OCH752-

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 1

UNIT II CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 2

CONTENTS
• Conventional energy resources,
• Thermal, hydel and nuclear reactors,
• thermal, hydel and nuclear power plants, efficiency,
• merits and demerits of the above power plants,
• combustion processes,
• fluidized bed combustion.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 3

Conventional Energy Resources

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 4

Thermal Power Plant
• A thermal power station or a coal fired thermal power plant
is the most conventional method of generating electric
power with reasonably high efficiency. It uses coal as the
primary fuel to boil the water available to superheated
steam for driving the steam turbine.
• The steam turbine is then mechanically coupled to an
alternator rotor, the rotation of which results in the
generation of electric power. Generally in India, bituminous
coal or brown coal are used as fuel of boiler which has
volatile content ranging from 8 to 33% and ash content 5 to
16 %. To enhance the thermal efficiency of the plant, the
coal is used in the boiler in its pulverized form.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 5
• In coal fired thermal power plant, steam is obtained in very high pressure
inside the steam boiler by burning the pulverized coal. This steam is then
super heated in the super heater to extreme high temperature. This
superheated steam is then allowed to enter into the turbine, as the turbine
blades are rotated by the pressure of the steam.
• The turbine is mechanically coupled with alternator in a way that its rotor
will rotate with the rotation of turbine blades. After entering into the
turbine, the steam pressure suddenly falls leading to corresponding
increase in the steam volume. After having imparted energy into the
turbine rotors, the steam is made to pass out of the turbine blades into the
steam condenser of turbine. In the condenser, cold water at ambient
temperature is circulated with the help of pump which leads to the
condensation of the low pressure wet steam.
• In thermal power plants, the heat energy obtained from combustion of
solid fuel (mostly coal) is used to convert water into steam, this steam is at
high pressure and temperature. This steam is used to rotate the turbine
blade turbine shaft is connected to the generator.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 6

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 7
LAYOUT OF MODERN THERMAL POWERPLANT

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 8

• A steam power plant, also known as thermal power plant, is using
steam as working fluid. Steam is produced in a boiler using coal as
fuel and is used to drive the prime mover, namely, the steam turbine.
In the steam turbine, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy
which is used for generating electric power. Generator is an electro-
magnetic device which makes the power available in the form of
electrical energy. The layout of the steam power plant consists of four
main circuits.
• These are:
• 1. Coal and ash circuit
• 2. Air and flue gas circuit
• 3. Water and steam circuit and
• 4. Cooling water circuit
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 9
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 10
 1.Coal and Ash Circuit:
• This includes coal delivery, preparation, coal handling, boiler furnace, ash
handling and ash storage. The coal from coal mines is delivered by ships, rail
or by trucks to the power station. This coal is sized by crushers, breakers
etc. The sized coal is then stored in coal storage (stock yard). From the stock
yard, the coal is transferred to the boiler furnace by means of conveyors,
elevators etc.
• The coal is burnt in the boiler furnace and ash is formed by burning of coal,
Ash coming out of the furnace will be too hot, dusty and accompanied by
some poisonous gases. The ash is transferred to ash storage. Usually, the
ash is quenched to reduced temperature corrosion and dust content.
• There are different methods employed for the disposal of ash. They are
hydraulic system, water jetting, ash sluice ways, pneumatic system etc. In
large power plants hydraulic system is used. In this system, ash falls from
furnace grate into high velocity water stream. It is then carried to the
slumps.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 11
Fuel (Coal) and Ash Circuit

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 12

2.Water and Steam Circuit
• It consists of feed pump, economizer, boiler drum, super heater, turbine
condenser etc.
• Feed water is pumped to the economizer from the hot well. This water is
preheated by the flue gases in the economizer. This preheated water is
then supplied to the boiler drum. Heat is transferred to the water by the
burning of coal. Due to this, water is converted into steam.
• The steam raised in boiler is passed through a super heater. It is
superheated by the flue gases. The superheated steam is then expanded in
a turbine to do work. The turbine drives a generator to produce electric
power. The expanded (exhaust) steam is then passed through the
condenser. In the condenser, the steam is condensed into water and
recirculated. A line diagram of water and steam circuit is shown separately
in figure.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 13

Water and Steam Circuit

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 14

3.Air and Flue Gas Circuit
• It consists of forced draught fan, air pre heater, boiler furnace, super
heater, economizer, dust collector, induced draught fan, chimney etc.
Air is taken from the atmosphere by the action of a forced draught
fan. It is passed through an air pre-heater. The air is pre-heated by
the flue gases in the pre-heater. This pre-heated air is supplied to the
furnace to aid the combustion of fuel. Due to combustion of fuel, hot
gases (flue gases) are formed.
• The flue gases from the furnace pass over boiler tubes and super
heater tubes. (In boiler, wet steam is generated and in super heater
the wet steam is superheated by the flue gases.) Then the flue gases
pass through economizer to heat the feed water. After that, it passes
through the air pre- heater to pre-heat the incoming air. It is then
passed through a dust catching device (dust collector). Finally, it is
exhausted to the atmosphere through chimney. A line diagram of air
and flue gas circuit is shown separately in figure.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 15
Air and Flue Gas Circuit

Induced Draught Fan

Forced Draught Fan

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 16

4.Cooling Water Circuit:
• The circuit includes a pump, condenser, cooling tower etc. the
exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in condenser. In the
condenser, cold water is circulated to condense the steam into water.
The steam is condensed by losing its latent heat to the circulating cold
water.
• Thus the circulating water is heated. This hot water is then taken to a
cooling tower, In cooling tower, the water is sprayed in the form of
droplets through nozzles. The atmospheric air enters the cooling
tower from the openings provided at the bottom of the tower. This air
removes heat from water. Cooled water is collected in a pond (known
as cooling pond). This cold water is again circulated through the
pump, condenser and cooling tower. Thus the cycle is repeated again
and again. Some amount of water may be lost during the circulation
due to vaporization.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 17
Cooling Water Circuit

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 18

Merits (Advantages) of a Thermal Power Plant
• The unit capacity of a thermal power plant is more. The cost of unit
decreases with the increase in unit capacity.
• Life of the plant is more (25-30 years) as compared to diesel plant (2-5
years).
• Repair and maintenance cost is low when compared with diesel plant.
• Initial cost of the plant is less than nuclear plants.
• Suitable for varying load conditions.
• No harmful radioactive wastes are produced as in the case of nuclear
plant.
• Unskilled operators can operate the plant.
• The power generation does not depend on water storage.
• There are no transmission losses since they are located near load
centres. Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 19
Demerits of Thermal Power Plants
• Thermal plant are less efficient than diesel plant.
• Starting up the plant and bringing into service takes more time.
• Cooling water required is more.
• Space required is more
• Storage required for the fuel is more
• Ash handling is a big problem.
• Not economical in areas which are remote from coal fields
• Fuel transportation, handling and storage charges are more
• Number of persons for operating the plant is more than that of nuclear
plants. This increases operation cost.
• For large units, the capital cost is more. Initial expenditure on structural
materials, piping, storage mechanisms is more.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 20
Hydro or Hydel Power Plant
• Hydro-electric plants: This type of plant makes use of energy of water
stored at an elevation arid allowed to drop to a lower level. The
electric generator is driven by a turbine through which the water from
the pond is made to work.
• A hydro-electric plant comprises of the turbines, governing gear,
coolant circulators etc. The operation of such a plant is usually much
simpler than that of a steam, diesel or gas powered plant.
• In hydro-electric plants energy of water is utilized to move the
turbines which in turn run the electric generators. The energy of
water utilized for power generation may be kinetic or potential. The
kinetic energy of water is its energy in motion and is a function of
mass and velocity while the potential energy is a function of the
difference in level/head of water between two points.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 21

Hydro Power to Electricity

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 22

Hydro Power Plant -Classification

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 23

Cont.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 24

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 25
• The main parts of the hydel power plant are
• Reservoir: The function or purpose of reservoir is to store the water during
rainy season and supply the same during dry season. This is in simple,
water storage area.
• Dam: The function of dam is to increase the height of the water level
(increase in the potential energy) behind it which ultimately increases the
reservoir capacity. The dam also helps in increasing the working head of
the power plant. Dams are generally built to provide necessary head to the
power plant.
• Trash Rack: The water intake from the dam or from the forebay are
provided with trash rack. The main function of trash rack is to prevent the
entry of any debris which may damage the wicket gates and turbine
runners or choke-up the nozzles of impulse turbine. During winter season
when water forms ice, to prevent the ice from clinging to the trash racks,
they are often heated electrically. Sometimes air bubbling system is
provided in the vicinity of the trash racks which brings warmer water to the
surface of the trash racks.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 26
• Forebay: The function of forebay is to act as regulating reservoir
temporarily storing water when the load on the plant is reduced and to
provide water for initial increment of an increasing load
• while water in the canal is being accelerated. In many cases, the canal itself
is large enough to absorb the flow variations. In short, forebay is naturally
provided for storage of water to absorb any flow variations if exist. This can
be considered as naturally provided surge tank as it does the function of
the surge tank. The forebay is always provided with some type of outlet
structure to direct water to penstock depending upon the local conditions.
• Surge Tank: The main function of surge tank is to reduce the water
hammering effect. When there is a sudden increase of pressure in the
penstock which can be due sudden decrease in the load demand on the
generator. When there is sudden decrease in the load, the turbine gates
admitting water to the turbine closes suddenly owing to the action of the
governor. This sudden rise in the pressure in the penstock will cause the
positive water hammering effect. This may lead to burst of the penstock
because of high pressures.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 27

For understanding forebay and Surgetank in Hydro
Power plants

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 28

• A surge tank is introduced in the system between dam and the power
house nearest. Surge tank is a tank provided to absorb any water surges
caused in the penstock due to sudden loading and unloading of the
generator. When the velocity of the water in the penstock decreases due to
closing of turbine valves, the water level in the surge tank increases and
fluctuating up and down till its motion is damped out by the friction.
Similarly when the water accelerates in the penstock, water is provided by
the surge tank for acceleration. Surge tank water level falls down and
fluctuates up and down absorbing the surges.
• Penstock: Penstock is a pipe between the surge tank and the prime-mover.
The structural design of the penstock is same as for any other pipe expect it
has to bear high pressure on the inside surface during sudden decease in
the load and increase in the load. Penstocks are made of steel through
reinforced concrete. Penstocks are usually equipped with the head gates at
the inlet which can be closed during the repair of the penstocks, A
sufficient water head should be provided above the penstock entrance in
the forebay or surge tank to avoid the formation of vortices which may
carry air in to the penstock and resulting in lower turbine blade efficiency.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 29
• Spillway: The function of spillway is to provide safety of the dam. Spillway
should have the capacity to discharge major floods without damage to the
dam and at the same time keeps the reservoir levels below some
predetermined maximum level.
• Power House: A power house consists of two main parts, a sub-structure
to support the hydraulic and electrical equipment and a superstructure to
house and protect this equipment.
• The superstructure of most power plants is the buildings that house all
the operating equipment. The generating unit and the exciter is located in
the ground floor. The turbines which rotate on vertical axis are placed
below the floor level while those rotating on a horizontal axis are placed
on the ground floor alongside of the generator

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 30

• Prime movers or Hydro Turbines: The main function of prime movers
or hydro turbines is to convert the kinetic energy of the water in to
the mechanical energy to produce the electric power. The prime
movers which are in common use are pelton wheel, francis turbine
and kaplan turbines.
• Draft tube: The draft tube is a part of the reaction turbine. The draft
tube is a diverging discharge passage connecting the running with
tailrace. It is shaped to decelerate the flow with a minimum loss so
that the remaining kinetic energy of the water coming out of the
runner is efficiently regained by converting into suction head.,
thereby increasing the total pressure difference on the runner. This
regain of kinetic energy of the water coming out from the reaction
turbine is the primary function of the draft tube. The regain of static
suction head in case where the runner is located above the tail water
level is the secondary purpose of the draft tube.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 31

Advantages:
• There is substantial increase in peak load capacity of the
plant at comparatively low capital cost.
• Due to load comparable to rated load on the plant, the
operating efficiency of the plant is high.
• There is an improvement in the load factor of the plant.
• The energy available during peak load periods is higher
than that of during off peak periods so that inspite of
losses incurred in pumping there is over-all gain.
• Load on the hydro-electric plant remains uniform.
• The hydro-electric plant becomes partly independent of
the stream flow conditions.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 32

 Pumped Storage Hydel Power Plants
• Pumped storage plants are employed at the places where the
quantity of water available for power generation is inadequate. Here
the water passing through the turbines is store in ‘tail race pond’.
During low load periods this water is pumped back to the head
reservoir using the extra energy available.
• This water can be again used for generating power during peak load
periods. Pumping of water may be done seasonally or daily
depending upon the conditions of the site and the nature of the load
on the plant.
• Such plants are usually interconnected with steam or diesel engine
pants so that off peak capacity of interconnecting stations is used in
pumping water and the same is used during peak load periods. Of
course, the energy available from the quantity of water pumped
water the power available is reduced on account of losses occurring
in prime movers.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 33
Layout of Pumped storage Hydro Power Plants

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 34

Cont.
• Under pump storage projects almost 70 percent power used in
pumping the water can be recovered. In this field the use of ‚Reversible
Turbine Pump‛ units is also worth noting.
• These units can be used as turbine while generating power and as
pump while pumping water to storage. The generator in this case
works as motor during reverse operation. The efficiency in such case is
high and almost the same in both the operations.
• With the use of reversible turbine pump sets, additional capital
investment on pump and its motor can be saved and the scheme can
be worked more economically

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 35

 Advantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plants
• Water is a renewable source of energy. Water which is the
operating fluid, is neither consumed nor converted into
something else,
• Water is the cheapest source of energy because it exists as
a free gift of nature. The fuels needed for the thermal,
diesel and nuclear plants are exhaustible and expensive.
• There is no ash disposal problem as in the case of thermal
power plant.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 36

Disadvantages of Hydro Electric Power Plants
• 1. Impact on Fish
• To create a hydro plant, a running water source must be dammed. This
prevents fish from reaching their breeding ground, which in turn affects
any animal that relies on those fish for food.
• As the water stops flowing, riverside habitats begin to disappear. This can
even remove animals from accessing water.
• 2. Limited Plant Locations
• While hydropower is renewable, there are limited places in the world that
are suitable for plant construction. On top of this, some of these places are
not close to major cities that could fully benefit from the energy.
• 3. Higher initial Costs
• While no power plant is easy to build, hydro plants do require you to build
a dam to stop running water. As a result, they cost more than similarly
sized fossil fuel plants.
• Although, they will not need to worry about purchasing fuel later on. So it
does even out over the long-term.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 37
• 4. Carbon and Methane Emissions
• While the actual electricity generation in the plant does not produce
emissions, there are emissions from the reservoirs they create. Plants that are
at the bottom of a reservoir begin to decompose. And when plants die, they
release large quantities of carbon and methane.
• 5. Susceptible to Droughts
• While Hydropower is the most reliable renewable energy available, it is
dependent on the amount of water in any given location. Thus, the
performance of a hydro plant could be significantly affected by a drought. And
as climate change continues to heat up or planet, this could become more
common.
• 6. Flood Risk
• When dams are built at higher elevations, they pose a serious risk to any
town nearby that is below it. While these dams are built very strong, there
are still risks. The biggest dam failure in history is the Banqiao Dam failure in
China(1975). Due to excess rainfall from a typhoon, the dam collapsed. This
resulted in the deaths ofDr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP-
171,000 AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV
people. CSE 38
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
• A nuclear power plant is similar to a conventional steam power plant
except how that energy is evolved.
• The heat is produced in the nuclear power plant by fission, whereas in
steam and gas turbine plants, the heat is produced by combustion in
the furnace.
• The nuclear reactor acts as a furnace where nuclear energy is evolved
by splitting or fissioning of the nucleus of fissionable material like
Uranium U-235.
• It is claimed that 1 kg U-235 can produce as much heat energy that
can be produced by burning 4500 tones of high grade coal or 1700
tons of oil
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 39
 Terminologies
• Radioactivity
• The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of powerful radiations
exhibited by heavy element is called radioactivity. The radioactivity
may be natural or artificial.
• Isotopes and isotones
• Those pairs of atoms which have the same atomic number and hence
similar chemical properties but different atomic mass number are
called isotopes. Those atoms whose nuclei have the same number of
neutrons are called isotones.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 40

• Fission
• Fission is the process that occurs when a neutron collides with the
nucleus of certain of heavy atoms, causing the original nucleus to split
into two or more unequal fragments which carry-off most of the
energy of fission as kinetic energy. This process is accompanied by the
emission of neutrons and gamma rays.
• Nuclear fusion
• Nuclear fusion is the process of combining or fusing two lighter nuclei
into a stable and heavier nuclide. In this case large amount of energy
is released because mass of the product nucleus is less than the
masses of the two nuclei which are fused.
• Fertile Materials
• It has been found that some materials are not fissionable by
themselves but they can be converted to the fissionable materials,
these are known as fertile materials.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 41
Fission Energy

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 42

• Nuclear energy is divided from splitting (or) fissioning of the nucleus
of fissionable material like Uranium U-235. Uranium has several
isotopes (Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different
atomic masses) such as U-234, U-235 and U-238. Of the several
isotopes, U-235 is the most unstable isotope, which is easily
fissionable and hence used as fuel in an atomic reactor.
• When a neutron enters the nucleus of an unstable U-235, the nucleus
splits into two equal fragments (Krypton and Barium) and also
releases 2.5 fast moving neutrons with a velocity of 1.5×107 m/sec
and along with this produces a large amount of energy, nearly 200
million electro- volts. This is called nuclear fission.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 43

Chain Reaction
• A chain reaction is that process in which the number of neutrons
keeps on multiplying rapidly (in geometrical progression) during
fission till whole the fissionable material is disintegrated. The
multiplication or reproduction factor (K) is given by

• K= No. of neutrons in any particular generation

No. of neutrons in the preceding generation

• If K > 1, chain reaction will continue and if K < 1, chain reaction

cannot be maintained.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 44

• The neutrons released during fission are very fast and can be made to
initiate the fission of other nuclei of U-235, thus causing a chain
reaction. When a large number of fission occurs, enormous amount
of heat is generated, which is used to produce steam.
• The chain reaction under controlled conditions can release extremely
large amount of energy causing ‚atomic explosion
• Energy released in chain reaction, according to Einstein law is

• E = mc2
• Where
• E = Energy liberated (J)
• m= Mass (kg)
• c = Velocity of light (3 × 108 m/sec).

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 45

• Out of 2.5 neutrons released in fission of each nucleus of U-235,
one neutron is used to sustain the chain reaction, about 0.9
neutron is captured by U-238, which gets converted into
fissionable material Pu-239 and about 0.6 neutron is partially
absorbed by control rod materials, coolant and moderator. If
thorium is used in the reactor core, it gets converted to
fissionable material U-233.
• Thorium 232 + Neutron ® U-233
• Pu-239 and U-233 so produced are fissionable materials are
called secondary fuels. They can be used as nuclear fuels. U-238
and Th-232 are called fertile materials

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 46

Fusion energy
• Energy is produced in the sun and stars by continuous fusion
reactions in which four nuclei of hydrogen fuse in a series of reactions
involving other particles that continually appear and disappear in the
course of the reaction, such as He3, nitrogen, carbon, and other
nuclei, but culminating in one nucleus of helium of two positrons.

 4 1H 1 + 2 + 1e 4 2 He

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 47

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 48
• To cause fusion, it is necessary to accelerate the positively
charged nuclei to high kinetic energies, in order to overcome
electrical repulsive forces, by raising their temperature to hundreds
of millions of degrees resulting in plasma. The plasma must be
prevented from contacting the walls of the container, and must be
confined for a period of time (of the order of a second) at a minimum
density. Fusion reactions are called thermonuclear because very high
temperatures are required to trigger and sustain them. Table lists the
possible fusion reactions and the energies produced by them. n, p,
D, and T are the symbols for the neutron, proton, deuterium (H2),
and tritium (H3), respectively.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 49
 Fusion reaction Energy per
Number reaction

Reactants Products MeV

1 D+D T+p 4
2
D+D He3 + n 3.2
3
T+D He4 + n 17.6
4
He3 + D He4+ p 18.3

Where,
n, p, D, and T are the symbols for the neutron, proton, Deuterium (H2), and Tritium (H3),
respectively.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 50

 Types of Nuclear Radiations
• The five types of nuclear radiations are
• Gamma rays (or photons) : electromagnetic radiation.
• Neutrons : uncharged particles, mass approximately 1.
• Protons : + 1 charged particles, mass approximately 1.
• Alpha particles : helium nuclei, charge + 2, mass 4.
• Beta particles : electrons (charge – 1), positrons
(charge + 1), mass very small.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 51

Effects of Nuclear Radiation
• Ionization
• Displacement
• Absorption

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 52

Factors that are to be considered for selecting
the site for Nuclear Power Plant.
• Proximity to load centre
• Population distribution
• Land use
• Meteorology
• Geology
• Seismology
• Hydrology

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 53

Advantages of Nuclear Power Plant
• It can be easily adopted where water and coal resources are
not available.
• The Nuclear power plant requires very small quantity of fuel.
Hence fuel transport cost is less.
• Space requirement is very less compared to other power
plant of equal capacity.
• It is not affected by adverse weather condition.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 54

 Nuclear Power Plants

Block Diagram of Nuclear Power Plants

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 55
Nuclear Power Plants
• A nuclear power plant differs from a conventional steam power plant
only in the steam generating part. There is no change in the turbo-
alternator and the condensing system. The nuclear fuel which is at
present in commercial use is Uranium. Heat energy evolved by the
fission reaction of one kg of U235 can produce as much energy as can
be produced by burning 4500 tons of high grade coal.
• Uranium exists in the isotopic form of U235 which is unstable. When
a neutron enters the nucleus of U235, the nucleus splits into two
equal fragments and also releases 2.5 fast moving neutrons with a
velocity of 1.5 × 107 metres / sec producing a large amount of energy,
nearly 200 million electron- volts. This is called nuclear fission.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 56

 Main components of nuclear power plants:
• i)Moderators
• In any chain reaction, the neutrons produced are fast moving neutrons. These are
less effective in causing fission of U235 and they try to escape from the reactor. It is
thus implicit that speed of these neutrons must be reduced if their effectiveness is
carrying out fission is to be increased. This is done by making these neutrons collide
with lighter nuclei of other materials, which does not absorb these neutrons but
simply scatter them. Each collision causes loss of energy and thus the speed of
neutrons is reduced. Such a material is called a ‘Moderator’. The neutrons thus
slowed down are easily captured by the fuel element at the chain reaction proceeds
slowly
• ii)Reflectors
• Some of the neutrons produced during fission will be partly absorbed by the fuel
elements, moderator, coolant and other materials. The remaining neutrons will try
to escape from the reactor and will be lost. Such losses are minimized by
surrounding (lining) the reactor core with a material called a reflector which will
reflect the neutrons back to the core. They improve the neutron economy.
Economy: Graphite, Beryllium. Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 57
Cont.
• iii)Shielding
• During Nuclear fission ¥, b, g particles and neutrons are also produced. They are
harmful to human life. Therefore it is necessary to shield the reactor with thick
layers of lead, or concrete to protect both the operating personnel as well as
environment from radiation hazards.
• iv)Cladding
• In order to prevent the contamination of the coolant by fission products, the fuel
element is covered with a protective coating. This is known as cladding. Control
rods are used to control the reaction to prevent it from becoming violent. They
control the reaction by absorbing neutrons. These rods are made of boron or
cadmium. Whenever the reaction needs to be stopped, the rods are fully inserted
and placed against their seats and when the reaction is to be started the rods are
pulled out.
• v)Coolant
• The main purpose of the coolant in the reactor is to transfer the heat produced
inside the reactor. The same heat carried by the coolant is used in the heat
exchanger for further utilization in the power generation.Some of the desirable
properties of good coolant are listed below
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 58
Cont.
• It must not absorb the neutrons.
• It must have high chemical and radiation stability
• It must be non-corrosive.
• It must have high boiling point (if liquid) and low melting point
(if solid)
• It must be non-oxidizing and non-toxic.
• vi)Nuclear reactor
• A nuclear reactor may be regarded as a substitute for the boiler fire
box of a steam power plant. Heat is produced in the reactor due to
nuclear fission of the fuel U235 The heat liberated in the reactor is
taken up by the coolant circulating through the core. Hot coolant
leaves the reactor at top and flows into the steam generator (boiler).
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 59
Cont.
• vii)Radiation hazards and Shieldings
• The reactor is a source of intense radioactivity. These radiations are
very harmful to human life. It requires strong control to ensure that
this radioactivity is not released into the atmosphere to avoid
atmospheric pollution. A thick concrete shielding and a pressure
vessel are provided to prevent the escape of these radiations to
atmosphere.
• viii)Steam generator
• The steam generator is fed with feed water which is converted into
steam by the heat of the hot coolant. The purpose of the coolant is to
transfer the heat generated in the reactor core and use it for steam
generation. Ordinary water or heavy water is a common coolant.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 60
• ix)Turbine
• The steam produced in the steam generator is passed to the turbine
and work is done by the expansion of steam in the turbine.
• x)Coolant pump and Feed pump
• The steam from the turbine flows to the condenser where cooling
water is circulated. Coolant pump and feed pump are provided to
maintain the flow of coolant and feed water respectively.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 61

 Advantages of Nuclear Power Plant
• It can be easily adopted where water and coal resources are not
available.
• The nuclear power plant requires very small quantity of fuel. Hence fuel
transportation cost is less.
• Space requirement is less compared to other power plants of equal
capacity.
• It is not affected by adverse weather conditions.
• Fuel storage facilities are not needed as in the case of the thermal
power plant.
• Nuclear power plants will converse the fossils fuels (coal, petroleum)
for other energy needs.
• Number of workmen required at nuclear plant is far less than thermal
plant.
• It does not require large quantity of water.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 62
Disadvantages
• Radioactive wastes, if not disposed of carefully, have adverse effect on
the health of workmen and the population surrounding the plant.
• It is not suitable for varying load condition.
• It requires well-trained personnel.
• It requires high initial cost compared to hydro or thermal power plants.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 63

Some Important Nuclear Reactors
• Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
• Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• Liquid metal-cooled reactor
• Fast Breeder reactor.
• Gas-cooled reactor

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 64

Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 65

Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 66

Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR) Power Plant
• A common nuclear power reactor design in which very pure water is
heated to a very high temperature by fission, kept under high
pressure (to prevent it from boiling), and heat from the primary
coolant(pure water) loop vaporizes the water in a secondary loop,
producing steam by a steam generator.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 67

 Construction and working principle of Pressurized
Water Reactor(PWR)
• In a typical design concept of a commercial PWR, the following process occurs:
• The core inside the reactor vessel creates heat.
• Pressurized water in the primary coolant loop carries the heat to the steam
generator.
• Inside the steam generator, heat from the primary coolant loop vaporizes the
water in a secondary loop, producing steam.
• The steamline directs the steam to the main turbine, causing it to turn the
turbine generator, which produces electricity.
• The unused steam is exhausted to the condenser, where it is condensed into
water. The resulting water is pumped out of the condenser with a series of
pumps, reheated, and pumped back to the steam generator. The reactor's core
contains fuel assemblies that are cooled by water circulated using electrically
powered pumps. These pumps and other operating systems in the plant receive
their power from the electrical grid. If offsite power is lost, emergency cooling
water is supplied by other pumps, which can be powered by onsite diesel
generators. Other safety systems, such as the containment cooling system, also
need electric power. PWRs contain between 150-200 fuel assemblies.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 68
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 69

 Construction and Working principle of Boiling
Water Reactor (BWR)
• Figure shows a simplified BWR. Light water, which acts as the coolant and
moderator, passes through the core where boiling takes place in the upper
part of the core. The wet steam then passes through a bank of moisture
separators and steam dryers in the upper part of the pressure vessel. The
water that is not vaporized to steam is recirculated through the core with
the entering feed water using two recirculation pumps coupled to jet
pumps (usually 10 to 12 per recirculation pump). The steam leaving the top
of the pressure vessel is at saturated conditions of 7.2 MPa and 278°C.
• The steam then expands through a turbine coupled to an electrical
generator. After condensing to liquid in the condenser, the liquid is
returned to the reactors as feedwater. Prior to entering the reactor, the
feedwater is preheated in several stages of feedwater heaters. The balance
of plant systems (Example: Turbine generator, feedwater heaters) are
similar for both PWR and BWRs.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 70
• The BWR reactor core, like that in a PWR, consists of a large number of fuel
rods housed in fuel assemblies in a nearly cylindrical arrangement. Each fuel
assembly contains an 8×8 or 9×9 square array of 64 or 81 fuel rods (typically
two of the fuel rods contain water rather than fuel) surrounded by a square
Zircaloy channel box to ensure no coolant crossflow in the core.
• The fuel rods are similar to the PWR rods, although larger in diameter. Each
fuel rod is a zirconium alloy- clad tube containing pellets of slightly enriched
uranium dioxide (2% to 5% U-235) stacked end-to- end. The reactor is
controlled by control rods housed in a cross-shaped, or cruciform,
arrangement called a control element. The control elements enter from the
bottom of the reactor and move in spaces between the fuel assemblies.
• The BWR reactor core is housed in a pressure vessel that is larger than that of
a PWR. A typical BWR pressure vessel, which also houses the reactor core,
moisture separators, and steam dryers, has a diameter of 6.4 m, with a height
of 22 m. Since a BWR operators at a nominal pressure of 6.9 MPa, its pressure
vessel is thinner that that of a PWR.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 71
Heavy Water Cooled Reactor (HWR) (or) CANDU Type Reactor
(CANDU – Canadium, Deutrium, Uranium).

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 72

• These reactors are more economically to those nations which do not
produce enriched uranium as the enrichment of uranium is very
costly. In this type of reactors, the natural uranium (0.7% U235) is
used as fuel and heavy water as moderator.
• This type of reactor was first designed and developed in Canada. The
first heavy water reactor in Canada using heavy water as coolant and
moderator of 200 MW capacity with 29.1% thermal efficiency was
established at Douglas (Ontario known as Douglas power station. The
arrangement of the different components of CANDU type reactor is
shown in figure

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 73

• The coolant heavy water is passed through the fuel pressure tubes
and heat-exchanger. The heavy water is circulated in the primary
circuit in the same way as with a PWR and the steam is raised in the
secondary circuit transferring the heat in the heat exchanger to the
ordinary water.
• The control of the reactor is achieved by varying the moderator level
in the reactor and, therefore, control rods are not required. For rapid
shutdown purpose, the moderator can be dumped through a very
large area into a tank provided below the reactor.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 74

Advantages and disadvantages of HWR (or) CANDU
type Reactor.
Advantages
• The major advantage of this reactor is that the fuel need not be enriched.
• The reactor vessel may be built to withstand low pressure, therefore, the cost
of the vessel is less.
• No control rods are required, therefore, control is much easier than other
types.
• The moderator can be kept at low temperature which increases its
effectiveness in slowing- down neutrons.
• Heavy water being a very good moderator, this type of reactor has
higher multiplication factor and low fuel consumption.
• A shorter period is required for the site construction compared with
PWR and BWR.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 75
Disadvantages
• The cost of heavy water is extremely high (Rs. 300/kg).
• The leakage is a major problem as there are two mechanically sealed
closures per fuel channel. Canadian designs generally are based or
recovering high proportion of heavy water leakages as absolute leak-
tightness cannot be assured.
• Very high standard of design, manufacture inspection and maintenance are
required.
• The power density is considerably low (9.7 kW/litre) compared with PWR
and BWR, therefore, the reactor size is extremely large.
• Even though CANDU-type reactors look promising in future, light water
reactors all over the world proved more efficient than heavy water and in
fact only 36 out of 529 power reactors in the world are based on heavy
water.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 76

Sodium Graphite Reactor (SGA)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 77

• The reactor shown in figure uses two liquid metal coolants. Liquid
sodium (Na) serves as the primary coolant and an alloy of sodium
potassium (NaK) as the secondary coolant.
• Sodium melts at 208°C and boils at 885°C. This enables to achieve
high outlet coolant temperature in the reactor at moderate pressure
nearly atmospheric which can be utilized in producing steam of high
temperature, thereby increasing the efficiency of the plant. Steam at
temperature as high as 540°C has been obtained by this system. This
shows that by using liquid sodium as coolant more electrical power
can be generated for a given quantity of the fuel burn up.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 78

• Secondly low pressure in the primary and secondary coolant circuits,
permits the use of less expensive pressure vessel and pipes etc.
Further sodium can transfer its heat very easily. The only
disadvantage in this system is that sodium becomes radioactive while
passing through the core and reacts chemically with water. So it is not
used directly to transfer its heat to the feed water, but a secondary
coolant is used. Primary coolant while passing through the tubes of
intermediate heat exchanges (I.H.X) transfers its heat to the
secondary coolant.
• The secondary coolant then flows through the tubes of steam
generator and passes on its heat to the feed water. Graphite is used
as heat transfer media have certain advantages of using liquids used
for heat transfer purposes. The various advantages of using liquid
metals as heat transfer media are that they have relatively low
melting points and combine high densities with low vapour pressure
at high temperatures as well as with large thermal conductivities
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 79
Fast Breeder Reactor

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 80

• Figure shows a fast breeder reactor system. In this reactor the core
containing U235 in surrounded by a blanket (a layer of fertile material
placed outside the core) of fertile material U238. In this reactor no
moderator is used. The fast moving neutrons liberated due to fission of
U235 are absorbed by U238 which gets converted into fissionable material
Pu239 which is capable of sustaining chain reaction. Thus this reactor is
important because it breeds fissionable material from fertile material U238
available in large quantities. Like sodium graphite nuclear reactor this
reactor also uses two liquid metal coolant circuits. Liquid sodium is used as
primary coolant when circulated through the tubes of intermediate heat
exchange transfers its heat to secondary coolant sodium potassium alloy.
The secondary coolant while flowing through the tubes of steam generator
transfers its heat to feed water.
• Fast breeder reactors are better than conventional reactors both from the
point of view of safety and thermal efficiency. For India which already is
fast advancing towards self reliance in the field of nuclear power
technology, the fast breeder reactor becomes inescapable in view of the
massive reserves of thorium and the finite limits of its uranium resources.
The research and development efforts in the fast breeder reactor
technology will have to be stepped up considerably if nuclear power
generation is to make any impact on the country’s total energy needs in the
not too distant future. Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 81
• The commonly used coolants for fast breeder reactors are as follows:
• Liquid metal (Na or NaK).
• Helium (He)
• carbon dioxide.
• Sodium has the following advantages:
• It has very low absorption cross-sectional area.
• It possesses good heat transfer properties at high temperature and
low pressure. It does not react on any of the structural materials used
in primary circuits.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 82
 Gas-Cooled Reactor
CO2 Or Helium

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 83

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 84
• A gas cooled reactor was first developed in U.K. uses CO2, as coolant instead of
water and graphite as moderator. It is called gas cooled graphite moderated
(GCGM) reactor.
• It uses natural uranium as fuel. The coolant pressure is about 7 bar and
temperature 336°C. Another gas cooled reactor developed in U.S.A uses helium
as coolant and graphite as moderator.
• It is called high temperature gas cooled (HTGC) reactor. The fuel-Uranium as
fissile material and thorium as fertile material.
• The pressure and temperatures of the coolant are 15 bar to 30 bar and 700°C to
800°C respectively. HTGCR may work upto a thermal efficiency of 40%.
• The advantage of using gas as coolant compared to water is that it is safe, easy to
handle and it can be heated up to any temperature without change of phase at
any pressure though the gas has low heat transfer properties compared to water.
• However, working with gas coolants in the reactors, a large rate of gas circulation
with the help of blowers is needed for affecting the required energy transfers.
• Therefore for driving the blowers a large amount of power is needed compared
to power needed for running the feed water pumps in case water is used as
coolant. It lowers the thermal efficiency of the gas cooled reactors compared to
liquid cooled reactors.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 85
• Advantages of gas cooled reactor :
• It has no corrosion problem.
• Gases are safe and easy to handle.
• Graphite remains stable at high temperatures and radiation problems are
minimum.
• These can be operated at high temperatures.
• Gases can be pressurized easily.
• Disadvantages of gas cooled reactor :
• Gases have lower heat transfer coefficient thus it requires large heat
exchangers.
• Fuels have to be operated at high temperatures.
• Large amount of fuel loading is required.
• If helium is used as in case of HTGC, leakage is a major problem.
• More power is needed for coolant circulation compared to liquid cooled
reactors
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 86
 Combustion Processes
• Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used to burn solid
fuels.
• In its most basic form, fuel particles are suspended in a hot, bubbling fluidity
bed of ash and other particulate materials (sand, limestone etc.) through which
jets of air are blown to provide the oxygen required for combustion or
gasification. The resultant fast and intimate mixing of gas and solids promotes
rapid heat transfer and chemical reactions within the bed.

• What is fluidized-bed combustion system?

• Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) uses a mixture of particles suspended in an
upward flowing airstream, which combine to exhibit fluid-like properties.
Combustion takes place in the bed with very intense mixing of gases and solids,
high heat transfer to the furnace, and a low combustion temperature.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 87

 Advantages of Fluidized Bed Combustion
• SO2 can be removed in the combustion process by adding limestone
to the fluidized bed, eliminating the need for an external
desulfurization process.
• Fluidized bed boilers are inherently fuel flexible and, with proper
design provision, can burn a variety of fuels.
• Combustion FBC units takes place at temperatures below the ash
fusion temperature of most fuels. Consequently, tendencies for
slagging and fouling are reduced with FBC.
• Because of the reduced combustion temperature, NOx emissions are
inherently low.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 88
Classification of Fluidized Bed Combustion:
1. Atmospheric fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC)
• A)Bubbling fluidized bed combustors
• B) Circulating fluidized
2. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 89

 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC)
Bubbling fluidized bed combustor
• A typical BFB arrangement is illustrated schematically in figure. Fuel and
sorbent are introduced either above or below the fluidized bed. (Overbed
feed is illustrated.) The bed consisting of about 97% limestone or inert
material and 3% burning fuel, is suspended by hot primary air entering
the bottom of the combustion chamber. The bed temperature is
controlled by heat transfer tubes immersed in the bed and by varying the
quantity of coal in the bed. As the coal particle size decreases, as a result
of either combustion or attrition, the particles are elutriated from the bed
and carried out the combustor. A portion of the particles elutriated from
the bed are collected by a cyclone (or multiclone) collector down-stream
of the convection pass and returned to the bed to improve combustion
efficiency.
Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 90
Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC)

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 91

• Secondary air can be added above the bed to improve combustion
efficiency and to achieve staged combustion , thus lowering NOx
emissions. Most of the early BFBs used tubular air heaters to
minimize air leakage that could occur as a result of relatively high
primary air pressures required to suspend the bed. Recent designs
have included regenerative type air heaters.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 92

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor
• A typical CFB arrangement is illustrated schematically in figure. In a
CFB, primary air is introduced into the lower portion of the
combustor, where the heavy bed material is fluidized and retained.
The upper portion of the combustor contains the less dense material
that is entrained from the bed. Secondary air typically is introduced at
higher levels in the combustor to ensure complete combustion and to
reduce NOx emissions.
• The flue gas, after removal of more than 99% of the entrained solids
in the cyclone or particle separator, exists the cyclone or separator to
a convection pass. The convection pass designs are similar to those
used with unconventional coal-fueled units, and contain economizer,
superheat, and reheat surface as required by the application.

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 93

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 94

 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
• PFBC Turbo Charged Arrangement
• The PFBC unit is classified as either turbocharged or combined cycle
units. In turbocharged arrangements (figure) combustion gas from
the PFBC boiler is cooled to approximately 394° C and is used to drive
a gas turbine. The gas turbine drives an air compressor, and there is
little, if any, net gas turbine output. Electricity is produced by a
turbine generator driven by steam generated in the PFBC boiler

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 95

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion

Dr.B.ADHAVAN,AsP- AY-(2022-2023)-OCH752-ET-IV CSE 96