ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION

205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001

CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
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CURRICULUM OF EDUCATIONAL COURSE FOR ASSET CLASS - LAND AND BUILDING

In pursuance of the first proviso to rule 5 (1) of the Companies (Registered Valuers and
Valuation) Rules, 2017, read with Rule 12 (2) (a) and Rule 14 (e), the Insolvency and Bankruptcy
Board of India, being Registered Valuer Organisation i.e. AIVA, hereby specifies the details of
educational course for the Asset Class of Land and Building as under:

i. The curriculum for the educational course shall be as under:

Asset Class: Land and Building

Sl. Coverage Hours of

No. Training
1. Principles of Economics – Microeconomics 1.5
- Consumption: Indifference curve, consumer surplus, elasticity
- Price mechanism: determinants of price mechanism; individual and
market demand schedules; conditions, exceptions and limitations of law
of demand; individual and market supply schedules; conditions and
limitations of law of supply; highest, lowest and equilibrium price;
importance of time element
- Pricing of products under different market conditions: perfect and
imperfect competition, monopoly etc.
- Factors of production and their pricing: land, labour, capital,
entrepreneur and other factors
- Theory of rent
- Capital and interest: types of capital, gross interest, net interest
- Organisation and profit: functions of entrepreneur; meaning of profit
and theories of profit
Macroeconomics 1.5
- Functions and role of money
- Inflation: types of inflation; causes and effects of inflation; Inflationary
gap
- Control of inflation: monetary, fiscal and direct measures
- Deflation: causes and effects of deflation; deflationary gap; measures to
control deflation; deficit financing
- Savings and investment: savings and types of savings; determinants of
savings; investment and types of investment; determinants of
investment; relationship between savings and investment
- Components of economy: primary sector, secondary sector, tertiary
sector; informal sector in urban economy; parasitic components in urban
economy
- Concepts of gross domestic product and gross national product; capital
formation etc.
 ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION
205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001
CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
*************************************************************************************************************************
Sl. Coverage Hours of
No. Training
Parallel Economy 0.5
- Definition of parallel economy; causes of parallel economy and effects
on use of land and its valuation
- Impact on real estate market and construction industry
2. Book-keeping and Accountancy 1.5
- Meaning and objects of book-keeping; double entry book-keeping
- Books of prime entry and subsidiary books: cash book, bank book,
journal, ledger, purchase and sale books, debit and credit notes register;
writing of books; posting and closing of accounts
- Trading account; profit and loss account; income and expenditure
account
- Preliminary analysis of financial statements
- Cost and costing; elements of cost - fixed expenses, variable expenses,
break-even point

3. Law – General 3.5

- Indian legal system: salient features of the Indian Constitution,
fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy
- Government: executive, legislature and judiciary
- Laws of contract: formation of a contract, parties, void, voidable and
unenforceable contract, contingent contract, misrepresentation, fraud
and effect thereof, termination of contract, remedies for breach,
performance of contract, indemnity and guarantee, law of agency
- Tort: general principles of tort, tort affecting valuation
- Law of arbitration and conciliation: salient features
- Auction: authority of auctioneer, duties of vendor, purchaser and public,
mis-description and misrepresentation, advertisements, particulars and
catalogues, statements on the rostrum, conduct of sale, reservation of
price, right to bid, bidding agreements, memorandum of the sale,
deposit, rights of auctioneer against vendor and purchaser
- Laws of evidence: burden of proof, presumptions, conclusive proof

- Salient features of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 1.5

concerning valuation
- The Companies Act, 2013: Section 192(2), 230 (1), 230 (2), 230 (3),
231, 232, 247 and 281(1)
- Salient features of the Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation)
Rules, 2017
- Salient features of the Securitization and Reconstruction of the
Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
(SARFAESI Act, 2002) concerning valuation
- Section 5(n) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 on “secured loan or
advance”

4. Introduction to Statistics 1
- Data classifications and processing, graphical representation of data,
frequency distributions
- Measures of central tendency, dispersion and skewness
 ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION
205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001
CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
*************************************************************************************************************************
Sl. Coverage Hours of
No. Training
- Elementary theory of probability and probability distributions, sampling
and sampling distributions
- Simple test of significance, regression and correlation, multiple
correlation coefficient
- Time series
- Index numbers
5. Environmental Issues in Valuation 1.5
- Environment and valuation - differences between the market price and
the negative value consequent on environmental impact
- Environmental issues of air pollution, water pollution, environmental
factors and their effects, measures to restore the damage, cost to cure
- Outlines of environmental legislations: the Indian Forest Act, 1927, the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986
- Laws related to industrial health and safety

6. Professional/Business Ethics and Standards 2

- Model code of conduct under the Companies (Registered Valuers and
Valuation) Rules, 2017: professional competence and due care,
independence and disclosure of interest, confidentiality, information
management, gifts and hospitality
- Integrity and fairness, remuneration and costs, occupation,
employability and restrictions, business ethics
- Ethical considerations under terms of engagements: engagement letter,
management representation, guidance on use of work of experts,
independence and conflict of interest, quality review process of valuers,
rights and responsibilities of valuers

7. Laws related to Real Estate 4

- Land acquisition - the right to fair compensation and transparency in the
land acquisition, the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
- General building rules and regulations
- Rent control laws: sections pertaining to occupancy rights of tenants,
freezing of rent, protection against eviction of tenant and its effect on
value of property
- Right of way and Section 52 - licenses under the Indian Easements Act,
1882
- Salient features of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act,
2016 and regulating authorities established under the Act
- The Transfer of Property Act, 1882: transfer of immovable property,
sale, mortgage, gift, exchange, assignment, charge, lien, tenancies/sub-
tenancies; lease of immovable property; lease granted by private and
statutory bodies - impact of each on valuation; Sections: 3, 5, 6, 7, 25,
53 and 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882
- Laws relating to inheritance/succession: Mohammedan: Muslim
Personal Law; the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Hindu Succession
(Amendment) Act, 2005; the Indian Succession Act, 1925: law of
 ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION
205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001
CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
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Sl. Coverage Hours of
No. Training
succession for person other than Hindu and Mohammedan; will &
testament, succession certificate

8. Valuation of Real Estate 5

- Cost, price and value
- Types of value
- Basic elements of value - marketability, utility, scarcity, and
transferability
- Factors affecting value - physical, economic, legal and social
- Highest and best use, value in use, value in exchange
- Real property: rights and interests in real estate; types of ownerships and
types of occupancy in real estate
- Annuities; capitalization and rate of capitalization; years purchase;
sinking fund; redemption of capital; reversionary value
- Construction and use of valuation tables
- Urban infrastructure and its influence on value of real estate
- Real estate market and its characteristics; investment in real estate;
factors influencing demand and supply schedule in real estate
- Concepts of green building
Income Approach to Value 3.5
- Relation between income and value
- Valuation of property affected by the Rent Control Acts; licensed
property under the Easement Act, 1882; leasehold properties under the
Transfer of Property Act, 1882
- Derivation of yield rate from market derived data
- Remunerative rate of interest and accumulative rate of interest
- Types of rent: outgoings, income, yield, years purchase
- Determination of market rent and standard rent
- Lease - lessor and lessee: types of lease; lease provisions and covenants
- Valuation of lessor’s interest, lessee’s interest including sub-lease in
leased property; premature termination of lease or surrender of lease
- Real estate as an investment; yield from real estate vis-à-vis other forms
of investments; sound investment comparison
- Investment decisions: discounted cash flow techniques, internal rate of
return, net present value and capital assets pricing model
- Profit method for valuation of special properties: hotels, cinema, mall,
petrol pump, hill resorts

Market Approach to Value 3.5

- Types of market
- Market survey and data collection; sources of sale transactions
- Comparison of sale instances: factors of comparison and weightages for
adjustment in value
- Hedonic model and adjustment grid model under sales comparison
method
- Land characteristics and its effect on land values
 ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION
205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001
CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
*************************************************************************************************************************
Sl. Coverage Hours of
No. Training
- Hypothetical plotting scheme for value of large size land
- Residue technique and other development methods
- Valuation for joint venture development of property
Cost Approach to Value 3.5
- Methods of cost estimates for buildings
- Life of building: economic, physical, legal
- Factors affecting life of the building
- Total life, age, estimating future life
- Various methods of computation of depreciation, functional,
technological and economic obsolescence
- Reproduction cost/replacement cost, depreciated replacement cost
(DRC) working, adopting DRC as value subject to demand and supply
aspect
- Land value by market approach and building value by cost estimation
method for owner occupied bungalows, factories, public buildings
Various purposes of Valuation 2
- Valuation of properties for purposes such as: bank finance, auction
reserve, building insurance, sale, purchase, valuation disputes in court,
probate, partition, rent fixation, stamp duty, capital gains tax, as per rule
11ua of the Income Tax Act, 1961, lease and mortgage of property, any
other purposes not referred above
- Valuation standards as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013
- Indian accounting standards (Ind AS 16, Ind AS 36, Ind AS 40, Ind AS
113) as applicable to valuation
- Valuer as an expert witness in court
- Valuers’ functions & responsibilities, error of judgement and
professional negligence
Important Case Laws on principles of valuation of Real Estate: 1
- R.C. Cooper Vs. Union of India, (1970) AIR SC 564
- Sorab D. Talati Vs. Joseph Michem, Appeal No. 101 0f 1949 in R.A.
Application No. 805 of 1948
- CWT Vs. P.N. Sikand (1977) 107 ITR 922 (SC)
- Wenger & Co. Vs. DVO (1978) 115 ITR 648 Delhi HC
- Jawajee Nagnathan Vs. Revenue Divisional Officer (1994) SCC (4) 595
(SC)
- Chimanlal Hargovinddas Vs. SLAO, Pune AIR 1988 SC 1652
- CED Vs. Radhadevi Jalan (1968) 67 ITR 761 (Cal)
- CIT Vs. Ashima Sinha (1979) 116 ITR 26 (Cal)
- CIT Vs. Anupkumar Kapoor & others (1980) 125 ITR 684 (Cal)
- CIT Vs. Smt. Vimlaben Bhagwandas Patel (1979)118 ITR 134(Guj)
9. Principles of Insurance and Loss Assessment 1.5
- Principles and legal concepts in relation to insurance of buildings;
contract of insurance; insurable interests; liability to insure; duties of the
insurer and the insured
- Types of fire policies; reinstatement value, indemnity policies and
policies for other perils; terms and conditions; perils, beneficial and
restrictive clauses
 ALL INDIA VALUERS ASSOCIATION
205, ROHIT HOUSE BUILDING 3, TOLSTOY MARG, NEW DELHI-110001
CIN: U80902DL2020NPL369443
*************************************************************************************************************************
Sl. Coverage Hours of
No. Training
- Value at risk, sum insured and condition of average, over and under
insurance; provisions regarding inflation, depreciation, obsolescence
and betterment; other provisions
- Preparation of claim for damages due to insured perils
- Obligations and rights of insurer and insured
10. Report writing 1.5
- Reports: quality, structure, style
- Report writing for various purposes of valuation: sale, purchase,
purchase, mortgage, taxation, insurance, liquidation etc.
- Contents of the report: instruction of clients; date as on which valuation
is made and date of report; site inspection; location; ownership history;
data collection and analysis; type of construction; valuation method;
value estimation; assumptions and limiting conditions including caveats
and conclusion
11. Case Study 10
Two case studies on valuation of land and building:
- One case study with six 2-mark questions, for 12 marks
- One case study with four 2-mark questions, for 8 marks
(This section will have case studies for application of valuation
techniques. For each case there will be a comprehension narrating the
transaction based on which questions will be asked from the case)
Total 50

ii. A candidate having the required qualification and experience and having completed the
education course specified above shall be eligible for registration as a valuer on passing
the valuation examination of the asset class conducted by the Authority, subject to
compliance with the other conditions as provided in the Companies (Registered Valuers
and Valuation) Rules, 2017.

2. The educational course will be reviewed on a yearly basis.

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