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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Q1. What is an example of dynamic binding?

any method
method overloading
method overriding
compiling

Q2. For which case would the use of a static attribute be appropriate?

the number of people in each house in a small neighborhood

the lot size for each house in a small neighborhood
the color of each house in a small neighborhood
the weather conditions for each house in a small neighborhood

Q3. 1 Why would you create an abstract class, if it can have no real instances?

to avoid redundant coding in children

to explore a hypothetical class
to prevent unwanted method implementation
to reserve memory for an unspecified class type

Q4. 2 Why would you create an abstract class, if it can have no real instances?

to have common behavior in derived classes

to explore a hypothetical class
to prevent unwanted method implementation
 to reserve memory for an unspecified class type

Q5. When does static binding happen?

only when you export

both at compile time and runtime
at compile time
at runtime

Q6. What is the best reason to use a design pattern?

It will result in code that is more extensible and maintainable

It will result in a more compact product.
It will speed initial development.
It will allow you to add that design pattern to your resume.

Q7. What is encapsulation?

defining classes by focusing on what is important for a purpose

hiding the data and implementation details within a class
making all methods private
using words to define classes

Q8. What is an IS-A relationship?

It implies encapsulation.
A superclass object has an IS-A relationship with its subclass.
It implies a virtual method.
A subclass object has an IS-A relationship with its superclass or interface

Q9. You want a method with behavior similar to a virtual method--it is meant to be overridden
--expect that it does not have a method body. It just has a method signature. What kind of
method should you use?

an abstract method
a public internal method
an internal method
a protected internal method

Q10. Which code creates a new object from the Employee class?

Employee currentEmployee = Employee.Create();

Employee currentEmployee = new Employee();
Employee currentEmployee;
Employee currentEmployee = Employee.New();

Q11. Which type of constructor cannot have a return type?

 default
copy
parameterized
Constructors do not have a return type

Q12. 1 When is a constructor executed?

when an object is created from a class using the new keyword

when an class is defined using the class keyword
every time an object is referenced
when an object is created from a class using the create keyword

Q13. 2 When is a constructor executed?

when an object is created from a class

when an class is defined using the class keyword
every time an object is referenced
when an object is created from a class using the create keyword

Q14. If a local class is defined in a function, what is true for an object of that class?

The object can be accessed, declared, and used locally in that function.
The object must be declared inside any other function.
The object is temporarily accessible outside the function.
The object can call all the other class members anywhere in the program.

Q15. Which two blocks are used to handle and check errors?

do and check
catching and trying
try and catch
do and while

Q16. Why would you implement composition using an id instead of a reference?

It makes it easier to save the entity.

all of these answers
It can make the entity retrieval more efficient
It minimizes coupling.

Q17. Which statement best describes the method of inheritance in OOP?

Inheritance describes the ability to create new classes based on an existing class.
Inheritance means that a group of related properties, methods, and other members are
treated as a single unit or object.
Inheritance forces a class to have a single responsibility from only one parent.
 Inheritance means that you will never have multiple classes that can be used
interchangeably, even though each class implements the same properties or methods in
different ways.

Q18. Which type of inheritance ,when done continuously, is similar to a tree structure?

multilevel
hierarchical and multiple
hierarchical
multiple

Q19. Which statement is true?

A default parameter's constructor is not equivalent to the default constructor

A default constructor is inherited from a parent class
A default constructor can be called explicitly
A default constructor cannot be defined by the coder

Q20. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using getters and setters?

Getters and setters can speed up compilation.

Getters and setters provide encapsulation of behavior.
Getters and setters provide a debugging point for when a property changes at runtime.
Getters and setters permit different access levels.

Q21. In context of OOP, what is association?

Association is a relationship where all objects have their own life cycle and there is no owner.
Association is the process where model elements cooperate to provide higher-level
behavior.
Association is whole/part relationship where one object is composed of one or more other
objects, each of which is considered a part of the whole.
Association is where all objects have their own life cycle, but there is ownerhip, and child
objects can not belong to another parent object.

Q22. How are user stories different from use cases?

User Stories are shorter and less detailed.

User stories are more accurate.
User stories are more detailed and structured.
User storised are more anecdotal and personal.

Q23. Which type of inheritance must be used so that the resultant is hybrid?

multiple
any type of inheritance
multilevel
 hierarchical

- Single Inheritance is where a derived class inherits properties and behaviour from a
single base class. Example: Class A → Class B.
- Hierarchical Inheritance is where more than one derived class is created from a
single base class. Example: Class A → Class B → Class C.
- Multiple Inheritance is for deriving a class from multiple base classes. Here, the
child objects programmers create will have combined aspects of characteristics and
features from multiple parent classes. These objects do follow their hierarchies of
base classes.
- Multilevel Inheritance is where a child class is derived from another derived class.
This feature carries combined aspects of multiple classes and follows their
hierarchies.
- Hybrid Inheritance is a heterogeneous feature of using multiple inheritances. Here a
child class is derived from one or more combinations of single, hierarchical, and
multilevel inheritances. This inheritance is adopted for programs to mix different
types of inheritance; for example, when mixing a single inheritance with multiple
inheritances or maybe a situation when multiple inheritances are mixed within a single
program.

reference

Q24. A language that does not support polymorphism but supports classes is considered
what?

an object-based language
a class-based language
a procedure-oriented language
if classes are supported, polymorphism will be supported

Q25. Two classes combine private data members and provide public member functions to
access and manipulate those data members. Where is abstraction used?

Abstraction is using a private access specifier for the data members.

Abstraction is using public member functions to access and manipulate the data members.
Abstraction is using the class concept with both data members and member functions.
There is insufficient information to decide where abstraction is being used.

Q26. What are the five Creational Design patterns by the Gang of Four ?

Observer, State, Strategy, Template Method, and Visitor.

Composite, Visitor, State, Prototype, and Singleton.
Composite, Builder, Factory Method, Prototype, and Singleton.
Abstract Factory, Builder, Factory Method, Prototype, and Singleton.

Q27. In multilevel inheritance, one class inherits how many classes?

one class only

two classes
as many classes as required
 at least two classes

Q28. if an object is passed by reference, the changes made in the function are reflected _.

to the main object of the caller function, too

on the caller function object and also the called function object
on the copy of the object that is made during the pass
only in the local scope of the called function

Q29. What is a method?

a set of instructions designed to perform a frequently used operation within a program and
return no values
the exact same thing as a function and subroutine
a set of variables that can change over time
a procedure associated with data and behaviour

Q30. A mobile phone is made up of components such as a motherboard, camera, and sensors.
The motherboard represents all the functions of a phone, the display shows the display only,
and the phone is represented as a whole. Which of the following has the highest level of
abstraction?

camera
display
motherboard
mobile phone

Q31. Which class has the highest degree of abstraction in a multilevel inheritance relationship
of five levels?

the class at the third level

the class at the first level
All have the same degree of abstraction.
the class at the second level

Q32. Which is NOT one of the basic types of inheritance?

multilevel inheritance
double inheritance
single inheritance
hierarchical inheritance

Q33. Why is code duplication so insidious?

The duplication uses unnecessary space.

One has to maintain all the duplicates.
Duplication can cause intellectual property concerns.
Duplication is easy to hide.
Q34. When and how often is a static constructor called?

It is called initially when an object is created and called with every new object instance.
It is called when an object is destroyed and only one time.
It is called initially when an object is created and only one time.
It is created at time when the object is discarded.

Q35. What does the code shown below demonstrate, and why?

static void Multiply(int num1, int num2) {};

static void Multiply(double num1, double num2, double num3) {};
static void Multiply(float num1, float num2) {};

polymorphism, because each method can perform different task

method overriding, because it display the same method name, different or same parameters,
and same return type
method overloading, because it allows the creation of several methods with the same name,
wich differ by the type of input via parameter
method overriding, because it display the same method name, different parameters, and
same return type

Q36. What is the purpose of static constructor?

to initialize all the members with static value

to delete the static members when not required
to initialize the static members of class
to clear all the static members' initialized values

Q37. What are CRC Cards?

Code Responsibility Collection cards are a brainstorming tool used in the design of
procedural software
Class Responsibility collaboration cards are a brainstorming tool used in the design of oop
software
Code Responsibility Correction cards are tools used for debugging
Code Responsibility Correction cards are tools for modeling

reference link

Q38. 1 How are contents of a composition different from those of aggregation?

if one element of an aggregation is dereferenced, all its elements are eligible for garbage
collection
if a composition dies, the contents die
the contents of a composition are all siblings
an aggregation contains only abstract classes
Q39. 2 Which statement about compositions and aggregations is true?

if one element of an aggregation is dereferenced, all its elements are eligible for garbage
collection
if a composition dies, the contents die
the contents of a composition are all siblings
an aggregation contains only abstract classes

Q40. What is the result of using more abstraction?

it can increase code vulnerability

it can make code unsafe
it can limit code readability
it can be safer for coding

Q41. Which is false for a member function of a class?

Member functions can be defined only inside or outside the class body.
Member functions can be made to be friends of another class.
Member functions do not need to be declared inside the class definition.
All member functions need to be defined.

Q42. Why is inheritance used when creating a new class?

to protect attributes from unwanted changes

to delegate coding responsibility more efficiently
to conserve memory
to avoid writing duplicate code
to separate class behavior from the more general

NOTE: I don't have 4th variant in my test, it changed to new 5th variant. Is it also true?

Q43. In addition to attributes and behaviours, what quality must a class possess?

a name
a state
a color
an object

Q44. Which type of function among the following shows polymorphism?

inline function
undefined function
virtual function
class member function

Q45. Which words in the following list are candidates for objects: trumpet, clean, enrage, leaf,
tree, collapse, active, and lively?
 leaf and tree
clean, enrage, and collapse
clean, active, and lively
leaf, tree, and trumpet

Q46. What best describes what object-oriented programming does?

It focuses on objects that interact cleanly with one another.

It programs exclusively to interfaces.
It programs exclusively to classes.
It creates one class for all business logic.

Q47. Can abstract classes be used in multilevel inheritance?

No, abstract classes can be used only in single-level inheritance since they must be
immediately implemented.
yes, always
yes, but with only one abstract class
No, abstract classes do not have constructors.

Q48. What type of inheritance may lead to the diamond problem?

single level
multilevel
hierarchical
multiple

Q49. What is the relationship between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction is about making relevant information visible, while encapsulation enables a

programmer to implement the desired level of abstraction.
Abstraction and encapsulation are essentially the same.
Abstraction and encapsulation are unrelated.
Encapsulation is about making relevant information visible, while abstraction enables a
programmer to implement the desired level of encapsulation.

Q50. Which of these keywords are access specifiers?

abstract and public

public and private
this and final
final and abstract

Q51. What is a reference to an object?

It is the address of variable only -- not the method of an object.

It is a shallow pointer that contains address of an object.
 It is the physical address of an object.
It is the address where the variables and methods of an object are stored.

Q52. Why is unit testing harder in OOP than functional programming?

Objects may maintain internal state, which is not easily accessible by the tests.
The quality of unit testing frameworks for functional languages is better.
OOP promotes code reuse, which means that your tests have to consider more use cases.
Object-oriented languages tend to rely on frameworks such as Spring or Hibernate, which
make them difficult to test.

Q53. What is the function of a user diagram?

It connects actors to use cases.

It links actors to roles played in all use cases.
It lists all actors for each use case.
It minimizes the number of actors required.

Q54. How do object behavior and attributes differ?

Behavior describe dynamic properties; attributes are static.

Attributes describe a state; behaviors describe a change.
Attributes apply only to a specified object; behavior apply to other linked objects.
Behaviors are vector quantities; attributes are scalars.

Q55. The open/closed principle states that classes should be open for _ but closed for _.

refactoring; duplication
modification; duplication
extension; modification
reuse; encapsulation

Q56. Why would you override a method of a base class?

to define a method that must be implemented in a derived class

to define a custom implementation of an inherited member
to define a method that must be implemented in a superclass only
to define a class that can be inherited from

Q57. What is a copy constructor?

It is a unique constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an object that already exists.
There will always be only one copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the
system.
It is a constructor that duplicates itself when requested on demand.
It is a common constructor for preventing the creation of a new object as a copy of an object
that already exists. There will always be multiple standard constructors that can be either
 defined by the user or the system.
It is a constructor that duplicates itself on its own, based on memory available.

Q58. What defines the catch block most accurately?

The catch block that will be executed is the one that best matches the type of exception
thrown.
Multiple catch blocks can never be associated with a single try block.
Multiple catch blocks are mandatory for each try block.
Multiple catch blocks will all be executed in the case of an exception.

Q59. There are five classes. Class E is derived from class D, D from C, C from B, and B from A.
Which class constructor(s) will be called first if the object of E or D is created?

A
B
C
C and B

Q60. You have modules that are dependent on each other. If you change one module, you
have to make changes in the dependent modules. What term is used to describe this problem,
and what is a potential solution?

Cohesion. A solution is to show that each module has certain responsibilities and to use an
anticohesive design pattern.
Encapsulation. A solution is to implement one of the SOLID principles to ensure the modules
do not encapsulate with each other.
Coupling. A solution is to refactor the code to be loosely coupled by using inversion of
control and dependency injection.
Dependency. A solution is to implement polymorphism and abstraction to change and
extract dependent elements of a module so that it functions on its own.

Q61. _ describes an aggregation

A class of resources
A group of methods
A collection of objects
A list of children

Q62. Which type of function can be used for polymorphism?

virtual function
inline function
undefined function
private function

Q63. Which choice is a benefit of using dependency injection?

 loose coupling
code reusability
lazy initialization
data abstraction

Q64. Are you required to return an object if it was passed by reference to a function, and why
or why not?

Yes, the caller function needs to reflect the changes.

No, you should use a global variable instead.
No, changes will be automatically reflected in the calling function.
Yes, the object must be the same in the caller function.

Q65. Why is inheritance?

...

Q66. What is the best example of a superclass and subclass relationship?

car:toyota
ducks:pond
toes:feet
rock:stone

Q67. Which statements best describe the Gang of Four design patterns called Memento and
Observer?

Memento notifies multiple classes of changes. Observer captures and restores an object's
internal state.
Memento defers the exact steps of an algorithm to a subclass. Observer defines a new
operation to a class without change.
Memento alters an object's behavior when its state changes. Observer encapsulates an
algorithm inside a class.
Memento captures and restores an object's internal state. Observer notifies multiple classes
of changes.

Q68. What does the value (0.5,0.5,0.5) indicate in the class diagram specification position:
Coordinate = (0.5,0.5,0.5)?

a default value of the Coordinate attribute

the size of the position array
an increment of the position attribute value
a default value of the position attribute

Q69. What is the most accurate example of the Liskov substitution principle?

A
 public class Car{
}
public class FlyingCars extends Car{
public void fly(){}
}
public class Tesla FlyingCar{}
public class Honda Car{}

public class Car{

public void fly(){}
}
public class Tesla extends Car{}
public class Honda extends Car{}

public class Car{

public void fly(){}
}
public class Tesla Car{}
public class Honda Car{}

public class Car{

}
public class FlyingCars extends Car{
public void fly(){}
}
public class Tesla extends FlyingCar{}
public class Honda extends Car{}

reference link

Q70. What is the difference between a parameter and an argument?

An argument can have many values while a parameter can have only one value.
An argument is the variable used for input values in a method. A parameter is the specific
input value passed to the method.
A parameter is a variable in the declaration of a function. An argument is the value of this
variable that gets passed to the function.
Parameters and arguments are the same

Q71. What is the scope of a class nested inside another class?

Protected scope
Private scope
 Global scope
Depends on access specifier and inheritance used

Explanation: It depends on the access specifier and the type of inheritance used with the
class, because if the class is inherited then the nested class can be used by subclass too,
provided it’s not of private type.

Q72. Methods and attributes that define an object are a kind of blueprint called what?

a collection
a variable
a class
a procedure

Q73. Assume single inheritance is used with classes A and B while A is the base class. Then
assume classes C, D, and E, where C is a base class and D is derived from C, then E is derived
from D. Class C is made to inherit from class B. Which type of inheritance is reflected?

Multilevel
Hybrid
Single level
Multiple

Q74. What is the main idea behind separation of concerns?

All of these answers

Applications are decomposed into parts
Parts are defined with minimal overlap
Each part is responsible for a separate concern

Q75. What is the purpose of the finally block?

To always run the finally block of code when the try block exits
To run code when an exception has not occurred
To run the block if an exception occurred
To run code whenever garbage collection requires it

Q76. Which choice is not an OOP language?

C#
Java
C
Python

Q77. What is the function of a finalizer or destructor?

To relinquish resources that are no longer needed

To delete a variable name
 To reset an attribute value
To hold space, even after an object is no longer being used

Q78. An instance of which type of class cannot be created?

Protected class
Base class
Anonymous class
Abstract class

Q79. In the context of OOP, what is composition?

Composition is the act of one object passing to another object an operation to be performed
on behalf of the initial object.
Composition is a part/whole relationship where an object is composed of one or more other
objects, each of which is considered a part of the whole.
Composition is a binding where the class/name association is not made until the object
designated by the name is created at execution time
Composition is a process of collecting classes that provide a set of services for a particular
domain

Q80. Static polymorphism uses method _ ?

overloading
inheritance
abstraction
overriding

Q81. What does a concrete class not have?

parents
pure virtual functions
attributes
purposes

Q82. How does dynamic typing complicate troubleshooting?

It can be difficult to identify variables that are incorrectly typed

The dynamic variables can assume only limited values
Storage is fixed for dynamic variables
Static variables are more flexible than dynamic variables

Q83. What is the difference between early binding and late binding?

Early binding is when a variable is assigned a value when a scope is created. Late binding is
when a variable is assigned a value after a scope is exited
 Early binding is when a variable is assigned a value when the program starts. Late binding is
when a variable is assigned after the program is running
There is no difference. In both cases, variables are assigned values when a program has
completed startup and is running
Early binding is when a variable is assigned its value at compile time. Late binding is when a
variable is assigned a value at run time

Q84. What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class?

Interfaces can contain code or data. Abstract classes do not contain code or data. A class can
inherit from more than one abstract class but can only implement one interface
Interfaces can contain code or data. Abstract classes do not contain code or data. A class can
inherit from only one abstract class but can implement an unlimited number of interface
Abstract classes can contain code or data. Interface do not contain code or data. A class can
inherit from only one abstract class but can implement an unlimited number of interfaces
Abstract classes can contain code or data. Interface do not contain code or data. A class can
inherit from more than one abstract class but can only implement one interface

Q85. What parameters are required to be passed to a class constructor?

Here they haven't mentioned any specific language so let's consider all languages.

reference to subclass // References to subclass are never required as you can simply Initialize
subclass & use their object.
reference to base class // References to the base class are not required in Java, Javascript &
Python
reference to this pointer // While Python & Javascript may require passing this or self in the
constructor, It is not passed in Java constructor.
none // Above 3 are incorrect so "none" is the answer

Q86. What are the four principles of object-oriented programming?

manipulation, encapsulation, inheritance, and dependency inversion

dependency inversion, open/closed principle, encapsulation, and inheritance
interface segregation, abstraction, dependency inversion, and inheritance
abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism

Q87. From the SOLID principles of object-oriented programming, which statement best
describes the Liskov substitution principle?

A class should have only a single responsibility—that is, only changes to one part of the
software's specification should be able to affect the specification of the class.
Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.
Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface.
objects in a program should be replaceable with instances of their subtypes without altering
the correctness of that program.
Q88. In addition to responsibilities, what should be listed on Class-responsability-
collaboration (CRC) cards?

which programming language will be used.

the programmer responsible for implementation.
interacting classes.
attributes.

Q89. What is the best name for the function that corrects this assessment?

makeResult()
questionScore()
calculateScore()
getAnswers()

Q90. Which relationship best illustrates an abstract-concrete class relationship?

cat : kitten
color : red
planet : moon
truck : window

Q91. What cannot be used for polymorphism?

overloading constructors
overloading member functions
static member functions
overloading predefined operator

Q92. How many levels does multilevel inheritance allow in a program?

only 10 levels of inheritance

as many levels of inheritance as required within 10 minutes
as many levels of inheritance as required
only the amount of levels memory permits, divided by processor speed

Q93. What is a virtual Method?

a method that you expect may be redefined in derived classes

a method that you do not expect to be redefined in derived classes
a private method that you do not expect to be redefined in derived public classes
a method that exists temporarily - once used, it ceases to be used by any caller

Q94. Which of these is not a basic principle of Object Oriented Programming?

Encapsulation
Compilation
 Inheritance
Polymorphism

Reference

Q95. How do object behaviour and attributes differ?

Behaviour describe dynamic properties; attributes are static.

Attributes describe a state; behaviours describe a change.
Attributes apply only to a specified object; behaviour apply to other linked objects.
Behaviours are vector quantities; attributes are scalars.

Q96. How coupled should your classes be and why?

You should increase coupling to improve dependencies between classes.

You should limit coupling to reduce dependencies between classes.
You should increase coupling so that class members relate to the class purpose.
You should limit coupling so that class members relate to the class objective.

Q97. Which statement best describes a friend class?

Friend classes support base class when necessary.

A friend class can access the private and protected members of the class in which it is
declared as a friend.
Friend classes do not have any implementation.
A friend class can access only protected members of the class of which it is a friend.

Reference

Q98. Which code sample demonstrates multiple inheritance?

class employee{ }; class stream{ }; class topper{ };

class employee{int rating;}; class stream:public employee{ };

class employee{int rating;}; class stream{int total;}; class topper: employee, stream{
};

class employeef{int rating};}: class stream{ }: class topper: public employee{ }:

Q99. What is multilevel inheritance?

a class that does not have more than one parent.

a class not derived from another derived obiect.
not doubling single-level inheritance.
classes derived from other derived classes.

Reference

Q100. Can you have two classes with the same name in the same proiect?
No, you cannot.
Yes, as long as their constructors are different.
Yes, as long as their methods are different.
Yes, as long as they are in different namespaces.