMPLES

c. 450 – 425 B.C. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae (internal)

c. 400 B.C. The Tholos, Delphi (internal Order)
c. 350 B.C. The Tholos, Epidauros (internal Order)
339 B.C. The Tholos (Philippeion), Olympia (internal Order)
334 B.C. Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
313 B.C. – A.D. 41 Temple of Apollo Didymaeus, Miletus (internal)
174 B.C. – A.D 132 The Olympieion, Athens
c. 48 B.C. Tower of the Winds, Athens

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
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CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES, At Athens (334 B.C.)
The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates is a type of monument erected to support a tripod,

as a prize for athletic exercises, or musical competitions in Greek festivals. Lysicrates had been

the leader of a successful chorus sung in honor of Dionysos, and this elaborate monument was

built to commemorate this event. It shows the first known use of the Corinthian Order which was

used externally. Significantly this innovation appears not in a religious building but in a

commemorative monument.

It had two stages. The lower is a lofty podium of Piraeus

stone, 9 ft. 6 inches square on plan. The upper part is a hollow

cylinder of white Pentelic marble, standing upon a base of bluish

Hymettian marble, around which are 6 Corinthian columns.

Between the column capitals there are sculptured bas-relief.

Above the entablature is a dome, shaped from a single block of

Pentelic marble, carved to imitate fish-scale tiling, and bearing

three sculptured scrolls terminating in a floral ornament, which

formerly bore a bronze tripod.

The entablature had both frieze and dentilled cornice.

The columns have capitals of graceful design consisting of

acanthus leaves, water leaves and eight-petalled rosettes. The

flutings of the shafts terminate as leaves.

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TOWER OF THE WINDS, At Athens (c. 48 B.C.)
The Tower of the Winds is a Hellenistic building, which was erected for measuring the

time and indicating the weather. It was a sun-dial externally and a water-clock internally. It is an

octagonal building and stands on a crepidoma of three steps. It is roofed with blocks of marble

and surmounted by a bronze Triton.

Tower of the Winds Plan of Tower of the Winds

The N.E. and N.W. sides have porticoes of Corinthian columns; while at the south side is

a projecting circular chamber once used as a reservoir for the water-clock. The upper part has

small fluted Doric columns. The Corinthian columns have no bases, and their capitals have no

volutes, giving them a plain appearance, but they have an upper row of palm leaves.

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 The external wall of the octagonal structure is plain with the exception of incised lines

forming the sun-dial. While the upper part of the walls has sculptured figures representing the

eight principal winds.

Greeks used three ways to enlighten their buildings.

i. Through huge doorways.

ii. Use of thin tiles on the roofs.

iii. Clerestory.

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GREEK THEATRES
Plays performed today all over the Western world have their roots in ancient Greek

Theatres. The Greek theatre was built in the open air which consisted of

1. Orchestra
2. Scene / Skene Building
3. Auditorium or Cavea

Greek theatre was generally hollowed out of the slope of a hill side in or near a city.

1. Orchestra
The orchestra was a complete circle usually with an altar to the god Dionysos at the

center, where the chorus (song) was chanted (sung) and danced.

2. Scene / Skene Building

Scene building was originally a tent or booth, in which players or performers changed

their dresses and prepared themselves. It had become a permanent structure, serving also

for the storage of properties.

3. Auditorium or Cavea
Auditorium or Cavea was horse-shoe shaped and whose outer ends were buttressed by

retaining walls, and alongside them there were passages to the orchestra, which

completely separated the Cavea from the Scene building. Auditorium was founded on

natural rock, on the slopes of mountains by cutting the rocks. It was gradually raised from

the ground level in rows of stone seats so that the audience had a good view of the play.

The famous examples of Greek theatre are the Theatre of Epidauros and the

Theatre of Dionysos at Athens.

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 Plan of Greek Theatre

Theatre of Epidauros

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 PROPYLAEA
Propylaea are the entrance gateways which marked the approach to the sacred

enclosures in many cities, such as Athens, Epidauros, Eleusis and Priene.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS

The restorations of Athens, Olympia, Delphi and Epidauros give an idea of the

distribution of buildings on these famous sites.

1. Agora or Town Square

It was the center of the Greek’s social and business life around or near which were

Stoa or colonnaded porticoes, temples, administrative or public buildings, markets,

places of entertainment, monuments and shrines.

2. The Stoa

The Stoas are covered and colonnaded porticoes. It was a long colonnaded building

which served many purposes. These are usually built around the public buildings. At

the same time, these Stoas acted as a shelter for the pilgrims at religious shrines.

3. The Odeion

It was a type of a theatre in which musicians performed their works for the approval

of the public and competed for prizes. The famous example is the Odeion of King

Pericles, at Athens.

4. Stadium

The stadium was the foot race-course in the cities, where games were celebrated and

they had a length of about 600 ft. The starting end was straight, curving in semicircle

at the other end. Sometimes it was made on the side of hill, as at Olympia and
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 Epidauros. The seats were cut out of the rocks, or sometimes it was built on the flat

ground as at Delphi, Athens and Ephesus.

5. Hippodrome

The Hippodrome was the prototype of the Roman circus. It was similar to the

stadium, though longer type of building, which was used for horses and chariot

racing.

6. Palaestra / Gymnasium

In Greek architecture it was a wrestling-school, but the term is usually used

interchangeably with gymnasium, a place for physical exercises of all kinds. They

were the prototype of the Roman “thermae” or bath. The Palaestra at Olympia,

Ephesus and Pergamon had exercise courts for athletes, tanks for bathers, rooms for

dressing, toilets, place for rest, lecture halls and seats for spectators.

7. Domestic Buildings / Dwelling Houses

Dwelling Houses in Greece resembled the plans of palaces on a smaller scale. They

were of one storey, grouped around an internal courtyard, a style which still persists

in the Orient today. But the later Greek palaces were modeled on the style of the

ancient palace of King Minos in Crete.

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Institute of Visual Arts & Design
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore. 40