“UW Tai Sri Guredev i S.3.C Tnstitute of Technology , Chick balla pur Department of Mathematics Lecture Notes | Engineering Statistics and Linear Aj Prepared by, | Pusushotham , P Assistont Professor SIC Institute of Technology Erma Td *ppurushotlaamp us @ grail. .com gebra (BEC YU) Module -oy | } Phone : 8191481658 | Vectsy Spaces | Pekinadions Let (Fy 45-) be a field. the Clements of F will toe } called Scalers. Let V be a non empty Set whose elements will jbe called Vectors. then Vis a vector Space over the field F, L (Fa, There is defined a internal Composition in Vv Called Vector jaddition and is denoted by | (V>+Jis an abelian group Vote LD vv,wev VF OEV (Cosure Property for vector addition) Ve vw ev & + Cveu) = LU TVW (Associative property for vector addition) iil) Vvev doev S-t V¥O =V = O4V (Existence of additive Lentify element or Zew vector) iv) VWveV9 wev S.t.Vtw = = w+ V Ws -v CExistencte of additive inverse element ) v) Vvsweyv Va svoty Clommutative vreperty for Veetor addition) a. Mere is an external Composition in V over & called Scolar muliplication, fe Va eF and ver a.vey Sy eter words Vis closed with respect 40 Scalar Multiplicatig +Satishy the Ailocing postulaies. | Va,o €Fand yWwevyv 1) Caso ).v = avtbev ii) a-le.v) =labi.v Ja (V4w) = avira. OY) \e)ev Rrololem 1s- Let R™ be He set of all M-tuples of real numbers He RM = {ay Ogs. 50, ERO, ERS on CRY Ten RN is a vector Space Or the field @ crit pnivtinise addition and Salar multiplication defined as follows; (a, 09,- C.la, a, On) + COs bys e-em) = (OQ) Tb, Oot, .....Ontion) and On] FCO) C6, 5-2 Coan) for all My Ayyee n> bras. ba CIN R | Solution + For addition in @™ (8) dosune property ce a Gi Leyes amy alo Ey) be any boo elements of Rn, then TRG 5 Ch gy hata stn yn) asx,.7 Bors aM se Yr sYa sees Yn ER FD AGL at Ys ee Ht Yn ER SOCK AG Leta rere ty + YmYE RT te x+y eR” 1 QD is Closed for vector additien iT) Associalive. Property TE x FO Xa gree MY = LG Yoo Hee elements of RP ten, CaruW)+7 = “YZ = (2142,,-.In) ave any Cha 20 Aa gee Let), +n) ACR FYIDY 2) a Ya) 424 yet He ZA)) SUGAR, HY TaD ee Me HYD +70)) = aXe ye tna t git Dior t Lasoo YntZn) = L4Alyt 2) Ft) Eaistence of Identify element Let 0+ (0,0,.... 0)So OER™ and x«t0-x-O1 eV xc RD Iv) Existence of inverse element Wa =r Sayre ta) ERG | Yt 2a. tate RP S.t. 24Y 205 yya [¥) tommutative property jae a: (AV shaw see En) Gnd Yo LWYrsYas--Ynl me any two element | of RP ane Keys Gt ye Yass nt yn) > (yan, sy, 4%, 2Gnt%y) | > yar AR",+) is an cbelian grup, Q) Tt es Gite, eee XaJER™ and ae Riten Oe = Ot, ra yenten) THO 0 ey sen OUR ERP Le a-xeRn F/R is closed for Scalar Multipkcaken BY X= Haye aq) ond YEW ae yee Yn) ER™ amd a, bCR Hen TV) Lato) Chi gtae- 2.9) = Ware). (04) Ly 5. (OA) tn) = LOK Ohare On) Ha, sD-Rp ye 02) BAN) POm tb VW) Ab -4) = UD .Ay so. kyo btn) = (ab, Obea, 4...) = oD.) %2,. 000) = abla) WY oY) Faery, tay, poem Gn) FEO Oty ¥yy),, : se Chn tUn) Caan, POY COG, Oa yee ey) Fat ta.y NUTS © 2G tay can € RY aren| i = 1-4.) { = rey ea eee Lend) ‘i Fy ota oe tnd = is a Vector spate over the Field QR uilhe pointwise addition and Scaler multiplication =. R Problem g: The “Set of all real symmehic mabicg of order n da O Meter Space) over the Feld R oy veal numbers usith reg pect | b> makrit addition and tnultiplication of a motric by a Scalar aT being a Rxed pasitive Integer oe THE Sn he Hressset Rall set Symmetric. Matsic Sof WIE A,B Sy sc A+ BE Sq, VA,BE Sn he A+B is a real Sgn metric matrix of order) at A ond B Gre veal Symmeitic maities of order 1m WTS ACC E SH x j Men A+ (BHC) = (RABIC WALD .CE Se Srnce addition of matrices is associative WY OG Sy as null matrix of order mis real Sym aoe Tatra. OA Y AE Sn A A 4¥o=A=04n _~ V) Vane Sqd-A €Sq Such +hat RB +(-@) 202 Calta VY) VO, BES A+B = B4q as addition of ymatrices Is Lommutative “(Sna) is on abelian grup a. TF kis amy veal number and A, eS, then 4-8 Sn, i.e K.A is also a veal Symmetric mattix of order n. 34 Sn 1S Closed for Stalor multiplication 3. TF a,b ae yeol numbers and 4,8 € Sy then 1) (a+b), = a.8 +b.AiWa.care) > aAta.8 i) a.to.n) = Ca.b).A hv) ima : - Sn is a Vector Space over the field of real number @ with Tespect to addition of “Matrices and multiplication of matrix by Scalar. Seblem 3: TE Vis-en abelian group of positive real umber for mmuttip ication Define Scalar multiplication mM Vo by a.x = 30 where ae R,X EV.ghow that Vis a Veckor Spare over R. solution: Since V=R* is am abelian gmup for multiplication thee are two operations [YX ,f-e muti ptications in Rt 2) "+ Jie Scalar Tmulkipli in Rt AER, TER < O.% sxe © j ond as Eat gs Q VE Is always positive eg lee as go ~ BR) a3 e | = Lis a positive real number iB ence => 3 is an element of RY Now WAN, *) is an abelian grup A, BDVAER, ACV Da.x rxtEy BG) (ate).a = xb 2 xzd = (0.2%) ¥( p21) Os (Lye) = CH xaL)™ = x8 xa = (Ot) xb te) WA) 0.0b) = Uo.2y0 = (a) gba + SY since R igh Gutimutative for Tnultipli cation = ab.){ | itself Hence Cv, 2, +21 a vector-Space Nector Sulbspaces Detinat a Vector Gace oer the field Pond w be o Subset of Vy ie wey, hen Wi is Called o Subspace of V if w iS O vector Space over the Field F with Tespect to yne Operations of “yeetpy addition ang scalar ymubdplicatien in V. Necessary amd Sufficient Uonditiens for a Sulbspace Theorem 1 Wis a Subspace of VIF) iff yw is nonempty HW) Wis Cosed under Vector addition VO Vu Ww, €W DW, mW, EW W) Wis closed under \y_maldplication ie Yaer and WEW aly ew Proof + War wis a si Since associative WH, and Lil) Oboe, we. have to Show Istri bubve and Commute Properties ore heredity properties, t show Wis a Sulospace of V We need to Show that % ofw ») Vwews -wew OY Since wy is Say we “en from (iit) o-W =O eWasacr also V+0= Vy VV EW Bytit) Nence O35 the identity ut w OMEN pry See So atleast OMe element belong to W) b) tt vew hen Give -v ew and vi GV) =0 Thus W is a Subspace of V. Conversely: TE Wis a Subspace of V then W itself isa Vector Space and Conditions AD ,lifond Lili) are necessary.| “Meovem 2: Wis a Subspace oF VLF) iff ‘yw fs nonempty i) Va, EF amd vew CW QV +b.w EW a « Proof: TF w SabsMes ri) ond Ui) Ahem by UW) W is TOMempty. if “ow Ew, then oy (Ii) Ve w= tev twin os 1eF and for ae € and VEW OV avyo.u EW Tus ‘oy theorem 1,W is a Subspace bonversely: If wis oa Suvspure ,then Wo Wself 1s O vector Space One condition vi) and Wi) axe Necessary. Examples of Subspace Exgblem 1s Show thar wa Subspace of VER) where Ww fFe6 )-0} Salution: Sime DEW 5) as ofa) 0 @ So W is non empty at Lee fg ew Q Te $8) zo'end gla) =o Q shen Va, peR (OF Fb.g)q = a fa) 1 b.9t9) 74.0 tb.0=0 | BENE OF Fog ey a | Ss by theorem 2,0 is a Subspace of VER) | Peoblem Q? Show thot Wise Sulospace of VIR) Where | w fF eta) =fuyt, | Solution: O€ W Since Ola) =0=00) hence W is non empty Set Wee £9 © We Wen $(@) = Flr) and gla) =gu) hen, Va,oER (a.f +o.g)(a) = a. ft9) +.9 (a) afl) +b.gu) ff Fb.9y(\) hence of +b.9 €W) | i | So by Yneorem g, W is Subspace of VER)Reoblem 3: Let Vibe the veetdr Space of polynomials asta,t 4x} Feros Fant with real to-ePAcients fe ayER then, Show trots} S)W Consists of all polgnomials with degre <3 is G Sabspace of 6 Consists of all polynomials with only even powers of Fe bot bt + dA. lont™™ ig a Subspate of V ) Bur Ww consists” of all Polynomials with integral to- et Ftient is mot a Sulogpace of W. Sotusion: For a) ang b) use theorem 9. tp prove (do it yourself) ©) Since Wis Mok dosed for Scolar multipicatien as 3 €R Vea, taf FOO eae, ‘ Your 2 éw Cenee aET ag 3fy ay ¢T) Evin BE Unsider a Hetmognous system of tineay. equastions in nH UNnOWNS As Fase-- OP a Held FE yy Sy yeee Xp aver aGeld FT Oy $8, May Aen =8 a Sov + Ag Tah eee Ann =O AmB, Tomy bet Oy =O OY AX =0 a - Onin ay) a where A = Garay. eQgn [1S THAN Motrig, Qa Oarny ++ 2S ty). Se x2 [ SO Gotumn matrix with 1 unknowns Xn Ten Show Mat Solution Sk wis Subspace of the verbose Space Fn Sodutign: Far Axs0 Since Ao = 0, the dem vero Oe w, Hence Wis non empty Now lek u,v EW| tle u and v are Solutions of the System AX =0 [Tren Au =o and AV =o Now tw show that wW is Subspace of FT it is Sufficient % Show Vhat a.udt bv belongs to W whee aber A (a.ute.v) = Alay ¥tAllb.v) = a.Rut b. Av Fad tbo 7.060 bovew Thus Wis Subspace of F" amd Wis Known as mullgpate of FM Problem § : Let AX=B be a 1M -homogenous system of linear Ruations in n = unknows Toa Reld F, then Show nok Sclution set wis not a Pace of FN Selusion: sauution Sek Wis mo a Subspace of PP as if Bto kh no ¥e aw NOt Solutien of AA)=B. Thus the Solution set i ASubspate of FY | Rank of a nae Te matrix(h is of vam 7 if there, me ‘) AE least one minor of order + winch As not equal to Aen W) Every minor of order (iti) if exist Should be Seo te The van of a-motrix A is the Moximum order of ks Non- Vanishing minors Te is devoted by PUM)er Row Reduced Form C Te B VS a Matrix | OW Ag ++ Oe BY aang -dan Onn OATH man ® onsists Fm wwe andn Columns and are denoted by RRs Rm amd Coatge Gy respectively vert Ses rows Ri and Rj one interchanged jt is denoted by Rj ALTE each clement of Rj fs multiplied by of von = gro Scolar Ww Sk fs denoted by KR; 3, 0TF each element of Ri fis added to Corresponding elementPKR) IES dex “by RAK | Above Hce trons formation ane known @S elementary transtorm Loo PREC applying these elementary wansformakion on ; A swe gpk new mobrineB. Matin Bis know’ a8 Tow -redwced frm of «natin Ay Example : R313 5 8 R5- UR m5 fry : \ss 2 9044-4 Mos Gis ww rveduced form Eehelon form Rank of motrin A, i.e PALA Same as vonk “Ge macy x 8, ¥-€ PIB) and 918) =3 as ahak lease one minor of 35 Oo 143 S044 oF matrix A also know as order 3 =97)| Wich is NON ser and miner of order ye does mot exist. Say Linear Combination Lee V be of vector Space over athe eld F. the Vectors Vsvy Oe Said tp be \ineonly dependent over Fy PA Scakorrs Q),0). +9] EF WE aM Zomp buk linear Combination is Zeno V8 OM Fav +. +4 OnVy = 9 Bur oll a; #O,where TEN|The Set of all linear tombination of vector im $ J Called | dinear Spon of Sand is denoted by LIS) | LY) Vioviae Nn ane fineorly independant Solution: Ve au, +4uy YZuy i Ae cw eee space Ofer the Geld F. the Vector Wi, Ma QE said ty be linearly independ ont over Fie 3 Scalers ayOe---Mn| ce Such that OM VOgvy tes tan Vp =O 2 all aso ohere TEN Unear span Let Se a Subset of the vector Space V over ‘he field F. Tf s= h, then Us)=0 | Basis or Base of Vec’ Space V Ket V be a vedo spate over the Aeld F.the Set of Vectors AV sVaoeeeeeve) is Ci ed) 0. basis of vif Wi Va Vin Span V Ve each Vector of em be Uniquely expressed as \mear Combination of Vio Vester Vin Dimension of a vector Space V Number of element in a loasts of Vechor Space vis Called dimension of V and is denoted by dimy TEN Contains o basis Woito, Wh elements neh dim Ven Problem | Walk the Vector Ve 3.4) as a \inear Combination Of Ane vectors UW, +(851,3) > Uq= Uy-1,4) 143 7(31,5) (453,4) = x0Q 4153) +ylt styl) +23, 1,5) or ar +yt3zet L-YhT = 3 Be +yt5 729 Ax= 6 eee S: mie e| 315Problem a+ Write the vector velu,2 Augmented matria » Qian tors a 23] 31539 -\ Fs van'k(8] 2 rank (A: 8) =3= Number of unknowns fs The system of linear equations is Consistent and posseses & unique Solutien. H-Y2=3 YrAzes A -§z>-20 ~~” sud hence 2: 10, 42-5, 22-19 Fence ve = 18u\- Su, tug slas alinear Combination of Vhe veuprs us 2(1,°3.1), W, = (0,1, 2) 43 2541539) Solution: Let vert, FY) 4 203 i-e@ (U,2,1) C1, =3,1) or Ix t0y4S2 24 “3x 44Ut1Z=9 Int 844 370721 Ox=8 V ylo,1,2) + 25,1, 39)| | vronk CAY: N wank [A°6)-3 ve Fi Sime yank CA} E+ A Hence System of linear “equations is inconsistent ie Solution does not exist . therefpre v can mek be expressed as tnear Sropmanion ghee vectors Ar Wy Uy ry j Fi 7 7 [Exgetem 22 Find a combination on a,b, ¢ g9 Mat w= Ca,,¢) Lis a \mear mbination of & = (1,-3.9) ang V=(Q4 in RB So hak w & Span (u,v) 7 | | | | | | squion: tee we aut yy | (0.6.0 = (1,-3,2) ¢y les yt) | Li ay =a “me -yeb arryr c Ax-6 | - Carey ‘[S Ry +3R) \ ~lo R5- Bi 0 I || | Pa) TF boo vectors ane Waves. {Proof : let \WeVe jTren VV + Gl) Ve AON g 4 OMG tet 0 Mn =O louk Tot-allay are Zero j Fence the Set of -yectty Wives... | oo- vonk TA} =a , tre System oF Linear equakien WR be Gonsistent if rank {n-8]-a 50, SC-0+ 3b =9 oS Ww OG -3p-5C=0 : oS ic w is linear Combination of u and v tf a-ab-SC=0 Some Results on Lineatly Pepndent and Independent Verturs 1) Linearity independ b of vector Can swt amtain Seno 1 vector g Proof: Let Waves +-Vn be Me Set of yy, soma let Vv Yhen > ‘ VM F0u, 5 0Ng + t0.y 20 Duk the Lo ef ciont Vector vy, DEW is mek Bem, hence the Sek of Vay-+-Vn iS NWnearty dependent equal “ren the sel Bt vector “Vn is: Wnearty dependent in 1S nearly dependent 3) Tes vectors Vand Vz ae, Nuwonly dependent if one of ‘hern iS oO Tmulliple of the other, Prof: Ten a Let Viand v, ae Mneorly dependent Vectors Vi tM = 8 but aand & ‘uth ae not Zero RE ato,then Mie (2) ve Hence y, is he mulkiple of Ve| Grnversely J Pey y= W.Va, ben vy eK <0 Hence v, amd vy are Wmearty dependent Vectors is ") Exery superser of Vinearly dependent se of Vectors i Vnecaty depen dent Proof Let 82M, Vectors YayeraVnf Be a Sek of Nmearsty dependent MMA Oye Vy hee ee AON Vig =O MOL aN ay ane 3er0 Mee Be fue se eeVn 1 5z9--+Wn Foe a Superset of A and ayy, 3g FO Va eo On Vig hoy Wy By Wyte. to Wim Since not all oj Gre Zero SOM yVareee= Vin Wy 90, Vimearly dependent vechors ¢ ., . . 5) Every Sutsset of ce Independent get is Nineoery, independent Proof : Let, Q R= (vows. abe © Sek of Ninety UV +O. Vy HL HOmVn = o wstheve al a tee Bs {uyvey. Men ay. wm de pendent vectors and 2g On are Bere “VEY Whae kon is a Suloset of A VAD Vy gy end aN 50) 5... Sov, 6 Vic = Ok axe 3e- Vases VK one Vineayt te Ie ®=fysy, but B= Luvy,. ‘nen wy > y Undependent Vectors ee "OYAS a See OF Sinecaty independent Vectrrs NWS a go of \ineonty dependent vecbyts jis O Vnedr Gofibination of +he Vector s VioVg geese Vin Proof : Since May. \Vineorly atpendent echrss + FOn vy $10. 29 Gn so mot ald ery, “Vn UW are Renee ayy 4agevy 4 where a,,a),.. Lek bo thon OM FQy vy 4, ce-FOnVn =O Such Ahak 4,,05)-..-0, Not all Bere DU Visa. Vq one \imearly independent vectprs. hente OM af are Sama. Hence barn tot be Sere.eat [3 | Aa-3R% Lo -2 9 Ahad bw =~ (avid yy pee 8s Fob aaa fh | 1-2 w is a Wear (Combination of Muy Vays o=Vn [ny TR Wis anon (gr vector, then the Set (Mt és Nineorhyy | independent Proofs Let the linear Combination of Vy as “ayy, Now ay, <0 and Wi +6 Da =o0 Famed pence 18 Winery Independent Exam ples + | } | | | | | } |Sroblem 1: Datermnine wheNED Jor not the vectors Vis Vevowe. | Nmearly dependent = \, VWs Uy3,9) ° Q,us1) © HD w= Cay) Q a | Va = (6,8) e Solution: In iy po vector is ‘Whe -mulkiple of the ther hence Veand vp are not linearly depen dent HW) Va say ene Vand vy ore Problem gs Dekermine whethe Qnd V3 =(2,5,8) are Iineatly mearhy dependent vectr ‘wor Ms =EW2 3) =(3)1,7) Gepen dent or Weary independent. Solution +. IM tyVt2Vy20 294.3) +913,157) 202,58) (00,0) AMY TA=0 Ax yi Szig on Ady +8250 Ax-o9 .{! 39 a Ris 378Fee 13 MR Cas) ~ (3 38 T Oly } 132 Bram{o ? ‘| | osc | | Ra- BR of %| | 0 o-6 | Tonka] 23. Number of unimnowns => Homogenous System of linear equation possesses ani que | Solution and the Solution is, 250: 9-0, 420 So Vectors MaMa oV3 2 nny Independent Problem 3+ Dekermine whether the vectors Mw =U1,9,3) Mes (8,5, 4) V3=(0,0,0) ane Linea ty)” dependent gy Vineanty Inde pendent . Y Solusion: Vector wv 243 Ore ney) y Sependent OS Vnearly wdeomdent (SAGE WEN can Cintatn ana Veet Problem ME Dekermine whether the vector V3 = (4, 3,19) ane Vineanly de y U4.9)¥, 03,1, 4) pendent oy Nneomy WMdependent Solution: A Metnod O ~ V3 = 3, “ Vector YoY Vs ave \itecrly ependent © method @) AM + UW) £25 20 ZU Yq) + 4(3, 1,0) * 24453512) =(0,0,0) L* By a7 20 4X FY 432 29 At THY + 192 <9 Ax=0| wee 3) wIg | Gu 1g =yR 13 49 ! 3 ba “loa al 379% © -93 +64 1349 | (a Ba (he) ~ 013 013 w{'3a4 Re Qn ls 3 3| | 0990 TANK CAT = ac 3 (Number of unknows) Sovnne UNknow iy eee and hence not always Sern, So ¥he vectors are lin dependent, Theorem: The mn 508 VECWOTS WiVys..sVy Ort linearly dependent iE one of them, TiS O \inear Lombinatien of the Oreceeding Vectors, Vi = ay Oy ey. Oye, Vy Proof + inv SUV +O Ve... i Suppose, vi= ayy FOV tee FORM, AOL Vien HEY co WWOS OM FAV Ho. age vp VAC, FO.up gy tee FOV eo Hem as sthey Co-etticieny! BE Vv; is 4 sre Vn Vectors are Mneorly dependent Conversely: Suppase Wo VE ares Vn ORE Vineasty depen dent vectors then J Scalors Ay Ags ee, O4, nok all Servo Buk ay .v, FOG Ve HOM. Vin =O Lee K be the lorrgent, Integer Such shat O% $0 Gnd aKy) FAk+e FAs 0 amen QV, +OQN, + ond all ai are not Hence Wovy,. sree ORV BQ Sapper 21 thon Qi to but assay = sreee. =QQ=0 ond aw =o =>, = O which giver Contradiction as vu, La Vyg eee Ng one -NON-/Bero Vectors.ence, iw Now as y aK #0 ¥(=S2) ve t+ (- SK yy Ah = (-a0 eal Ve : i x —s (an) ) aK Le Ww is co lintar Combination of Preceding vectors: Some Results “On” Basis Me get B > AVVas- Mab is a boasig of Vectors Space V then Mery vetlor WEY Com be Uniquely EKXponed asa linear com bination of vectors Va... Vin Proof Let B be o basis and W can be unrilitn Jin tuo Bi ffereng Loos Sz ay AAg-Vy +. Via Qnd we Br Vit by Aptana Pb. Vn THEN OM 9-4, 1. ACIS = b.v, 1 bg VyteetoaMin > La,-b,) ov + LQ, or +40 Qn -by).Vn =O Since VisVa yee 2 3 inde pen dent in vectOYs aye \ineorly “QO, +b, =o ay = 70, A,-bnz 9 and hence Brel Ar = One by “ ae Thus w Can be uniquely eapressed os a linear Combination OF Vis Vues ee ys Vin z - 8) Any Fnite Sek S which Spams veoy ce V Contains " pa & basis. Ty Por Hicular any Finite , Amensisnal Vedder, Space has a basis, Prof: let s- fy yi, “nb and 8 Spang Veeloys Spate V TF $ is Nearly Mdependem then it wii Be a basis of vector Space vA Te gs is not timearly Independent ie 8 is neatly dependent | then Js. vector, say vi which is & \near Combination of the Preceeding vectors, Vie Ov, tay, tay Tens 1 MV swe, space V. 1 Vier Vis oeees Vay Which still Spang vec tor[TE Sek S, is linearly independent then S will be a tan is x Nes S, is Wnearly dependent then again J on | Which iso Sintor Combination of the preceding veuors. a1 Vga [V8 = Biv + eyed ts Ng tet oe Vk Wow $= CuysVy seerey Vics Via geo sep Vinn Vib gov Vay rich SAiN_spauny vector Space Vv, iF SebeSy 1S Wneorrly indepen rdent then s, will be a basis, | TE SL is moe \imeorly independent Continual ie Same proces AN WR Qet O linearly \ndependent set of Vector and Anis | See wR SBN Spam Vv hence vo leas of V. 3) Lek V be a finite- dimensional Veckor Spare. Any lineorly, inde pendent Set L Cor extended by adding clement \ ww Qt a basis. AF Proof: Lee Ls Woven: Wns be Mme Set of Wnearly independent Vator § — Combination OF the vedmrs W154) 5.0.5) © basis. Tt not ie VEEV, but Vv tan Nok be expmemed a3 a linear Com bination of the YOCNOY S) eaten Li efuyy _Y F Avivay Vn} is 29220 nearly S pons \) than Ly will be a basis of v. Tf mot, et “4 wey Sach that a \mear Combinakitn of the clement of Ly Hence Lerluy wy ts geen as Agrin lancarly tndependent . if La spans v.ffen Le wilt be a basis of v Te not Contmuring he Some process AN be get @ Sue Say S which Soans Vand of Gurr Sy \imearly $ is linearly independent and Nene S$ sith form @ basis of y, L itselé forms independent 54 Ly W Can not oe expressed as Problem 1: Dekermine cuhebhtr or not eath 7 ihe following forms a basis, %,=U1,2 3), %2= (8,-5,6) in RS, TEL Spars Vs Jee €ach velor VoF V con be expressed aso Minewr ao| Sobition: Gasis in A? must Contnin exatkly 3 elements [therefore 3, ,% does not forma basis in RS } Repbler Zz Determine wrhether or nok each of the followaing | Sowms a. basis ©) = 5254), 1, =lay3,u) 5 (ts 857), 4 =L2,u 8) (in g3 | Solution; gasis in 3 | Must Conteun exactly SelRrments therefore Ay, %2s%g, ty deesnote form a toasis in R32. | Ezsbiem 33 VektTmine Whether or not each oF Ye Aallocsing Forms & basis 1, =(As25lly X17 43,1), 3 =U2.2) in Qo | Solution: three vecinr | inde pendent , fF % C8251) + 961 3,7) 2015242) -00,0,0) | Uo Pryteso | BX F3y427 <0 X + aytazz0 © ~ AK zo (GR x im R3 form oo basis ite Mey are Nearly 2 ei Vae Risrlo 3 9 tity Re-2n, [1127 9% Rs-2R (gar > won [S33 2 [nea seats fp ve O1e3 Wei 2 Rema Wa O21 142 ' (3) ro-{2 wa ol Ye a (ae Ro[s 1 i | | ou gfive] Ne ~ ot Ve OM 7g t+ ven Cy = Bz Solution, Number of onknows. So unique Solution ang fs £=0,y 05270 Hence veetors aq) forms & wasisy | Dimension Example s : XB ane Nineany Ynde pendent ond hence | and) Sulospaces + | | Rowblem us Let ur be the Subspace of a5, spanned by Pasty on1y3,4) yt | | MMF S45 5,1, 8), ‘8546-25687, 2, 24,3, 9,2, 6), %5=185753, 340) Find a Subset of veckoré |WRIEN forms a basis of W. | | | Petution 3A ( Plat otw A HY Davy = 4 lav) ~tY dit sady at = a..0ly) v satisties: both the conditions of linear trons Symation hence D isin a lineer Problem 22 kek TEV > R be the inkegral mapping Fw) “Svea at Show Yhak Tis a linear tan sim mation, Solaben: {) rLw4y) = Jeo) + VUE) de é Jurras Svteray = EUs wy ET)Tla.y 26! J asvid de + = \ | = af vide ' 0 ~ a. itv) Hence > is a linear Axons formation, /Lroblem 3: tek x TVIRD SvVLR) be aw ™mapping €(a4 = (3 Sa). Show | that + is a mor ‘rang frrmation | Ssistion: 1) FG aa BG a). 5 ae) | (ay 4 31, 5%) +52,) | > Bx,,5x 04 \3n9 »54,) = ¥q) +444) fi) fin = Bla > an > Bon . Sax) 7 O.a, = aly) © isa wy transformation, [Problem 4: Show Sd the Arans\ation | defined by fexyy FUKG yyy is mot | Sotuten; Oye, 2992) layy AL+6, but , $ l4,y,) *F gaya) = (x, { | | | Hence £ Mapping 2.v, (Rs Ve (8) \inear, SAYor2) — © 'YG.91 $2) Ux, 46, yee 2) ry + a tye) >® equation @ F equation © Wence f 2 mot a liye trams form obien, Kernel of T ana mage of T Let T be o linear Sra formation Ker lt) ={veve Thy] = Remork + kernel From. Vw Ww. Kernel of T or 90,0EWy of T is alsy ‘noun as MUN Space of F S2ee— = Ww [STB rman Ker (rt) \ ( |STrage of Tor Tmg th, Fg (7) =f WeW 2 W=TLY) for Some VEVI Results : \ } hy KertT] oF null Space sOf T is a Subspace of Vv. | Proof: Te Tis © lineay Nemsformatien thon To) =a) | O€ Kerlt) , ve ker(T) is @ non empry Set | Lee wav, © herin) Then TM )Ge and Tha)e0 | Now % show anak ert? is a Sulospace of V,Tk is Sufficient bo | Show hak Vitve Eker tt) and av € ker tt) Tv, +¥_) 7 TM) + TW) O40 50 MitNa € wert) Mav) sat) sa a.v € ker\t) | Ker it) is a of v la) Imgtt) is Subspace ofw. [Proof x Sime for Sev TW) = OEE Q © emgith Ts non empty Sek a Lee b1. W, Etms tt} Ten uw, Hence, FTW yu, =T Oa) Now 49 Show thot A fe RR Tmgly is a Sabspace of w,it is Saf ficient ID IS NS Show hak, WAM, Eling M1 ome |@IWE Evnglt). Wr AW = TY) a tLy27 * TW4va) Csime Tis a linear Transformakion) w+W, Ew and a.u = ar {y) > Tha.) a- We W Hence Tmagge tt) is Subspace of W. Rank of T and Nullity of T Rank of Ts Dimension of Ye Trg tr) is Known as TANK of 7 Nawity of T; Prmension of fhe Kertt) {g.Khown as nullity of T a6SAUX vand W be vectors Space over the Meld Fand lett we S \intarr tyensfamation fmm ovto We LE ov ts dimen of [roite then yenk UT) dmullthy DF (T) = dimtvt, Tnmey Product or pet Product TE xX amd Y ane LUO vectors of vector Spore V over the Field Rourheve Ve RM ang YE V [% = (ey ated. y= Osage Yn) hen near prduct or Pot product of % and y is denoted [oy 2.y) oF x.y ama WEY) Egy PGQY AL ATHY | Nown oy length of a vector | aris the Square of the Yengts of he vector 2 FG.a) is denoted by Nxt q } Nae sat eae ig eRe Walt oad ae @ we xe R? ONS WAN 5 2 ee tad if ERT or Wut = Gag Haga ate 2 ‘Te ckemee beheeen too veers TL andGis denoted by Wa -yh TL two vectors 1 and gy ore orthogonal (or prependicslar) ¥ney form a Tight anged ‘Mange POs te yn = eye anyIe > Or Led)? yey -¥Gpeinh ab ad IES ane] lgtrye FYS4 or) or AP Amt Ee. A) TOY, MY be ann) + (Ubi ye fr yt) = lat ys aH) etyh aye ¥oey rk) OF LY Lays ... Im Yn to HTYy=0 Hence hee Vectors 1 and y me orInegonal if Myso POY FY tetany 2g alorthogonal vectors, and (WY) zo | 4 - poinwive erthogpnal in R Lungth of ue tsa subaury' U4 yt ul? 23 Lengtn of v ¥ Mos (vtave pveyie a = Wau yrig j and Length of We won hence WV,W veckors | > (wh bon? twp ye = (ut ule O*Monormal Set of eres iee TE vectors Listas +My Qe pairwise orthtspnal vectors and the vector usu, seeten have unit length Aen wpe! Un on orthogonal get We lup-W) 0, iigy Md lus euy) zy Wajouy ef hiss ia igo ite \Ui- wy) = Si wnere $5, FO iF TH) and Sys 1,1 is} Provlem 9; perros, Tn albove Pov tae l ey (ajo are a ' ot Srmegenal vectors .TS Find“ ovinenormal set Say U,V) 50) solion: usu Ww) when WVU ae painuise ae3 , al = we es EL = ag wi © 2S we we . (¢ i awit tye | 3 = |p Mutt = (uy sui) 2 (ufuy2 (ty ya) pie [ts350[23] [848] or, 243 Srmitorty vey and Ww, equal ty | Here uy uw. form: Df Ortnonotmal vectors These Usvew vect WM G Woasis as U, VW Vedhors one Nneonty redepepaat a au pahedes © af! g a 0 Q]+¥\-g)azli le 0 (3| ‘| o2 is} aray Taz so AL - ay 4 Zz 0 => ed Qe rg ~82 co AX =0 3 21627 co EASE R-aR ) § 2717x wae Sle} Fs Yaeefl 2g i oo =" Rank of A=3 > Number of unknowns aWence, wanique. solukion and Solution if % =0, yz 0,Z=0 pWerefre ws Vsu one Nineorlsy Independent vectors and bene forms a wasis of R* thin “basis dn dlso krow as or¥hopral basis of RA WisWy,W, Ore oithOnormal Set of vectors andcare |i IMdependent hence, nearly AvsVisw, forms an orthonormal basis, Ov thogonal SubSpace. : A Vector Vis said im be orthogonal 40 a Sets % iL ty | Ovthogonal ty -each vector in Ss. Similarly wo Subspace iF every vedor in one Subspace i$ every vector in the other Subs pace. Y b= Woy br) are ealled. ofMogonal | Ohogonal w Wsine formula jMe- all You 4 not - al) be ig aay roy o-n \cos 8 all. sy \s8 = 0 \b-ay? = Wa ah Wo-att = (oa) bay | = {9b} | = bly -de-bla sata | \bll* = Ub, b) = bhp | | | omd Wan = (a )satg. A end ie -al® Wont + MAN? allah cosy 7 8Tb -alp- bla tal ae - bt b taba ~ alalllb ll wso Bato = gialtill oso se) - at Nat\\ ol Cosa - Lasb) = ayo, +Orbe Nall Well WoW Projection on a tine : Pomt & is Projection of bon the line Vrrough oO. P35 Some muttiple of vector @, Sey P- Fa and b= P iS orthogonal a, 30Sy a is orthagonal © b-P at (o-P) =0 a® (o-fa)= ath Zakloro - 2 = ato ata e sath To [Problem 3: ergyeck w=Ciate2) on the Wine Armugh a = (153.2) |B get T and | Sdlution: F sath } Pp ‘) | ; 4 } The angle. a and b tos 84 “hyo ow, : aE x | i [Projection Matrix OF Rank 1 P= aQl is projection mata ata -\”* ezi('32 w[R3 LeEy Meast Squares: Lf aks is a 8 and Ax=b IS inconsistent inspite of unsolvability ; ym of linear equations 218 Solution does not exist > Ineons¥tent equation arise all me in pracbce they howe ko be salvedk au that a“cheese the % that minimize an average enor E. F Least Square in ON varialole , for ax = fr we Consider | &* = Mos - vil? if we low Ww equation ‘nen EPs Can pt lore -by)P re FH Lanae bye To minimige emmy E, de® chould be 3nd of point zg an 7 ie L < 2 1 ae = BAL (UT -b,) FAO, LAT -by)4--- BAH AT-by=0 ZL za, tay, + + anon at 4ag4-.set OF g =atb ata Least Squares rou many Variables : whe Ax ruew ww | Ya = We, where WEEV, — Wg A)Oy | wt 03 stubeve ug “Vg ~ (Vg Uy -(Ug5 Ue) Lp \ wail : Wy Une Won = WO where Wy = Vn Way sth Wr “(Wa sbelye -+ Ly on ‘ WWrll “ Examples : |2pielom 1: Apoly Sean Protess to the vectors Ves Uy ety (yts2) to ob tsi om pasis for va(R) ee Stondard inner ae Solution: Yip 1) 2 | Nyt iow) * a@-9tQariicg Mus 3 Oye Me = Taye.) “~ ww 8 co -(2,2 4) a1 3's Now , OU. = Or where Wy Vp -U¥y 9 Uy, 2 Wao Yu Nwetl (Va suados 243.2 ayy 3 3 3 re A246 3 w oa 3 Me FUG 3;1) <3 2 sl 3 3) = (1, 3,1)-4252,)) = CA, 1,0) Yr orthonormal SuWort + wesw) = Gl). lel 40.0 F Al +0 29 Wal 2 Or > uo twat ye, ve fb) =¥aTlvoh ju, “(3 ug) (Va s%oy Ws = 1,2, 9p- = U,2,2) = (: “6 : oO : (8 = 118) 1% RB 7 @ Mun? = (w3505) (75). -5 25) 5 i. (i) 43) +R) { i) t3)-(3} ~ B84 85 + 100 ae WO s)* Gje ane Negn ~ fuso \8 = ISNT 1 = 3 6 35NWall = Oe | Wz: Ws 1 Wwesil | = (28, 22,40 | oy q | ote hoe ag, Ms 33a) | Now Mesarsab lef 2 ay, (3 1 lr - °\. Fe 3s i ISywequired orthonm mal pasts: Gin’ % a ae Problem 87 Apply Gram - Schenidt process ty the vechots Vue Watt), Ve = Qyct per (2,12) to obiuin on _orthonor | “Mal basis for y CG © oe “Iys Ya) O Ris (av -z a) & Now (iste sts) 7 “tl elie a le thd