1st Term s2 Mathematics
1st Term s2 Mathematics
WEEK TOPIC
1 Revision of Logarithm of Numbers Greater than One and Logarithm of Numbers Less than
one; Reciprocal and Accuracy of Results Using Straight Calculation.
2 1. Approximations; Calculations Using Standard Form; Significant Figures; and Percentage Error.
3 2. Sequence and Series: Concept of Sequence and Series; Terms of Arithmetic Progressions and
Sum ; Solving problem on A.P
4 3. Geometric Progressions: The nth Term and Sum of the First n-terms. Problem Solving on G.P
and Geometric Mean.
5 4. Construction of Quadratic Equation from Sum and Product of Roots. Word Problem Leading to
Quadratic Equation.
6 5. Review of the Half Term Work and Periodic Test.
7 Simultaneous Equations: Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Elimination and Substitution
Method; Word Problem Leading to Simultaneous Equations.
8 Simultaneous Equations: Solving Equations Involving One Linear and One Quadratic;
Using Graphical Method to Solve Quadratic Equations.
9 Straight Line Graphs: Gradient of a Straight Line; Gradient of a Curve; Drawing of Tangents to
a Curve.
10 Revision.
REFERENCE BOOKS
New General Mathematics SSS2 by M.F. Macrae etal.
Essential Mathematics SSS2 by A.J.S. Oluwasanmi.
Example:Simplify : √[P/Q], leaving your answer in standard form given that P = 3.6 x 10 -3 and
Q = 4 x 10-8.
Solution
= √[P/Q]
3.6 x 10-3
= 4 x 10 -8
= / 36 x 10-4
√ 4 x 10 -8
= √ 9 x 10 -4 –(-8)
= 3 x (10 4) ½
= 3 x 10 2
EVALUATION
1. Evaluate 2.5 x 10-3 + 3.2 x 10-2
2. Without using table, evaluate the following leaving your answer in standard form,
i. 4ab given that a= 3.5 x 10 -3 and b = 2.3 x 106 ii. 0.08 x 0.000025
0.0005
LOGARITHM OF NUMBERS GREATER THAN ONE
Base ten logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 is raised to give that number e.g.
628000 = 6.28 x105
628000 = 100.7980 x 105
= 100.7980+ 5
= 105.7980
Log 628000 = 5.7980
IntegerFraction (mantissa)
If a number is in its standard form, its power is its integer i.e. the integer of its logarithm e.g. log 7853
has integer 3 because 7853 = 7.853 x 103
Examples:
Use tables (log) to find the complete logarithm of the following numbers.
(a) 80030 (b) 8 (c) 135.80
Solution
(a) 80030 = 4.9033
(b) 8 = 0.9031
(c) 13580 = 2.1329
Evaluation
Use table to find the complete logarithm of the following:
(a) 183 (b) 89500 (c) 10.1300 (d) 7
Examples
Evaluate using logarithm.
1. 4627 x 29.3
2. 8198 ÷ 3.905
3. 48.63 x 8.53
15.39
Solutions
1. 4627 x 29.3
No Log
4627 3.6653
X 29.3 + 1.4669
= 135600
2. 819.8 x 3.905
No Log
819.8 2.9137
3.905 0.5916
antilog → 209.9 2.3221
819.8 ÷ 3.905 = 209. 9
3. 48.63 X 8.8.53
15.39
No Log
48.63 1.6869
8.53 + 0.9309
2.6178
÷ 15.39 - 1.1872
antilog → 26.95 1.4306
48.63 ÷ 8.53 = 26.96
15.39
Evaluation: Use logarithm to calculate. 3612 x 750.9
113.2 x 9.98
USING LOGARITHM TO SOLVE PROBLEMS WITH POWERS AND ROOT (NO. GREATER THAN
ONE)
Examples:
Evaluate:
(a) 3.533 (b) 4 40000 (c) 94100 x 38.2 to 2 s.f
3
5.683 x 8.14
Solution
(a) 3.533
No. Log_____
3.533 0.5478 x 3
44.00 1.6434
3.533 = 44.00
(b) 4 4000
No. Log_____
4 4000 3.6021 ÷ 4
7.952 0.9005
4 4000 = 7.952
(c) 94100 x 38.2
5.6833x 8.14
Find the single logarithm representing the numerator and the single logarithm representing the
denominator, subtract the logarithm then find the antilog.
No Log
2 . 5682
Evaluation
1. Find the logarithm of the following:
(a) 0.064 (b) 0.002 (c) 0.802
2. Evaluate using logarithm.
95.3 x 318.4
1.295 x 2.03
Solution
5. 3 0. 06642
Solution
1. 0.6735 x 0.928
No. Log.__
0.6735 1.8283
0.928 1.9675
0.6248 1.7958
2. 0.005692 0.0943
No Log
0.005692 3.7553
0.0943 2.9745
0.06037 2.7808
3. 0.61043
No Log_____
0.61043 1.7856 x 3
0.2274 1.3568
0.61043 = 0.2274
4. 4 0.00083
No. Log._____
4 0.00083 4.9191 4
0.1697 1.2298
4 0.06642 =0.1697
5. 3 0.06642
No. Log.____________
3 0.06642 2.8223 3
3 ) 2 + 0.8223
3 ) 3 + 1.8223
1 + 0.6074
0.405 1.6074
1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 7
30.6642 = 0.405
Note: 3 cannot divide 2 therefore subtract 1 from the negative integer and
add 1 to the positive decimal fraction so as to have 3 which is divisible
by 3 without remainder.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Use table to find the log of the following:
1. 900 (a) 3.9542 (b) 1.9542 (c) 2.9542 (d) 0.9542
2. 12.34 (a) 3.0899 (b) 1.089 (c) 2.0913 (d) 1.0913
3. 0.000197 (a) 4.2945 (b) 4.2945 (c) 3.2945 (d) 3.2945
4. 0.8 (a) 1.9031 (b) 1.9031 (c) 0.9031 (d) 2.9031
5. Use antilog table to write down the number whose logarithms is 3.8226.
(a) 0.6646 (b) 0.06646 (c) 0.006646 (d) 66.46
THEORY
Evaluate using logarithm.
1. 23.97 x 0.7124
3.877 x 52.18
2. 3 76.58
0.009523
Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for SSS2, pages 1-10, Exercise 1.8
Evaluation
2. Range of values measured to a given significant figure. E.g. find the range of value of 6000 to
1 sf = 5500 - 6500
2 sf = 5950 - 6050
3 sf = 5995 - 6005
5 sf = 5999.95- 6000.05
3. Range of values measured to a given decimal places e.g. 39.8 to a 1d.p = 39.75 – 39.85.
Note: if it is 1 d.p, the range of values will be in 2 d.p, if 2 d.p, the range will be in 3 d.p etc.
(i.e the range = d.p + 1). The same rule is also applicable to range of values to given
significant figure.
Evaluation
Orally: From New General Mathematics SS 2 by J. B. Channon and Co 3 rd edition exercise 46 no. 1a – f.
Solutions
1. Measurement = 7.5litres ( 1d.p)
Range of values = 7.45 - 7.55
Error = 7.5 – 7.45 = 0.05
% error = error x 100
measurement 1
0.05 x 100
7.51
= 0.67%
2. Measurement = 62kg (2 s.f)
Range of values = 61.5kg to 62.5kg
error = 6.2 - 61.5 = 0.5kg
% error = error x 100
measurement 1
0.5 x 100 = 0.81%
62 1
EVALUATION
1. Calculate correct to 2 s.f. the percentage error in approximately 0.375 to 0.4.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
What is the error in the following measurement
1. The distance between two towns is 60km to the nearest km. (a) 5km (b) 0.5km (c) 8.3km
(d) 0.83km
2. The area of a classroom is 400m2 to 2 s.f. (a) 50m 2 (b) 1.25m2(c) 2.5m2 (d) 5m2
3. A sales girl gave a girl a balance of N1.15 to a customer instead of N1.25, calculate the % error.
4. A student measured the length of a room and obtained the measurement of 3.99m, if the
percentage error of his measurement was 5% and his own measurement was smaller than the length,
what is the length of the room?(a) 3.78m (b) 3.80m (c) 4.18m (d) 4.20m
5. A man is 1.5m tall to the nearest cm, calculate his percentage error.
(a) 0.05cm (b) 0.33% (c) 0.033% (d) 0.05cm
THEORY
1. A classroom is 10m by 10m; a student measured a side as 9.5m and the other side as 10m and
uses his measurement to calculate the area of the classroom. Find the percentage error in a.
the length of one of the sidesb. the area of the room
2. Instead of recording the number 1.23cm for the radius of a tube, a student recorded 1.32cm,
find the percentage error correct to 1 d.p.
Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for SSS2, pages 13-22, Exercise 2.4
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A. P)
CONTENT
Sequence
Definition of Arithmetic Progression
Denotations in Arithmetic progression
In each of the examples below, there is a rule which will give more terms in the list. A list like this is
called a SEQUENCE in many cases; it can simply matter if a general term can be found for a sequence
e.g.
1, 5, 9, 13, 17 can be expressed as
1, 5, 9, 13, 17 ……………. 4n – 3 where n = no of terms
Check: 5th term = 4(5) -3
20 – 3 = 17
10th term = 4(10) – 3
40 – 3 = 37
Example 2
Find the 6th and 9th terms of the sequence whose nth term is
(a) (2n + 1)
(b) 3 – 5n.
Solution
(a) 2n + 1
6th term = 2(6) + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13
9th term = 2 (9) + 1 = 18 + 1 = 19
(b) 3 – 5n
6th term = 3 – 5 (6) = 3 – 30 = -27
9th term = 3 – 5 (9) = 3 – 45 = -42
Evaluation
For each of the following sequence, find the next two terms and the rules which give the term.
1. 1, 1, , 1 , 1 , ____, ____
2 4 8
2 100, 96, 92, 88, _____, ____
3. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ____, _____
4. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ____, _____
(i) Arrange the numbers in ascending order (ii) Find the next two terms in the sequence
5. 19, 13, 16, 22, 10
6. -21/2, 51/2, 31/2, 11/2, -1/2
7. Find the 15th term of the sequence whose nth term is 3n - 5
4
DEFINITION OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A sequence in which the terms either increase or decrease in equal steps is called an Arithmetic
Progression.
The sequence 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, ____, _____, _____ has a first term of 9 and a common difference
of +3 between the terms.
Denotations in A. P.
a = 1st term
d = common difference
n = no of terms
Un = nth term
Sn = Sum of the first n terms
Example:
1.Given the A.P, 9, 12, 15, 18 …… find the 50th term.
a = 9 d = 3 n = 50 U n = U50
Un= a + (n-1) d
U50 = 9 + (50-1) 3
= 9 + (49) 3
= 9 + 147
= 156
2.The 43rd term of an AP is 26, find the 1st term of the progression given that its common difference is
½ and also find the 50th term.
U43= 26 d= ½ a = ? n = 43
Un = a + (n-1) d
26 = a + (43-1) ½
26 = a + 42(1/2)
26 = a + 21
26 – 21 = a
5=a
a=5
(b) a = 5 d =½ n = 50 U 50 =?
Un = a + (n-1) d
U50 = 5 + (50-1)1/2
= 5 + 49(1/2)
U50 = 5 + 241/2
U50 = 291/2
Evaluation
1. Find the 37th term of the sequence 20, 10, 0, -10…
2. 1, 5… 69 are the 1st, 2nd, and last term of the sequence; find the common difference between
them and the number of terms in the sequence.
When the terms of a sequence are unending, the series is called infinite series, it is often impossible to
find the sum of the terms in an infinite series.
e.g. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + …………………. Infinite
If sum = 2, n = 8
Then
S = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15
Or S = 15 + 13 + 11 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 1
Add eqn1 and eqn 2
2s = 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 48 = 8(16)
2 2 = S = 64
Deriving the formula for sum of A. P. The following represent a general arithmetic series when the
terms are added.
S = a + (a+d) + a + 2d + …………………………… + (L-2d) + (L-d) + L – eqn
a = 16 d = 9 – 16 = -7 n = 20
S = n(2a + (n-1)d)
2
S = 20 (2x16) + (20-1)(-7)
2
= 20 (32 + 19(-7)
2
S = -1010
EVALUATION
1. Find the sum of the arithmetic series with 16 and -117 as the first and 20 th term respectively.
2. The salary scale for a clerical officer starts at N55, 200 per annum. A rise of N3, 600 is given at the
end of each year; find the total amount of money earned in 12 years.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the 4th term of an A. P. whose first term is 2 and the common difference is 0.5 (a) 4 (b)
4.5 (c) 3.5 (d) 2.5
2. In an A. P. the difference between the 8th and 4th term is 20 and the 8th term is 11/2 times the
4th term, find the common difference (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 10
3. Find the first term of the sequence in no. 2 (a) 70 (b) 45 (c) 25 (d) 5
4. The next term of the sequence 18, 12, 60 is (a) 12 (b) 6 (c) -6 (d) -12
5. Find the no. of terms of the sequence 1/2 , ¾, 1, ……………….. 51/2 (a) 21 (b) 43/4 (c) 1
(d) 22
THEORY
Reading Assignment
New General Mathematics SSS2
WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
CONTENT
Definition of Geometric Progression
Denotations of Geometric progression
The nth term of a G. P.
The sum of Geometric series
Sum of G. P. to infinity
Geometric mean
Definition of G. P
The sequence 5, 10, 20, 40 has a first term of 5 and the common ratio
Between the term is 2 e.g. (10/5 or 40/2o = 2).
Denotations in G. P
a = 1st term
r = common ratio
Un = nth term
Sn = sum
Example
Given the GP 5, 10, 20, 40. Find its (a) 9th term (b) nth term
Solution
a=5 r = 10/5 = 2
U9 = arn-1
U9 = 5 (2) 9-1
= 5 (2)8
= 5 x 256 = 1,280
(b) Un = arn-1
= 5(2) n-1
Example 2
The 8th term of a G.P is -7/32. Find its common ratio if it first term is 28.
U8 = -7/32 Un = arn-1
8-1
-7/32 = 28 (r)
-7/32 = 28r7
-7/32 x 1/28 =
-7/32 x 1/28 = r7
7 -77
r= -7 =
32 x 28 896
r = - 0.5
Evaluation
1. The 6th term of a G.P is 2000. Find its first term if its common ratio is 10.
2. Find the 7th term and the nth term of the progression 27, 9 , 3, …
S – rs = a – arn
S (1 – r) =a(1-rn)
1–r 1-r
Example:
Find the sum of the series.
a. ½ + ¼ + 1/8 + …………………… as far as 6th term
b. 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + …………………. 729
Solution
a = ½
r = ½ (r = ¼ ½ = ½)
r< 1
S = a (1-rn)
1–r
S6 = [½ (1 – (½)6]
1-½
S6= ½ (1 – 1/64)
½
S6 = 1 – 1 = 64 – 1 = 63
64 64 64
2. a = 1, r = 3, n = ? Un = 729
Un = arn-1
729 = 1 x 3n-1 (3n-1 = 3n x 3-1)
729 = 3n
3
n
3 = 3 x 729
3n = 31 x 36
3 n = 37
n=7
S = a(rn-1)
r–1
S = a(37 – 1) = 2187 - 1
3–1 2
2186 = 1093
2
Evaluation: Find the sum of the series 40, -4, 0.4 as far as the 7th term.
SUM OF G. P. TO INFINITY
Sum of G. P to infinity is only possible where r is < 1.
Where r is > 1 there is no sum to infinity.
Example:
1. Find the sum of G. P. 1 + ½ + ¼ + …………………… (a) to 10 terms (b) to 100 terms. Hence
deduce the sum of the series (formula) if it has a very large no. of term or infinity.
(a) a=1 r=½
n = 10
S = a (1-rn)
1-r
S = 1(1-(1/2)10) = 1(1-0.0001)
1- ½ 1/2
2 (1 – 0.001)
2 – 0.002 = 1.998.
b. n = 100.
S = a (1 – rn)
1-r
In general,
S = a (1-rn)= a(1-0) = a__
1-r 1-r 1–r
S= a__ = n →
1–r
Example 2:
Find the sum of the series 45 + 30 + 20 + ……………… to infinity.
a = 45, r = 2/3, n = infinity
S∞ = a S = 45__
1–r 1- 2/3
S∞ = 45 ÷ 1/3
45 x 3/1
= 135
Evaluation
1. The sum to infinity of a Geometric Series is 100. Find the first term if the common ratio is - 1/2.
2. The 3rd and 6th term of a G. P. are 48 and 142/9 respectively, write down the first four terms of
the G. P.
3. The sum of a G. P. is 100 find its first term if the common ratio is 0.8.
GEOMETRIC MEAN
If three numbers such as x , y and z are consecutive terms of a G.P then their common ratio will be
y =z
x y
y 2 = xz
y = xz
The middle value , y is the geometric mean (GM). We can conclude by saying that the GM of two
numbers is the positive square root of their products.
Example
Calculate the geometric mean of I. 3 and 27 II. 49 and 25
4
Solution
I. G.M of 3 and 27 II. G.M of 49 and 25
= √ 3 x 27 4
= √ 81 = 49 x 25
= 9 4
= 7x5
2
= 35 = 17 1/2
2
Example
The first three terms of a GP are k + 1, 2k – 1, 3k + 1. Find the possible values of the common ratio.
Solution
The terms are k + 1, 2k – 1, 3k + 1
2k -1 =3k + 1
k+1 2k – 1
(2k-1)(2k-1) = (k+1)(3k+1)
4k 2-2k-2k +1 = 3k2 +k+3k + 1
4k 2- 4k +1 = 3k2 +4k + 1
4k 2 - 3k2 - 4k - 4k + 1-1 = 0
k2 -8k = 0
k(k-8) = 0
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. In the 2nd and 4th term of a G.P are 8 and 32 respectively, what is the sum of the first four terms.
(a) 28 (b) 40 (c) 48 (d) 60
2. The sum of the first five term of the G.P. 2, 6, 18, is (a) 484 (b) 243 (c) 242 (d) 130
3. The 4th term of a GP is -2/3 and its first term is 18 what is its common ratio. (a) ½ (b) 1/3
(c) -1/3 (d) -1/2
4. If the 2nd and 5th term of a G. P. are -6 and 48 respectively, find the sum of the first four terms: (a)
-45 (b) -15 (c) 15 (d) 33
5. Find the first term of the G.P. if its common ratio and sum to infinity – 3/3 and respectively (a) 48
(b) 18 (c) 40 (d) -42
THEORY
1.The 3rd term of a GP is 360 and the 6th term is 1215. Find the
(i) Common ratio (ii)First term (iii) Sum of the first four terms
1b. If (3- x) + (6) + (7- 5x) is a geometric series, find two possible values for
(i) x (ii) the common ratio, r (iii) the sum of the G.P
2.The first term of a G. P. is 48. Find the common ratio between its terms if its sum to infinity is 36.
Reading Assignment
New General Mathematics SSS2
( α – β) =√ (4/3 )2 – 4 ( - 1/3 )
= √ 16/9 +4/3
= √16 + 12
9
= √28 = √28
9 3
:. α - β = √28
3
Evaluation
If α and β are the roots of the equation
2x2 – 11x + 5 = 0, find the value of
a. α - β
b. 1 + 1
Hence,
x(x+5) = 266
x2+5x- 266 = 0
(x-14)(x+19)=0
x=14 or x= -19
2. Tina is 3 times older than her daughter. In four years time, the product of their ages will be 1536.
How old are they now?
Solution
Let the daughter’s age be x.
Tina’s age = 3x
In four years’ time,
Daughter’s age = (x+4)years
Tina’s age = (3x+4)years
The product of their ages :
(x+4)(3x+4)= 1536
3x2+ 16x – 1520 = 0
(x-20)(3x+76) = =0
x=20 or x=-25.3
Evaluation
1. Think of a number, square it, add 2 times the original number. The result is 80. Find the number.
2. The area of a square is 144cm2 and one of its sides is (x+2)cm. Find x and then the side of the
square.
3. Find two consecutive odd numbers whose product is 224.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x 2 + 9x+9=0:
1. Find the product of their roots. A. 4 B. 4.5 C. 5.5 B. -4.5
2. Find the sum of their roots. A. 4 B. 4.5 C. 5.5 B. -4.5
3. Find α2+β2 A. 11.5 B. -11.25 C. 11.25 D. -11.5
5. Find αβ/ α + β A. 1 B.-1 C. 1.5 D. 4.5
THEORY
Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for SSS2, pages 50-54, exercise 4.6 and
WEEK SIX
REVIEW OF FIRST HALF TERM LESSONS
WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
CONTENT
Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Elimination and Substitution Method
Solving Equations Involving Fractions.
Word problems.
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
Methods of solving Simultaneous equation
i. Elimination method
ii. Substitution method
iii. Graphical method
ELIMINATION METHOD
One of the unknowns with the same coefficient in the two equations is eliminated by subtracting or
adding the two equations. Then the answer of the first unknown is substituted into either of the
equations to get the second unknown.
Example
Solve for x and y in the equations 2x + 5y = 1 and 3x – 2y = 30
Solution
To eliminate x multiply equation 1 by 3 and equation 2 by 2
2x + 5y = 1 ………. eqn 1 (x (3)
3x – 2y = 30 ………… eqn 2 (x (2)
Resulting into,
6x + 15 y = 3 ………. eqn 3
6x – 4y = 60 ……….. eqn 4
Subtract eqn 3 from eqn 4
6x – 6x + 15y – (- 4y) = 3 – 60
19y = -57 3
19 19
y = -3
Substitute y = - 3 into eqn 1
2x + 5 (-3) = 1
2x = 1 + 15
2x =16
2 2
x = 8
y = -3 and x = 8
Evaluation
Using elimination method to solve the simultaneous equations.
1. 5x – 4y = 38 and x + 3y = 22
2. 2c-3d= -4 and 4c-3d= -14
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
2. Find a two digit number such that two times the tens digit is three less than thrice the unit digit and
4 times the number is 99 greater than the number obtained by reversing the digit.
Solution
Let the two digit number be ab, where a is the tens digit and b is the unit digit
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. If (x-y) log106 = log10 216 and 2 x+y =32 , calculate the values of x and y
a. x=1 , y=4 b. x= 4 , y =1 c. x=-4 , y= 1 d. x=4, y= -1
2. The point of intersection of the lines 3x- 2y =-12 and x + 2y = 4 is …
a. (5, 0) b. (3, 4) c. (-2, 5) d. (-2, 3)
3. Find the value of (x - y), if 2x + 2y =16 and 8x – 2y = 44 a. 2 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
4. If 5 (p +2q) =5 and 4 (p+3q) =16, the value of 3(p+q) is ….. a.0 b. -1 c.2 d. 1
5. Given 4x – 3y = 11 evaluate y2 – 3x
7x – 4y 23 3 a. -2 b. 3 c. -3 d. 2
THEORY
1. Given that 2 1- x/y = 1/32, find x in terms of y, and hence solve the simultaneous equations
2x + 3y – 30 = 0 and 21- x/y = 1/32 (WAEC)
2. A number is made up of two digits. The sum of the digits is 11. If the digits are interchanged, the
original number is increased by 9. Find the original number. (WAEC)
Reading assignment
Essential Mathematics for SSS2, pages 55-59, exercise 5.2
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
CONTENT
Solving Simultaneous Equations Involving One linear and One quadratic.
Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Graphical Method
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE LINEAR AND ONE QUADRATIC
One of the equations is in linear form while the other is in quadratic form.
Note: One linear, one quadratic is only possible analytically using substitution method.
Examples:
1. Solve simultaneously for x and y (i.e. the points of their intersection)
3x + y = 10 & 2x2 +y2 = 19
When x = 3
y = 10 – 3(x)
y = 10 - 3(3)
y = 10 – 9 = 1
When x =27/11
y = 10 – 3(27/11)
y = 10 - 51/11
y = 110 - 51
11
y = 59/11
w hen x = 3, y = 1
x = 27 , y = 59
11 11
Evaluation
Solve for x and y
1. 3x 2 - 4y = -1 2. 4x 2 + 9y2 = 20
2x – y = 1 2x – 9y = -2
MORE EXAMPLES
Solve simultaneously for x and y.
3x – y = 3 -------- eq 1
9x2 - y 2 = 45 --------- eq 2
Solution
From eq 2
(3x)2 - y 2 = 45
(3x-y) (3x+y) = 45 ---------- eq 3
Substitute eq 1 into eq 3
3 (3x + y) = 45
3x + y = 15 ……………..eq4
Evaluation
Solve for x and y in the following pairs of equations
1. (a) 4x2 – y2 = 15 (b) 3x 2 +5xy –y2 =3
2x – y = 5 x - y =4
Evaluation
Solve the following simultaneous equation
1. (a) 22x-3y = 32, 3x-2y = 81 (b) 2x+2y=1, 32x+y = 27
2. Bisi’s and Fibie’s ages add up to 29. Seven years ago Bisi was twice as old as Fibie. Find their
present ages.
Solution
Table of values for y = x2 – x – 1
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
-x +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Y 11 5 1 -1 -1 1 5 11
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y 11 5 1 -1 -1 1 5 11
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Solve each of the following pairs of equations simultaneously,
1. xy = -12 ; x – y = 7 a. (3 , -4)(4 ,-3) b. (-2 ,4)(-3, -4) c.(-4, 5)(-2 , 3) d.(3 ,-3)(4,-4)
2. x – 5y = 5 ; x2 – 25y2 = 55 a (-8, 0)(3/5 , 0) b. (0, 0)(-8 , 3/5) c. (8 , 3/5) d. (0, 8)(0, 3/5)
3. y = x2 and y = x + 6 (a).(0,6) (3,9) (b)(-3,0) (2,4) (c) (-2,4) (3,9) (d).(-2, 3), (-3,2)
2 2
4. x – y = -3/2 ; 4x + 2xy – y = 11/4 : a. (-1, 1/2)(1, 5/2). b. (3, 2/5) (1, 1/2) c.(3/2 ,
-1) (4,2) d.(-1 , -1/2)(-1 , 5/2)
5. m2 + n2 = 25 ; 2m + n – 5 = 0 : a. (0,5)(4, -3) b.(5,0)(-3,4)c.(4,0)(-3,5) d(-5,3)(0,4)
THEORY
1a. Find the coordinate of the points where the line 2x – y = 5 meets the curve 3x 2 – xy -4 =10
b. Solve the simultaneous equation: 22x+4y = 4, 33x + 5y – 81= 0
2. A woman is q years old while her son is p years old. The sum of their ages is equal to twice the
difference of their ages. The product of their ages is 675.
Write down the equations connecting their ages and solve the equations in order to find the ages of
the woman and her son. (WAEC)
y
M
B
2 units up
A
1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 33
C
4 units across
θ
x
L
i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = AC
increase in y = vertical distance = BC
the gradient of a line is represented by letter m.
the gradient of a line LM is given by:
¿ BC 2 1
m = increase∈ y ¿ A ¿ B A ¿ B ¿= = =
increase∈x ¿ AC 4 2
BC 2 1
also in ABC, tan θ= = =
AC 4 2
it follows that the gradient of line AB = tanθ . When a line slopes upwards (uphill) to the right, the
gradient of the line is positive.
Negative gradient (downhill slope)
In the diagram below, line PQ slopes downwards and it makes an obtuse angle β with positive x-axis,
so tan β is negative. Again, to find the gradient of the line, we choose two convenient points such as D
and F on the line. In moving from D to F, x increase (→) and y decreases (↓).
y
p
D E
3 units down
F β
O
Q
i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = DE and decrease in y = vertical distance = EF.
The gradient, m of line PQ is given by:
¿ EF −3 −3
m = increase∈ y ¿ D ¿ F D¿ F ¿= = =
increase ∈x ¿ DE 4 4
Also the gradient of line PQ = tan β
When a line slopes downwards to the right (i.e. downhill) the gradient is negative.
For example, in the diagram below, the slope goes up 3 units for every 4 units across. Since triangles
PQT, QRU and RSW are similar,
y B
S
R θ
W
Q θ
U
P θ
T
θ x
A
(y2, y1)
A(x1, y1)
(x2, x1)
x
O
of point B are P
(x2, y2), then in moving from A to B, the increase in x (or change in x) is AC and the
increase in y (or change in y) is CB, i.e. AC = x 2 – x1 and CB = y2 – y1,
Thus, the gradient, m of the line PQ is given by:
increase∈ y difference∈ y coordinate
m= =
increase∈ x difference∈x coordinate
CB y 2− y1
= =
AC x 2−x 1
Exercise
Calculate the gradient of the line joining the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2) and.
Solution
Method 1
Plot the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2).
2 D(3. 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 8 units
-4
C(-2. -6) -6
5 units
-8
Method 2
We can calculate the gradient in the following 2 ways.
a) In moving from C to D
(x1, y1) = (-2, -6) and (x2, y2) = (3, 2)
y 2− y 1 2−(−6) 2+6 8
m= = = =
x 2−x 1 3−(−2) 3+2 5
b) In moving from D to C
(x1, y1) = (3, 2) and (x2, y2) = (-2, -6)
y 2− y 1 −6−2 −8 8
m= = = =
x 2−x 1 −2−3 −5 5
Notice that the answer is the same in obht cases, therefore, it does not matter which point we call the
first or the second.
Example
Find the gradient of the line joining (-4, 6) and (3, 0)
Solution
Let m = gradient,
(x1, y1) = (-4, 6) and (x2, y2) = (3 , 0)
y 2− y 1 0−6 −6 −6 −6
m= = = = =
x 2−x 1 3−(−4) 3+4 7 7
Evaluation
Find the gradients of the line joining the following pairs of points.
1. (9,7) , (2,5)
2. (2,5) , (4,5)
3. (2,3) , (6,-5)
Solution
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2 Q
increase∈ y −RQ
Gradient of PQ = =
increase ∈x PR
−6 −3
=
4 2
Evaluation
Using three convenient points, draw the graph of the following linear equations and then find their
gradients.
1. 2x-y-6=0 2.) 5y+4x=20 3.) 3x-2y=9
GRADIENT OF A CURVE
Finding the gradient of a straight line is constant at any point on the line. However, the gradient of a
curve changes continuously as we move along the curve. In the diagram below, the gradient at P is
not equal to the gradient at S. to find the gradient of a curve, draw a tangent to the curve, draw a
tangent to the curve at the point your require to find the gradient. For example, the gradient of curve
at point P is the same as the gradient of the tangent PQ. Also the gradient of the curve at S is the
same as the gradient of the tangent ST.
y
10
P
x
1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 37
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
S U
Q -5
R
TU 10
Gradient = = =5
SU 2
Remember that the gradient is positive because the tangent slopes upwards from left to right.
Note: This method only gives approximate answer. However, the more accurate your graphs are, the
more accurate your answers will be.
Evaluation
Draw the graphs of the following functions and use the graphs to find the gradients at indicated points.
1) y= x2 –x-2 at x= -1
2) y= x2-3x-4=0 at x = 4
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the gradient of the equation of line 2y – 10 = 2x A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. Find the gradient of the line joining (7,-2) and (-1,2) A. ½ B. – ½ C. 1/3 D. -1/3
3. Find the equation of a straight line passing through (-3,-5) with gradient 2.
A. y =3x-1 B. y=2x-1C. y=2x-1 D. y=3x+1
Given that 3y-6x +15=0, use the information to answer questions 4 and 5.
4. Find the gradient of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2
5. Find the intercept of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2
THEORY
1. Draw the graph of y= 2x-3 using convenient points and scale. Hence , find the gradient of the line
at any convenient point.
2a) Copy and complete the following table of values for the relation y= 2x 2 – 7x-3.
X -2 1- 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y 19 - -
3 9
b) Using 2cm to 1unit on the x-axis and 2cm to 5units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y= 2x 2 -7x-3
for -2≤ x≤5.
c) From your graph, find the:
i. minimum value of y.
ii. the equation of the line of symmetry.
iii. the gradient of the curve at x=1.
Reading Assignment
New General Mathematics for SSS2, pages 190-192, exercise 16d.