RICE

Botanical Name: Oryza sativa

Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Chromosomes no 2n=24
Oryza' is a Latin word for rice.
'Sativa' means 'cultivated'.
Oryza has 24 species of which 2 species are cultivated and remaining
are wild.
1. Oryza sativa :- it is grown world wide (in tropics, South East Asia
and other areas). Oryza sativa has two wild species
1. O nivara (annual) and Oryza sativa is believed to evolve from it.
2. Oryza rufipogon (perennial)
2. Oryza glaberrima :- cultivated in few African countries. Under
certain conditions as iron toxicity, drought, nematode, soil acidity,
low phosphorus condition etc it yields better.
Oryza sativa is high yielder than O. glaberrima
• Paddy v/s Rice: Paddy becomes rice after the removal of husk by
threshing. Therefore, rice is a part of paddy
• Origin- South Asia ( India), South East Asia

Oryza sativa has 3eco types/ varietal types:

Indica: Grown in India (Tropical rice), non sticky rice

Japonica: Grown in Japan (Sub-tropical rice), no lodging, sticky rice

Javanica: Grown in Indonesia (Wild rice)

 THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF THE SUBSPECIES OF ORYZA SATIVA

Features indica japonica javanica

Cultivation Humid regions of Temperate zones of Japan In Indonesia and

India, Asia, sub surrounding regions
tropics

Plant height Tall & spreading Short & erect Tall & erect

Leaves Broad, light green Narrow, dark green Broad, stiff, light
green

Culm Slender Slender and stiff Thick culm

Tillering Profuse > 15-20 tillers Moderate 11-15 tillers Low <10 tillers/plant

Lodging Easily Not easily Not easily

 THE CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF THE SUBSPECIES OF ORYZA SATIVA

Features indica japonica javanica

Photoperiod Sensitive Non-sensitive Low sensitivity

Low temperature Sensitive Tolerant Tolerant

Awns Mostly awnless Awnless to long awned Long awned

Grain shattering Fast Low Low shattering

Grain shape Slender, somewhat Short & round grains Broad & thick grains
flat grains

Grain texture Non-sticky Sticky Intermediate

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
1. Staple food for more than half of the worlds population
2. Third most important food grain crop after Maize and wheat
3. Asia produces 90%of global rice and also consumes it
4. In India it accounts for more than 40 % of food grain production
and provides employment to 70% rural people.
5. It is staple food of 65% of our population . So our national food
security depends on its production.
6. It is cheapest source of food energy and protein (6-7%)
7. In few countries as Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam,
Cambodia 90%of population depends on rice for staple food.
8. Different uses of rice:- Cooked, snacks, making of starch, in
brewing and distillery industry etc.
9. Rice hull is used as fuel, packaging material poultry bedding etc.
10. Rice bran is a good source of vegetable oil =15-20% (14-16 % is
extractable)
11. Brown Rice : When rough rice is dehulled (lemma and palea are
removed), then we get brown rice (dehulling is done by applying
pressure)
Brown rice is very nutritive as it has brown layer made of pericarp
and aeleurone layer, it contains fats, proteins, Vit-B etc. but
cooking quality of brown rice is poor so it has to be milled.
12. Par Boiled Rice :- It is hydro thermal treatment of rough rice priop
to milling

Soak in Drying and

Rice water
Rice with 30% moisture Milling
Heating

Par boiling gelatinizes the starch within kernel and thus reduces
milling breakage
13. India's export of rice is
Basmati Rice = 29000 cr 46500-50000 cr rupees are earned
Other rice = 17500 cr
14. Crop with largest acerage in India
Area 43-44 million hectares
Irrigated = 21.0 million ha, Rainfed low land= 14.0 million ha
Rainfed upland= 6.0 mill. Ha. Flood prone = 3.0 million ha.
15. Hybrid rice :- Uses cytoplasmic male sterility lines and restorers
lines. It gives yield advantage of 20-30% over HYV

16 GM rice :- incorporation of genes for making beta-carotene for

biosynthesis of Vit –A. Similar genes have been incorporated for
accumulation in India and several other countries.
GM rice is yet to be accepted for consumption in India and several
other countries.
HISTORY OF RICE IMPROVEMENT

1. Rice research stations was set in Dhaka- Bangladesh in 1911

2. CRRI Cuttak in 1946 where indica-japonica hybridization work
started
3. AICRP -rice was started in 1965 with Hq at Hyderabad
4. IRRI -1960, Los Banos, Phillipines

5. In late 1950’s major break through came from Taiwan with the
introduction of Taichung Native-1 Variety. It was the first dwarf
variety using dwarfing gene from Dee-Geo-Woon Gen
6. (Gene responsible for dwarfness of rice plant is Dee-gee-woo-
gene.)
7. TN-1 = Dee-Geo-Woon Genx Tsai Yuan Chung (1949)
7. IR-8 = Peta x Dee-Geo-Woon Gen
1. IR-8 also called as maricle rice for fighting famine
2. Peta= tall indica type with heavy tillering and disease resistance
variety from Indonesia
3. Dee-Geo-Woon Gen= Japonica type, semi dwarf Taiwanese variety

8. IR-8 was the eighth crossbred line in 1962 experiments at IRRI.

and was introduced in India in 1966-67 along with TN-1, Taichung -
65 , Tainan-3 for commercial cultivation.

9. Jaya= TN-1xT 141 was released I India in 1968

10. These were the main variety leading to Green Revolution.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
• Globally rice is grown from 40oS latitude in Australia to 50o N in
China, but it is a tropical crop.
• Higher yields are obtained in slight cooler regions as in Korea
37oN, Japan 38oN, in Italy etc.
• Reasons for higher yield in cooler areas.
1. Low temperature reduces respiration
2. These areas receive more solar radiation (1-1.5 times more)
3. Incidence of disease pest is low
4. Length of growing period is slightly more
5. Most of temperate rice growing regions are developed
nations, with better technology, better inputs etc
 Global Rice 2017-18
Area= 167.5 million hectare,
Production= 487.5 million tonnes,
Productivity =2915 kg/ha
Major crops of the world
Area Production

1. Wheat 220 m ha 1. Maize 1027Mt

2. Rice 165 m ha 2. Wheat 750Mt

3. Maize 159 m ha 3. Rice 499Mt

4. Paddy 748 Mt
MILLED RICE AND PADDY PRODUCTION 2017-2018
Sn Country Paddy Production Milled rice produced

1 China 210 Mt 148.9 Mt

2 India 169.5 Mt 112.9 Mt

3 Indonesia 74.5 Mt 37.0 Mt

4 Bangladesh 53.0 Mt 32.6 Mt

5 Vietnam 44.2 Mt 28.5 Mt

• In India it is grown from 8oN to 35oN latitude
• It is grown upto 2000m height in Himalayas

Years Area (m ha) Production (m Productivity

tonnes) (kg/ha)

1950-51 30.81 20.58 668

2015-16 43.5 104.41 2400

2016-17 43.19 110.15 2500

STATE WISE RICE PRODUCTION
Sn State Area (mha) Production Productivity
(m tonnes) (Kg/ha)

1 West Bengal 5.52 15.95 2888

2 UP 5.86 12.50 2133

3 Punjab 2.98 11.82 3974

4 Odisha 3.94 5.88 1491

5 Chattisgarh 3.82 5.79 1517

RICE GROWING SEASONS IN INDIA
Rice Growing Seasons: In eastern and southern regions of the
country, the mean temperature remained favourable for rice
cultivation throughout the year.
In northern and western parts of the country, rainfall is high and
winter temperature is fairly low, only one crop of rice is taken.
There are three seasons for growing rice in India viz. - autumn,
winter and summer. Names are given on the basis of harvesting
Particular Autumn rice (pre-kharif Winter rice (Kharif rice) Summer rice
rice) (Spring)
Other,s 'Aus'(West Bengal) 'Ahu' 'Aman' ( West Bengal) 'Boro' (Assam
name (Assam) 'Sali' (Assam) and West
Bengal)

Sowing May to June June-July Jan-Feb

time
Harvesting September-October October- Nov March- April
 CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
Rice crop needs a hot and humid climate. It is best suitable to regions
which have high humidity, prolonged sunshine and an assured
supply of water. (tropical and sub-tropical humid climate )
It is a short day, C3 plant.
Optimum temperature for good crop growth is 30-320C.
Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 100-150 cm.
Rice is grown in three seasons in Eastern and Peninsular India
because of uniformity in temperature.
Temperature: Temperature requirement is different for different
growth stages.
 Climatic requirement
• Rice is a water loving plant
• Rice crop needs a hot and humid climate. It is best
suitable to regions which have high humidity, prolonged
sunshine and an assured supply of water. (tropical and
sub-tropical humid climate )
• It is a short day, C3 plant.
• Optimum temperature for good crop growth is 30-320C.
• Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is
100-150 cm.
• Rice is grown in three seasons in Eastern and Peninsular
India because of uniformity in temperature.
 Temperature Range
• For Germination
• Optimum temperature =18-40 oC
> 40 oC faster germination and rotting
< 18 oC more time is required
• Seedling emergence= 25-30 oC
• Rooting (soil temp) = 25-28 oC
• Tillering =25-31 oC
• Ripening= 20-29 oC
 Table 1. Critical temperature of rice crop for different growth
Stages (Yoshida,1978)
Critical temperature(0C)
Growth Stages Optim
Low High
um
Germination 16-19 45 18-40
Seedling emergence and 12-35 35 25-30
establishment
Rooting 16 35 25-28
Leaf elongation 7-12 45 31
Tillering 9-16 33 25-31
Panicle initiation 15 - -
Panicle initiation 15-20 30 -
Anthesis 22 35-36 30-33
• In scented rice/basmati rice if temperature goes
beyond 25 oC at the time of flowering, then scent
property is lost/volatilized.

• Scent is due to presence of chemical =

diacetyl-1- pyrroline
 Soil Requirement
• Clay soil is best
• But it can be grown in all types of soils except
very light sandy soils.
• Soil should have good water holding capacity,
good amount of clay and organic matter.
• Optimum pH of soil= 5.5-7.0
• pH range = 3.5-8.5 ( from peat soils of Kerala
to saline alkaline soils after reclamation)
• Crop can tolerate salinity up to 6Ds/m
 Seed Rate
• Direct Seeded
• Line sowing = 50-60 kg/ha (R-R=15-20cm)
• Broadcasting = 100 kg/ha
• Transplanted Rice
» Bold seeded rice =40 kg/ha
» Medium Seeded rice=30-35 kg/ha
» Scented/Long grain rice =25-30 kg/ha
» Hybrids= 20 kg/ha
» Usually Area required for nursery =1/10th of crop area (or
for one hectare rice transplanting we need 500-1000
square meter)
 Methods of Rice Cultivation
• Dry or Semi-dry upland cultivation:
– Broadcasting the seed
– Sowing the seed behind the plough or drilling.
• Wet or lowland cultivation:
– Transplanting in puddle fields.
– Broadcasting of sprouted seeds in puddled
fields.
 Puddling
• It is an important operation for preparation of soil bed
for transplanting of rice seedling
• Puddling :- In puddling churning of soil is done and
this results in changes in physical properties of soil as
bulk density, percolation rate, porosity and
penetration.
• It is done in standing water of 5-10cm. As water dries
up, soft puddled soil hardens. Soil surface layer
become dense and compact. Porosity of this layer is
reduced.
• Bulk density of puddled soil increases.
• Advantages of Puddling
1. Conserve water by reducing percolation of water
2. Better weed control. Puddling buries weeds and
weed seeds in soft mud where anerobic condition
kills the weeds and retards germination of seeds.
3. Ease in transplanting of rice due to soft mud.
4. Incorporation of green manure is possible
5. Reduced soil conditions increase the availability of
many plant nutrients such as P, Fe, Mn etc.
 Disadvantages of Puddling
1. Large amount of water is required
2. Soil structure is destroyed
3. Due to anerobic condition toxic substances
like H2S, Methane, ethylene are formed.
4. Loss of nitrogen through denitrification
5. Difficulty in regenerating soil structure.
 Rice Nursery Preparation
1. Wet Bed Method- commonly used by
farmers in irrigated conditions.
• Steps
1. Soak seed overnight
2. Incubate seed in heap for 36-48 hrs. cover the
heap with moist jute bags
3. Apply small quantity of water in morning and
evening to this heap to keep it moist
4. Germinated seed are sown in puddled field
 2. Dry Bed Method
• Method is practiced in areas where water is not
sufficient to grow seedlings in wet nurseries.
• Steps
1. Prepare seed bed 8mx1.25 m width and 15 cm
high (30cm distance between bed)
2. Apply fertilizer dose and sow at R-R distance
=10cm
3. Allow water to run in channels to saturate soil
 3. Dapog Method
• Method of seedling raising commonly present in
Phillipines
• Sowing of pre germinated seed are done on banana
leaves, or on polythene, or on empty bags. Seedlings
do not touch soil.
• Seeds are sown uniformly@1- 1.5 kg/square meter
• They are pressed lightly by hand to compact them
• Water is sprayed in morning and evening
• Seedlings become ready for transplanting in 11-14
days
• Fertilizer application is not done as seedlings are
nourished by the nutrients present in the seed
Advantages of Dapog Method
1. Quick method, less time, less seed
2. Requires very less area 30-40 square m
3. Sheets or banana leaves can be rolled and taken
to field
4. Better weed control, management etc
Disadvantages
1. Roots get entangled and their removal is
injurious and needs skill
2. Seedlings are very tender- they cant be left on
the seed bed for too long. Transplanting shock is
also there
3. More number of seedlings are transplanted per
hill
4. SRI Method (System of Rice Intensification)
• Developed in 1980’s by French Priest Fr. S J Henri
in Madagascar
• In this method very young seedlings of 8-10 days
are transplanted at wide spacing of 25x25cm
• Panting of single seedlings per hill is done.
Mechanical weeding is done with the help of
conoweeder
• No flooding of soil is needed, therefore water
requirement is less.
 Important Objectives of SRI
1. Early, quick and healthy plant establishment
2. Reduced plant density
3. Reduced and control, water application
4. Improved soil condition through enriched
organic matter addition
Only 1-2 cm water is maintained and alternate
wetting and drying is also practiced, this saves
around 50% of water requirement.
 Ideal age for transplanting:
• The most ideal seedling for transplanting
should have 4 leaves
• In Kharif season: 21-25 days old (3-4 leaf
stage)
• In Rabi season: 30-35 days old
• Dry land areas: 30-35 days old
• For salinity affected areas -40-45days old
 Depth of transplanting
• Erect, upright and shallow (2-3 cm) transplanting
of seedlings ensures quick establishment of roots
in the soil and results in vigorous tillering.
• Deep planting (>5 cm) leads to delayed
establishment and reduced number of tillers. If
the basal node is planted deep in the mud,
tillering is delayed as tiller will start only after
leaves originate at higher nodes.
 Seed Rate
• Direct Seeded
• Line sowing = 50-60 kg/ha (R-R=15-20cm)
• Broadcasting = 100 kg/ha
• Transplanted Rice
» Bold seeded rice =40 kg/ha
» Medium Seeded rice=30-35 kg/ha
» Scented/Long grain rice =25-30 kg/ha
» Hybrids= 20 kg/ha
» Usually Area required for nursery =1/10th of crop area (or
for one hectare rice transplanting we need 500-1000
square meter)
 Methods of Rice Cultivation
• Dry or Semi-dry upland cultivation:
– Broadcasting the seed
– Sowing the seed behind the plough or drilling.
• Wet or lowland cultivation:
– Transplanting in puddle fields.
– Broadcasting of sprouted seeds in puddled
fields.
 Aerobic rice system
• Rice is grown under non puddled, non flooded
and non saturated soil condition
• Rice is direct seeded on dry bed and irrigation is
applied at an interval (alternate wetting and
drying is practiced)
• Soil remains in aerobic condition during most of
growing season
• This system saves water, labour, time, but more
number of weeds are there and proper weed
management is needed
• Also called as direct seeded rice
 Spacing
• Spacing for transplanted rice = 20x10 cm
20cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant
Or 20x15cm or 15x15 cm
=50 hills per square meter
• Seedlings per hill= 2-3seedlings per hills in HYV
= 1-2 seedlings per hill in hybrids
(due to profuse tillering)
• Gap filling= after 10 days of transplanting.
 Time of Nursery Raising
• Normal rice transplanting under irrigated
condition start around 20th June
• So nursery raising should be done 20-25 days
before transplanting
• Last week of May to first fortnight of June
• Under Rainfed condition transplanting starts with
onset of monsoon
• So nursery raising is done in first fortnight of June
• Basmati rice transplanting should be done after
15 July, so nursery raising in End of June
 Varieties
1. Early Maturing Varieties (100-115 days): Govind,
Narendra 119, 97, Saket-4, Pant Sankar Dhan-1,
PD-23, PD-11
2. Mid Early (120-125 days): Ratna, PD-10, 12,22
3. Medium Duration Variety (120-135 days) : PD-4,
19,24,26,28, Narendra 359, Sarju-52, HKR-47,
PR-113
4. Late Maturing (140-165 days): Pusa-44,
Swarna(MTU-7029), BPT-5204
5. Scented Rice :
Traditional Varieties: Type-3, Basmati-370,
Tarawari Basmati, Basmati-386, Nagina-10 basmati
High Yielding Basmati: Pant basmati-1, 2, Pant
Sugandh Dhan-25,26,27,15,17,21, Pusa Basmati-1,
Pusa Sugandha-4 (Pusa 1121), Pusa Sugandha-5
,Pusa 1509, PRH-10 Hybrid, Pusa2511, 1617
Very Long grain= Pusa Basmati-1
• Pusa 1121 and Pusa 1509 have revolutionized
the basmati cultivation and has increased its
export
6. Saline soils: Narendra Usar Dhan-1, 2,3, CSR-
10,30, Luishree
7. Deer Water/ Low lying Rice: JalLahari, Madhukar,
Jal priya, Jal Magan, Chakia-59, Mashuri,
Jal nidhi
8. Flood Prone Area : Madhukar, Jagannath, T-100
 Hybrid Rice
• Hybrid rice were developed in China in 1976
• India 1994 – APRH1, 2 Krh-1 etc
• Important hybrids : PAC-801 (2015 Advanta),
Arize (6444, Bayer), PHD-71(Pioneer)
PusaRH-10, Pant Sankar Dhan 1,3
 Varieties for Hills
• Valleys/Low altitude (upto 900m): Govind, Saket-
4, Prasad, Pant Dhan-10, Pant Dhan-11 and 12, Vl-
65, 81,85

• Mid Altitude: VL-81,82,85, PD-10, VL-61,62,65

• Chetki rice (Rainfed condition): VL-207,208,209,

Pant Majhera Dhan-7

• Jethi Dhan: VL-221, VL-154

 Time of Nursery raising for Hills
• Valleys, Lower Hills = second fortnight of May
to first week of June

• In Mid Hills= 1st fortnight of May

• Higher Hills= 2nd fortnight of April

 Crop Rotations
• Rice-Wheat
• Rice –Toria-Late Wheat
• Rice-Mustard
• Rice –Wheat-Green Gram/Black Gram
• Rice –Wheat-Grain Cowpea
• Rice-Barley, Rice-Sugarcane(Autumn planted)
• Rice- Potato-Green gram/black gram
• Rice-Lentil/Gram/Pea
• Rice-Wheat-Ragi-Fallow (common 2 year rotation
in hills)
 Nutrient Management
• Apply FYM@10-15 tonnes/ha
• Grow Green Manure crop as Crotalaria, Sesbania,
Cowpea etc.in the month of May -June and
incorporate them at 50-60 days stage. They add
up to 80-100 kg N/ha along with addition of
organic manure
• In tropical areas Azolla can also be taken (Azolla is
a water fern). Azolla pinnata- leaves contain
cyanobacterium (BGA) Anabena azollae which
fixes N from atmosphere
 Nitrogen Management
• Losses of applied N occurs in the form of
Leaching, runoff, denitrification
• Nitrate supplying fertilizer are not good source as
they result in leaching and denitrification
• Ammonical supplying fertilizer are good source as
ammonical ion is not easily lost, it binds on
exchange sites.
• Splitting of N prevents the losses
• Leaf colour Chart(LCC)= It has different green
strips and relative greenness of rice leaf gives
plant Nitrogen status.
• Application of N should be done after draining
water and after 3-4 days of N application water
should be again applied in the field.

Urease enzyme
• Urea+ H2O NH3+H2NCOOH
NH3+CO2 (gas)
• NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
• NH4+ NO2-
Nitrification
Nitrobacter
• NO2- NO3-
 Nitrification Inhibitor (NI)
• NI= these are chemical compounds that slows the
nitrification process to reduce Nitrogen loss.
• Eg: N serve (2chloro 6(trichloromethyl)pyridine)
• AM- (2 amino-4 chloro-6methyl pyrimidine)
• Thiourea, Neem oil,
• These compounds suppresses the microbial
activity
• Slow release N-fertilizers: Sulfur coated Urea,
Neem coated Urea, IBDU (Iso butylidene di urea)
 Fertilizer Doses
Condition N kg/ha P2O5 K2O Application
timing
HYV (Rice-wheat 150 60 40 1/2N+P+K as
rotation) Basal
Hybrids 150 60 60
1/4N at
Tillering
Scented Dwarf 100 60 40
1/4N Panicle
HYV 120 60 40 Emergence

Hilly regions Valley 120 60 40

 Micronutrient Management
• Khaira disease in rice occurs due to Zinc deficiency
• Symptoms: deficiency appears 2-3 weeks after
transplanting.
1. Stunted plant growth (Zn is precursor for auxin
synthesis)
2. Dusty brown spots on upper leaves,
3. Leaf blade size reduces
4. Increased spikelet sterility
5. Decreased tillering
• Upon flooding soil pH changes. Solubility of Zn
decreases 100 times for each unit increase in pH.
Zn precipitates as Zn(OH)2 and ZnS etc.
• So apply 5.0kg Zn/ha or 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O
»Or 15 kg ZnSO4.H2O
» Dip seedlings in 2-4% ZnO solution
» Spray 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O+ 0.25% lime or Urea in
standing crop
Iron deficiency occurs in upland dry condition.
Apply 0.5 % FeSO4 + lime 0.25%
Weed Management
 Nutrient Management
• Apply FYM@10-15 tonnes/ha
• Grow Green Manure crop as Crotalaria, Sesbania,
Cowpea etc.in the month of May -June and
incorporate them at 50-60 days stage. They add
up to 80-100 kg N/ha along with addition of
organic manure
• In tropical areas Azolla can also be taken (Azolla is
a water fern). Azolla pinnata- leaves contain
cyanobacterium (BGA) Anabena azollae which
fixes N from atmosphere
 Nitrogen Management
• Losses of applied N occurs in the form of
Leaching, runoff, denitrification
• Nitrate supplying fertilizer are not good source as
they result in leaching and denitrification
• Ammonical supplying fertilizer are good source as
ammonical ion is not easily lost, it binds on
exchange sites.
• Splitting of N prevents the losses
• Leaf colour Chart(LCC)= It has different green
strips and relative greenness of rice leaf gives
plant Nitrogen status.
• Application of N should be done after draining
water and after 3-4 days of N application water
should be again applied in the field.

Urease enzyme
• Urea+ H2O NH3+H2NCOOH
NH3+CO2 (gas)
• NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Nitrosomonas Bacteria
• NH4+ NO2-
Nitrification
Nitrobacter
• NO2- NO3-
 Nitrification Inhibitor (NI)
• NI= these are chemical compounds that slows the
nitrification process to reduce Nitrogen loss.
• Eg: N serve (2chloro 6(trichloromethyl)pyridine)
• AM- (2 amino-4 chloro-6methyl pyrimidine)
• Thiourea, Neem oil,
• These compounds suppresses the microbial
activity
• Slow release N-fertilizers: Sulfur coated Urea,
Neem coated Urea, IBDU (Iso butylidene di urea)
 Fertilizer Doses
Condition N kg/ha P2O5 K2O Application
timing
HYV (Rice-wheat 150 60 40 1/2N+P+K as
rotation) Basal
Hybrids 150 60 60
1/4N at
Tillering
Scented Dwarf 100 60 40
1/4N Panicle
HYV 120 60 40 Emergence

Hilly regions Valley 120 60 40

 Micronutrient Management
• Khaira disease in rice occurs due to Zinc deficiency
• Symptoms: deficiency appears 2-3 weeks after
transplanting.
1. Stunted plant growth (Zn is precursor for auxin
synthesis)
2. Dusty brown spots on upper leaves,
3. Leaf blade size reduces
4. Increased spikelet sterility
5. Decreased tillering
• Upon flooding soil pH changes. Solubility of Zn
decreases 100 times for each unit increase in pH.
Zn precipitates as Zn(OH)2 and ZnS etc.
• So apply 5.0kg Zn/ha or 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O
»Or 15 kg ZnSO4.H2O
» Dip seedlings in 2-4% ZnO solution
» Spray 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O+ 0.25% lime or Urea in
standing crop
Iron deficiency occurs in upland dry condition.
Apply 0.5 % FeSO4 + lime 0.25%
 Weed Management
• Various weeds are found in rice crop
• Grasses: Echinochloa crusgalli, E.colonum, Setaria
glauca, Cynadon dactylon, Elusine indica, Digitaria
sanguinallis etc.
• Sedges: Cyprus iria, C. difformis, C. rotandus
• Broad Leaf Weeds: Commelina benghalensis,
Trianthema portulastrum, Eclipta alba,
Amaranthus spp
 Weed Management
• Two Hand Weedings
Ist = 20-25DAT/DAS and IInd = 40-45 DAT/DAS
• Herbicides in Rice Nursery
 Herbicides for Direct Seeded Rice
•CHEMICAL NAME DOSE Application
time
Pendimethalin 30EC @1.0kg ai/ha 0-3 DAS
Thiobencarb 50EC @1.5 kg ai/ha 4-5 DAS
Pretilachlor 50EC @0.75 kg ai/ha 4-5 DAS
Bispyribac-Na 10EC @20-25 ai/ha (15-20DAS)
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3EC @60-70 g ai/ha 20-25 DAS
CyhalofopButyl 10EC @ 80-100g ai/ha 20-25 DAS
2-4D 36 EC @0.5 kg ai/ha 30-35DAS
2-4D 50 EC @0.5 kg ai/ha 30-35DAS
 Herbicides for Transplanted/Irrigated Rice
CHEMICAL NAME DOSE Application
time
Butachlor 50EC @1.5 kg ai/ha 0-3 DAT
Pretilachlor 50EC @0.75 kg ai/ha 0-6 DAS
Anilophos 30EC @0.4 kg ai/ha 8 DAT
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10WP @ 20-25 g ai/ha 4-5 DAT
Bispyribac-Na 10EC @20-25 ai/ha (15-20DAS)
CyhalofopButyl 10EC @ 80-100g ai/ha 20-25 DAS
2-4D 36 EC @0.5 kg ai/ha 30-35DAS
2-4D 50 EC @0.5 kg ai/ha 30-35DAS
 Water Management
• Rice crop requires around 3000-5000 lit of water to
produce 1 kg rice (Total water requirement depends on
soil type, topography, land preparation, crop duration,
evaporation etc)
• Peak water demand of rice is between maximum tillering
and grain filling stage.
• At the time of transplanting keep 2-3 cm layer of water
and maintain 2-5 cm shallow water during crop season.
• For saving water (30-50% water is saved): practice
alternate wetting and drying (keep field saturated or
irrigate at field capacity). Maintain submergence at
critical crop phases as tillering, flowering, and saturated
condition at other stages
 Beushening
• It is practice done in direct-seeded low land rice in
Odisha, MP, Bihar, WB, Assam and UP.
• It is done to manage weeds, optimize crop stand,
provide aeration to soil
• “In it cross ploughing the young crop 4-6weeks
stage with light desi plough in 5-10cm of standing
water. It is done once or twice depending on weed
density and crop stand.(thinning, gap filling is also
done)”
• Beushening reduces straw yield and increases
grain yield.
 Insect management
S Common name Scientific name

1 BPH (Brown Plant Hopper) Nilaparvata lugens ETL=5-10 hoppers /hill, both
nymph and adults suck sap and
2 White Backed Plant Hopper Sogatella furcifera cause hopper burn which is
circular in nature

3 Green Leaf Hopper Nephotettix nigropictus ETL=2 hoppers/hill,

Control for 1,2 and 3 1. Imidacloprid 17.8SC @150ml/ha, 2. Acetamaprid 20SP

@ 100 g/ha, 3. Thiomethoxam 25 WSG@ 100/ha
4. Buprofezen 25SC @ 1000ml/ha

4 Yellow stem borer Tryporyza incertulas ETL= 5% dead heart at

vegetative stage and 2% white
ear during panicle stage.

Control : 1. Chlorantraniliprole 0.4G @ 10 kg/ha 2. Fipronil 0.3GR

@ 25 kg/ha 3. Cartap 4G @ 18 kg/ha 4. Carbofuran 3G
@ 33 kg/ha 5. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 150 ml/ha
6. Fipronil 5% SC @ 1.0 lit/ha 7. Cartap 50SC @ 1lit/ha
S Common name Scientific name

5 Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ETL= 4 % folded leaves

Control as yellow stem borer
6 Gundhi Bud Leptocorsia varicornis ETL= 1 bug/hill

Control : Apply Malathion dust = 25-30kg/ha

Carbaryl Dust = 25-30 kg/ha

7 Rice Hispa Dicladispa armigera Control as in Gundhi bug

 Disease Management
S Common name Scientific name Control

1 Blast of rice Pyricularia oryzae Seed treatment, at PI stage spray

Carbendazim @1.0kg/ha, or tebuconazole
50+Trifloxystrobin 25@200g/ha

2 False smut Ustilaginoides Seed treatment,

virens [email protected]/ha

3 Sheath Blight Rhizoctonia solani [email protected]/ha,

Hexaconazole 5EC@ 2.0lit/ha
Tecucanozole25EC @750ml/ha

4 BLB (Bacterial Leaf Xanthomonas Streptocycline15 g/ha+ Copper oxy chloride

Blight) oryzae 50Wp@500g/ha

5 Bakanae Gibberella fujikuroi [email protected]/ha,

Benomyl@1-2%
• Harvesting, Threshing, Winnowing and Drying
• Paddy is harvested at 20-25%moisture content
and should be dried before storage
• For combine harvesting moisture content =16-
22%
• Yields
• Upland condition= 20-25q/ha
• Transplanted condition = 50-65 q/ha (60-75q
under very good management)
• Hybrids= 70-100q/ha
Maize (Zea mays)
 Maize (Zea mays L.) 2n=20
• It is aC-4 crop with high productivity
• Globally, maize is known as “queen of cereals” because it has
the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals.
• It is cultivated from 60o N in Canada and Russia to 40oS in
Argentina and up to 4000m altitude in Andes mountain in Peru

• ORIGIN : genetic studies reveal that Teosinte (Euchlaena

mexicana)is wild relative of maize.
• Several workers give two places of origin Mexico and South
America(Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador)
 Economic Importance
• Used as staple human food, also used to feed livestock, poultry
(In India Poultry Industry is one of the large consumer of maize)

• Starch is prepared form it, sweeteners are also prepared

• Starch is used for industrial preparations
• It serves as a basic raw material to many industrial products as
oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, cosmetic,
pharmaceutical, gum, package and paper industries etc
• Various alcoholic beverages are produced by maize distillary
• Ethyl alcohol is produced by distilleries and can be
mixed/blended with petrol
• Also grown as fodder crop
• Various other human uses:- pop corn. Sweet corn, Corn syrup,
flour etc.
 Geographical Distribution
• It is cultivated in more than 150 countries having
wider diversity of soil, climate, biodiversity and
management practices
• The United States of America (USA) is the largest
producer of maize contributes
• The USA has the highest productivity (>10 t ha-1)
which is more than the global average (6.6 t ha-1).
• In India, maize is the third most important food crop
after rice and wheat.
 • Global Maize 2016-17
• Area= 159 million hectare, Production= 1027 million tonnes,
• Productivity = 6.6 tonnes/ha
• Major crops of the world
Area Production

1. Wheat 220 m ha 1. Maize 1027Mt

2. Rice 165 m ha 2. Wheat 750Mt

3. Maize 159 m ha 3. Rice 499Mt

4. Paddy 748 Mt

Largest Producers: USA (40 %)>China (20%)> Brazil (6.3%)

Productivity of USA>10 tonnes/ha, France=9.1 tonnes/ha
 State wise Maize production-2018
Sn State Area (mha) Production Productivity
(m tonnes) (Kg/ha)
1 Karnataka 1.34 3.73 2777

2 MP 1.37 3.68 2697

3 Maharashtra 0.95 1.93 2032

4 Bihar 0.68 3.02 4451

India 9.18 27.23 2965

Highest Productivity : TN (6551)> AP (5861)> WB(5780)>Bihar

1 Uttarakhand 21855 hectare 37219 tonnes 1703 kg/ha

Area under Kharif Maize is 80% and Rabi maize is 20%

Productivity of Rabi maize is 5117 kg/ha and Kharif maize is 2511 kg/ha
• Rabi maize is grown in AP, TN, Karnataka, Bihar, WB,
Maharashtra

• It is the only cereals which is having increasing trend in area,

production and productivity for last 2 decades : due to

1. expansion in non-traditional areas

2. Increase in rabi maize area
3.Introduction of single cross hybrids (high yield over double cross)
4. Entire commercial maize cultivation uses hybrid seed
 Classification of Maize
Sn
Common Name Scientific Name Characteristics

1 Flint Maize Zea mays indurata Outer portion of kernel is composed of

hard starch

2 Dent Maize Z. mays indentata Hard starch is confined to the sides of

(95% of maize in kernel, soft amylose starch in center
USA) contracts to form dent in center

3 Sweet Corn Z. mays saccharata Sweet in nature upto 20% dry matter is
sugar
4 Flour corn Z. mays amylacea Kernels have soft starch and easy to grind

5 Pop corn Z. mays everata Kernels are small when heated to 170oC
grains swells and burst inside out.
6 Pod corn Z. mays tunicata Each kernel is enclosed in a pod or husk

7 Waxy maize Z. mays ceratina Waxy appearance of kernels

(Origin-China)
 Climatic requirement
• In India it is grown from sea-level to height of 3000 m
• Suitable temperature for germination= 21oC and for
growth is 32oC
• High temperature and low humidity during flowering
desiccates pollen resulting in poor grain filling
• Minimum temperature for Rabi maize is above 12oC.
• All areas where temperature does not goes below 15oC
rabi maize can be cultivated.
• Rabi maize can not be grown in areas having frost
incidence.
 Soils
• Is grown in different types of soil: heavy clays to light sandy
soils
• It grows best in deep fertile , organic matter rich, well drained,
medium textured soil with good water holding capacity
• Maize crops suffers severely due to water logging, so proper
drainage should be provided.
FIELD PREPARATION
One ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing's and planking
Field should be leveled by using leveller for good water
management, drainage channels should be made to remove
excess water.
In high rainfall areas ridge and furrow system is used for sowing
 Cropping Systems
• Maize-wheat,
• Maize-potato-late wheat
• Maize-mustard, Maize-sugarcane
• Maize-Toria-Sugarcane, Maize-Toria-Wheat
• Maize- wheat-green gram/black gram
Intercropping Ratios
Maize + Urd (1:2), Maize + Moong (1:2)
Maize + Cowpea (1:1), Maize + Soybean (1:1)
 Seed and Sowing
Maize Type Seed Rate (kg/ha) Spacing cm

Hybrids 20-25 75x20 (66,666 plants/ha ),

60x20 (83,333 plants/ha )
Composite 18-20 75x20, 60x20
Sweet corn 8-10 75x25, 75x30
Baby corn 25 60x20, 60x15
Pop corn 12 60x20
Green cob 20 75x20, 60x20
Fodder maize 50 30x10

In areas where interculture operation is done by tractor drawn

implements there spacing is 75x20
Depth of sowing = 5cm for better germination
 Seed Treatment
• To prevent seed and crop from the attack of
diseases and insects at initial stages seed
treatment is done

• Thiram +Carbendazim (2+1)g/kg seed

• For termites and shoot fly= Imidacloprid@4ml/kg

seed or Fipronil @ 4ml/kg seed
 Sowing Time
• Kharif Season : In Indo Gangetic Plains: Second
fortnight of June to First week of July
• Rabi Maize : End of Oct to Mid Nov
• Spring Maize: Late Jan to end of Feb
Hilly Areas
Lower Hills (upto 1200 m): First Fortnight of June
Medium Hills (1200 to 1800m): End of May to Mid
June
High Hills (>1800m): End of April to Mid May
 Varieties
Durations Hybrids Composites

Extra Early Maturity Vivek-5,9,21,25 39. Pusa extra Vivek-35,37. Pratap

(75-80days) early Hy Maize 5, Vivek QPM-9

Early Maturity Pant Sankar makka-1, Vivek Hy- Kanchan, Surya, Naveen, Gaurav,
(80-85days) 23,33. Pusa Early Hy Maize-2 Shweta, Prakash, Pusa composite-
4, PratapM-4, Vivek-11

Medium Maturity HM-10, HM-4 Bajaura Makka, PMH-4

(85-95days)

Late Maturity HM-11, HQPM-1,5,7,9 HM-8, 11, PHM-3, NK-61,

(100-110days) Hemant, Suwan, MCH-38

Hybrid Rabi Maize : PMH-3, ProAgro-4212, Pro-311, Bio 968, NK-61, Rajendra Hy 1 , 2
Composite Rabi Maize : Hemant, Suwan, Lakshmi
 Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
• Discovery of opaque-2 gene led to improvement of
protein quality of maize
• QPM has balance amount of amino acids with high
content of lysine and tryptophan and low content
of leucine and isoleucine. Biological value of protein
in QPM is 80% (normal maize< 50%) and is close to
milk (90%)
• Old opaque -2 varieties= Ratan, Protena, Shakti
• HQPM Varieties: HQPM-1,57,9 (all India), for Bihar
Shaktiman 1,2,3,4
 Baby Corn
• Baby corn is a young finger like unfertilized cob with 1-3 cm
emerged silk
• It is harvested within 1-3 days of silk emergence
• Desirable length is 6-11 cm and 1.0-1.5 cm diameter
• It is consumed raw, in salads, soups, pickles, raita etc. and
can be used as vegetables.
• It is good source of fiber and easy to digest.
• Sowing time-April-August, Crop matures in <60 days
• Varieties : HM-4, Pratap-1, VL baby corn-1, Prakash, Kesri
 Sweet Corn
• Rich in Vit. C and A, eaten as raw, boiled or steamed. Used in
soup, salads, vegetable etc. Green cobs are harvested 18-20
days after pollination. Moisture content at harvest =70% and
Sugar content 11-20% sowing should not be done when
temperature <16 oC
• Varieties: Madhuri, Win Orange, Priya, Punjab Sweet Maize-
1, Sugar-75

POP CORN
Kernels are small oval and round. When heated to 170oC it
swells and burst inside out.
Varieties : Jawahar, Amber, Pearl, VL-pop corn
Fodder Maize : Detasseling should be done to
maintain quality.
Tall leafy and long duration cultivars are preffered
Varieties: African Tall, J-1006, Pratap Maize-6

Waxy Maize: it has 100% amylopectin as starch(in

normal maize 70% is there)
 MAI
ZE-SecondLect
ure

Ti
l
lageandcr
opest
abl
i
shment

Ti
l
lageandcr
opest
abl
i
shmenti
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orachi
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antst
andt
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s
t
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iveroft
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i
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s
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genceandf
inal
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shment
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nter
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nlydependson
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ert
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l
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yandmanagementseason,
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etc.
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ly,r
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l
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il
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iousmai
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ive and env
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equi
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f
orachi
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ghery
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ow:
(
i)
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all
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edasbest
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her
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beds,whi
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ngr
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t
echnol
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,20-
30% i
rr
igat
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urr
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rom excesssoi
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Per
manentbedsar
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rom t
het
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(
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thoutanypr
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no-
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esscostofcul
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higherf
arm pr
ofi
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.Undersuchcondi
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iel
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i
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ll
t
echnol
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.
(
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i)
Conv
ent
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il
l f
lat pl
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y weed i
nfest
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on wher
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ar
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lat
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cum-
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ti
li
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(
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rowpl
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rom
t
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f
urr
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ti
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Nut
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Amongal
lthecer
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s,mai
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ngener
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ti
cul
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ateofnut
ri
ent
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atus/
bal
anceandcr
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obt
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hedosesofappl
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bykeepi
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.Responseofmai
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o
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snot
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eandhencei
ntegr
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entmanagement(
INM)i
s
v
eryi
mpor
tantnut
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rat
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zebased pr
oduct
ionsy
stems.
Ther
efor
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orhi
ghereconomi
cyi
eldofmai
ze,
Appl
i
cat
ionof10tFYM ha-
1,10-
15day
spr
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osowi
ng
N:
P:K:
: 150-
180 kg N,70- 80 kg K2O and 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 i
80 kg P2O5,70- s
r
ecommended.
Ful
ldosesofP,KandZnshoul
dbeappl
i
edasbasalpr
efer
abl
ydr
il
li
ngoff
ert
il
izer
sin
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cum-
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ti
li
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Ni
tr
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i
edi
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i
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ef
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ciency
.Nappl
i
cat
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il
li
ngr
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tsi
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tergr
ainf
il
li
ng.Ther
efor
e,ni
tr
ogen
shoul
dbeappl
i
edi
nfi
vespl
i
tsasperbel
owment
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orhi
gherNuseef
fi
ciency
.
1.Basal
(atsowi
ng) 1/
3N
2.KneeHei
ghtSt
age 1/
3N
3.Pr
e-Tassel
i
ngst
age 1/
3N

Nut
ri
entdef
ici
enci
esi
ncr
opsr
educey
iel
ds,qual
i
tyandpr
ofi
tst
othef
armer
.Yi
eldcan
of
tenber
educed10-
30%bydef
ici
enci
esofmaj
ornut
ri
ent
sbef
oreanycl
earsy
mpt
oms
ofdef
ici
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eobser
vedi
nthef
iel
d.

Wat
ermanagement
Thei
rr
igat
ionwat
ermanagementdependsonseasonasabout80% ofmai
zei
s
cul
ti
vat
eddur
ingmonsoonseasonpar
ti
cul
arl
yunderr
ainf
edcondi
ti
ons.Howev
er,i
n
ar
easwi
thassur
edi
rr
igat
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aci
l
iti
esar
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ail
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e,dependi
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moi
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l
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equi
red
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ir
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rr
igat
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i
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eful
l
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ov
erf
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her
idges/
beds.I
ngener
al,t
hei
rr
igat
ionshoul
dbeappl
i
edi
nfur
rowsup
t
o2/
3rdhei
ghtoft
her
idges/
beds.
Youngseedl
i
ngs,kneehi
ghst
age,f
lower
ingandgr
ainf
il
li
ngar
ethemostsensi
ti
ve
st
agesf
orwat
erst
ressandhencei
rr
igat
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dbeensur
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hesest
ages.
I
nrai
sedbedpl
ant
ingsy
stem andl
i
mit
edi
rr
igat
ionwat
erav
ail
abi
l
itycondi
ti
ons,t
he
i
rr
igat
ionwat
ercanal
sobeappl
i
edi
nal
ter
nat
efur
rowt
osav
emor
eir
ri
gat
ionwat
er.For
wi
ntermai
ze,i
tisadv
isabl
etokeepsoi
lwet(
frequent& mi
l
dir
ri
gat
ion)dur
ing15
Decembert
o15Febr
uar
ytopr
otectt
hecr
opf
rom f
rosti
njur
y.

WeedManagement
Weedsar
etheser
iouspr
obl
em i
nmai
ze,par
ti
cul
arl
ydur
ingkhar
if
/monsoonseason
t
heycompet
eswi
thmai
zef
ornut
ri
entandcausesy
iel
dlossupt
o35%.Ther
efor
e,
t
imel
yweedmanagementi
sneededf
orachi
evi
nghi
ghery
iel
d.
Pr
e-emer
genceappl
i
cat
ionofAt
razi
ne(
Atr
atr
af50wp,@ of1.
0-1.
5kga.
iha-
1in600
l
i
trewat
er,
Al
achl
or(
Lasso)@ 2-
2.5kga.
iha-
1,
Pendamet
hal
i
n(St
omp)@ 1-
1.5kga.
i.
ha-
1ar
eef
fect
ivewayf
orcont
rolofmanyannual
andbr
oadl
eav
edweeds.
Whi
l
espr
ayi
ng,f
oll
owi
ngpr
ecaut
ionsshoul
dbet
akencar
ebyt
heper
sondur
ingspr
ay,
heshoul
dmov
ebackwar
dsot
hatt
heAt
razi
nef
il
m ont
hesoi
lsur
facemaynotbe
di
stur
bed.Onet
otwohoei
ngar
erecommendedf
oraer
ati
onandupr
oot
ingoft
he
r
emai
ningweeds.
Newchemi
calTembot
ri
one42%SC@ 287.
5gai
/haat3-
4leafst
agesofweeds,
isv
ery
ef
fi
cienti
nmanagi
ngweeds(
Productnamei
sLaudi
sfr
om Bay
ercr
opsci
ence)

Cr
oppr
otect
ion
I
nsect
-pestmanagement
Ther
ear
efourmaj
orpest
sofmai
zepr
eval
enti
nIndi
a.Thesear
espot
ted
st
em bor Chi
er [ lo par
tel
lus 
(Swi
nhoe)
], pi
nk st
em bor Sesami
er [ a
i
nfer
ens 
Wal
ker
], shoot f
l At
y [ her
igona 
spp.
] and f
all ar
mywor
m
Spodopt
[ eraf
rugi
per
da 
(J.E.Smi
th)
].

St
em Bor Chi
er( l
opar
tel
l
us)Maj
orpestofmai
zei
nIndi
aisSt
alkbor
er.Chi
l
opar
tel
l
us,
popul
arl
yknownasst
alkbor
ert
hatoccur
sdur
ingmonsoonseasoni
samaj
orpest
t
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Chi
l
olay
seggs10-
25day
saf
terger
minat
iononl
owersi
deof
t
hel
eav
es.Thel
arv
aoft
heChi
l
oent
ersi
nthewhor
landcausedamagei
nthel
eav
es
Management
 Two releases of Tri
chogramma chil
onis 8 cards/ha (1,
50,000
par
asi
tizedeggs/ha)at7and15daysaftergerminati
on.
 Removeanddestroydeadhear ts
 When i
nfestat
ion crosses 10%,spr
ay Chl
orantr
anili
prol
e 18.5 SC
@150ml/ha

Pi
nkBor Sesami
er( ainf
erence)I
toccur
sdur
ingwi
nterseasonpar
ti
cul
arl
yinpeni
nsul
ar
I
ndi
a.Themot
hoft
heSesami
aisnoct
urnalandl
ayseggsonl
owerl
eafsheat
h.The
l
arv
aeoft
heSesami
aent
ert
hepl
antneart
hebaseandcausedamaget
ost
em.
Cont
rol
ofSesami
a:
Forcont
rolofSesami
a,f
oli
arspr
ayofChl
orant
rani
l
ipr
ole18.
5sc@150ml
/hai
n500-
600l
i
trewat
er}i
sver
yef
fect
ive.

Fal
lAr
mywor Spodopt
m,  eraf
rugi
per
da 
(J.E.Smi
th)

Feat
uresofI
dent
ifi
cat
ion

Fallarmywor m( FAW)i sani nvasivei nsectpestcausi ngser i

ousdamage
tomai zeatal lst agesofi t
sgr owt h.Itwasf i
rstrepor tedinI ndiainMay,
2018.Thef emalemot hsl ayeggmassesonupperorundersi deoft heleaf
and cover ed witht an colour ed scales.Each egg mass cont ains 50-
150
eggs.I ncubation per i
od var ies from 4- 5 days.The l arvae are smoot h-
skinnedandvar yi ncol ourf rom lighttanorgr eent odul lgreybodywi th
threecr eamyyel low dor salandl ateralli
nes.Thel arvacont ainsr eddish
brownheadwi thpr edomi nantwhi t
e,invertedY- shapedsut urebet weent he
eyes.The t otall i
fecycle compl etes in about 30- 35 days whi ch vary
accordingt oclimat i
ccondi tions.Adul tlongevityvariesf r
om 4- 7days.The
adultmot hcanf lyupt o500km bef oreoviposition.

Nat
ureofDamage
FAW at
tacksal
lst
agesofmai
zecr
opf
rom seedl
ingemer
gence t
oear
devel
opment.Theyoungl
arvaeofFAW f
eedi
nandar
oundt
hewhor
l
l
eavesbyscr
api
ngandskel
etoni
zingt
heupperepi
der
misl
eavi
ngasi
lver
y
t
ranspar
entmembr
aner
esul
tingi
ntopaper
yspot
s.Thedamageal
so
r
esul
tsi
npi
nhol
esympt
omsont
hel
eaves.Ol
derl
arvaer
emai
nandf
eed
i
nsi
det
hewhor
l.Damagedur
ingveget
ati
vest
agel
eadst
oleafdamagebut
i
fdamagehappensdur
ingr
epr
oduct
ivest
agei
tmaydamaget
assel
sor
maybor
einsi
det
hecor
nearandeatawayt
heker
nel
s.Thewhor
ldamage
byFAW r
esul
tsi
nsi
gni
ficantyi
eldl
osseswhi
leearf
eedi
ngr
esul
tsi
nbot
h
qual
ityandyi
eldr
educt
ion.
Management
 Deepplought hef
iel
dstoexposepupaet osunlightandpr edat
or y
bi
rds(notrecommendedunderconser
vati
onagri
culture)
 Addneem cake@ 200kg/acr
etothefi
eldswhenmai zeisgr
ownwi t
h
 zerot i
llageorwher everpossi ble
 Seedt reat ment :Cyant raniliprole19.8%+Thi amethoxam 19.8%FS@
6ml /kgofseedof ferspr ot ectionfor15-20daysofcr opgrowth
 Ifinfestationismor et han10%,whor lapplicati
onofanyoneoft he
recommendedi nsecticidesf orFAW, vi
  z.,
 Chlorant
ranil
iprol
e18.5
SC( 80ml /acre)@ 0.4ml /litre;Thiamet hoxam 12.6%+Lambda
cyhalothr in9.5%ZC( 50ml /acr e)@ 0.25ml /l
itr
e;Spinetor
am 11.7%
SC( 100ml /acre)@ 0.5ml /litre;Emamect inbenzoat e5%SG
(80g/acr e)@ 0. 4g/li
trei sr ecommended

Shootf
ly(
Ather
igonasp.
)I
nSout
hIndi
aiti
saser
iouspestbuti
tal
soappear
sonspr
ing
andsummermai
zecr
opi
nNor
thI
ndi
a.I
tat
tackmai
nlyatseedl
i
ngst
ageoft
hecr
op.
Thet
inymaggot
scr
eepdownundert
hel
eafsheat
hst
il
ltheyr
eacht
hebaseoft
he
seedl
i
ngs.Af
tert
hist
heycutt
hegr
owi
ngpoi
ntorcent
ralshootwhi
chr
esul
tsi
ntodead
hear
tfor
mat
ion.
Cont
rol
ofShootf
ly:
Sowi
ngmustbecompl
etedbef
oref
ir
stweekofFebr
uar
ysot
hatt
hecr
opwi
l
lescape
shootf
lyi
nfest
ati
on.
Spr
ingsowi
ngmustbeaccompani
edwi
thseedt
reat
mentwi
thI
midacl
opr
id@ 6ml
/kg
seedorThi
amet
hoxam 30FS@ 8.
0mlperkgseed

Ter
mit
es(
Odont
oter
mesobesus)
Ter
mit
eisal
soani
mpor
tantpesti
nmanyar
eas.For
cont
roloft
ermi
tef
epr
oni
lgr
anul
esshoul
dbeappl
i
ed@ 20kgha-
1fol
l
owedbyl
i
ght
i
rr
igat
ion.I
fthet
ermi
tei
nci
dencei
sinpat
ches,t
hanspotappl
i
cat
ionoff
epr
oni
l@ 2-
3
gr
anul
ed/
plant
shoul
dbedone.Cl
eancul
ti
vat
iondel
ayst
ermi
teat
tack.

Ot
heremer
ging pest
s:Recent
lysomeot
hernon-
tr
adi
ti
onalpest
sar
eal
so causi
ng
damaget
omai
zecr
opv
iz.l
arv
aeofAmer
icanBol
l
wor
m(Hel
i
cov
erpaar
miger
a)whi
ch
causesdamaget
ocob

Di
seasemanagement
1.Maydisleafblight(MLB)/Sout hernCornLeafBli
ght(
SCLB)
Causalorganism: Biopol
ari
smaydi s
 Dest r
oyi nf
ectedcropr esi
duef rom t
hefiel
d
  Useofr esist
ant/tol
eranthybr i
ds
 FoliarsprayofMancozeb@ 2. 5g/Lofwat erafterabout15days
aftersowingiseffectiveandpr ovi
detwomor espraysat10-
day
int
er val
sorimmedi atelyaftersymptomsappear ance.
 FoliarsprayAzoxystrobin18.2%+Di fenconazole11.4%w/wSC
 1ml /Lofwaterimmedi atel
yaf t
ersymptomsappear ance

2.Turcicum leafbl ight 

(TLB) /Norther nCornLeafBlight(
NCLB)
Causalor ganism:  Exserohilum t
urcicum
 Cr op r otation with a non hostcr op like l
egumes t
or educe t
he
diseasesever it
y.
 Dest r
uct i
onofcr opdebr i
s.
 Useofr esistant/toler
anthybr i
ds
 Seedt reatmentwi t
hAzospr i
r i
llum (ACD15orACD20St r
an)@ 25g
andTr ichoder ma@ 6gperkgseedsorThi r
am 75WP@ 2gorCapat n
50WP@ 2gperkgofseedsbef oresowing.

 Spray2.5g Mancozeb 75 WP or1 mlHexaconazole 5 EC or1 ml

combiproductf
ungici
deAzoxyst r
obin18.
2% +Difenconazole11.4%
perlit
erof wat erimmediatel
y aft
erappearance of the di
sease
symptoms.Repeatthesameaf t
er15days

3.Curvul
arialeafspot
Causalorganism:  Curvulari
alunata
 Useofr esi stant/toler
anthybrids.
 Seed Tr eatment wi th 20 g Tr ichoderma chal
k formulat
ion +
Mancozeb63%orThi ram 40F.S.@ 6g/kgseed.
 Foliar Spr ay: – I t should be done at 35 and 55 DAS usi ng
Carbendazi m 12%+Mancozeb62%orZi neb75%@ 2g/l
itofsolut
ion.

4.Bandedl
eafandsheat
hbl
ight

Causalorgani sm: Rhi
zoct oniasolani
 St ri
ppi ngoflowerl eavesalongwi t
htheirsheat h
 Useofr esi
stant/t
ol er
anthybrids
 Fol iarspr ay Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% w/w SC
(Ami starTop325SC)1ml /Lofwat erat50DASori mmedi atel
yaf t
er
sympt oms appear ance.I f needed,r epeat the spray at 15 days
int
er val

5.Char
coalr
ot
Causalor
gani
sm:
 Macr
ophomi
naphaseol
ina

 Adoptcr oprot at
ion
 Deepsummerpl oughing
 Fiel
dsani t
at i
on
 Avoidthewat erstr
esscondi ti
onatt
hetimeofflowering
 Seed treatmentwi th 25g PSB (
Pseudomonas str
iata H-
21)and 6
g Tri
choder ma har zi
anum  or5 mlThir
am Flo 40 FS perkg seeds
beforesowi ng.
Ground Nut
 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family :Leguminosae/(Fabaceae)

Common Name: Groundnut/peanut/mungfali

Scientific Name: Arachis hypogaea

Arachis Legume
Hypogaea below ground

Chromosome No.: 2n= 40

Other name: Groundnut, Goober, Pindar or Monkey Nut

Origin: Groundnuts originated in the southern Bolivia -

northwestern Argentina area of South America.
Northern Argentina and South Bolivia and Brazil in which majority
of the species are found. Bolivia has the second largest number of
species.
In Brazil (In “Flora Braziliensis” by Bentham, 1838 described five
spp. of Arachis are from Brazil)
In India, Jesuit Father (Missionaries) introduced it in first half of the
16th century. It was introduced in Gujarat by Shri Padmabhai Patel.
 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
1. Third position in oilseeds in India
2. This oil is primarily used for preparation of vegetable oil (Vanaspati ghee).
3. Ground nut oil is one of the important edible oils. It is extensively used in cookery as a salad oil. It is used
for the manufacture of vanaspathi.
4. Groundnut kernel is rich and cheap source of vegetable protein.
5. Kernels are eaten, fried and salted and added to a number of dishes.
6. Peanut butter is prepared by grinding roasted and blanched kernels.
7. Groundnut oil is used to a limited extent in soap making.
8. Oil is used as illuminant, lubricant.
9. Oil cake is used as animal feed and organic manure.
10. Groundnut shell is used in the manufacture of activated carbon.
11. The groundnut cake is a good cattle feed. The plant after removing the pod, both dried and fresh is a good
cattle feed.
12. It contain about 45% oil and 26% of protein.
13. 1 gram kernel supplies 5.8 calorie of food almost two times than that of wheat bread.
14. Biological value of groundnut protein is maximum amongst all other digestible protein and equals to casein.
15. It is good source of vitamin B except vitamin B12 and thiamin, riboflavin, nocotinic acid and Vitamin E.
16. With regards to mineral Phosphorus, calcium and iron is abundant.
17. Kernels are consumed by the roasted or fried and salted.
18. Oil cake of the ground that contain 7-8% of Nitrogen, 1.5% Phosphorus and 1.5% potassium.
19. Globally 50% groundnut is for oil extraction, 37% for confectionery and 12% for sale purpose while in India
80% for oil extraction, 11% for seed, 8% for direct food use and 1% exported.
20. It improves soil fertility control soil erosion.
21. It also contributes to nutrition of farm families through consumption of energy- and protein-rich groundnut
kernels and provides nutritious fodder (haulms) to livestock
 CROP DESCRIPTION
Ø Herbaceous annual, with numerous branches that vary from
prostrate to almost erect depending upon the variety. Tap
root system, leaves pinnate, yellow flowers borne on axils of
leaves on branches
Ø Self-pollinated with some cross pollination (0-6% ) by bees
Ø Elongated gynophores (pegs) develop into pods
Ø Pods contain 2-5 seeds/kernel
Ø Kernel weight ranges from 0.15 to >1.3 g/kernel
Ø Virginia / runner types are spreading in nature and suitable
for rainfed condition
Ø Valencia / Spanish type are erect in nature and more suitable
for irrigated conditions
Ø Oil contents varies from 42 to 55 % of kernel/seeds
5
 Groundnut Scenario
Avg. Area (m ha) Avg. Production (m t) Avg. Yield (t/ha)
world 27.04 46.58 1.72
India* 4.89 6.65 1.36

• The most important groundnut producing countries in the world are India,
China, USA, West Africa, Sudan, and Nigeria etc.
• Its cultivation in India is mainly confined to the States of Gujarat, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Punjab and Orissa. About 80 % of the total area and 84 % of the total
production in the country are confined to first five States.
• All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut (AICRP-Groundnut)” was
established during VIII-Five year plan (1992-97)
• The National Research Centre on Groundnut (NRCG) was elevated to the level
of a Directorate in the year 2009 and rechristened as the Directorate of
Groundnut Research (DGR).
• 80% of its production is used for oil, 11% for seed, 8% for direct consumption
and 1% for export.
6
 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS
16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

Area in million ha
8.00
Production in million tonnes
Yield in qtl/ha
6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1950-51 1960-61 1971-72 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2015-16

7
 NUTRITIVE VALUE
Ø Groundnut is considered as low sodium food. Groundnut are
free from cholesterol and contains less than 20% saturated
fatty acid hence heart friendly.
Ø Groundnut seed contains 44-55% oil and 22-30% protein on a
dry seed and is a rich source of mineral
(phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium) and
vitamins E, K and B group
Ø Groundnut oil also contains some palmitic acid, arachidonic
acid, behenic acid, lignoic acid and other fatty acids
Ø Groundnut has lowest Glycaemic index (GI) a measure of the
rate at which carbohydrate from a particular food break down
and release glucose in blood stream
Ø Groundnut contains 26% protein, which is higher than
egg, meat, fish and dairy products
• The oil cake obtained after the extraction of the oil is a
valuable organic manure and animal feed.
• It contains 7-8 % N, 1.5 % P2O5 and 1.5 % K2O. It is a
good rotation crop being legume as it build up the soil
fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through root
nodules which adds about 12 to 40 kg N/ha and also
act as a efficient cover crop for land exposed to soil
erosion.
• The per capita consumption of edible oils in India is
about 5 kg/annum, which is far less than the world
average of about 13 kg and one fourth of 20 kg/capita
consumption in developed countries.
• Shell is used for fuel, thus it is four fold crop i.e.
food, fodder, feed and bio-fertilizer.

9
• Girnar 4 & 5: high oleic acid content (80%)
• In normal Groundnut oleic acid content (40-
50%)
• Oleic acid enhanced shelf life and health
benefits
• Reduce risk of cardio-vascular
disease, promotes healthy ratio of HDL to LDL
and reduces blood glucose levels.
Groundnut is classified as under:
1) According to Waldron or Growth habits.
a) The erect or bunch type: include Arachis hypogea sub species fastigiata
short duration (95-105), early maturing, and high yielding and almost free
from dormancy, high germination percentage (90-95).
b) The spreading or trailing type: include Arachis hypogea sub species
procumbens.
Long duration (110-120 days), late maturity, high yielding ability and have
dormancy (60-75%), low germination per cent (85-90).
2) Classification according to specialist of Tamil Nadu state:
Cultivated Arachis hypogea has been classified into 5 varieties based on habit
of growth, taste, colour, size or other characters of pods, leaf characters.
1) Arachis hypogea var. oleifera
2) Arachis hypogea var. mambyquare
3) Arachis hypogea var.rasteiro
4) Arachis hypogea var. asiatica
5) Arachis hypogea var.gigantia
 Climatic requirement

q Groundnut is a tropical plant requires a long and warm growing

season. It grows well in areas receiving 50 to 125 cm of well-
distributed rainfall during growing season, abundance of sunshine
and relatively warm temperature.
q Soil temperature is an important factor and its effects are critical on
seed germination, emergence of seedlings, early plant growth, rate
of flowering, and pod development. When soil temperature goes
below 19 ºC, emergence of seedlings is low.
q The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of groundnut is
ranging in between 26 to 30 ºC depending on the cultivar.
Reproduction growth is maximum at 24-27 ºC. The maximum rate
of growth of pods between 30 to 34 ºC as it requires about a month
of warm and dry weather.
q Light influences both photosynthesis and respiration in groundnut.
The opening of flowers and number of flowers both depend on light.
In India, groundnut is generally sown in four seasons
Kharif: About 85 % of the total groundnut in India is sown in the
kharif season under rainfed conditions.
Rabi: Groundnut is grown in rabi season on a limited area where
winter is not severe and night temperature do not go below 15 ºC.
This crop is usually cultivated in rice fallow field and utilizes the
residual moisture after harvest of rice or with minimal irrigation (5-
9). Rabi groundnut is raised on coastal regions, river deltas of
Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri and other irrigated areas in part of
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Summer: Summer cultivation of groundnut is mainly taken in the
states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and
Maharashtra states (9-12 irrigations).
Spring: Spring cultivation of groundnut is taken in the states of
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and West Bengal etc. (March to May).
 Soil
qGroundnut does well in the well drained, light
textured, loose, friable and sandy and sandy loam
soils which helps in easy penetration of pegs and
their development and also harvesting.
qClay or heavy soils are not suitable for this crop
as they interfere in penetration of pegs and make
harvesting quite difficult. Groundnut is sensitive
to soil salinity.
qIt gives good yields in the soil having the pH
between 6.0 to 7.5, well supplies with calcium
and a moderate amount of organic matter.
Field preparation
q Although the groundnut is a deep rooted crop, but looking
to its under ground pod forming habit, deep ploughing
should be avoided, because it encourages development of
pods in deeper layers of soil which makes harvesting
difficult. Adequate rains at sowing are necessary for proper
germination and good plant growth and well-distributed
rainfall during the crop period ensures normal vegetative
growth, increased flowering and proper development of
pods. One ploughing with soil turning plough followed by
two harrowing would be sufficient to achieve a good
surface tilth up to 12-18 cm depth.
Seeds and sowing
q Bold and filled pods should be selected and shelled by using
either hand or power operated decorticator just before
sowing. From the shelled seeds, small, shriveled, damaged
and broken seeds should be removed and only bold ones
should be used for sowing.
Seed treatment
qFor control of seed borne diseases, treatment
of groundnut seeds with Thiram (3 g/kg of
seeds), Mancozeb (3 g/kg of seeds) or
carbendazim (2 g/kg of seeds) is
recommended. Thereafter, seeds should be
inoculated with proper strain of Rhizobium
culture particularly in those fields where
groundnut is to be grown first time.
 Sowing
Usually groundnut sowing is undertaken with the
onset of monsoon. But where irrigation
facilities are available, pre-monsoon sowing
should be done in the last week of May or in
the first week of June with pre-sowing
irrigation. Sowing can be done in the last week
of June.
Rabi crop is sown from Nov. to December
depending upon vacate of the rice fields. The
summer crop is sown in the second fortnight of
January to first fortnight of February.
 Sowing method and spacing
Seeds should be sown about 5 cm deep with the help of
seed drill or they are sown behind the country plough.
Dibbling of seeds by keeping 45-60 cm distance in row
to row and 20-22.5 cm distance in plant to plant for
spreading type and 30-45 cm x 15 cm in bunch type
helps in saving the seed requirement and also increased
the yield as the sufficient space is provided around the
plant for its better growth and development.
Groundnut is generally sown in flat beds with 30 cm x 10
cm spacing.
Broad bed and furrow method is useful in high rainfall
area having deep vertisol where drainage of excess
water is a problem. In this method, stored moisture in
the furrows are utilized effectively by the crop and
gives about 15 % higher yield than flat bed method.
For summer or rabi crop, 22.5 cm x 10 cm or 30 cm x 7.5
cm.
 Selection of seeds
Quality of seeds is of prime importance for
establishing the optimum plant stand. Pods for
seed purposes should be stored unshelled in a
cool, dry and well-ventilated place. For seed
purposes, pods should be shelled by hand 2 weeks
before sowing time. Hand shelling ensures little
damage to seeds. Pods shelled long before sowing
time are liable to suffer from loss of viability and
storage damages. Discard shriveled, small and
diseases kernels. Only bold seeds should be used
for sowing to get good stand.
 Seed rate
Seed rate is always depends on the spacing, type
of seeds and germination percentage. Use of
optimum seed rate is the key factor for
maintaining recommended plant population
Spreading type varieties: 60-80 kg/ha
according to the size of kernels
Bunch type varieties: 80-100 kg/ha according
to the size of kernels
 Fertilizers and their application
N 15 kg/ha, P2O5 50 kg/ha , ZnSo4 25 kg/ha
The pod formation and development of groundnut is greatly
influenced by fertilizer application. The entire quantity of
phosphorus should be applied about 4-5 cm in the side of the
seed and 4-5 cm below the seed level before sowing. Phosphorus
fertilizer is very much important as it promotes root growth and
development of rhizobium and helps the crop to tide over
moisture stress. Single super phosphate is the best source of
phosphorus as it contains 16 % phosphorus besides 19.5 %
calcium and 12.5 % sulphur. Gypsum is the cheapest source of
calcium (24 %) and sulphur (18.6 %). Well powdered Gypsum
may be applied to the crop @ 100-150 kg/ha at the time of field
preparations because calcium is picked up by the peg and the
developing pod. Calcium too has pronounced effect on proper
development of pods and kernels. Groundnut being a legume and
oilseed crop has greater requirement for sulphur and phosphorus.
P is a constituent of enzymes, phospholipides and protein, while
S is a constituent of S containing amino acids. Calcium is another
important mineral for groundnut production.
 Irrigation
Groundnut being a rainy season crop, it does not require irrigation
unless the dry spell period prolonged and irrigation facilities are
available. If dry spell occurs, irrigation may become necessary
during critical stages. Flowering, peg formation and pod
development stages are critical for irrigation in groundnut. Life
saving irrigation during the critical stages of the crop growth results
in an increase in pod yield to the extent of 63 % in Gujarat, shelling
is increased by 5 %. However, lack of soil moisture at these stages
was found to be most crucial factor holding up groundnut
production. Hard soils are irrigated before harvest to facilitate easy
harvest.
In Southern part of the country where rabi groundnut is taken, 3-4
irrigations are required. The first irrigation is given at start of
flowering and subsequent irrigations are given during the fruiting
period to encourage peg penetration and pod development. The first
irrigation before harvesting will facilitate the full recovery of pods
from the soil.
Aftercare operations
1) Weeding and interculturing
Weeds result in severe competition with the crop and cause a
considerable reduction in yield to the extent of 25 to 50 % based on
nature of weed infestation in the field. Weed problem is very severe
in the initial stage due to slow growth of the crop. The critical period
of weed competition was found to be from 28 to 42 days after
sowing. The Crop should be kept absolutely weed free up to 60 days
of sowing by following 2-3 interculturing operations followed by
hand weeding but care should be taken that soil should not be
disturbed at pegging and pod formation stage. The earthing up
should also be taken up simultaneously with interculturing
operations. Basic idea of earthing up is to promote easy penetration
of pegs in soil as soil also to provide more area to spread. Where
labour cost is high and timely non-availability of labour, chemical
weed control through weedicide, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. per
hectare as pre-emergence should be applied besides carry out
interculturing and hand weeding at 20 and 45 days after sowing the
crop.
 Plant protection measures
Insects
a) White grub & Termites: Seed treatment
with 15 ml of chlorpyriphos 20 E.C. or
quinalphos 25 E.C. per kg of seed.
b) The major sucking pests causing yield losses
in groundnut are
aphids, jassid, thrips, whiteflies, etc. Spray
500 ml malathion 50 E.C. in 500 litres of
water per hectare.
Light trap attracts moths of leaf miner, which are
collected and then destroyed.
Diseases
a) Tikka disease: Two spray of Mancozeb 0.2 %
(1000 g ha-1) or Bavistin 0.1 % (500 g ha-1) in
500 l of water with the interval of 10-15 days.

b) Collar rot and seed rot: Take healthy seed for

sowing and treat the seed with Thiram or Captan
3 g/kg of seed.
Cropping systems:
Area under kharif groundnut is not likely to expand
any further in India. The most potent way of
increasing the area is by finding a place for
groundnut as an inter crop. Two systems give
some safety to the farmers against the natural
calamities and helps in better utilization of farm
resources. As a results research effort, stable and
remunerative intercropping systems with
cereals, pulses and other oilseeds have been
identified for dry land areas. The most promising
inter cropping of groundnut identified in recent
years are inter cropping of groundnut and pigeon
pea.
In Gujarat following inter cropping systems are
possible.
Groundnut + Castor (3:1 ratio)
Groundnut + Pigeon pea (3:1 ratio)
Groundnut + Sesamum (6:1 ratio)
Other crop rotations are
Maize (summer)- groundnut- gram or sarson
Groundnut- onion or garlic
Green gram - Groundnut – wheat
Maize - groundnut – pea
Lobia - groundnut –wheat
Groundnut crop grown in rotation with
wheat, gram, pea, barley etc. It is grown in mixed with
maize, pearl millet, castor, sorghum and cotton.
 Harvesting
The prominent symptoms of maturity are yellowing of
foliage, spotting of leaves and dropping of old leaves. The
pod is mature when it becomes hard and tough. Harvesting
before maturity lowers the yield due to shrinkage of seeds
when they dried. Delaying in harvesting germinate the seeds
in the filed it self.
In case of bunch type of groundnut, the plants are harvested by
pulling. Harvesting of spreading type of groundnut is done
by local plough or with the help of blade harrow or
groundnut digger.
Leave the harvested crop in small heaps for two to three days
for drying. After drying, collect the crop at one place and
detach the pods either by hand or thresher for separating the
pods from the plants. The dried fodder, which is also known
as haulm, is used in cattle feed.
Drying and storage of pods
The pods for storage must contain moisture less
than 9% as the higher moisture level in the
produce are congenial for the production of
aflatoxin caused for lever cancer of our body.
Yield
1500 to 2000 kg/ha (spreading type), 1000 to
1500 kg/ha (bunch type).
Varieties:
Jyoti
RS-1
Chitra
Amber
Punjab Groundnut No.1
Moongphali No. 145
MH-4: It is a semi-dwarf bunch type variety recommended for irrigated
conditions in Haryana. It matures in 115 days and is resistant to tikka disease.
Shelling percentage is 70. Seeds are of small size and contain 50 per cent oil.
Yield potential is 18-22 q/ha.
BG-2
TG-1 (Vikram)
Phule Pragati (JL-24)
TMV-6
 TAXONOMY
Botanical name Glycine max
Order : Fabales
Family : Fabacea
Sub-family : Faboideae
Genus : Glycine
Tribe : Phaseoleae
Sub-tribe : Faboideae
Species : max
Chromosome number: : 2n=40
 INTRODUCTION
Ø Soyabean (Glycine max L. Merril) commonly known as Soyabean /bhat is
an important pulse crop rich in food value.

Ø It is a cheapest, richest and easiest source of best quality protein and fat. It
is more considered as oilseed crop owing to its multiplicity of uses as food
and industrial products, it is called a ‘wonder crop’.

Ø It is the number one oilseed crop of the world which contains 40% protein
and 20% oil. Soybean protein is rich in the valuable amino acid lysines
(5%) in which most of the cereals are deficient.

Ø The seeds contain good quality protein rich in lysine and oil is having
considerable amount of essential fatty acids (Omega-6 and Omega-3). It
also contains phytochemicals known as isoflavones which protect human
body against chronic diseases.

Ø Soyabean, being leguminous crop, improves the soil fertility by fixing

atmospheric nitrogen and also through leaf fall at maturity.
Ø Soyabean is a food that is nearly perfect as cow's milk, but at the same
time rich in iron and Vitamin-C (when sprouted).

Ø A large number of Indian and western dishes such as bread, kachori,

pastries, high-protein food for children, food for diabetic, milk, biscuits,
sweets, fermented food, chhbole, khoa, paneer rabdi, powdered food
material, chocolate, ice cream, protisnacks, nutrinugget, green pods as
vegetable, canned seed vegetable, salad, dry seed-roasted, boiled, cooked,
soya sauce, soya soup etc. can be prepared from its seed/flour.

Ø It is widely used for manufacturing of edible oil, vanaspati ghee, salad oil,
butter, glycerine, oil for light, explosive, varnish paints, linolium, soap,
lubricating oil, printing ink, celluloid, plywood material, tape joint,
typewriter ribbon, rice cream, vitamins, antibodies, medicine and cosmetic
material etc. It can be used as forage, hay, silage etc. Its forage and cake
are excellent nutritive foods for livestock and poultry.
 Origin and History

Ø Soybean is reported to have been originated in Eastern Asia

specially in China around 2800 B.C and were used as food
long before the existence of written record.

Ø The wild ancestor of the soybean is Glycine soja (previously

called G. ussuriensis), a slender twining vine legume native
to central China, Manchuria and Korea. It was domesticated
in eastern half of the North China around the 11th century
B.C. So Japan is the focal point from where soybean goes to
other countries. In India the cultivation of soybean was first
started at Nagpur (1822).
 Area and distribution

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the important crop of the

world. The united States of America (U.S.A.) have become
the world leading producer.

The U.S., Brazil, Argentina, China and India are the

world's largest soybean producers and represent more than
90% of global soybean production.

Soybean production in India at present time is restricted

primarily in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar
Pradesh. Small acreage of test planting have however, also
been grown in other states.
 Climate requirement
Soybean grows well in warm and moist climates from sea level to an elevation
of 3,000 m.

Temperature of 15-32oC is optimum for germination.

For growth and development, the optimum temperature range is 24-27oC.

Lower temperatures tend to delay the flowering.

It has been observed that low temperatures reduce the oil content, whereas
higher temperatures during seed formation increase the oil content in seed.

At temperatures >42oC, nodulation is hampered severely. If the temperature is

less than 18oC, there will be no pod setting.

A relative humidity of 70-75% is optimum for pod formation. The crop can not
tolerate frost and water logging.

It is grown in areas of 40-75 cm annual rainfall. It is a short day plant and

requires a photoperiod of 13-14 hours provided that temperatures are also
favourable.
 Soil requirement

Soybean can grow in well drained loam, sandy loam and clay
loam soils. The soil pH should be 6.5-7.0. Acidic and alkaline
soils inhibit the germination of seed. Water logging is injurious
to the crop.
 Varieties
Description of improved varieties:

Bragg: It is an introduction from U.S.A. Plants: Medium tall (90-100 cm.), erect, branched with
six or seven upright branches. Leaves and pods are covered with brown hairs. Maturity
period: 110-115 days. Seeds: Bold, yellow with black hilum with oil content 23-25 percent
and protein content 42-45 percent. Yield: 1625-1875 kg/ha. It is suitable for Bihar, Delhi,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Lee: It is an introduction from U.S.A. Plants: Dwarf (40 cm.), erect and branched. Pods and
leaves are covered with brownish hair. Maturity period: 110-115 days. Seeds : Light yellow in
colour With black hilum. Oil content : 23-25 percent. Yield : 1500- 2000 kg/ha.

Clark- 63: It is an introduction from U.S.A. Plant: dwarf (70 cm.), leaves and pods are covered
with light yellow to brown coloured hairs. Maturity period: 90-95 days. Seed : Yellow with
dull lustre and black hilum. Yield: 2500-3000 kg/ha. Oil content: 18- 20 percent.

PK 416-Seed is medium size, ovule is yellow colour . Tolarant toYVM .Resistance to Rhizoctonia
Blight& Bacterial leaf spot. Duration-120 to 125 days. Give yield 25-30 quintal/ha.

PK 472-Dark green leaves .Seed is bold, smooth, yellow, non-shattering. Resistant to YVM, BLS
& Leaf Blight. Duration 120 to125 days. Yield-25 to 30 q/ha.
PK 564-Stem is strong .Seed is medium size. Tolerant to YVM, BLS, Rhizoctonia
Blight. Duration-120 to125 days. Yield-25 to 30 q/ha.

Punjab- 1: Plants: taller than Bragg and more branched with bushy habit. Leaves and
pods are covered with brownish hair. Seed: Yellow with black hilum. Maturity period:
120-130 days. Yield: 2000-2500 kg/ha. Oil content: 20-22 percent. It is suited for
Punjab, Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan.

Ankur: Plant: Tall(120- . 130 cm.). Seeds: Small, a bit flat and yellow in colour with
light brown hilum. Maturity period : 125 days. Yield : 2500-3000 kg/ha. Oil content:
19-20 percent. Resistant to rust.

Alankar: Plants: medium in height. Seed : round and yellow with light black hilum.
Maturity period: 120 days. Yield: 2500-3500 kg/ha. Oil content: 20-21 percent.

Shilajeet: Plant: Dwarf (50-70 cm.). Maturity period: 105 days. Seed : bold with oil
content 20-22 percent. Yield : 2000-2500 kg/ha.

PK- 262: Plant: Semi dwarf. Seed: bold and yellow in colour with oil content 22
percent. Yield: 3000-3500 kg/ha. Maturity: 130 days.
Cropping Systems
In north India, it has tremendous scope as an intercrop in
pigeonpea, maize, cotton and upland rice. In southern part of the
country, soybean has a good scope as intercrop in
cotton, sorghum, pigeonpea, groundnut and sugarcane. In central India, it has
been found very remunerative on the fallow lands in kharif. Some common
rotations followed in north India are:
Ø Soybean-gram/wheat/potato/tobacco/maize/mustard/toria,

Ø Soybean-potato- wheat, Soybean- wheat-groundnut.

Time of sowing
The last week of June and continue up to first fortnight of July is optimum
sowing time.

In northern and central India: last week of June (irrigated conditions)

Soyabean ( as Rabi crop): October - November.
As summer crop : in middle of February or middle of March.
Field preparation
The seed bed should be well pulverized, free from clods and perennial
weeds, and well levelled. The land should be prepared by ploughing 4-5 times
followed by planking after each ploughing. Generally one deep ploughing
with mould board plough followed by 3-4 light ploughings by desi plough
will ensure the proper tilth.

Seed rate
Season Seed rate (kg/ha) Spacing (cm × cm)
kharif 75-80 45 cm x 4-5 cm
spring and summer seasons 100-120 30 cm x 2-3 cm
Planting depth: 2.5-4.0 cm deep Optimum Plant population: 4 lacs plant/ha
Intercropping with other crops either in alternate rows or 2 rows of soybean
between two rows of main crop would require 60% of the seed rate.

The seed rate also depends on seed size as:

Small seeded-55-60 kg/ha,
Medium seeded-70-75 kg/ha and
Bold seeded- 80-90 Kg/ha.
 Method of Sowing

The Soybean is cultivated as pure crop, inter crop and mixed crop. The seeds are sown
by different methods according to the method of cropping as the

Pure crop should be sown by seed drill or behind the plough in Line sowing.

Soybean can be planted at spacing of 45 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant. A

seeding depth of 2.5-4 cm is optimum. Shallow depth may be justified to crust
prone areas and deeper in sandy soils. Rains immediately after sowing results
incrust formation inhibiting seedling emergence. Crust breaking by light racking is
desirable under these situations.

Soybean has a good scope as intercrop in Arhar, Cotton and upland Paddy in Northern
India and in Sorghum, Cotton, Sugarcane, Arhar and Groundnut in Southern India.
The Soyabean is planted with the companion crop in the alternative rows or two
rows of Soyabean with one row of companion crop. Paired row method utilizes the
resources more efficiently with higher yield.

Mixed cropping is also done with companion crops like Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Arhar and
Millets. The seed is sown after mixing with the seeds of companion crop by
broadcasting method. Planking should be done after sowing to cover the seed and
provide better contact of seed with the soil.
 Seed treatment
To get rid of seed borne diseases, seeds must be treated with Thiram or Captan
@ 2g/kg seed or Trichoderma viridi @ 5 g per kg of seed.

For higher yields, seeds must be treated with rhizobium and PSB culture.

The inoculation of seed with Rhizobium culture is most important when the
crop is cultivated first time in any land.

The seed should be inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum strains of soybean

culture to overcome the problem of poor nodulation.

The inoculated seeds are stored under shade till the time of sowing. Sowing
should be finished within two hours of inoculation.

Rhizobium culture, if not available at the planting time, the seeds should be
sown after mixing with soil collected from 15 cm deep soil of land which
was under soybean cultivation for consecutive 2-3 years.
 Fertilizer application
Ø FYM: 15-20 t/ha (5-10 before sowing)
+
N: P: K: S : Zn @ 25: 80: 40: 20: 5 kg/ha (as basal)

Ø An application of 25 kg N/ha as a starter dose will be sufficient to meet the

nitrogen requirement of the crop in initial stage.

Ø Apply 80 kg P2O5/ha to meet the phosphorous demand of the crop at the

time of sowing.

Ø In K deficient soils, basal application of 40 kg K2O/ha is recommended. To

correct K deficiency in a standing crop, 0.5% foliar spray of KCl is
recommended.

Ø Soybean requires S for oil synthesis. In areas with low S availability, 20 kg

S/ha is necessary. Application of 5 kg ZnSO4 /ha recommendation is made
for all soybean growing zones.
 Weed Management
Major weeds of soybean are:
Echinochloa colonum,
Celosia argentea
Sorghum halepense
Cyperus rotundus,
Cynodon dactylon,
Trianthema monogyna
To avoid weed competition during initial stage, soybean field should be kept
weed free for the first 30-40 days after sowing.

Preventive measure:
• Use weed free seed
• Clean seed properly
• Proper crop rotation
• Timely sowing
Control: Integrated method

Mechanical:
Two manual weeding, 20-25 and 40-45 days after sowing are sufficient for
controlling weeds.
Chemical:

During rains, hand weeding may not be possible.

Pre-emergance application of : Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha or
metribuzin @ 0.75kg a.i./ha or
Alachlor @ 2 kg a.i. /ha or
Metalachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha
pre plant incorporation : Fluchloralin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha

Post emergance: Quizalofop –ethyl @ 1 kg a.i./ha or

Imazethapyr @ 50-75 g/ha at 15-20 DAS in 800-1000 lt.

have been found effective to control annual grasses and broad leaved weeds.
 Water management

Ø The crop requires about 60-65 cm rainfall.

Ø Water logging is detrimental to nodulation, hence ridge and furrow planting is

recommended, where irrigation is provided in furrows.

Ø In rainfed crop prolonged dry spells, requires protective irrigation at the end of flowering
to pod initiation stages.

Ø The spring or summer crop of Soybean requires assured irrigation facilities and requires
3 and 5-6 irrigations, respectively.

Ø Critical stages are: 1. Sprouting

2. Flowering

3. Pod initiation

4. Pod filling stage

Ø Soil deficient in moisture requires one pre-sowing irrigation for the good germination of
the seed. Irrigation is required at an interval of 8-10 days during April and May.
 Insect management
Stem fly (Melanagromyza sojae ): A small pale brown longicon beetle whose grub bores into the
stem of growing plants. As a result, drying of leaves and withering of plants occur. Adults
feed on leaves by making multiple punctures, which appears as white spots on leaves.
§ It can be controlled by spraying the crop with chlorantraniliprole 18.5 S.C. @
150ml/ha or indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 333 ml/ha or Phorate 10 G @ 15 kg/ha.
§ Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30% SF @ 10 ml/ha.

Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua): The caterpillar feeds gregariously on the foliage
causing the whole plant defoliated in case of severe attack.
The insect can be controlled by spraying the crop with 500 ml Dichlorvos (Nuvan)76 E.C.,
Monocrotophos 36 SL (Nuvacron etc.) @ 625 ml, 1250 ml Quinalphos 25 E.C. mixed in 625 l
of water per hectare.

Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura): The larvae of this insect causes damages to the foliage.
They feed on the surface of the leaves and ultimately skeletonise them. They are nocturnal in
habit and cause damage of the foliage at night. They hide themselves under the clods at the
base of the plant during day time.
The insect can be controlled by spraying the crop with indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 333 ml/ha or
chlorantraniliprole 18.5 S.C. @ 150ml/ha or emamectin benzoate 5 s.g. @ 250 g/ha.
Gram pod borer: It is polyphagous pest. The caterpillar makes holes in the pod and feeds on the
ripening grains. While feeding on the developing seeds, the anterior body portion of the
caterpillar remains inside the pod it attacks and the posterior half remains exposed. The
Caterpillar, as it grows, bores into green pods and destroys the seeds completely.
It can be controlled by : NSKE 5%, NPV 250 or BT @ 1 kg/ha.
Also spray Monocrotophos 36 SL (Nuvacron etc.) @ 750 ml/ha or Profenofos 50% EC @ 1.5 l
in 500-600 litre of water /ha.:
First spray should be done at 50 % flowering and
Second spray should be done 15 days after first spray
Third spray should be done 15 days after second spray

Aphid, Jassid and whitefly: These pests suck the sap from foliage of the crop and cause chlorosis
on leaves. Spray 1000 ml Malathion 50 E.C. or 625 ml Dimethoate 30 E.C. (Rogor) or 625 ml
Metasystox 25 E.C. mixed in 625 litres of water per ha.
Also mix carbofuran 3 G @ 50 kg/ha in soil and seed treatment should be done with
thiamethoxam 30% SF @ 10 ml/ha.
 Diseases management
Bacterial blight: Small reddish brown spot surrounded by water soaked margin with yellow hallo appears on pods. Cool and moist
conditions are favourable for bacterial blight. Spray Copper Oxychloride 1500-2000 gm mixed in 500 litres of water per
hectare.

Downy mildew: Small chlorotic spots appear on the upper surface of the leaves which later turn greyish to dark brown with downy
growth on the lower surface of the leaves. For control, the seed should be treated with Captan @ 3.0 gm per kg of seed before
sowing. Spraying the crop with Copper Oxychloride 50 % (Blitox, Phytolan etc.) @ 5.0 gm. per litre of water has been found
effective in controlling the disease.

Seed and Root rot: Small, round or irregular black sclerotia appears below the epidermis on the affected stem and root. The plant
wilts within a week. On examination of the stem, dark sunken lesions are seen on the stem and dry rot symptoms appear on
basal stem and main root. In advanced stages, dark sclerotial bodies may be seen on the affected roots and basal stem.
Seed treatment with 2 g Thiram + 1 g carbendazim/ kg seed.
Seed dressing with Thiram, Captan, Benlate @ 3.0 gm or Trichoderma viridi @ 5.0 gm per kg of seed, crop rotation and field
sanitation including cutting down the diseased plants and burning them and drenching the infested soil with fungicide will
help in reducing the innoculum.

Anthracnose (c.o. Colletotrichum truncatum): Anthracnose on the stem of soyabean showing the white growth of the fungus
along with acervuli on the stem between the soil and the first node. This is the first symptom to appear on plants, which are
symptomless until the VN and R1 growth stage.Seed treatment with 2 g Thiram + 1 g carbendazim/ kg seed. And foliar spray
of
Indofil M-45 @ 25 kg/ha.

Alternaria Leaf spot: Leaf spot is mainly a foliar disease causes yield loss due to affecting photosynthetic process. Numerous
typical Zonate grey spots with purplish brown margins appear on leaves and other part of the plant except roots.
To control this disease, use disease and injury free seeds.
Seed treatment with 2 g Thiram + 1 g carbendazim/ kg seed
Spray Blitox-50 or Indofil M-45 @ 1500-2000 gm mixed in 500 litres of water.

Yellow mosaic (Virus): Yellow mosaic is an important virus disease, it is transmitted by white fly. The affected leaves become
yellow with a slight crinkling and reduction in size. The plants are stunted in growth and set a few pod only.
Regular spraying of the crop with 625 ml Dimethoate 30 E.C. (Rogor) or 625 ml Oxydemeton Methyl 25 EC (Metasystox) or
1000 ml Malathion 50 E.C. mixed in 625 litres of water keep the white fly population under control and the crop becomes
free from the incidence of yellow mosaic virus.
 Harvesting
The plant is harvested when the leaves turn yellow and finally drop and only the pods remain on
the stalk. There is a thumb rule for harvesting soybean crop i.e. the crop should be harvested
after it has fully matured.
Characteristics of harvesting stage :
1. Leaves start dropping
2. Pods dried
3. Moisture in seed around 15-17%
4. Maturity period 90-140 days

Harvesting method:
Ø Small farmers: Manual
Ø Large farmer: Combine
Harvesting is done either by cutting the plants close to the ground with sickles or pulling the
plants. The harvested plants are carried to the threshing floor and dried in the sun about a
week. It can also be threshed by thresher. A moisture content of 13-14% is ideal for
threshing with thresher.
 Yield
A well managed crop yields about 3.0-3.5 tonnes grain/ha.

Oil to soybean seed crushed is 18%, meal to soybean seed crushed is 73%, hull
from soybean seed crushed is 8% and wastage from soybean seed crushed is 1%.

Anti-nutritional aspect
Soybean grain contain trypsin inhibitor so, excessive intake of soybean inhibits the
activity of trypsin enzyme in animals. Soybean has goitrogenic effect. Goitrogens
are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid glands by interfering the
iodine uptake, which can, as a result cause an enlargement of thyroid i.e. Goitre.
 Pulses
Kharif Pulses Rabi Pulses
1. Pigeon Pea/ Arhar 1. Gram
2. Urd 2. Lentil
3.Moong 3. Pea
4. Horse Gram
5. Cowpea/Lobia
6. Cluster Bean (Guar)

Green Manures: Crotalaria(Sanai), Sesbania(Dhaincha)

Vegetables: Beans, Veg Pea
Oil Seed : Grountnut, Soybean
 Important Characteristics of pulses
• Root System: Tap root system, containing
Rhizobium bacteria in nodules
• Most of them have indeterminate growth habit
• High protein content >20%
• Incidence of insect and diseases is more
• Leave Residual N-effect on succeeding cop
• Low yields are there
 Reasons for Low Productivity of Pulses
1. Cultivated on marginal lands
2. Grown as rainfed crop/Irrigation not provided
3. Local seed is used which is of poor quality/ Area
specific HYV are not available
4. Seed replacement rate is very less
5. Seedlings are rich source of protein, so insect and
disease attack is more
6. Indeterminate growth habit: both vegetative and
reproductive stages are there, diversion of energy is
there to leaves, flowers and to bacterial colony
7. Synchronous maturity of pods is not there
8. Prone to shattering
9. Poor fertilizer management: starter dose of N is
needed and pulses have high P requirement
10. Inoculation of seed with proper Rhizobium culture
is not practiced : Nodulation starts 12-15 days after
sowing and effective nodulation is around 20-25
DAS.
11. During storage , attack of insects is there as they
have high protein content.
 Total pulse production in India 2017-18
Sn State Area (mha) Production Productivity
(mmt) (kg/ha)

1 MP 7.48 8.11 1084

2 Rajasthan 5.33 3.41 639

3 Maharashtra 4.21 3.35 795

4 UP 2.26 2.20 973

India 29.81 25.42 853

 Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan)
• Also known Arhar, tur, red gram, Congo pea etc.
• It is largest Kharif pulse crop in India and second largest pulse
after gram
• Protein content = 20-22 %
ORIGIN : India
Economic Importance
• India is the major pigeon Pea producing country in the world
and produces about 75-80 % of the production in the world
• It accounts for about 15% of the total pulse produced in the
country
• It serves as major source of protein requirement of the
vegetarian population of our country
• It is rich source of essential amino acids like lucine, cystine and
arginine
• It has deep and well developed root system and can resist
drought
• Green leaves are also used as fodder
• Wooden sticks are used for making baskets and for burning
• It also contributes to soil fertility
Geographical Distribution
• It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries of Asia, Africa
and Caribbean Island
• Mayanmar (0.09mt), Malawi (0.23 mt), Tanzania (0.2 mt),
Kenya (0.09), Nepal, Congo, Uganda, etc.
 Pigeon Pea production-2018
Sn State Area (mha) Production Productivity
(m tonnes) (Kg/ha)

1 Maharashtra 1.24 1.13 909

2 0.89 0.76 861

Karnataka
3 MP 0.65 0.84 1297

India 4.44 4.29 967

 Climatic Requirement
• It is a drought resistant crop
• It can be successfully gown in areas receiving 65 cm
annual rainfall
• Rain during flowering results in poor pollination and
poor pod development
• It is mostly photoperiod sensitive and short days
result in reduced vegetative phase and on set of
flowering is there.
• Temperature range of 18-27oC is desirable for good
growth.
• Can be cultivated upto an altitude of 1800-2000m
 Soils
• Is grown in different types of soil: well drained medium heavy
loam are best suited. Waterlogging should be avoided and
proper drainage is needed
FIELD PREPARATION
Pigeon pea has epigeal germination, cloddy surface should be
avoided
One ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing's and planking
Field should be leveled by using leveller for good water
management, drainage channels should be made to remove
excess water.
In high rainfall areas ridge and furrow system is used for sowing
 Cropping Systems
• Pigeon Pea (PP)-wheat,
• PP-potato-green gram
• PP-mustard, PP-sugarcane (Spring)
• PP-Mustard-Green Gram
Intercropping Ratios
PP+ Sorghum(2:1), Pearl Millet+ PP (1:2)
Maize + PP(1:1), PP+ Soybean (2:4)
PP+ Urd/Moong (): PP + Grountnut (4:2)
 Sowing Time
• North India:
– Irrigated Cond: 2nd FN of May to Ist FN of June
– Rainfed Cond: Onset of monsoon (July)
• Bihar: Early Rabi First fortnight of August
• Karnataka : First fortnight of December
Seed Treatment
• To prevent seed and crop from the attack of diseases and
insects at initial stages seed treatment is done
• Thiram +Carbendazim (2+1)g/kg seed
• Rhizobium culture @ 200g for 10kg seed
• For termites = Imidacloprid@4ml/kg seed
 Varieties are grouped in 4 types
1. Extra Early Varieties : 120-160 days
2. Medium Group : 160-180 days
3. Mid Late : 180-200 days
4. Long Duration > 200-270 days
Varieties
• North Hill Zone (All are short duration): Pusa Ageti, T-21,
UPAS-120, ICPL-151 ICPL-85010, VL-Arhar-1
• NWPZ : T-21, UPAS-120, Prabhat, Manak, ICPL-151, Pusa-991,
992, 2001, 2002, Pant Arhar-291, PPH-4 (Hybrid)
• Hybrids : ICPH-8, CoH-1 , PPH-4
• Old Varieties : Khargone-2
• Bahar for NEPZ Bold Seeded
 Seed Rate
Sn Condition Seed rate Spacing (cm )
1 Long duration variety 8-10 kg/ha 90x20

2 Medium duration variety 10-12kg/ha 60-75x20

3 Short duration variety 12-15kg/ha 40-60x10-15

4 Rabi season 25-30kg/ha 30x10

See Depth= 3-4 cm

 Nutrient and Water Management
• N: P2O5: K2O:: 20-25: 60:20
• S@ 20 kg/ha, Zn@ 25 kg ZnSO4
• Entire fertilizer applied as basal
Water Management
• Critical Stages for Irrigation : Branching, Flowering, Pod filling
• Crop has deep roots and can extract moisture fro 180-220 cm
• Crop is sensitive to water logging, so drainage should be
provided
• Summer and rabi season crop requires irrigation at critical
phases
 Weed Management
• Pigeon pea is a slow growing crop during initial phase. First 7-
8 weeks after sowing is critical period for crop weed
competition.
• Two hand weedings
– First = 20-25 DAS
– Second= 40-50 DAS
Chemicals
– Pendimethalin 30Ec @ 1.0kg ai/ha
– Alachlor 50EC @ 2.0kg ai/ha Pre Emergence
– Fluchloralin 45 Ec @ 0.75-1.0 kg ai/ha
– Imazethapyr 10SL @ 0.05 kg ai/ha Post emergence
– Fenoxyprop p-ethyl 9 EC @ 0.05 kg ai /ha 20-25 DAS
 Insect Management
• Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigers): larvae feed on all plant
parts and bore into pod and damages grains
• Control: Profenophos 50EC @ 0.2%, NSKE @ 5%, NPV
(Nuclear Polyhedron Virus)@ 250 larval equivalents,
Quinalphos @ 0.02%. Deep ploughing in summers
• Latest Recommendations
• Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g ai/ha (150 ml /ha)
• Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @333-500 ml/ha
• Flubendiamide 2WG @ 50 g ai/ha
• Dimethoate 30EC @ 600 g ai /ha
• Pod Fly (Malanagromyza obtusa). Lays eggs in
pod, larvae on hatching bore into pods and
damages grain. They also pupates in pod and
adult fly comes out from pod
• Blister Beetles (Mylabris spp) Adult beetle heavily
on flowers and flower drop occours
• Leaf Webber (Maruca testulalis) Single eggs are
laid on leavestips, pods etc. They form web
 Disease Management
Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum sp udum) :Root and the base of the stem
show black streaks under bark
• Management : Remove and destroy affected plants,
• Grow resistant varieties
• Intercropping with sorghum reduces the incidence
• Seed treatment with bavestine
• Change crop rotation
Phytophthora blight: (P cajani) sudden wilting of plant parts above the
infected portion
Management : Avoid waterlogging in the field, Grow resistant varieties,
Ridge sowing, Seed treatment, Spray of carbendazim
Sterility Mosaic Virus : Symptoms are = Stunted growth, bushy and pale
green leaves and lack of reproductive parts
Mite (Aceria cajani) : Transmit the disease, spray Metasystox @0.1%
 Harvesting
Crop has indeterminate growth and non-synchronous
maturity.
• Harvesting should be done when 75-80 % pods dry,
by cutting entire plant
• Picking can also be done (2-3Times)
After harvesting ----Threshing----Drying till moisture
level is 10-12%
Yield
Grain = 20-25 q/ha
Stick Yield= 50-60 q/ha
 Mung (Vigna radiata) 2n=24
Also called as Green gram, golden gram. It is important short duration pulse crop
ORIGIN : Indian Subcontinent
Economic Importance
Grown for seed , green manure, and as forage (Green as well as dry plant parts are used)
It is used as whole grain or after splitting the grain.
Its dal is very easy for digestion and is given to patients.
Used for preparation of Namkeen, Sweets, Halwa sprouted mung etc.
It is a short duration crop and is also grown as catch crop (use of fallow land between two main crop)
It enriches soil by fixing atmospheric Nitrogen, Protein content is 23-24%
Geographical Distribution
Grown between 40oN to 40oS in the regions where day temperature during growing season is >20 oC
It is cultivated in South and South East Asia in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, China and Indonesia. Also grown in some parts of Africa, USA and
Australia
Climatic Requirement
• Temperature during growth period should be >20 oC
• Optimum temperature for growth is 30-35oC, crop can tolerate high temperature up to >40oC
• It is sensitive to frost ,water logging and salinity
It can be grown successfully in all the seasons, but is grown mostly as summer and kharif crop in North
India and as winter crop in South India.
• It can be successfully gown in areas receiving 60-75 cm annual rainfall
• Rain during flowering results in poor pollination and poor pod development
Soils
Well drained loan soils are good. Waterlogging should be avoided and proper drainage is needed
FIELD PREPARATION
• It has epigeal germination, fine seed bed is required. One ploughing followed by 2-3
harrowing's and planking. For summer sowing pre sowing irrigation should be given for uniform
germination.
Moong production-2018
n State Area (lakh ha) Production Productivity
(lakh tonnes) (Kg/ha)
1 Rajasthan 17.21 7.47 434
2 Maharashtra 4.53 2.66 587
3 MP 4.34 1.64 377
India 42.57 20.09 472
Cropping Systems
• It is grown in all three seasons due to development of short duration varieties
• Rice-Wheat-Mung
• Mung-wheat/mustard/lentil
• Green gram-potato-Green Gram
• PP-Green Gram,
• Rice- green gram
Intercropping Ratios
Sorghum+ Green Gram, Pearl Millet+ Mung, Maize + Green Gram,
Sowing Time
• Kharif : on set of monsoon in June-July in rainfed condition.
• In Tarai condition- Last week of July to Second week of August. If sown earlier then there is
overgrowth and it results in less number of pods/plant
• Rabi sowing:- Sowing is done post monsoon period up to December
• Summer Crop:- Gown under irrigated condition from 15th March to 15th April. Adjust sowing
in such a way that crop matures before onset of monsoon by 15 th June
Seed Treatment
• Thiram +Carbendazim (2+1)g/kg seed
• Rhizobium culture @ 200g for 10kg seed
Varieties
• North Hill Zone: Pant Mung -5, Pusa 06722, Sweta, Pusa Vishal, PDM-59
• NWPZ : Pant Mung- 3,4,5,6, 7, 8 MH-215, Pusa Vishal, Pusa 9531, IPM 410-3
• Summer Cultivation : PDM-11, 139, Meha, Pusa Vishal, Pant Mung-2,3,4,5 IPM-02-03,
KM2195, HUM-1,2, 16 (BHU-Varanasi)
Rabi Season:- CO-2,3,4,5, 6. PDM-54, 84-143

Seed Rate
Kharif Season : more growth is there due to high temperature, humidity and rainfall
Kharif Season 15 kg/ha Spacing = 30-45x10 cm
Rabi & Spring Season: 25-30 kg/ha Spacing =25x10cm
Nutrient Management :
• N: P2O5: K2O:: 20: 40:20
• S @ 20 kg/ha, Zn@ 25 kg ZnSO4
• Entire fertilizer applied as basal
Water Management
• Summer season crop requires irrigation for good yield
 • Usually 2-3 irrigations are needed for good yield at 30DAS, 45 DAS
Weed Management
• Problem of weed is severe in Kharif season.
• Critical period is first 4-5 weeks after sowing as crop has early slow growth.
• Two hand weedings
– First = 20 DAS Second= 40 DAS
Chemicals
Pre Emergence (Apply with 0-3 days of sowing)
– Pendimethalin 30Ec @ 1.0kg ai/ha
– Alachlor 50EC @ 2.0kg ai/ha
Post Emergence (apply 20-25 DAS)
– Imazethapyr 10SL @ 0.05 kg ai/ha
– Fenoxyprop p-ethyl 9 EC @ 0.05 kg ai /ha
Insect Management
• Stem Fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli): Maggots of young fly bore into young stem and damage them.
– Control:Carbofuran 3G @ 20-25 kg/ha
• Jassids (Empoasca spp-) Nymph and adults feed on lower side of leaf and suck sap. Leaves curl
at edge and turn brown
– Control : Dimethoate @ 0.03%, Imidacloprid @ 1ml/3litre of water
• Whit Fly (Bemesia tabaci)- Nymph and adult suck sap from leaves and tender parts. They also
act as vector for yellow mosaic virus.
– Control : Imidacloprid @ 1ml/3litre of water, Thiomethoxam @ 150gm/ha
• Thrips ( Caliothrips indicus) They feed on leaves and suck sap
– Dimethoate @ 0.03%, Imidacloprid @ 150ml/ha
• Pod Borer (Maruca testulis and Helicoverpa armigera): Feeds on leaves, flowers and Bores into
pod. Control as in Pegion pea
Disease Management
• Yellow Mosaic Viruses: Affected leaves show scattered yellow spots and can spread to entire
plants Infected plants show late maturity and fewer plants. It spreads through white fly.
Management: control white fly, grow resistant varieties.
• Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani) :- Leaves become yellow and wilting of plants is there
Management :- Seed treatment, grow resistant varieties Trichoderma harzianum as soil
application @ 10 g/lit of water
• Powdery mildew (Erysiphe batae) : Small to medium powdery white powdery spots appear on
leaves and spread to stem afterwards
Management :Sulphur dusting @25kg/ha, [email protected] %, Hexaconazole @ 1.0 lit /ha
Harvesting
Crop has indeterminate growth and non-synchronous maturity.
• Harvesting should be done when 90 % maturity, Picking can also be done (2-3Times)
After harvesting ----Threshing----Drying till moisture level is 10-12%
Grain Yield = 12-15 q/ha

Urd Bean(Vigna mungo) 2n=24

It is also important short duration pulse crop, grown as mixed crop, catch crop and sequential
crop
ORIGIN : India
Economic Importance
Grown for seed , green manure, and as forage (Green as well as dry plant parts are used)
It is used as whole grain or after splitting the grain.
Used for preparation of many popular dishes as papar, bari, dosa, vada, idli etc.
It enriches soil by fixing atmospheric Nitrogen, Protein content is 24%
Geographical Distribution
• It is cultivated in Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka etc.
• Also grown in some parts of Africa and America (West Indies)
Climatic Requirement
• Optimum temperature for growth is 25-35oC, crop can tolerate high temperature up to >42oC
• It can be grown successfully in all the seasons, but is grown mostly as summer and kharif crop
in North India and as winter crop in South India.
• Day neutral cultivars are cultivated summer seasons
• It can be gown in areas receiving 650 mm annual rainfall
• Rain during flowering results in poor pollination and poor pod development
• It is sensitive to frost , water logging and salinity
Urd production-2018
Sn State Area (Lakh ha) Production Productivity
(lakh tonnes) (Kg/ha)
1 MP 18.24 13.48 739
2 Rajasthan 8.39 5.24 624
3 UP 6.14 3.15 513
4 Andhra Pradesh 4.03 3.75 931
India 54.39 35.62 655
Soils : Well drained loan soils are good. Waterlogging should be avoided and proper drainage is
needed
FIELD PREPARATION : As in Mung Bean
Sowing Time :
Kharif : Mid June to Mid July Spring : January Summer : March
Seed rate : Kharif : 12-15 kg/ha spacing =( 30-45x 5-10 cm)
Spring/Summer : 20-25 kg/ha spacing= (20-30x5-10cm)
Seed Treatment
Thiram +Carbendazim (2+1)g/kg seed, Rhizobium culture @ 200g for 10kg seed
Varieties
• North Hill zone : PU-19, NDU-99-2
• NWPZ : PU-19, 31, 35, 40. PU-10, AzadU-2 Shekhar-2,3. WBU-109,
• Summer Sowing : KUG-479 , Shekhar-3 WBU-109, PU-30
Water Management: Summer crop needs irrigation, Pod filling is critical stage for moisture stress. In
all 3-5 irrigations are required at 10-15 days interval
Nutrient Management : Same as in Mung Bean
Weed Management : Same as in Mung Bean
Insect Management : Same as in Mung Bean
Diseases
Leaf Crinkle (Black gram Crinkle virus): Leaves show crinkling, buds and flowers have bushy
appearance. It spreads through white fly
Control : Dimethoate @ 0.03%, Imidacloprid @ 1ml/3litre of water
Mosaic Mottle (Black gram mosaic virus): Irregular light green patches on leaves are there, later leaves
become distorted and margins curl upward
Control- Seed treatment with carbendazim+thiram, spray of carbendazim @ 0.05 % and Imidacloprid @
150 ml/ha
Sterility Mosaic (Black sterility mosaic virus) : No flower formation
Control : use resistant varieties, r remove sucking pests by applying Imidacloprid @ 150 ml/ha,
Dimethoate @ 600 ml/ha
Harvesting and Threshing : Same as in Mung Bean
Yield : 15-18 q/ha
 Soybean (Glycine max ) 2n=40
It is also called as Golden bean or miracle bean or wonder crop. In India it is also known as
Bhatt, Bhattmas, Kalitur etc. It is the leading oil producing crop in India and in world.
The plant is classified as an oilseed rather than pulse by UN FAO. It has 40 % protein, 20 % oil, 30-35
% carbohydrate, 5% minerals
Origin : China (North China)
Economic Importance
 Rich source of protein and oil
 De oiled flour has even high protein 55-60%
 Flour and grits are used in commercial baking industry
 Used in preparation of soymilk, tofu, soya sauce etc.
 Oil is used for cooking, industrial paints, varnishes, printing inks etc. Soya oil based lubricants
and fuel products are also prepared.
 Lecithin extracted from soybean oil is a natural emulsifier and is used in chocolates and
pharmaceuticals.
 Soybean cakes are processed into soy protein products and are also used as animal feed.
 Export of de oiled cake around Rs 2400 cr/yr
Geographical Distribution
Leading 5 producers in world are USA > Brazil > Argentina > China >
India
Production 117 m ton 108 m ton 56 m ton 13.1 m ton

Globally (2016-17) : Area = 121.9 million ha, Production = 342 million tonnes,
Productivity = 2.8 tonnes/ha
Production in India
Sn Year Area Production Productivity
1 1970-71 0.03 m ha 0.014 m tonnes 426
2 1990-91 2056 m ha 2.60 m tonnes 1015
3 2018-19 11.33 m ha 13.79 m tonnes 1217
States (2019-19)
1 MP 5.6 7.20 1285
2 Maharashtra 4.04 4.55 1125
3 Rajasthan 0.93 1.17 1254

History of Soybean Development in India

Soybean research was started in India by Staff members of University of Illinois as a solution to
“Protein Gap” problem in India at Pantnagar, and Jabalpur.
Field trials were done in 1964-65 for its feasibility, and trials produced excellent yield of 3500 kg/ha
(Bragg) and it was higher than US average of 1860 kg/ha
This led to AICRP-Soybean in 1967 with its headquarters at Pantnagar
NRC Soybean was set at Indore in 1987 renamed to IISR –Indore

Problems /constraints associated with Soybean

Anti-Nutritional factor
1. Trypsin Inhibitor : They cause poor protein digestibility. They are of two types
i) Kunitz Type Trypsin Inhibitor ii) Bowman Birk Type
They reduce trypsin enzyme activity resulting in poor protein digestion in monogastric animals
Their activity can be checked by boiling it for 10 min
2. Beany Flavour: Due to presence of lipoxygenases (LOXs)
They can be inactivated by boiling them

Genetic Modification (GM crops or Biotech crops)

Except for India all major soybean producing countries grow GM soybean (USA =93-95%, Argentina=
99%, Brazil= 89 % World Average= 82 % )
In 1994-95 Monasnto introduced Glyphosate tolerant soybean, which were genetically modified to resist
glyphosate herbicide. {Some microorganisms have genes that are resistant to glyphosate. One such gene
was isolated from Agrobacterium spp (strain CP-4). The gene was engineered for plant expression by
fusing it to chloroplast derived from petunia. Gene from E coli was used as marker. DNA was injected
into soybean using particle acceleration method}
First commercial GM soybean in USA was GTS 40-3-2 in 1994

Soil: Loam is best suited, but can be grown in clay soils also. Suitable pH =605-7.5,
Minimum temperature required for germination =5 oC
Mean temperature for good growth = 30 oC. Temperature < 20 oC and > 40 oC reduces growth

Land Preparation: One ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing and planking. Gentle slope for drainage
should also be provided
Sowing Time :
Hills = Last week of May to June end
North Plain Zone = Mid of June to First week of July (Punj, Haryana, Delhi, UP, West Bihar)
Central Zone = Mid of June to Mid of July ( MP, Raj , Guj, West Maha, Bundelkhand region
of UP)
Spring Sowing = 15th Feb – 15th March
Depth of sowing = 2-4 cm (Shallow depth in crust prone area and deeper depth in sandy soil) crust
formation decreases germination%. Soybean has got epigial germination, therefore
crusting is a serious problem.
Spacing = Row-Row 45 cm, Plant – plant= 4-5 cm
Optimum plant population= 4.5 lakh/ha
Spring and Rabi season= 30x4-5 cm as vegetative growth is not high

Seed Rate
Kharif=75 kg/ha with 85 % germination.
Spring and Rabi season = 100 kg/ha
Seed Treatment= (2 g thiram+ 1 g carbendazim) per kg seed
Brady rhizobium @ 200 g/10 kg seed
Varieties
North Hill Zone : VL-21, VL-47, VLS-59, 63, 65 (Bhatt), PRS-1, Hara Soya, PS-1092, PS1556 (PS-26)
North Plain Zone : PS-1024,1042,1092,1225,1347,PS-19,20,21,22,23,24,25. SL-958, 688, Pusa 9814,
9712
Central Zone : JS-335, JS=- 93-05, 95-60, 90-41, 97-52, 20-29, 20-34, Ahilya-4 (NRC-37 ), Ahilya-3,
MACS-58, Indra Soya-9, MAUS-81,61-2,47. Pratap-1,45,24

Nutrient Management
Apply 10 tonnes FYM/ha
Zone N P2O5 K2O S
North Hill Zone 20 80 20 20
North Plain Zone 20 60 40 20-25
Central Zone 20 60 40 20
Source of S= Bentonite S (90 %S), Pyrite, Elemental S, SSP
In zinc deficient area apply Zn@ 5 kg/ha
Symbotic Nitrogen fixation starts after second weed of sowing and continues till peak floweing ie 65-70
DAS. It adds 50-300 kgN/ha. Starter dose of nitrogen is needed for early growth during initial phase.
Phosphate Solublizers: Bacteria :- Bacillus subtilis B megaterium, Pseudomonas striata etc
Fungi :- Aspergillus awamori Penicillium digetatum, Trichoderma etc

Water Management : - Kharif season crop is largely grown as rainfed crop. Supplemental irrigation is
needed if there is dry spell. Rabi and spring soybean are grown under assured irrigation and 5-6
irrigations are needed. Total water requirement of soybean =500 mm
Drainage is needed as flooding restricts crop growth.
Critical growth stages are:- seedling, flowering, pod filling

Weed Management
Soybean is sensitive to early weed infestation. Yield loss can go up to 70%. Critical period for weed
control is 40-45 DAS
Two Hand Weeding: Ist 20-25 DAS IInd 40-45 DAS
Chemicals: Pre Emergence
Alachlor 50EC @ 2.0 ka ai/ha
Fluchloralin 45 EC @ 1.0 kg ai/ha ad PPI
Pendimethalin 30 EC @ 1.0 kg ai/ha
Post Emergence
Imazethapyr 10SL@ 0.10 kg ai/ha
Quizalafop-p- ethyl 5EC @ 0.05 kgai/ha
Fenoxyprop-p- ethyl 9EC@ 0.07 ka ai/ha
Disease Management
1. Charcoal Rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) : Disease of root and lower stem. Charcoal like powder
is visible on removal of bark
Management : Seed treatment, crop rotation, summer ploughing
2. Rhizoctonia Aerial Blight (RAB) : (Rhizoctonia solani) Infected leaves turn brown to reddish
and later become blackish.
Management : Seed treatment, spray Mancozeb @ 0.25 %
3. Rust (Phakospora pachyrhizi): Small grey brown spots develop on leaf. Leaf turn brown and
defoliate
Management: Spray Hexaconazole or Propicanozole@ 0.1 %
4. Bacterila pustules (Xanthomonas phaseoli) : Spray Copper oxy chloride 0.25% +
Streptocycline 0.1%
5. Yellow Mosaic : Mung bean YMV causes it. It is spread by white fly
Management : grow resistant varieties, spray Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 100 g/ha, Imidacloprid
150 ml/ha, Methyldemeton @1.25l/ha.
Insect Management
1. Bihar Hairy Cattrpillar (Spilosoma obliqua) ETL=2-3 larve/m row
2. Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
3. Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
Management : Indaxocarb 14.5 SC @ 333-500 ml/ha, Chlorantriniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150
ml/ha. Methyl demeton 25 EC @ 1.25lit/ha
 4. Stem Fly (Melanagromyza sojae) Eggs are laid in leaves and larvae feed on leaves and moves
towards center of stem ETF = 10 % damage
5. White Fly (Bamaci tabaci) : Adults transmit YMV
Management : Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 100 g/ha, Imidacloprid 150 ml/ha, Methyldemeton
@1.25l/ha.

Harvesting and Threshing

Harvesting should be done when leaves start falling, moisture content in seed is around 15-17 %.
After threshing drying is done till moisture content is around 12 %

Yield
Short Duration Varieties : 20-25 q/ha
Long Duration Varieties : 25-30 q/ha
 COWPEA
Botanical name: Vigna
Family: Fabaceaeunguiculata
(L.)
(Leguminoceae) Walp.
Chromosome number: 2n-22 or 24
Importance
Cowpea commonly known as and used as pulse, a
*Being rich in protein and mutrients known as fodder and green manure crop
a

Rich source of Ca and Fe vegetable meat

lt is the
major staple
food in many
parts of Afica. Its pods are eaten as
tender leaves form
important food in Africa.
The scorched seeds are also used as
vegetablear
coffee substitute.
I t i s also extensively
grown for forage purposes and its
t i s used for both buman quality is comparable to lucerne
consumption and as a concentrate feed for
Ondry weight basis grains contain- 25%
protein, 60.3%
cattle.
The tick canopy aids in checking the carbohydrates and 1.8% fat
soil
Cowpea with drought tolerance and abilityerosion and weeds.
to grow in
n Savanna regions that are not suitable for poor soils, forms an important
raising any other crop. crop
Origin
Central Africa
Geographic Distribution
tis most widely raised crop
Inthe Indian sub-comtinent it
of west and central Afnican countries
n north india, t
is mainly raised in central andpeninsular
is grown in Uttar Pradesh. Punjab, Delhiand Haryana regions

Classiffcation
The cultivated types
of cowpea have been classified into 3 groups:
Vigna sinensis (cowpea):
These are erecti trailing. cariy matuning and
Pods are 20-30 cm long containing 0.6-0.9 cm long seed
annual tpes
On flabtby nor intlated.
dyimg seeds are neither
Mainiy pown for fodder purposes
igma sinemsis sub. sp- catjang (lndian cowpea)
T h e pods we 7.5-125 cm long: crect ascending when green, spreading or delexed whe

Seeds re 05-0.6
Mainly for
emlong and nearly as thickas broad
g fodderpurpoe
igna sinesis sab. sp- sequipeilalis (V ardiong or asparagus bean):

heyap p s with 30-60 cm long and pendent pods

Seeds ane 5-1.cm long and are mainily used as vegetable.
hianieat Depon
he commOn eowpen whiing nnal lerhiceom le a
t hae well leveloped ap root plan
ihe wt e
ayatom willh oomniderable
a
exited in the number of fatersl
The stem is almoit
pper 0 om of 0ll rn
glabrous nd
The leves ane tilulae, allenate alightly rdged
and wilh soatered ohort hair
The lowers are
white, yellow
Plh ae lonp, eytlindrieal and pink in eolow nd are usually selfpollinated
Or

ontrieted between the

The seedk Are bean
alhaped and nny timen opotted withseeds,
various colors sodh
een gellow, white ind motled as bo
limate
COwpea ix a
topienl and aub tropioal oropP proferring warm and
eng a Wan weather oroP, I can wilhitand humid season
droughi md moderale levels of th
Towever, Uder very dry cordiiona, ie a plnta proce poOr Crop
iemination of is better
cowpea between 12 and 15
Cemperatore
The erp thrives bext berween 27 and 15 C temperatre
* t canot oleme cold and in
completely killed by fot
i s a shot day plant requiring a minimum of 12,5 hour light
I t i s giown iom sea level to an elevation of2,000m
Sois
Cowpea grows well on Wide ranje of oils inoluding low fertile and acidi oils
S a l i e and alkaline solla ae, howevern, nof aullable for its eulivatio
T h e oOp performs bost in woll ifralned sandy lonm wilh a pli of 5.3-6

Landproparatlon
Clod hee seelbed that van te ofainot with hnkrate fand poejaation la u i e
j e d etslivatissts

Lnder Ahurif ralnted eonliions g un pthing wnkl he uefal B

lsalhes 7 g
fofn y hiatroeing and evelling
The land oparatio

irigatel p of a guin a f ef ft fanf ie preparl ate

A s

S d n l Norntng
end titng
Seed rote
Seed rate

For grain and vegetable

purpose-20-25kg/ha.
Fodder purpose-35-40kg/ha
I n mixed and
interCropping systems, the seed rate varies with
Before sowing seed should be treated with
row
proportions
cerasan
g/kg sced eflective tor arresting root rot
or
agrosan GN @2,5 g or carbendazim @
disease
Seed should also be treated with
Rhizobium
Time of method of sowing
As a kharif rainfed crop, cowpea is sown
sOwing is thus immediately with the onset of monsoon.
spread from mid June to end of
July. With delayed sowing beyond Jul
rust incidence increcases.
In hills- April-May.
AN a rabi crop- October and
Summer
November
crop-March-April in the north.
Seed should be sown behind the
plough or with the help of a seed drill.
Varieties
Developed through selection from local or improved germplasm (C 152, Pusa Phalguni,
2 etc.).
Evolved through hybridization (PusaDofasli, RC 19)
Mulation breeding-Amba, Shreshtha (V 37), Swarna (V3 8) and V 240

Grain purpose- Type-2, Pusa phaguni, Pusn 5arsiati, Pusia Dofasli,C-152, Type-5269,UPC-4200

Rotation & mixed eropping

For grain /vegetable purpose

Maize Wheat -cowpea

Paddy-Wheat - cowpea
Maize-Potuto -cowpen
Maize-Toria- Wheilt- cow
Tor lodder purpone
J o w a r We e e e - a l z e - c o w p e

Maize-Oat-a7N GOW
Jowar-lersee azeowpen

ateucow
erech
Sndan grass
anures and Fertilizers

itrogen
Being a leguminous crop, it can fix 70-350 kg/ha of N through biological N fixation.
However, it needs a small amount of N for early growth period on those soils which are
matter. Such soils should receive 15-20 kg N/ha as a starter dose.
poor in organic
hosphorus
essential for proper root development and functioning of
Application of phosphorus is
Rhizobium. Apply 40- S50 kg P,O /ha at the time of sowing,
seed,
fertilizer is placed 5 cm below and away from the
Phosphatic
Potassium
fertilizer based on soil test recommendations,
It is advisable to apply potassic
owing to long
Water management
raintall in kharif. However, at time of moisture stress
1S raised on
The crop
is essential.
breaks in monsoon, Irrigation
are criticalstages for imigation.
identified as
1lowering and pod filling stages irrigation,
in cowpea, imigation5. After a pre-sowing
requires 3-4
pod filling stages.
cowpea
As an irrigated crop, and
flowering
scedling,
provided at
iTigations
are

water depending
on soil and climate.
requires
300-400 mm
due to high
temperature and low hurnidity
Cowpea
require 5-6 irnigations
soll type weather prevailing and
crop may upon the
Summer

of irmmgation
depend
s h o u l d get imigation
at an
and irequency crop scalson
number the
summer

The Gcnerally,
period.
during
thhe growth
leaf growth)
and
(especially
days. growth
of 10-15 stress by limiting
s t o t a .
F l o w e rand pod
interval
moisture
ctoins
serious and
react to o r n e h t a t o n
mechanism
Cowpeas
owino leat owti-cstricting
"
changing

reducing
leaf area by
moisturc
stress
alfso
e
severe

a b s c i s s i o n
during
phases.
growth
Effective contro
ihital
at
i n t e s t a t i o n

wecd alfer sOwing.

Weed managcme heavy d y s

from suppressing
tave weedod
sulfers
wecd competton
Cowpea crop
of 1haCp
period c s s c n t i a l .

critical is list
growth

this period
and
The Copy
thcA
durng
check the growine
to ts

of weeds ded
ownU
to
later
staBes
d AdC Crop
ability
in
d wecdiDg
are
n cod in
compuroto

At l e a t 2 hoe infested by w leus

Cmmer scaso weeding is reiqulo application o f
icergence

For Codder
1o purpo fluchloralin e
oofffuchloralin
incorporation
e ta of initial wecd guwth.
c l l e c t i v e l y lalkC sare o ixialica and S
ant may parasite, rigu
Preiethalin @ witch wecd) a d Aioa Pre-emergetnce upplication
peno ecies of e prominent in
. 01 e s (willd.) V i s i n g for its co

a
of
dicannba
of
 reststant viarieties are other effective ways of its
Trap eropping and use of Sriga
management
Harvesting and Threshing
harvested 45.90 days afler sowing depending on the variety
Green pods can be
at tender stage; otherwise pods may develop fibres düe to
P o d s should be harvested
longer retention on the plant,
be harvested in about 90-125 days after sowing. when podls are
For grains, the erop may
fully matured
T h e crop should be dried properly and threshed.
dried in sun before storage
T h e grain should be the stage of growth of the
of the crop depends upon
the need and
F o r todder, the eutting
sown wilh it.
component crop
should be cut with sickle when
it attains the age of 40-45 days
I n general, the crp

Yield
of cowpea
may yield about 1.2-1.5 tonnes grain and 5.0-6.0 tonmes strwlha
A good crop