EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

Nidhi Sindhwani · Rohit Anand ·
M Niranjanamurthy ·
Dinesh Chander Verma ·
Emilia Balas Valentina   Editors

IoT Based
Smart
Applications
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation
Ghent, Belgium
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological
driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies
that play a key role in this process. The range of topics, focusing primarily on
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networks; mobile communication; design and learning; gaming; interaction;
e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy management; smart grids; internet of
things; cognitive radio networks; computation; cloud computing; ubiquitous
connectivity, and in mode general smart living, smart cities, Internet of Things and
more. The series publishes a combination of expanded papers selected from hosted
and sponsored European Alliance for Innovation (EAI) conferences that present
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security experts, economists, urban planners, doctors, and in general representatives
in all those walks of life affected ad contributing to the information revolution.
Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei Compendex, and zbMATH.
About EAI - EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation
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excellence by community.
Nidhi Sindhwani • Rohit Anand
M Niranjanamurthy
Dinesh Chander Verma  •  Emilia Balas Valentina
Editors

IoT Based Smart

Applications
Editors
Nidhi Sindhwani Rohit Anand
AIIT, Amity University G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus
Noida, India (formerly GBPEC)
New Delhi, India
M Niranjanamurthy
Department of MCA Dinesh Chander Verma
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology Panipat Institute of Engineering &
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Technology
Patti Kalyana, Panipat, India
Emilia Balas Valentina
Aurel Vlaicu Univeristy
Arad, Romania

ISSN 2522-8595     ISSN 2522-8609 (electronic)

EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

ISBN 978-3-031-04523-3    ISBN 978-3-031-04524-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0

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Preface

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as one of the most prominent technologi-
cal concepts in the twenty-first century. We live in a world where new objects are
connected to the Internet with the aim of improving and facilitating people’s lives.
In addition, objects that we did not even imagine a few years ago as part of the net-
work are now beginning to be connected, offering a new immense range of possi-
bilities. The main motive of this book is to provide insights into IoT, its applications,
and implementation techniques. Today, IoT has become a promising technology
that connects the different objects embedded with sensors and software to exchange
information without human intervention. Here, various IoT-enabled technologies
and applications will be discussed along with their pros, cons, and future directions.
This book will also cover the future of IoT in various sectors and will discuss
how IoT will be proven to game-changing technology. In this book, the IoT design
methodology to define the domain model will be discussed. The designing process
using Arduino that offers smart, connected, and secure elements will also be empha-
sized in this book. The integration of IoT with blockchain, cloud, machine learning,
big data, embedded software, and sensors will be covered here. At last, we also
intend to cover the various technologies that can be integrated with IoT to get the
optimized use of this technology. That is why this book, IoT Based Smart
Applications, has been written with the collaboration of international scientists who
provide different visions and solutions to some of the most important current prob-
lems from the point of view of the Internet of Things community and from an even
more interesting mixed point of view.
Chapter 1 is entitled “A Study on COVID-19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Its
Variants and IoT-Based Framework to Detect the Presence of Coronavirus.” In this
chapter, the authors focus on finding out solutions for the detection of this conta-
gious viral infection at the earliest. Computer-based artificial intelligence can be
used to monitor and detect the symptoms of coronavirus. For detection of coronavi-
rus infection, computers or smartphones can be embedded with biosensors that will
perceive the information and will convert the information into digital data. In this
chapter, a study on the coronavirus is done and an IoT-based framework is proposed
to detect the coronavirus using IoT-based sensors. The proposed approach will be

v
vi Preface

able to detect the pandemic in its early stages, and so better options will be there to
prevent and cure.
Chapter 2 is entitled “Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues,
Challenges and Future Directions.” The authors explain the importance of the
blockchain for the Internet of Things. Traditional electronics has become smarter as
a result of seeing things on the Internet. Whereas this era known as Blockchain
appears as a first-rate deliver of presenting safety to this new age of technological
programs, the speedy evolvement of smart devices demands trusted security for the
maintenance of the IoT containing application’s knowledge safety, security, and
authentication. This research inspects the IoT protection answers by using integrat-
ing IoT programs with blockchain. The evaluation consists of blockchain basics,
kinds, and layout for the Internet of Things. It will also look at the hurdles and
problems of IoT in blockchain adoption, particularly in terms of security, privacy,
throughput, block size, multichain management, and social control.
Chapter 3 is entitled “Smart Healthcare by Harnessing the Internet of Things
(IoT): Applications, Challenges and Future Aspects.” In this chapter, the authors
discussed IoT-enabled devices that have helped in solving many problems in the
healthcare sector. The improved potential to keep patients safe and healthy has
empowered physicians to provide superlative care. These devices range from sen-
sors that monitor patient’s gluten and glucose levels in the blood, blood pressure,
and heart rate to even monitoring food and water intake. This chapter intends to
provide a detailed overview of how IoT has spread its branches far and wide into the
field of healthcare. The real-time applications of IoT, such as the diagnosis of dis-
eases, surgery, and clinical trials, have been explained in detail. Moreover, various
important aspects like biosafety, security, and legal challenges with respect to its
commercialization have also been discussed.
Chapter 4 is entitled “Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities.” This is a
summarized chapter in which the authors focus on some of the most interesting
concepts behind IoT, like the different possible applications of IoT in smart homes
and smart cities, the components related to IoT architectures, the importance and
type of sensors, the main network technologies, implementation of IoT, the most
relevant current challenges, and some possible lines of future work.
Chapter 5 is entitled “Gesture-Based Smart Assistive Device for Elderly and
Disabled People Using IoT.” In this chapter, the authors introduce the design in a
manner that many elderly people and people with disabilities receive daily benefits.
This is done using sensors and microcontrollers to achieve automation with the
widely used Android mobile operating system. Home appliances and electrical
devices can be controlled via Bluetooth wireless communication protocol and
Android mobile from anywhere outside of the house when the appliances are not
switched off. Numerous home appliances and electrical devices such as fans, refrig-
erators, and lights can be controlled via the Android OS.  Home automation can
include the control of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting,
security locks of gates and doors, home appliances, and devices to provide and
improve convenience, comfort, energy efficiency, and security. Home automation
can provide a better quality of life for those who may need care or nursing facilities,
Preface vii

people with disabilities, and the elderly. To address the problem, solutions and
related technologies are reviewed and presented.
Chapter 6 is entitled “IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System.” In
this chapter, the authors address the problem of rapidly rising vehicle count and
propose intelligent transportation problem using various sensors. The chapter
focuses on providing a review of some challenges and emerging trends, and com-
pares various sensor frameworks in terms of cost, reliability, accuracy, performance,
and maintenance. The number of automobiles on the road has risen dramatically in
recent years. Traffic congestion is a rising issue that everybody deals with daily.
Manual traffic control by traffic cops has not proven to be successful. The signal’s
fixed set time in all conditions (low and high traffic density) hasn’t solved the issue.
The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed as a model for effectively solv-
ing the problems described above. For Internet-based computing, we use the cloud,
which provides various resources such as servers, storage, and application for traffic
management. To track the number of vehicles and traffic congestion on a road, a
network of sensors is used, and rerouting is done according to the traffic density on
the lanes.
Chapter 7 is entitled “A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT.” An
embedded system is made up of electronic hardware and software. It contains a sen-
sor to sense the environment and actuators to respond. There are millions of such
embedded devices available in the environment, but interoperability between them
is a significant issue. IoT is a technology that provides communication between
such embedded devices over the Internet. Therefore, the existence of IoT is an out-
come of the fourth industrial revolution of disruptive communication technologies.
It is integrated with sensors, embedded systems, computing, and communication
technologies. Embedded system is the heart of IoT. IoT computes and communi-
cates data and stores it in the cloud for future data analysis. IoT is mainly used to
provide seamless data storing and analyze the environment. This chapter addresses
the design aspects of a system required for IoT to use in any general application.
This chapter presents system architectural comparison, interrupts, task execution,
scheduling, switching tasks and latency, prioritization of tasks, real-time tasks, real-­
time operating system, multitasking, sensors, actuators, memory footprints, and
communication standards. This chapter summarizes the architecture and its proces-
sors recommended for IoT.
Chapter 8 is entitled “Integration of Big Data and IoT in Modern Era.” This is a
summary chapter in which the authors focus on some of the most interesting con-
cepts about big data, existing attacks, and an integration technique of big data and
IoT that will help reduce the data generated in an IoT environment.
Chapter 9 is entitled “Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming:
Challenges and Opportunities.” In this chapter, the authors talk about the implemen-
tation of IoT in the smart farming and agriculture industry and its various applica-
tions in the field of technological advancements. In the past couple of years, the
agriculture sector has grown a lot because of the advancements in technology. For
instance, with the assistance of the Internet of Things (IoT), farmers can now moni-
tor soil humidity, crop health, and many other parameters using various sensors
viii Preface

without even going to the field. Thus, by reducing human intervention through auto-
mation, Internet of Things (IoT) technology can make the agriculture industry more
efficient and effective, and can lower the production cost. Internet of Things is a
gateway to the solution of smart farming which will certainly mitigate problems like
famines.
Chapter 10 is entitled “Implementation of IoT in Various Domains.” In this chap-
ter, the authors discuss IoT for industrial applications and how these systems are
being implemented in various fields. Moreover, the authors focus on the implemen-
tation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications for Industry 4.0. The authors
also analyze the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) that has moved H-IoT to almost
the next level in various domains in which a range of different sensors is com-
monly used.
Chapter 11 is entitled “Application of IoT in Wearable Technology.” According
to the authors, Internet of Wearable Things is among the expert improvements that
have adapted to the digital age. Wearables are finding a wider range of applications
in our everyday lives. A wide range of digital gadgets referred to as “wearables”
includes sensors that offer the thrilling possibility for features used in tracking and
sending alert signs. Wearables are grouped into four dominating bunches: (i) well-
ness, (ii) sports exercises and ordinary distraction, (iii) observing and confinement,
and (iv) security. They depict how different sensors may provide a wide range of
readings that could be useful for a range of methods. Wearables come in a variety of
shapes and sizes; they all have a certain purpose to perform in different sectors. One
of the important attacks on the wearable era is the authentication among other trou-
bles viz-a-viz erroneous sensors, battery/energy problems, limiting the users in
monitoring location/space, and lack of interoperability. This chapter furthermore
addresses the chances and applications and also discusses the circumstances identi-
fied with executing.
Chapter 12 is entitled “Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges,
Benefits and Applications.” In this chapter, the authors describe IoT and its applica-
tion to smart homes and smart cities, how to create and use these applications using
IoT, the various hardware and software features required for IoT use, the challenges
and weaknesses of IoT usage for smart homes and smart cities, and benefits of using
IoT in smart homes and smart cities. This chapter examines the current and future
examples of IoT, and it will show readers how IoT will interact with our lives in
the future
Chapter 13 is entitled “Investigating Role of IoT in Development of Smart
Application for Security Enhancement.” This chapter presents IoT solutions to
enable the customers to automate, analyze, and integrate their systems to a greater
extent. The Internet of Things includes sensors, networks, and robotics, and it
employs both old and new technologies. The Internet of Things makes use of soft-
ware breakthroughs, lower hardware costs, and a contemporary approach to tech-
nology. This research has focused on IoT-based smart applications that could be
used for security enhancement in industries as well as homes. In other words, this
research has introduced smart applications to maintain security from threats such as
theft, fire, and other unexpected events that may result in financial loss.
Preface ix

Chapter 14 is entitled “Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in

Education Sector.” In this chapter, the authors outline the role of augmented reality
and IoT in education systems. The research on the role of augmented reality in edu-
cation systems is relatively at an early stage, and IoT is expected to improve the
quality of education through the development of innovative applications. Using this
technology, one can gain insights into why it is a part of everyday learning and
teaching methods. The right approach is to integrate IoT and AR to make AR scal-
able, allowing for more perceptual coverage of a wider range of educational systems
and interactions via IoT around the world. This chapter explains the use of aug-
mented reality in the IoT. The authors also deal with some common applications of
the related technologies together with the benefits and the expected growth of IoT.
Chapter 15 is entitled “Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist
on IoT Platform.” In this chapter, the authors introduce the design and build a smart
mirror that can be used for home automation and has a user-friendly interface for
data monitoring. The smart mirror displays information such as the current date,
time, and temperature in addition to the image. A future trend is towards implement-
ing a smart mirror that can gather and obtain data via IoT devices and serve as a
platform for home automation. The experiment results reveal that utilizing a
Raspberry Pi is significantly more cost-effective and offers excellent results to con-
struct a smart mirror.
Chapter 16 is entitled “Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture.” This
chapter provides the latest insights into current research initiatives that significantly
impact smart agriculture and farming. It provides a detailed impact of IoT, machine
learning, and data analytics that can be used for disease control, monitoring the
climate, measuring soil temperature, nutrient value, moisture levels, controlling and
analyzing water consumption, and much more. These shall help follow the scientific
procedures for plant growth and increase of crop yield. It refers to the latest work of
researchers to provide the solutions to various agricultural challenges, using several
ways to automate and maximize agricultural produce.
Chapter 17 is entitled “Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart
Cities.” This chapter explores all the facilities supported by the latest technologies
and their role in supporting the functioning of smart cities. The authors present a
review of IoT issues and challenges in the emerging stages of the design of smart
cities in India. Some of the issues addressed by the authors include legal, regulatory,
economic, infrastructure, security, and privacy aspects. The chapter also deals with
network communication models used in establishing connection between devices
and the Internet.
Chapter 18, entitled “Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multi-Class Weed
Classification Using YOLOv5,” discusses the deep learning approach for IOT-based
multi-class weed classification using YOLOv5, and the quality information about
soil, local climate, and the crop in an IOT environment is captured by the sensors.
Furthermore, it is possible to obtain statistics that go beyond human observation.
They enhance and speed up data collection, perform commands automatically or
remotely, and perform remote tasks and actions in real time.
x Preface

Chapter 19 entitled “Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the edge for IoT:
Architecture, Challenges, and Applications” discusses the intelligence and cogni-
tive computing at the edge for IoT with its Architecture, Challenges and Applications
where the cognitive computing is the development of computerized models to
mimic human behavior. The best examples are virtual assistants such as Siri, Alexa,
and Cortana. Cognitive computing and AI play a big role in solving problems and
building applications to support several domains in Internet of Things (IoT). The
downside to AI and cognitive computing is the complexity of the architecture
involved in building models that support IoT.
Chapter 20 is entitled “IOT Sensors-Based Smart Agriculture Using AGRO-
ROBOT” that discusses the current investigation and research innovation of Agro-
robot to define the technical work in the form of project and prototype which
illustrates how Robots are capable and useable in field of farming and other works
to solve the challenges of agriculture by using robotics.
Chapter 21 is entitled “Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial
Inclusion.” This chapter aims to identify the underlying factors affecting the role of
IoT in digital financial inclusion. The chapter is based on a sample size of 120
respondents from the National Capital Region of India. The principal components
analysis method is used to find the factors. Many of the significant factors are identi-
fied, viz. IoT awareness, financial service awareness, usability, benefits, trust, secu-
rity, and privacy, as well as accessibility.
Chapter 22 is entitled “Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low Energy IoT-Enabled
System.” This chapter focuses on Web of Things / Internet of Things (IoT) which is
an innovation used to give data and check the framework during COVID-19 scourge.
This innovative stage can be utilized to handle difficulties during lockdown-­like
circumstances. IoT would assist in giving a mechanized and straightforward treat-
ment procedure to handle COVID-19 epidemic (pandemic situations) circumstance.
With Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning and artificial intelligence, the dis-
tributed computing phase is highly accurate as it enables to provide active feedback
from management and evaluators. For additional useful applications, we can also
point out the most checked slots and ranking reasons.
The editors are indebted to Almighty God for giving blessings to complete this
book. Completing a book is not an easy task; it starts with consuming many hours,
months, and more. We can attest that during that time, we were working closely
with publishers, editors, and authors. We are very much thankful to our beloved
Eliska Vickova, Managing Editor, European Alliance for Innovation (EAI), for hav-
ing faith and giving us a chance to edit this book. From proposal submission till
completion, your support was very helpful to us. We are sincerely thankful to the
EAI Springer Group. We want to convey our thanks to all the authors who partici-
pated in this book project; due to scope and quality, we could not accept many good
chapters, but we are sure that the work included in this book will prove helpful to
young researchers and industry entrants in the field of IoT and big data. Our book
will help them build their planning strategy and will prove to solve their real-time
problems. We will be very happy to hear your feedback about this book. Though
utmost care was taken in selecting the chapters and authors’ work, which was
Preface xi

closely monitored and revised with rigorous peer review, authors’ or readers’
reviews and feedback will be very useful for us, to ensure their points are addressed
in our forthcoming books. We request you to purchase this book for your institution
library and research lab, and to take advantage of the cutting-edge technology
exploration information throughout this book.

Noida, India Nidhi Sindhwani

New Delhi, India Rohit Anand
Bangalore, Karnataka, India  M. Niranjanamurthy
Patti Kalyana, Panipat, India  Dinesh Chander Verma
Arad, Romania Emilia Balas Valentina
Contents

1  Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon,

A
Variants, and IoT-­Based Framework to Detect the
Presence of Coronavirus��������������������������������������������������������������������������    1
Vikas Menon, Digvijay Pandey, Dishant Khosla, Mandheer Kaur,
Harshit Kumar Vashishtha, A. Shaji George,
and Binay Kumar Pandey
2 Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues,
Challenges, and Future Directions ��������������������������������������������������������   15
Shreya Karagwal, Sarvesh Tanwar, Sumit Badotra, Ajay Rana,
and Vishal Jain
3 Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet
of Things (IoT): Applications, Challenges,
and Future Aspects����������������������������������������������������������������������������������   35
C. V. S. Aishwarya, J. Caleb Joel Raj, Sanjeeb Kumar Mandal,
C. Nagendranatha Reddy, and Bishwambhar Mishra
4 
Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities�����������������������������������   55
Gunjan, Shristi Agarwal, Drishti Rai, and Sumran Talreja
5 Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly
and Disabled People Using IoT ��������������������������������������������������������������   71
S. Saraswathi, C. Gopala Krishnan, and Prasanna Venkatesan
Theerthagiri
6 
IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System��������������������������   89
Subodh Bansal and Amit Gupta
7 A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System
on IoT��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  113
P. Venkateshwari and Suresh Subramaniam

xiii
xiv Contents

8 
Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era����������������������������  131
Ashwani Kumar, Deena Nath Gupta, and Rajendra Kumar
9 Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming:
Challenges and Opportunities����������������������������������������������������������������  151
Jaspinder Kaur, Sudeep Yadav, and Harjot Singh Gill
10 Implementation
 of IoT in Various Domains������������������������������������������  165
Jaspinder Kaur, Jaskaran, Nidhi Sindhwani, Rohit Anand,
and Digvijay Pandey
11 Application
 of IoT in Wearable Technology������������������������������������������  179
Shivam Dhoot, Komal Saxena, and Ajay Rana
12 Role
 of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges,
Benefits, and Applications ����������������������������������������������������������������������  199
Aditya Tripathi, Nidhi Sindhwani, Rohit Anand, and Aman Dahiya
13 Investigating
 Role of IoT in the Development of Smart
Application for Security Enhancement��������������������������������������������������  219
Jay Kumar Pandey, Rituraj Jain, R. Dilip, Makhan Kumbhkar,
Sushma Jaiswal, Binay Kumar Pandey, Ankur Gupta,
and Digvijay Pandey
14 Role
 of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education
Sector��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  245
Monika Nijhawan, Nidhi Sindhwani, Sarvesh Tanwar,
and Shishir Kumar
15 Raspbian
 Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist
on IoT Platform����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  261
D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan
16 Use
 of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture��������������������������������  277
Anuj Mehla and Sukhvinder Singh Deora
17 Intelligent
 Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities����������������  295
Rahul Gupta
18 Deep
 Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed
Classification Using YOLOv5 ����������������������������������������������������������������  309
K. Sandeep Kumar, Rajeswari, S. Lakshmikanth,
and Himanshu Sharma
19 Intelligence
 and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT:
Architecture, Challenges, and Applications������������������������������������������  325
S. M. Kusuma, K. N. Veena, K. S. Kavya, and B. P. Vijaya Kumar
20 IOT
 Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot ��������������������  345
Dinesh Dattatray Patil, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Anurag Shrivastava,
and Devendra Bairagi
Contents xv

21 Role
 of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial
Inclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  363
Jitender Kumar and Anjali
22 Diagnosis
 of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled
System ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  375
Yogini Dilip Borole, Anurag Shrivastava, and M. Niranjanamurthy

Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  395
Chapter 1
A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin,
Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based
Framework to Detect the Presence
of Coronavirus

Vikas Menon, Digvijay Pandey, Dishant Khosla, Mandheer Kaur,

Harshit Kumar Vashishtha, A. Shaji George, and Binay Kumar Pandey

1.1 Introduction

In 1965 a common cold named B814 came into existence when Tyrrell and Bynoe
were studying samples of human embryonic trachea taken from the respiratory tract
of an adult. At the same time, Hamre and Prock now obtained samples from medical
students with cold and cultured a virus in tissue culture showing unusual properties
they named it Hamre’s virus, later on known as 229E.  The relationship between
B814 and 229E viruses with myxoviruses or paramyxoviruses known at that time
was not found to be close enough. In the late 1960s, morphological constraints were
found to be having similarities between certain animal viruses such as mouse

V. Menon · M. Kaur
Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology, Landran, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
D. Pandey (*)
Department of Technical Education, IET, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
D. Khosla
Department of Computer Science, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, India
e-mail: [email protected]
H. K. Vashishtha
Lead Product Validation Engineer, Cadence Design System, Noida, India
A. S. George
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Crown University, Int’l.
Chartered Inc. (CUICI), Santa Cruz, Argentina
B. K. Pandey
Department of Information Technology, College of Technology, Govind Ballabh Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_1
2 V. Menon et al.

hepatitis virus, swine flu, gastroenteritis virus, and infectious bronchitis virus with
some human strains as studied by Tyrrell along with a group of virologists working
together. This new group of viruses having the crown-like appearance of the surface
projections was later officially accepted as coronavirus. Research studies conducted
on the coronaviruses revealed that in humans living in temperate regions, the occur-
rence of respiratory coronavirus infections was more often observed in the winter
and spring as compared to the summer season [1, 2].
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA
genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry constituting the family
Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, and order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses
are the largest among known RNA viruses with genome sizes ranging from approxi-
mately 27–34 kilobases. Coronaviruses can cause severe illnesses ranging widely in
any age group. China has been said to be the forefront country where the emergence
of viral infections occur, and this may be due to the consumption of poultry, bats,
snakes, and other wildlife animals. In 1997, China witnessed avian influenza in
2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS caused by a coronavirus), and
in 2010 a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). In 2012 a severe
illness outbreak began in Saudi Arabia with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS). On 12 December 2019, 27 cases of viral pneumonia with an unknown
causal agent as an outbreak were reported in the city of Wuhan, China, by the Wuhan
Municipal Health Commission (WMHC). On December 31, 2019, Chinese authori-
ties declared the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus causing severe illness and
named it SARS-CoV-2. WHO declared 2019-nCoV an epidemic for world public
health on 30 January 2020 [3]. The basis of their studies summarized that the genetic
makeup of bat coronavirus has most similarities with 2019-nCoV and has maxi-
mum similar codons as with snakes. They also, depicted that viral receptor-binding
spike glycoproteins are responsible for homologous recombination that determines
cross-species transmission. The information derived from their evolutionary analy-
sis can be highly significant in the future for effectively controlling the pandemic
2019-nCoV [4, 5].
The COVID-19 has proven a big challenge since 2019 for the whole world.
Human civilization needs to battle the COVID-19 with effective measures and pre-
cautions. Researchers and doctors from all over the world are consistently working
on generating solutions for the problem. One of the biotechnological reports
revealed that real-time PCR used for COVID-19 can de reframed with the Internet
of Things (IoT). This trial will collect real-time data from users which can further
be used to identify the suspected cases. This methodology will monitor the post-­
virus recovery response. This system is composed of five main components: data
collection system and sensors for uploading, isolation spots, algorithms for data
analysis, health workers, and cloud infrastructure. Various algorithms used are vec-
tor machine, neural network, Naive-Bayes, K-nearest neighbor, decision table, deci-
sion stump, One R, and Zero R. This experiment has given effective and reliable
results with 90% accuracy. Based on this study, we believe that this real-time data
and IoT-based framework have the potential for identification and management of
COVID-19.
1  A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based… 3

Another IoT-based COVID-19 detection model is based on the body components

framework. In this context, the parameters considered for IoT-based diagnosis are
body temperature and respiratory quotient. Along with these physical parameters,
some biochemical factors can also be included like total leukocyte count. This data
can be accessed over Wi-Fi and with the Internet also. Assisting accessories like
breathalyzer will be sanitized automatically and automatic loading of injection nee-
dles can be done and is convenient. This product would be commercially economi-
cal and reliable.

1.2 Origin of 2019-nCoV

The first outburst of pneumonia transmitted person to person having an unknown

causal agent was reported in Wuhan City, Chinese Hubei Province, on 31th
December 2019 [3], and pathogen identification was done later on. For identifica-
tion of the causal agent, a large number of plausible pathogenic constraints were
screened and then ruled out, including the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coro-
navirus (MERS-CoV), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-­
CoV), avian influenza virus, and other common pathogens causing respiratory
problems. According to the scientific literature and medical history, there was no
evidence of contagious transmission as thought to be [6]. The first-ever “super-­
spreading” evidence came into knowledge when two local 2019-nCoV infected
patients visited to Guangdong Province of Wuhan on the 20th of January 2020, and
14 medical staff who attended these patients got infected by 2019-nCoV which
concluded the human-to-human contagion [5]. Further laboratory investigations
were done in four different Chinese research institutions: the Academy of Military
Medical Sciences, the Chinese CDC, the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, and
the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Wuhan Institute of Virology. Laboratory test-
ing specimens were taken from the upper respiratory tract of the patients admitted
with the symptoms of 2019-nCoV and maintained in COPAN Universal Transport
Medium. RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel was used to confirm the 2019-nCoV infection
onset by qualitative detection of nucleic acid taken from respiratory specimens.
Laboratory tests done on all the throat swab specimens revealed their deduction of
lymphocytes in most patients [7, 8]. This result suggests that 2019nCoV was affect-
ing T lymphocytes, as SARSCoV does, thus weakening the immunity of the person
been infected. A further conclusion was drawn that this virus generates a cytokine
disturbance in the body, inducing a cascade of immune responses, leading to
changes in white blood cell count and cells responsible for immunity such as lym-
phocytes spreading through the respiratory mucosa [9, 10].
Studies done on infected persons suggested person-to-person transmission
occurs commonly during the close exposure of a normal person to a person infected
with COVID-19. Studies revealed that respiratory droplets are produced when the
infected person coughs or sneezes. These respiratory droplets produced due to
coughing or sneezing can land on the surface or body nearby and when the normal
4 V. Menon et al.

person comes in direct contact can get transmitted either through eyes, nose, and
mouth or possibly be inhaled into the lungs of those within close proximity [11].
However, the probability of airborne transmission from person to person over long
distances is not verified (CDC 2020). 2019-nCoV is an RNA virus, having a high
mutation rate, due to genome-encoded exonuclease mutation rate in the coronavi-
ruses might be somewhat lower than that of other RNA viruses. This mutation rate
increases the possibility for this newly introduced epidemic viral pathogen to
become more virulent and more efficient to be transmitted from person to person
[12, 13].

1.3 Current Situation of the Epidemic

and Preventive Measures

Until April 2020, 2019-nCoV positive cases were increasing throughout the world.
As of 9th April, there were a total of 14, 90,790 cases confirmed in the whole world,
including 88,982 deaths and 3, 32,486 cured cases. For combating epidemic 2019-­
nCoV, the central and state governments of all countries throughout the world have
taken a series of desperate measures. All government agencies have started to con-
duct laboratory exploration for characterization and treatment of the disease, includ-
ing quarantining of suspected patients, monitoring clinical status of patients
individually, and developing diagnostic and treatment protocols [14–16]. Africa
Task Force for the Novel Coronavirus on Feb 3 was established by the Africa
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [17]. A lot of countries including India
have gone for 1–3 weeks lockdown so that patients infected with the coronavirus
remain in quarantine to minimize the spreading of the virus.
For the status in India, as per statistical survey analysis till 2019, 88.5% of case-
load was observed in states such as Maharashtra, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. In comparison to these stats, very
few state and union territories of India affected by this disease are Northeastern
states like Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland and union territories like Andaman
Nicobar, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman and Diu. Maximum expression of
this disease was reported in Maharashtra (107958) followed by Tamil Nadu (44661)
and Delhi (41182). The fatality rate concluded was 2.9%.
The key factors which contribute to the progression of the disease are migration
and population density. Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra
have shown maximum migration of labor.
The maximum cases reported of cases are between the age group 25–59.
Telangana has reported maximum COVID-19 cases due to migration in the earlier
part of May 2020. Another promising factor responsible for disease transmission is
population density as shown in Fig.  1.1. Highly dense states and localities were
declared 123 hot spots by the government of India based on census.
1  A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based… 5

Fig. 1.1  Map showing caseload of COVID-19 statewise

Preventive Measures: COVID-19 got transmitted from person to person in many

ways such as through droplets and aerosol via cough and sneeze. Close contact
between people also increases the transmission rate. Poor ventilation and crowded
indoor maximize the disease progression. In India, different states government has
taken many actions to slow the disease spread rate. One study reported that Kerala
has got early slowdown in spread rate by applying the following measures:
• Insistent testing and checking of all travelers from China and other countries
• Powerful contact and tracing 28 days follow-up
• Proving sampling collection centers in the district and local levels
• 28 days quarantine period
• Establishment of isolation centers near the communities
• Superior hospital readiness to prevent disease progression
6 V. Menon et al.

1.4 IoT-Based Framework to Detect Coronavirus

For smart network and proper health management systems, IoT-enabled intercon-
nected devices are very crucial for fighting with pandemics. With the decisions-­
making process, the system can track and alert the patient to improve security. IoT
can be used as countermeasure technique for COVID-19 pandemic. Table 1.1 shows
IoT application.
The framework based on the Internet of Things (IoT) [18–20] is explained which
are cheaper, user friendly, and readily available [21–24]. In the first step, for a sus-
pected patient, the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 are to be detected properly and accu-
rately. The common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 are breath soreness, fever, dry
cough, pain, drop in SPO2 level, and weakness. In the proposed framework, IoT-­
based sensors can take input from the user, measure the level of each symptom
explained, and provide data processing for analytics. In the framework, IoT-based
sensors include a heart rate sensor, temperature control, microphone, and proximity
sensor which enable the system to detect the symptoms of coronavirus easily.
Each sensor reading has the application of a different algorithm owing to the different
symptoms of the disease. For example, fever can be detected with the help of an IoT-based
temperature sensor. The human fatigue can be detected using the IoT-based camera where
a human is asked to do 30 sit-ups and the situ-ups can be analyzed. Also, samples of lung
CT scans and x-rays of the chest can be uploaded via the same IoT-based camera [25]. The
IoT-based microphone sensor can be used to identify the cough type whether it is a dry
cough or not.

In the proposed framework, the abovementioned sensors have been used. Using the
sensors to collect the data and analyze and gather the results, the prediction of
symptoms is done. The data is stored for analysis purposes.
After collecting the records and data from various patients, they are used as inputs to the
various techniques of machine learning. The techniques of machine learning in the medical
field include neural networks and k-nearest neighbor. There are various deep learning [26]

Table 1.1  IoT application in health care

S. No Application Description
1 Internet-connected IoT-based systems can be used to connect hospitals to the Internet,
hospitals where corrective measures can be taken if some emergency is
raised
2. Automated treatment It helps in the appropriate handling of cases and treatments
process
3. Smart tracing of With the use of RFID devices, the movement of patients can be
infected patients tracked
4. Real-time During the spread of this infection, on-time information sharing
information can be done
5. Geospatial AI-based The data can be taken of affected areas using a GIS system and
application areas can be put in a contamination zone
1  A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based… 7

methods in the machine learning techniques which are quite accurate and come under the
family of neural networks. CNN and RNN are the two main algorithms for deep learning
which are used for recognition and classification.

Recurrent neural network (RNN) and convolution neural network (CNN) imply
recursive neural network [26, 27]. In RNN, the next layer input will be the output of
the previous layer saved. The measurement of signals and tests is mostly done by
RNN. CNN is used for spatial data whereas RNN is used for saving temporal data.
Figure 1.2 shows the proposed framework.
In the first step, the collection of the data IoT sensors is done. For example, the
computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs, x-ray scan of the chest and lungs, and
videos are captured through an IoT-enabled high-quality camera sensor, and stand-­
sit measurements of the suspected patient is collected by it; through the IoT-based
microphone, the cough sound is taken and identification can then be done. Using the
IoT-enabled heart rate sensor, heart rate can be recorded, the oxygen level of a per-
son can be detected using SPO2 sensor, and the IoT-based temperature sensor is
used to measure the degree of temperature. In the next step, for further processing
of the data, the received data in the analog form is converted into digital form. After
digitizing the data, the next step includes the preprocessing and standardization of
the data which is moved to the cloud network. Then, the analysis and management

LUNG CT Video of SPO2

Scan Human 30 Sec Sit-up Sample of Fingerprint for
Xray Images Images Activity Activity Coughing Temperature
Heart Rate
Sample

IoT Microphone IoT Heart Rate

IoT Based Camera Sensor Sensor IoT temperature
Sensor
Sensor

Abnormal Heart rate

Abnormal sub- Nausea Fatigue Cough Fever

Algorithms
images Shapes Level Level Level Level

Cloud Server

Machine Learning Techniques (RNN and CNN) for COVID-19 Initial Result

Positive (or Ratio) Negative (or Ratio)

Fig. 1.2  Proposed framework to predict COVID-19 using IoT

8 V. Menon et al.

of data are done. This is done when the health-care [28] personnel receive the symp-
toms of the patient through a cloud network in the form of data. The doctor who is
authorized to access the cloud network detects the symptoms and diagnoses the
disease COVID-19 to be either positive or negative [29]. The progressive CT scan
images of the lungs are shown in Fig. 1.3.
Using x-Ray images, the presence of coronavirus with the use of deep learning is
possible and being used with the accuracy of training model of 99% and 98% of the
confusion matrix [30]. With the presence of coronavirus COVID-19, the epithelial
cells of respiratory systems are affected. So, x-rays can be used to analyze the pres-
ence of COVID-19. In the work to detect the presence, the dataset of x-rays of
COVID-19 affected and x-rays of normal people is used to train the model for deep
learning. Then with deep learning and CNN, the model was able to detect the pres-
ence of COVID-19 virus through x-ray image [25, 31]. Figure 1.4 shows the x-ray
dataset of normal and COVID-19-positive persons, and Fig. 1.5 shows the detection
of COVID-19 using algorithm.

Fig. 1.3  CT scan images of a suspected COVID-19 case

1  A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based… 9

Fig. 1.4  Dataset of normal and COVID 19 persons

Fig. 1.5  Detection of the presence of COVID-19

1.5 Remote Screening Magnitude

Diagnosis methods are used for checking the absence and presence of disease. The
screening objective is to detect the potential indicators with high sensitivity.
In addition to this screening, a methodology is sometimes carried out to remove
any suspicion or doubts of diseases. As screening is economical, it becomes
10 V. Menon et al.

beneficial to diagnose a large target population that may contain fewer and small
potential cases. Successful screening results in accurate identification and precise
investigation and treatment of patients at risk. Seeing the prevalence and impact of
coronavirus disease, rapid and effective methods are highly advantageous. This
method is also useful for places where advanced and sophisticated facilities cannot
be found. So by adopting the novel methods, we can overcome the hurdles like lack
of medical equipment and experts in disease management. The nonexperts from
remote areas can transmit the data to the expert via IoT-based technology. In the
paper, a framework for remotely screening COVID-19 using wearable sensory
devices similar to some of the prior approaches. Our proposed method, however,
differs from previous techniques in that it includes several innovative aspects for
starters, the sensors we are using are less expensive and can be simply incorporated
to sense a variety of symptoms. Our devices sensors are inexpensive, costing only
a few dollars each. The advantage is that if a gadget is found to be contaminated, it
may be quickly discarded. The sensors can be replaced into a better gadget because
they are generic. Second, method is unique in that the assessment can be performed
by both professionals and nonexperts, and the findings may be deduced by any-
body. The sensors and the supporting framework handle all of the processing.
Third, the outcomes can be tracked and analyzed from afar [32]. That means the
wearable device has application over long distances while the findings are moni-
tored by professionals in medical centers and clinics across the country. Because
the virus is spreading all over the world, governments have partial resources to
deploy medical personnel to remote places; this is an extremely crucial part of
disease diagnosis. With this method of solution, the signs may be patterned. This
method is beneficial as a big variety of sufferers may be screened for the infection
in a brief time.
Wi-Fi is connected to sensors which are required for transferring and sending
the received information to the target without the manual intervention where the
transferring is completed at near places in real time. The use of IoT infrastructure
ensures efficient stream processing and data. The algorithm of this tool is faster
and has a better response for any data scale. In addition, our scheme can be useful
in identifying segments of the population in need of urgent treatment. By analyz-
ing the data of many people in one area, the authorities can assess the severity of
the disease and take urgent action depending on the result [33–39]. Finally,
because the technique includes transportable devices, it is straightforward to move
them from location to location, easily. The rules and regulations are code tips
extracted from professionals to change a professional or lower the intervention of
a professional, in scientific decision-making. These regulations permit categoriz-
ing someone as healthful or having a possibility of contamination with the aid of
using the coronavirus [40]. The gain of the use of regulations for patient’s cate-
gory is that the regulations may be up to date and advanced with dynamic exper-
tise from the mixing of latest scientific recommendations as new findings emerge
from time to time.
1  A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based… 11

1.6 Conclusion

Coronavirus or COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV is a contagious disease caused by a new

virus. The disease affects the respiratory system with indications such as a cough,
sneezing, high temperature, and lack of oxygen and in extreme cases, difficulty in
breathing [41, 42]. It spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or
through a surface or from objects that have the virus on them. As the disease has
become epidemic, it is infecting more and more people day-by-day. It needs to be
detected at the earliest and for that, the need of the day is to develop new methods
and equipment. Computer-based technology is growing at a very rapid pace. The
proposed framework with artificial intelligence and IoT-based sensors can be used
in the medical field to visualize the medical information of patients in the presence
of COVID-19.

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A. (2021). Machine intelligence-based trend analysis of COVID-19 for total daily confirmed
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40. Zhu, Y.; Chen, L.; Ji, H.; Xi, M.; Fang, Y.; Li, Y. The risk and prevention of novel coronavi-
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Chapter 2
Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT):
Research Issues, Challenges, and Future
Directions

Shreya Karagwal, Sarvesh Tanwar, Sumit Badotra, Ajay Rana,

and Vishal Jain

2.1 Introduction

The IoT market, which is largely unregulated, offers opportunities for device hack-
ing. At a glance, the absence of safety can be a serious problem, particularly with
smart home or smart car applications. [1–3]. For example, a hacker could steal an
autonomous vehicle from someone or buy it according to the level of access granted
to the IoT system. Increased security is essential, along with all data collected and
transferred between IoT devices. As we are aware of some security-related recom-
mendations such as dual authentication and biometrics, one of the potential solu-
tions is IoT blockchain security [4]. The most well-known blockchain such as
Bitcoin and Ethereum grants a powerful solution for IoT security. The blockchain
includes powerful protection for data modulation, which can lock access to IoT
devices and shut down corrupted devices in IoT networks [5–7]. The name “block-
chain” was derived by its form of technicality (chain blocks), which refers to the
union of every block in association with the previous one. The whole blockchain
idea is to interlink the relationship of data within clusters. By cluster, we mean a
data structure including several monetary transactions, people, or entities [8]. The
transactions are monetary and typical (smart contracts). Any institution can play the

S. Karagwal · S. Tanwar (*)

Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
S. Badotra
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University,
Phagwara, Punjab, India
A. Rana
Shobhit University, Meerut, India
V. Jain
Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 15

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_2
16 S. Karagwal et al.

role of blockchain participants that takes protocol strings and assist in their develop-
ment. These network organizers or those accountable for the maintenance of soft-
ware do not share the blockchain.
Blockchain technology has evolved to provide convention validation technology
over a network to ease peer-to-peer transactions and all monetary transactions. The
procedure then minimizes the involvement of third parties in transactions that are
monetary like banks, agents, intermediaries, or any other authorities required for the
confirmation and completion of the data [4]. It is then ensured that every transac-
tional currency is right and recorded as a fresh transactional block. Transactions
recorded within the chain cannot be rewritten or canceled requiring a high level of
needed transparency as well as security.

2.1.1 Key Characteristics of Blockchain

Figure 2.1 shows the characteristics of blockchain technology.

2.1.1.1 Decentralization

Through a believed agency (taking an example of a bank or government) in an ear-

lier established transaction managing system, the transaction management has taken
place. The result that comes with this centralization manner includes additional
cost, single-point failure (SPF), and performance bottleneck at centralized service
providers. The benefit of blockchain is that transactions can be validated between
two peers without the need for authentication, jurisdiction, or intervention by the
central agency, which results in a lower cost of service, SPF risk, and a reduction in
performance bottlenecks [4, 8].

2.1.1.2 Immutability

As it has been studied that a blockchain comprises an associated chain of blocks,

where every link is crucially an inverse hash point of the last block. The changes of
any kind made on the last block will invalidate every consequent generated block.

Fig 2.1  Various characteristics of blockchain technology

2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 17

This approach allows for immutable recording of interactions as all interactions go

through the blockchain. This approach allows you to query details on the block-
chain, track all selected interactions, and add autonomy to IoT devices.

2.1.1.3 Transparency

The aid of public blockchain systems, for example, Bitcoin and Ethereum, gives the
user accessibility and interaction with an identical right in the blockchain system.
Also, each and every transaction performs validation and is saved in the blockchain
making it available for every user [8]. Hence, the data in blockchain maintains
transparency to those users who will be able to access and perform verification of
performed transactions.

2.1.1.4 Traceability

A timestamp is attached with every transaction saved inside a blockchain. It is going

to be easy for users to verify and can also track the birth of traditional data items
following the analysis of the data in blockchain along with communicating time-
stamps. It can trace one thing on the web with the guaranteed traceability for trans-
actions, which assures clear transactions, succeeding the feature of security.

2.1.2 Idea of Blockchain in IoT

Please make sure the Volume Editor understands how you want to be listed in the
author index if you have several surnames.
IoT interconnects smart devices for gathering data and making decisions accord-
ingly. When we merge blockchain along Internet objects, things will remove the
lacking security in web objects as this technology needs design with security.
Blockchain traits like incompatibility, transparency, readability, encoding, and flex-
ibility of operation will be getting utilized to overcome IoT difficulties. One of the
advantages of using blockchain in many applications, not just IoT, is that there is a
record of all transactions in between. Once these records are posted to the ledger, no
one can change them. This is proof of the effectiveness of hacking. Additionally,
IoT on the blockchain allows for a much trimmer process from producer to receiver
and at every stage [8]. One of the reasons that older systems do not perform well is
the fast document processing. It is much faster because now everyone has a simple
and secure way to access and sign documents.
Table 2.1 indicates the differences between IoT and blockchain.
18 S. Karagwal et al.

Table 2.1  Difference between IoT and blockchain

Blockchain IOT
Decentralized Centralized
Resource consuming Resource restricted
Block mining is time-consuming Demands low latency
Scale poorly with large network IOT considered to contains large number or
devices
High bandwidth consumption IOT devices have limited bandwidth and
resources
Has better security Security is one of the big challenges of IOT

2.1.3 Merits of Blockchain in IoT technology

2.1.3.1 Interoperability

This refers to the capacity to communicate along with physical systems and transfer
data between IoT systems. The hybrid layer of blockchain is located on the peak of
an overlapping peer-to-peer network along with consistent reachability across
diverse IoT devices.

2.1.3.2 Scalability

With the growth of IoT networks, the authentication and authorization on every
device become tough on a centralized network due to the large amount of resources
required. Hence, there comes a need of a large number of strong services to over-
come this. Combined with blockchain technology, it solves the problem by validat-
ing all devices. It also eliminates the urgent need for large gateway devices [9].

2.1.3.3 An Efficient Supply Chain

The top priority for many companies is to make their supply chains more efficient.
However, many economic and global issues make this process more difficult. By
removing the middleman, blockchain and IoT can improve supply chain efficiency,
speed up transactions, and reduce costs. With a blockchain that acts as an auditor to
some extent, there are no fees associated with each jump, as unreliable parties can
exchange data directly with each other.
Reliability
The reliability of information is trustworthy, involving asymmetric encryption
algorithms.
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 19

2.1.3.4 Better Security of IoT Systems

The blockchain can protect IoT data because it is encrypted and stored as a block-
chain transaction that is digitally signed with an encryption key. Also, with the well-­
suited integration of blockchain technologies (such as a smart contract) in IoT, an
automatic update of IoT device firmware takes place for preventing risky breaches,
resulting in overall system security.

2.1.3.5 Cost Reduction

Reduction of operational costs is one of the most needed features for an enterprise.
The blockchain allows data to be transferred on a peer-to-peer basis by not needing
centralizing control, giving lowered business costs. With the automation of validat-
ing the transaction and purifying each blockchain step, the ecosystem as a whole
can be created proactive at less cost.

2.1.3.6 Tolerance of Fault

Decentralized devices rely on a large number of independent components, which

reduces the chance of inadvertent harm. The blockchain is a decentralized point-to-­
point network in which each device has a copy of the same data; hence, a single
node failure network is unaffected. As a result, blockchain eliminates the possibility
of a single point of failure.

2.2 Motivation

Since IoT and IoT security are the recent areas in the direction of improvement and
research, it is a need to bring some light to this strong combination of blockchain
with IoT. The research of this study will help with a fresh construction IoT frame-
work with blockchain technology for existing education systems. In the future,
researchers may improve this study so that it can be applied to the whole kingdom.
Some points below recommend using my approach to work in the IoT security and
its environment using the blockchain approach:
(a) How does blockchain integrate IoT to secure data and make data privacy
possible?
(b) What are the new developments underway inside the field of IoT and block-
chain technology? Also, what are the new areas of future growth for?
(c) What are the applications of the above techniques to the new researcher and the
challenges of the new field of research?
(d) In what fields can IoT and blockchain technology be applied?
20 S. Karagwal et al.

(e) Are there any future boundaries and directions for developing in the dual areas?
The present centralized IoT design relies on a centralized third-party instance
with complete control over data collection and a slew of IoT devices, with no clear
restrictions on how the information gathered may be utilized. As a result, the central
IoT agency uses a block box, which is a desirable situation for the vast majority of
IoT device owners. By leveraging the processing power of all contributing users in
a decentralized manner, blockchain technology, on the other hand, provides a self-­
sufficient and trustworthy decentralized ecosystem. This increases productivity
while removing single points of failure.
Recent reviews of blockchain research show that most academic research focuses
on improving and challenging current protocols, mainly about cryptocurrencies in
general, especially Bitcoin. There is little research on the potential of blockchain.
Research in some areas, especially cryptocurrencies and payments, is well devel-
oped, but usually lacks a complete understanding of its applications and use cases.
The analysis is divided into three parts:
1. Architecture
2. Recent challenges and blockchain in IoT applications issues
3. Future trends

2.2.1 The Blockchain-Related Pattern for Numerous

IoT Fields

This technique is employed succeeding to more than a single domain and scenario.
It has been studied that the development within the applications of blockchain
started after Bitcoin as blockchain v1.0 and so on, and it got modified with sensible
conventions as blockchain v2.0 and later on showed progression to justice, effi-
ciency, and blockchain v3.0.

2.2.2 Examples of Blockchain Applications in IoT

2.2.2.1 The Energy Sector

The era of blockchain can ensure better executions in this situation, by removing
intercessors and lowering the price. Transactive energy, while enabling the devices
to trade energy, also ensures good executions removing exceeding price [9].
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 21

2.2.2.2 Maintenance and Equipment Operations

The provision of blockchain gives tamper-resistant maintenance records and opera-

tional data. Organizations can use IoT devices to effectively monitor the health and
maintenance records of safety-critical machines. Third-party staff can monitor pre-
ventative maintenance and update blockchain maintenance data instead of manual
maintenance programs or manual record keeping. Then you may share your activity
logs with regulators to make sure you comply [9, 10].

2.2.2.3 Smart Contract

Despite the actual thing that blockchain delivers several answers to the IoT prob-
lems, the peaked procedure demands want resource taking procedure not much time
and price effectiveness. Ethereum is supported for the implementation of smart con-
tracts for blockchain in IoT [9].

2.2.2.4 Decentralization and Expandability

As we are aware of the centralization of IoT, which creates a difficulty level by mak-
ing an ascendable ecosystem in IoT. But with the emergence of blockchain with IoT,
this scalability issue can be solved. With the replacement of the possession of homo-
geneous blockchain-to-blockchain IoT devices, bottom-up peer-to-peer recognition
procedures are planned [11].

2.2.2.5 Industrial IoT

An overall change can be brought by IoT in the blockchain, health care, etc. Smart
manufacturing is achieved, assets are tracked, latency is reduced, and supply chain
is managed. Due to the immutability and information provenance of blockchain, it
has the potential to protect industrial IoT devices.

2.3 Research Gaps

The encouragement of IoT technologies in the field of manufacturing has resulted

in industrial automation as well as digitization. A large amount of modern IoT apps
have been successful in boosting the features like quality, scalability, and flexibility
of manufacturing infrastructure resulting in error reduction, saved cost, increased
performance level, and better security in the industrial as well as the manufacturing
process. Centralized data centers rely on IoT architectures to perform sensor data
storage and processing functions, which can pose a danger of security breaches,
22 S. Karagwal et al.

single-point errors, and DDoS.  The following risks not only make the services
unavailable but also lead to the deluge of sensor data, overweighing the crucial ben-
efits of the IoT system [4, 8].
Also, there arrives a question of collected data reliability when there is a possi-
bility of data interception in transferring the data between IoT devices. The idea of
uniting blockchain in IoT has been gaining architecture in the eyes of researchers to
look after the mentioned issues. The adoption of blockchain is not easy as it holds
some challenges such as the capacity of unequal resources in IoT devices as well as
the nodes of blockchain as well as dissimilar mining rates.
As IoT continues to spread its reach across the world, a lot of restrictions and
security issues come along associated with IoT such as the privacy of data, security
of data, heterogeneity, confirmed working of a secure IoT system working, efficient
data management, and timely delivery of data.
(a) How is it possible to achieve scalability for IoT security with the help of the
blockchain approach?
(b) Prevention of malicious nodes for the security of IoT devices for the users, who
are authorized, and the systems?
(c) How will the IoT devices be able to manage the heterogeneity
(d) How can IoT get benefitted from the smart contracts of blockchain?

2.4 Objectives

The primary objective is to study why the blockchain approach is needed to over-
come the issues in IoT. The following objectives are set for this chapter:
(a) To study the integration of IoT and blockchain, knowing the blockchain func-
tionalities and differences between IoT and blockchain
(b) To study the advanced application areas and research challenges and issues in
terms of technologies for new researchers
(c) To research recent developments in the sectors of IoT and blockchain technol-
ogy, as well as to identify new subjects for future scope
(d) To study any recent transformation of blockchain in IoT that took place in the
pandemic

2.5 Architecture

Multilevel architecture can be described as modular architecture where each level is

separated from the rest of the classes to add new modules or replace them without
affecting the rest of the classes [12].
Figure 2.2 shows layer-based IoT blockchain platform architecture
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 23

Fig. 2.2  Layer-based IoT blockchain platform architecture

(a) Physical Layer

This layer includes many connected devices along with the capability of com-
municating, computing, and storage of data.
(b) Connectivity Layer
The common functionality this layer gives is routing management keeping the
requirement of automated organization as the physical devices have no global
Internet protocols. It involves some different modules for the provision of men-
tioned resources:
• Network management
• Security management
• Message broker
• Routing management
(c) IoT Blockchain Layer
This layer has all the modules that sequence the common services to give many
benefits of blockchain techniques as:
• Identity management
• Consensus
• Peer-to-peer (P2P) communication
24 S. Karagwal et al.

• Distributed ledger
(d) Big Data Analytics
It makes blockchain an ideal medium for data storage done online. Many trans-
actional data from several parties are kept in structured forms of ledgers, making it
a convenient resource for extended research. These parties have accessibility to a
single network and can track them as and when they choose.
(e) Smart Contract
It may be a business operation that is called by an external client application for
controlling both access and charge inside the ledger. Installation and instantiation
are carried out on each network peer.
(f) Event Management
It sends the event whenever a new block gets added to the ledger.
(g) API Interface
The function of this is exposing the servicing given by the network of blockchain
as the services that may get invoked by the client application for accessing and
managing the network.
(h) Application Layer
It is the topmost layer, in which many interfaces are needed for data visualization
with the help of physical devices to control the devices.

2.6 Challenges and Issues of Blockchain in IoT

2.6.1 Challenges in IoT

2.6.1.1 Authentication

It is a condition making sure the unique identification of every entity [13].

2.6.1.2 Authorization

It makes sure that the accessibility of IoT entities is given to only authorized
users [13].

2.6.1.3 Availability

It makes positive that even if the malicious attacks happened to the services and
networks ought to be obtainable regularly.
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 25

2.6.1.4 Confidentiality

It makes positive that solely authorized bodies should be aware regarding the data
[13] as well as routing information.

2.6.1.5 Integrity

The transfer of knowledge ensures that all the involved routing information has not
been altered by a mediator or a malicious individual.

2.6.1.6 Privacy

It assures that the identities of the IoT entities ought to be extremely protected
against negotiation.

2.6.1.7 Trust

It confirms that a relationship between every involved node in a network is trustwor-

thy. The basic challenges related to security for IoT environments are as follows:
(a) There lies a major challenge for device authentication, identification, and pro-
tection because the number of devices in the infrastructure is growing rapidly.
(b) Maintaining, extending, and managing a centralized security model are

extremely complex.
(c) With the infrastructure of centralized security, it is a single point of failure and
a very simple target as a DDoS attack.
(d) It becomes challenging to generate a centralized infrastructure for an industrial
environment where centralized nodes are inherently growing.

2.6.2 Challenges of Blockchain

2.6.2.1 Privacy

The users of blockchain are aware of their public keys. This indicates that obscurity
was not accomplished as the entire transactions are shared and third parties can
investigate as well as determine these transactions and infer the participants’ iden-
tity [14].
26 S. Karagwal et al.

2.6.2.2 Energy Efficiency

Blockchain in IoT endpoints generally gets benefitted from the giver of power-­
based powerful instrumentation with batteries. Therefore, for permission of long-­
run node placement, energy efficiency was needed.

2.6.2.3 Security

For a single user, the desired security idea is to ideally manage the specific keys of
the user in his possession, because the criminal would like in combination with the
public key to steal something from him [14].

2.6.2.4 Throughput and Latency

The position in blockchain for IoT could need a blockchain network capability to
come up with vast “amounts of transactions per time element in clear networks. As
for the assent latency, it should be determined that the issue of the agreement proce-
dure was a lot of vital concerning latency than uncommon hashing.”

2.6.2.5 Block Size

The transaction is maintained by miners, requiring a longer initial handover time,

making the most of the most powerful miners.

2.6.2.6 Bandwidth

Transactions are maintained by miners, requiring a longer initial handover time,

making the most of the most powerful miners.

2.6.2.7 Multichain Management

In numerous ways, the spread of blockchain slammed from the need to negotiate
with several of them at once. This is also possible only in the case of blockchain in
IoT [14].

2.6.2.8 Autonomy and Enforcement

The rules emphasize that smart contracts must be legally implemented and dispute
resolution development should take place.
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 27

2.6.3 Challenges of Blockchain in IoT

2.6.3.1 Processing Time and Power

The processed power and the needed time required to implement encryption for
every entity related to blockchain-based ecosystems. The IoT ecosystem is diverse.
Unlike typical computer networks, IoT networks consist of every other devices with
computing capabilities, and not everyone can run the same encryption algorithm at
their own pace [15].

2.6.3.2 Scalability

Blockchain-related scalability issues that may result in centralization are casting a

shadow on the future of cryptocurrencies [15].

2.6.3.3 Storage

Storage is also an obstacle. The blockchain does not require storing transactions and
device IDs on a central server, but the public ledger must be stored on the nodes
only [15]. Ledger grows in size over time. This extends beyond the capability of a
variety of smart devices, such as low-capacity sensors.

2.6.3.4 Lack of Skills

Not many people are aware of the working of blockchain technology when you add
IoT to your mix that ratio drops sharply [16].

2.6.3.5 Legal and Compliance Issues

Because this industry is new in every way, there are no rules or compliance stan-
dards to follow. This is a key issue for manufacturers and service providers. This
impediment alone will frighten many organizations that do not adopt blockchain
technology [15, 16].

2.7 Current Role of Blockchain and IoT in Transforming

Health Care and Finance

COVID-19 has presented a logistical nightmare for vaccine distributors and health-­
care professionals around the world. The two most common vaccines, Pfizer and
Moderna, should be stored at a temperature less than 0 degrees Celsius. Otherwise,
28 S. Karagwal et al.

it will deteriorate. The vaccine-related challenge is a great example of integrating

blockchain and IoT working together to streamline operations and improve deploy-
ment. The manufacturers of vaccines may place the IoT sensors in countermeasure
packages as well as single vials for permitting the distributors to track and monitor
delivery locations and temperatures, allowing them to quickly detect and resolve
issues [17]. As soon as the vial reaches the vaccination center, health-care profes-
sionals may scan the packaging for instant access to essential information about
vaccine quality.
Blockchain and IoT are also powering the financial revolution with the help of
smart payments. For example, the blockchain payments were recently tested by
JPMorgan Chase and Co. between satellites orbiting the Earth. In a few experi-
ments, the bank worked with a tiny satellite company named GOMspace to give the
power of running software on the satellite. The following practical showed that
blockchain networks can facilitate transactions between devices, creating a market-
place where satellites can pay each other and send data [18]. For example, such a
system could order IoT-connected smart refrigerators from an e-commerce site
when food is scarce and allow autonomous cars to buy gas.
Individuals and companies alike are affected by the COVID-19 influenza strain.
Globally, the Internet ecosystem has played a critical role. Our dependency on
Internet enterprises has risen tremendously as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
BFSI, health care and life sciences, manufacturing, automotive, retail, transpor-
tation, logistics, etc. use the Internet to provide the services they need. Vendors have
noticed a decline in demand for blockchain IoT systems. Globally implemented
lockouts are influencing the supply and demand of various hardware components
required for the IoT blockchain. Some agencies like health care and the government
are expected to experience adequate global recruitment to protect hospitals, govern-
ment buildings, and civilians during the pandemic and disasters in the near future
with the help of IoT sensors and blockchain.
The global IoT blockchain market will witness a growth of $ 32 million in 2018
to $ 5.82.7 trillion by 2026, with a CAGR of 91.5%. The Asia-Pacific blockchain in
the IoT market is expected to grow rapidly over the forecast period, reaching $
159.8 million by the end of 2026 with a growth rate of 9.8%. This is mainly due to
the rapid development of infrastructure and manufacturing sectors in various devel-
oping countries such as India, China, and South Korea. The North American IoT
blockchain market dominated the global IoT blockchain market in 2018. The
region's market growth is 90.1% and is expected to reach $ 17.65 million by 2026.
Higher growth rates are expected during the forecast period, mainly due to key fac-
tors such as increasing IoT deployments in various end-use industries. Another key
driver for the growth of the market in the near future is the growing need for IoT
security to improve work efficiency and streamline business processes on a global
scale [19]. In addition, the main growth prospects for the IoT blockchain market
include rapid growth in the adoption of blockchain services for digital identities and
increased government initiative and contracts.
The Internet of Things adorns titles used in commercial- and industry-based
applications. According to an IDC survey, spending on IoT hits $6 trillion between
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 29

2015 and 2020, integrating IoT into everyday applications in more industries.
Blockchain, on the other hand, is becoming more and more popular as manufactur-
ers in more and more industries understand how to use it to improve their business.
If we consider Gartner’s research, blockchain technology will add up to $ 3.1 tril-
lion in business value by 2030. Blockchain technology and IoT are growing expo-
nentially in the market and this is just the starting. The most interesting development
is how the two technologies are brought together [18, 20]. Because of the character-
istics of blockchain technology and IoT, both merge. While hurdles remain for
blockchain and IoT, the merging of the two could have fundamental implications for
our world. By the end of 2026, hardware will be the most profitable sector.
Figure 2.3 shows the future of blockchain in IoT market.
The integration of blockchain with IoT is the most significant technological
advancement since the merging of IT and transaction processing systems. Because
their acceptance has such a significant influence on our society, it is impossible to
imagine a future in which blockchain and IoT are not deeply intertwined in our
everyday lives. No other technological breakthrough in the last decade is projected
to have the same impact on our lives as these two. “Blockchain adoption and IoT
adoption are merged – and flourishing,” according to a poll.
Various present and potential use cases of blockchain where IoT and blockchain
technology combine are more or less common; therefore studying why and where
IoT implementers in the United States are employing blockchain technology is fas-
cinating, but not particularly unexpected.
As you may be aware, there are several initiatives in the IoT and blockchain sec-
tor where one may put their faith in security and reliability right now. The majority
of respondents cited “improved security and trust” as a primary or secondary reason
for integrating IoT with blockchain networks [21] (almost a third of respon-
dents to b).
According to research, approximately 75% of those who have implemented IoT
technology in the United States have either used blockchain or aim to do so by the
end of 2020. Of those who have used blockchain, 86% use both technologies
together in a variety of initiatives. Blockchain adoption is not uniformly strong

Fig. 2.3  Denotes the future of blockchain in IoT market

30 S. Karagwal et al.

across all industries where respondents have required IoT. While security is a must
in many businesses, in some, trust and security are more crucial [22]. Blockchain
adoption is strongest in prescription drugs, energy, natural resources, utilities com-
merce, and transportation, according to Gartner [21].
According to Gartner, the adoption rate of blockchain will be highest among IoT
implementers in the areas of prescription medications, energy, natural resources,
utilities, and transportation.

2.8 Conclusion

This analysis has bestowed a scientific perspective in the eyes of researchers within
IoT and blockchain integration. Research shows a good sign for technology on an
individual and collective basis. With the Internet of Things and blockchain, security
and privacy [23–26] are still key considerations that businesses should consider.
Furthermore, research reveals that combining blockchain and IoT items can give
several alternatives that will be useful in identifying exact solutions to blockchain
security concerns. IoT objects. The integration of each technology can solve the
current security problem of primarily IoT-based fields.

2.9 Future Directions

The blend between IoT and blockchain can propose a well-built methodology by
creating a new path for business models and extended applications.

2.9.1 Smart Devices Becoming Smarter

IBM and Samsung collaborated to launch the ADEPT (Automated Decentralized

P2P Telemetry) platform. It is tested on a “connected washing machine” that can
track detergent usage, order bitcoins, and purchase paid detergents. It just happens
automatically.
This is a great example of how blockchain technology is functional and truly
self-sufficient from smart devices using IoT.  It offers powerful self-maintenance,
M2M communication, and the potentiality of peer-to-peer transactions. In smart
homes, blockchain-based IoT infrastructure can improve device efficiency/produc-
tivity while minimizing power, and energy consumption. Private blockchain can be
used to enhance the security of “connected homes” using user biometric data stored
on the network (worked by Australian telecommunications company Telstra) [21].
This technology can also be used to improve the performance and reliability of self-­
driving cars.
2  Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future… 31

2.9.2 Voting Transparency

Electronic voting methods are now plagued by a design problem. A single provider
has control over the code base, database, and system outputs by design. The moni-
toring tools are controlled by the same vendor. Due to those centralized arrange-
ments, there is a lack of confidence that voters and election organizers demand [20].
In this situation, blockchain can assist in the creation of a secure transaction data-
base that can be used to log votes and audit vote outcomes in a more reliable manner.

2.9.3 Edge Computing

It is a scalable virtual system that enables the processing and capacity between buy-
ers and also the server of the cloud computing system. No strangers request, fog
devices can talk to each other. Blockchain can be used to accommodate the mis-
match between fog centers and blockchain in IoT utilities. Information store can
manage various information assets for blockchain in IoT data storage frameworks.
Consistent approaches to sharing and securing this important information are key
issues in storing both the information [20, 21].

2.9.4 The Data Will Be Exchanged for Digital Currency

IoT and blockchain will change monetization by sharing IoT data generated by
device and sensor owners in exchange for small payments made in real-time. Tile
pay, for example, provides a secure and decentralized online marketplace that
allows users to register their devices and sell their data in real-time. As a result, they
receive digital currency.

2.9.5 The Technical Challenges of Decentralization

Most of the IoT blockchain applications that have come so far from concerns of
scalability, security, and privacy have required some form of blockchain focus
added. Research and investigation should be conducted to support the decentraliza-
tion of blockchain in IoT applications and the transition to a truly decentralized,
scalable architecture.
32 S. Karagwal et al.

2.9.6 Peer-to-Peer-Based Data Transactions

The number of connections and transactions through the IoT system is growing
exponentially. As a result, the demand for computing/processing power continues to
grow. Using blockchain requires a consistently high level of CPU performance. The
system can solve this problem by opening the ability to buy and sell anonymous
data from connected devices (i.e., data monetization). In addition to all authorized
independent third-party resellers, OEMs and data providers can also conduct these
data transactions (of course, payments are made via Bitcoin). Purchasing and mak-
ing this data accessible will power the entire blockchain and IoT setup by motivat-
ing external parties to power more CPUs and invest in technically renewable
resources.

2.9.7 Security

Design limitation is often faced by the technology of blockchain, in the process of

implementing smart contracts.

2.9.8 Blockchain in IoT Intrusion Detection

BIoT system can implement a few numbers of proposed methods which are estab-
lished by machine learning techniques [22]. These intrusion detection systems iden-
tify attacks on networks and systems [20]. Signature-based and anomaly-based are
the two common ways of detection. An IDS of any kind can identify attacks depen-
dent on anomalies, signatures, or both.

2.9.9 Blockchain in IoT and Real-Time Video Delivery

The top media circulation in BIoT that network service providers have recently
experienced has provided for a decentralized media transfer brokerage methodol-
ogy that supports collaborative blockchain.

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Chapter 3
Smart Health Care by Harnessing
the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications,
Challenges, and Future Aspects

C. V. S. Aishwarya, J. Caleb Joel Raj, Sanjeeb Kumar Mandal,

C. Nagendranatha Reddy, and Bishwambhar Mishra

3.1 Introduction

Internet of Things (IoT), a groundbreaking technology of today’s world, is a form

of the Internet’s sway beyond computers and smartphones, influencing communica-
tion technologies considerably. When viewed from IoT’s perspective, every object
in the universe becomes a “smart” one. So, when put into simple words, it is a net-
work where things are connected, work together, and perform a task by sharing
information using set standards and protocols of communication. Aided by a greater
number of smart devices, IoT has succeeded in gaining much popularity and trust
among people and is widely being used today in various forms [1–4]. These devices
may range from something as small as a wearable fitness device such as a smart-
watch to a large machine that analyzes and computes a huge set of information and
data. The true potential of IoT has always been realized when it interacted with
other disciplines in the world of science. It has helped open new perspectives to
approach problems of the real world. IoT has come a long way right from its very
first Coca-Cola vending machine to artificial intelligence (AI)-aided procedures for
treatment and diagnosis in the health-care industry [5, 6]. With the increasing
popularity of smart cities and smart homes, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged
as an area of incredible impact, thus paving the way into our future.
Production, automotive, and health-care industries are a few of many fields
where IoT has played a major influence in reimagining how problems are tackled.
Farming is one of the sectors that will be highly benefited from the Internet of
Things. Modernization of tools and devices for understanding crop patterns, water

C. V. S. Aishwarya · J. Caleb Joel Raj · S. K. Mandal · C. N. Reddy · B. Mishra (*)

Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 35

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_3
36 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

distribution, and drip irrigation has allowed farmers to come up with more fruitful
produce as a result of this while utilizing their resources more efficiently and cutting
down wastage to the minimum. All these developments make headway toward
“smart agriculture” [7, 8]. This chapter examines how the Internet of Things (IoT)
and its various features can be used to improve health care. In recent times, health
care has become the next big opportunity for the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT solu-
tions of today have a huge potential to boost health-care operations more than ever,
thus improving results, expenditure, and efficiency alike. By integrating devices
such as sensors and actuators [9, 10] in patients and capturing medicine intake data
for monitoring and tracking purposes, smart health care plays a vital part in health-­
care applications. Clinical care employs the Internet of Things to monitor a patient’s
physiological conditions by collecting and analyzing data from qualitative sensors
and then transmitting the processed data to processing centers to take appropriate
actions [11]. These devices are valuable for everyone who wants to keep track of
their health, not just patients. IoT technologies such as cloud computing, wireless
sensor networks, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and the future Internet
enable communication anytime, anywhere, known as the “Internet of
Everything” [12].
In the health-care industry, there is a growing demand for connected devices. In
health care, IoT has a wide range of applications. Apart from remote monitoring and
tracking of patients’ health, health-care equipment is being upgraded with IoT, such
as smart beds that detect occupancy, smart pill dispensers that monitor the patient’s
drug intake and send alert signals to the caregiver, and so on. IoT can also aid in the
early diagnosis of specific patient health issues and give timely responses to medical
emergencies [13]. As a result, it has proven to be useful in diagnosing and treatment
of disorders. It is feasible to collect evidence and diagnose numerous digestive and
gastric illnesses using swallowable sensors in a far less-invasive manner.

3.2 Evolution of IoT in the Field of Medical Science

3.2.1 History of IoT in the Field of Medical Science

The Internet of Things has amended the health-care industry with its immeasurable
applications. The implementation of IoT in health care first began with its usage in
remote patient monitoring and retrieving data from devices that were placed on the
bedside of the patients. These helped doctors and physicians to make the right medi-
cal decisions, abolishing any kind of human errors. IoT has immense potential in the
provision of advanced health-care devices and equipment. To the health-care indus-
try that had almost given up hope due to the surging prices spent on treatment due
to the increase in chronic diseases, IoT became the source of light with the introduc-
tion of its X-ray machines to monitor patients and thus enhance the mode of opera-
tions. Ever since, IoT has made a remarkable contribution in making health-care
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 37

Fig. 3.1  The timeline of major events in the history of the Internet of Things (IoT)

services more cost-efficient and accessible. Figure 3.1 depicts various innovations

made by leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) in various fields.
Today, IoT in health care is an industry with rapid growth. Especially with the
COVID-19 pandemic on the rise, the need for IoT-based services has been acceler-
ated further. The usage of IoT in the domain of medical science has brought applica-
tions that were thought to be fictional into the dominion of reality. This will continue
to expand more and more as rapid advancements and enhancements in technology
progress further. It is also claimed by scientists that this rapidly growing technology
will soon give rise to a future where insentient objects will be able to discern, think,
and function on their own.

3.2.2 Predominant Techniques

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been molding today’s world. Connectivity,
interaction, and efficient data sharing have been key aspects of IoT’s success. IoT
cannot be just a device or a piece of data alone; it is the fluently orchestrated inter-
face between devices, technologies, and vital data, rightly calling it the IoT ecosys-
tem. An (IoT) ecosystem consists of smart devices and systems that run on the
Internet, like sensors, processors, and communication devices that act on data
extracted from different environments that they are used in IoT devices connect to
an IoT gateway or other devices. Here, the data is stored in the cloud and may be
analyzed later or locally [14]. This is how the devices share data. Figure 3.2 depicts
the advantages of various IoT-based medical technology for the stockholders.
38 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

Fig. 3.2  The advantages of IoMT devices and technologies and how they benefit all the stakehold-
ers in the health-care sector

3.2.2.1 Data Mining

Data mining is the processing of huge amounts of data that helps companies to
troubleshoot, cut down on risks, and explore new opportunities in a variety of fields.
This branch of data science draws similarities to mining a mountain for ore; the only
difference is that here we search for important information in a large database,
hence the name data mining. This is not a technique that was founded during the
digital age [15]. Data scientists now play a vital role in various business organiza-
tions across the globe as companies try to stay ahead of the competition, which has
increased the importance of data science more than ever before. Data mining can
solve various problems that were too impossible to solve traditionally and were
often time-consuming when done manually. A large range of statistical techniques
is used to analyze data in various ways, whose findings can now be applied to pre-
dict future outcomes and take the necessary actions to achieve them [16].
In health care, data mining has become increasingly popular and would not be
wrong if we said it is increasingly essential. As mentioned in Fig. 3.2, data mining
can benefit all characters involved in the health-care industry greatly. To put things
into perspective, data mining helps health-care insurers to detect insurance fraud
and abuse. Health-care organizations make customer-physician relationships and
management decisions better, help provide treatment effectively, and make health-­
care services affordable for the com. The humongous quantity of data that is gener-
ated by the health-care transactions is way too complex to be processed and analyzed
by standard traditional methods [17, 18]. Data mining provides us the methodology
and technology to transform this mammoth amount of data into useful and accurate
information for decision-making.
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 39

3.2.2.2 Artificial Intelligence

In the medical world, smart devices have been crucial for monitoring patients in the
intensive care and continuous supervision units. Artificial intelligence enhances the
ability to identify deterioration and deviation from normalcy and senses the devel-
opment of complications. This significantly reduces fatality risks and hospital-­
acquired conditions. Neurological diseases can disable patients’ speech, mobility,
and interaction with their surroundings. However, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)
have the potential to restore these fundamental experiences to those who lost them
forever [19, 20]. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to bring the next gen-
eration of radiology tools into active usage, making them good enough to replace
the tissue sampling from biopsies that could be risky in some cases [21, 22].
Electronic health records (EHRs) have been an important part of the health-care
industry’s digitization journey, but the changeover has resulted in a slew of issues
such as cognitive overload, endless documentation, and user burnout. Artificial
intelligence is now being used by EHR developers to provide more intuitive inter-
faces and automate time-consuming repetitive operations. Artificial intelligence can
help process routine inbox requests, like regular med supply and notifying about
results. Artificial intelligence has now won the trust in taking over tasks that require
the intensive clinician’s attention [23].

3.2.2.3 Sensors and Monitoring Devices

Almost everyone nowadays has access to devices with embedded sensors that col-
lect useful information from the user. From cellphones with distance trackers to
wearables that monitor heart rate around the clock, a significant amount of health-­
related data is created “on the go” [24]. Wearable biosensors have attracted a lot of
attention because of their ability to give consistent real-time, precise data through
noninvasive assessments of biochemical indicators like sweat, tears, and saliva,
among other things. We can now infer data about metabolites, microbes, and hor-
mones, thanks to recent improvements in electrochemical and optical biosensors, as
well as advances in the noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers [25]. Integration,
miniaturization, and mass manufacture of biosensor devices have all been achieved
using micromachining, which is also known as microfabrication [26]. In Fig. 3.2,
we see that sensors and monitoring devices have helped increase the accuracy of
diagnosis, which in turn increases the effectiveness of treatment provided and
reduces errors and complications to a great extent. In the last few years, tremendous
advancements have been achieved in the design and development of biosensors
[27]. The biosensor market has grown significantly as a result of recent advances in
molecular biology. Biosensors are anticipated to play a significant role in the detec-
tion of diseases and microorganisms such as HIV and COVID-19 in the future. The
global biosensor market is expanding at a breakneck pace, with projections of $50
billion by 2025 [28].
40 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

3.2.3 Trends of Today

Traditional health care will not suffice the needs of everyone owing to the increasing
growth in population. Medical services are not accessible to people despite advanced
technologies and excellent infrastructure. The IoT-based health-care system not
only helps monitor patients, reducing the cost of care provided but also helps the
physicians to expand their services without being limited by any kinds of geograph-
ical barriers. Its broad range of applications enhances the lifestyle and communica-
tion of people, especially those in need of special care [29]. With the idea of “smart
cities” in trend, a smart and effective health-care system will improve the lives and
health of people. Today, our health care has become more expensive than ever. The
use of devices that allow remote monitoring of patients can be beneficial in cases
where they require hospitalization during treatment. IoT technologies thus make it
possible to cure any ailments before they become critical and move out of hand.
This is why there is an utter need for several IoT-based technologies and applica-
tions to be developed, especially in the field of health care. Figure 3.3 illustrates the
expenditure on IoT solutions from 2017 to 2025.
The following are the trends of IoT:
• Apart from artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, and quantum comput-
ing, the “Internet of Things” is one of the trending technologies, according to a
2018 research by Accenture, encompassing 25 countries Tech Vision.
• Just in the European Union (EU), the number of IoT-based fitness and health-­
care units has nearly increased by twofold from 2017 to 2020.
• By 2023, the number of devices connected to the Internet of Things throughout
the world is expected to reach 43 billion, nearly a threefold increase from 2018.
• By 2021, the investments being made in the field of IoT-based technology are
expected to grow at an average rate of 13.6 percent per year.
• The total number of business organizations that make use of IoT-based technolo-
gies today has increased drastically from 13% in the year of 2014 to 25%.

2000
1567
1500
1079
1000 800
594
418
500 248
151 212
110
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Fig. 3.3  Forecast end-user spending on IoT solutions worldwide from 2017 to 2025 (in billion US
dollars). (Source: https://www.statista.com/)
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 41

• According to IoT analytics, the number of active IoT devices hits 9.5 billion in
2019, up from the previous estimate of 8.3 billion.
• According to Vodafone, more than one-third of the companies today use IoT
solutions.
The ongoing pandemic (COVID-19) has also accelerated the need to adopt a
more technology-driven health-care system. The number of online appointments
with health-care professionals in the United States is estimated to be over 36 mil-
lion. In actuality, this figure is close to 1 billion, and it will undoubtedly increase as
infrastructure and patient knowledge improve.
Devices that allow older individuals to remain independent while at home have
shown strong growth as well. These include AI-aided tools to detect any changes in
the daily routines and immediately alert the health-care providers.

3.3 Real-Time Applications of IoT in Health Care

3.3.1 Sensors and Monitoring Devices

Monitoring patient data is an integral part of the health-care industry. Thanks to

IoT’s health devices, the patient does not need to be physically present in the hospi-
tal premises for a health checkup. A small device placed on the patient’s skin can
now enable doctors to monitor the patient’s real-time status including blood pres-
sure and heart rhythm. And not just the doctors, but even the patients can have a look
at their health status on their smartphone. In the coming years, health care will
undergo a drastic transformation for the better with IoT-based technologies. IoT is
expected to majorly impact telemonitoring of patients in homes and hospitals alike
[30]. Figure 3.4 shows the basic principle that is used in the working of the Internet
of Things.

Fig. 3.4  Basic principle of IoT in health care

42 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

3.3.1.1 Remote Patient Monitoring

Remote monitoring of patients not only increases the quality of health care but also
reduces costs by recognizing the diseases and preventing any critical situations [31].
The reliance of the health-care system on IoT-based technologies will increase fur-
ther because this sector always pushes for advanced and improved services.

3.3.1.2 Wearable Devices and Sensors

These IoT-based devices like blood pressure (BP) monitoring and fitness tracking
devices are extensively used to maintain one’s health by self-care principles through-
out the world. Developments in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, imag-
ing devices, and biosensors are among the major causes for the increase in the
number of predominant medical prototypes. Most wearables rely on a variety of
biosensors such as pulse sensors that have pressure, ultrasound, and radiofrequency
(RF) sensors. These have been useful in detecting cardiac arrests. Sensors that have
been created to record the respiration rate in humans have the potential to identify
respiratory illnesses like asthma, lung cancer, etc. Other sensors like EEG and pulse
oximeter are also gaining popularity in the market. Consolidation of this data in an
organized manner can be used to predict future trends by detecting health patterns.
The combination of these sensors can also highly reduce the risk of sudden infant
death syndrome (SIDS) [32].

3.3.1.3 Ambient-Assisted Living (AAL)

Systems with the ability to address critical health conditions providing independent
lifestyle especially to the elderly people are known as ambient-assisted living
(AAL). This makes use of the idea of keep-in-touch (KIT) and closed-loop health-­
care services and devices. Recent neurotechnology-based innovations make use of
sensors that can control neural functioning. Moodles is the umbrella term for devices
that help enhance patient mood. They help improve and repair brain processes. Halo
Neurosciences and Thync are two leading companies that make wearables that are
designed to elevate an individual’s mood by sending low-intensity current.

3.3.2 Disease Diagnosis and Mobile Health Care

Different dimensionalities and online services of mobile health care (m-health care)
are made possible with the application of IoT [33]. For various fatal and chronic
diseases, it is considered indispensable to diagnose diseases and monitor patients’
health conditions continuously before any serious disorder or infection occurs. IoT
gives this challenge a solution through various techniques like artificial intelligence
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 43

and ingestible sensors [34]. Ingestible electronic devices are small capsules that
comprise a microprocessor, a power supply, sensors, controller, etc. which are all
made of biocompatible materials. These components enable the devices to transmit
signals and data to physicians for the diagnosis of diseases and their monitoring.
These devices are noninvasive, real-time health-care technology that show potential
for far-reaching implications, more than what current sensors and monitoring
devices are capable of. The market for ingestible sensors has been estimated to be
around $491 million (2016), which is expected to increase at an annual growth rate
of around 19% by 2024 [35]. In an article cited the journal “Science” dated May
2018, an innovative ingestible micro-bio-electronic device (IMBED) was presented
by researchers. This device can be used to monitor the health of the gut. Researchers
created a “heme-sensitive probiotic biosensor” that can detect gastrointestinal (GI)
bleeding [36]. Previously, ingestible sensors were limited to just pH sensing, tem-
perature measurement, and blood pressure indication; with these ingestible sensors,
we can push toward particular diagnostics. Bacterial species can also be modified as
a nanobiosensor. Certain bacteria can sense a surfeit of both exochemical and physi-
cal conditions via specific metabolic pathways. Scientists use the heme-sensing
genes of Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria to sense blood
and associated components in the external environment. A modified output signal is
then produced. This signal is observed as bioluminescence (Photorhabdus lumines-
cens luxCDABE) [37]. This system is later inserted into gut-friendly bacteria. This
pill works on an energy source that runs on the acid present in the gastric cavity. Our
gut can synonymously be called a hot soup of life; food boluses undergo various
chemical and physical reactions and changes. This is why real-time monitoring of
our gut provides a wide range of gut events that have never been observed. Gases
released in the gut can be measured to indicate the bacterial biomass present and
identify the bacterial metabolites present in the gut. Hence, analysis of the gas in the
gut can be used for the development of biomarkers to treat gastrointestinal tract
disorders [38].

3.3.3 Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Surgery and Treatment

During surgery, surgeons are always expected to maintain precision while making
incisions or performing other surgical operations on a patient. Tasks like these that
constantly require repetition are very challenging and demanding. To assist sur-
geons with maintaining such precision, the industry is now using artificial intelli-
gence (AI) and robots in surgical procedures [39]. Surgical robots can control the
depth, speed, and trajectory of their hydraulic maneuvers with much greater preci-
sion. They are customized specially for such repetitive movements while working
without fatigue. Robots can still go where traditional surgical tools cannot and can
remain completely still for a longer duration of time [40]. Experience is invaluable
for any surgery, but they are also physically demanding, and fatigue is always a
limiting factor. The skillset and the knowledge that surgeons have amassed
44 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

throughout their careers are overshadowed by a limited motor ability. These col-
laborative robots can help eliminate the problem of hand tremors and avoid collat-
eral tissue damage that is often unintentional. Manufacturers have now realized that
observatory data and deep machine learning data are more important to automate
over a machine programmed by a software engineer who does not know about real-­
time scenarios [41]. AI can also be used with a machine for the analysis of scanning
images which helps detect malignant tumors, ulcers, and other orthopedic issues.
Laparoscopic analysis of surgeries such as sleeve gastrostomy procedures helps
identify unexpected process deviations in real-time. Robots are capable of repeating
the exact motions without variation in force or displacement. This makes it extremely
useful for repetitive and precise procedures like hair transplant surgery.

3.3.4 Fitness and Nutrition

People are getting more aware of their health and are very conscious about main-
taining a healthy and proper physical shape. This is why the products that aid them
in this process are also on the rise. Due to the continuous drift toward digital fitness
tools, various devices including wearables like smartwatches, fitness trackers, smart
shoes, and IoT-powered gym machinery have emerged in recent times and will con-
tinue to grow in number and efficiency. IoT-based devices in the fitness industry:
1. Help in providing enticing training employing technology based on virtual real-
ity. For instance, headsets provide the opportunity to the users to exercise in any
suitable environment they prefer whenever they want.
2. Help in personalizing the workouts according to the individual needs. The inte-
gration of IoT in training centers and gyms works based on the data received
from sensors and smart equipment. Thus, the exercises can be customized
according to the needs of the person using them. Such devices also make it easy
to track the progress and consequently the health of the users [42].
Tables 3.1 and 3.2 summarize some of the popular IoT-based fitness devices being
used extensively by several fitness enthusiasts. IoT devices used in the fitness realm
provide health and body’s endurance status including how much proteins, fats, or
carbohydrates are being consumed in a diet, thus enhancing the work of both fitness
trainers and nutritionists. For one to stay fit, sleep and rest are also equally impor-
tant. IoT fitness devices monitor how much sleep an athlete or even an individual, in
general, should have and for how much time they should go on with their workout
and training. When such devices are integrated into the body of the individual, they
can control all the related variables on a smartphone by themselves [43]. In the case
of athletes, the risks of getting injured or even death due to strenuous pressure on the
body can be avoided.
IoT fitness apps enable users to share their current status with friends and others.
This can be an excellent source of motivation for any fitness enthusiast. These apps
can provide the user with an online trainee who guides them with personalized
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 45

Table 3.1  Some IoT devices used in the fitness industry along with their key features
S
no Company Device Key features Price Website
1 Polar Polar Verity
Optical heart rate sensor with $130 https://www.
Sense options for viewing and recording polar.com/en
workouts
2 LARQ LARQ Bottle Make use of a UV C-LED chip to $120 https://www.
PureVis eradicate odor-causing germs livelarq.com
3 Kolibree Ara First-ever AI-connected smart £129 https://www.
toothbrush kolibree.com
4 Tellspec TellSpec Analyzes the ingredients in one’s $320 https://tellspec.
Preemie meal through an app connected via a com
Sensor smartphone
5 FoodMarble Food Marble Measures the hydrogen released by $299 https://
AIRE undigested food particles and helps foodmarble.com
find what is right for the gut
6 Beddit Beddit sleep Tracks sleeping pattern, snoring, $150 https://www.
monitor heart rate, and breathing while beddit.com/
sleeping
7 Nima Nima gluten Detects gluten. Uses capsules and $229 https://blog.
sensor associated apps to track the data nimasensor.
com/
8 Yogifi Smart yoga Detects when the person is out of $297 https://www.
mat alignment and gives real-time yogifi.fit/
feedback on how to correct the pose
9 JAXJOX Kettlebell 6-in-1 adjustable kettle bell with $249 https://jaxjox.
Connect 2.0 real-time performance tracking com/

workouts. For example, Google Fit is one such application that tracks heart health
and other related activities through the sensors present on the wearable [44].

3.3.5 IoT in Pharmaceuticals

Quality control and pristine production are always one of the major challenging
tasks in the pharma industry. In the production of a potentially life-saving product,
one of many parameters could go wrong and these may include leakage of a danger-
ous liquid or gas, a fire hazard, and improperly produced medicine becoming toxic,
or even an equipment failure that could lead to the breakdown of the entire produc-
tion. However, a network of several connected devices can greatly reduce these
malfunctions and provide accurate production results by detecting and adjusting
problems before they become major.
Technologies like 3D printing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain to improve
various systems have innumerable applications in manufacturing and distribution
alongside supply chain which help the industry to make its systems transparent and
fast. Services like “Amazon Key” launched by Amazon are a great example of the
46 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

Table 3.2  Wearable IoT devices and fitness trackers

S Name of the
no. Year device Function
1 2003 Garmin GPS-based running watch that measures speed, time, distance, and
Forerunner heart rate
2 2009 Fitbit classic A clip-on style fitness tracker that tracks sleep based on body
movements
3 2013 Fitbit Flex A wristband that automatically tracks all-day activities and sleeps.
The LED display lights as the user progress toward a goal (a
comparison of this with other similar devices is given in the table)
4 2013 Pebble watch First commercially successful smartwatch with fitness tracking
5 2013 Motiv ring It is worn like a ring and is a fitness tracker
6 2014 Moov Now A waterproof fitness tracker that tracks various activities with an
AI-enabled guide
7 2016 Misfit Ray Looks like a bracelet. Can also be worn as a necklace. It tracks
activities like running and swimming
8 2018 Apple Watch Monitors steps and flights of stairs climbed and actively tracks all
Series 3 indoor and outdoor activities using GPS
9 2020 Amazefit 24/7 heart rate, sleep, and activity tracker
Band 5
10 2021 Samsung Gear The water-resistant smartwatch continuously monitors heart rate
Fit2 Pro while swimming. It has automatic pace monitoring and stroke
recognition. It also has built-in music storage and is GPS-aided

usage of network-connected tools in delivering fuss-free utilities to customers.

Similarly, many industries are trying to harness IoT’s potential for the benefit of
their consumers, and the pharma industry is also one of those sectors striving hard
to serve their consumers with a safe distribution of prescription drugs.
IoT is also employed in the production and delivery of drugs. It is used to track
the quality and specifications of several drugs more accurately to ensure that the
delivery of wrong drugs is prevented and the quality is maintained. To do so, each
drug is made with a unique ID so that patients, as well as the professionals taking
care of them, can keep a check on the drug’s supply chain. These IDs not only pro-
vide information regarding where and by whom the drug was produced but also
about what materials were used to produce the drug. All this information will col-
lectively help patients to receive better and quality treatment and the health-care
providers to make informed decisions [45]. Today, patients can get a vast variety of
medicines through Internet-based services without the need to physically visit a
medical or a drug store. The patients can also track their orders placed for their
medicines far from home. The product price can also be viewed using bar codes,
and all this has been possible only because of IoT.
Smart pills have been developed by leading pharmaceutical companies. These,
when consumed, transmit signals to a sensor outside that monitors patient health to
take prompt actions whenever the need arises. These are other examples of the
growing influence of smart devices. The use of such smart devices in patient engage-
ments, supply chain and clinical development not only helps reduce the time
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 47

required for a specific drug to reach the market but also the real-time data produced
can be reverted to detect active errors that cross the value chain. Data from wearable
devices can be used by health-care professionals to prescribe personalized medi-
cines (PM) that will improve the drug efficacy while reducing the time spent for the
treatment otherwise.

3.4 Problems and Challenges

The expansion of IoT across the globe has been very rapid in a very short period.
Almost every country has access to some form of smart device. IoT has also become
an integral part of military and defense technology. With IoT setting a strong foot
toward smart health care, certain challenges lie ahead from making it easily acces-
sible to each and every person [46]. The Consumer Electronics Show that took place
at the beginning of January 2017 in Las Vegas already showed us quite a few prom-
ising innovations in this field. It also proved that there are many missing pieces to
the puzzle. Many IoMT initiatives that have been directed toward fighting chronic
diseases still need more enlightenment [47]. This technology specialty will need to
expand significantly before it can begin to provide consistent improvement results.
Moreover, many devices are said to be highly accurate based on their theoretical
probabilities. On-field testing and variable factors that affect the performance are
always in question [48]. There are many unforeseen and unexpected situations or
outcomes of these devices, and they are hard to predict which need the most care
and supervision to avoid them. In an industry like health care where there is no
margin for error, such factors can make them unreliable, which in turn makes it hard
to convince potential consumers to use them.
With many hardware platforms, there is also a lot of software to power and man-
age it all. To work effectively and keep up to date, this software and hardware should
be periodically updated. And this is where regular updating becomes important,
which will take time and work and may result in a slew of technological troubles
[49]. The IoMT must yet be certified by international health-care regulatory agen-
cies. Inventors and patent applicants find it difficult to procure parts and get approval
for their novel technologies and gadgets because of the numerous laws and restric-
tions about ethical and legal issues surrounding that political state. This tends to
demotivate independent innovators and all their ideas tend to remain in paper
alone [50].

3.4.1 Big Data and Handling

The most common challenge in an IoT world would be the colossal amount of data
coming continuously from several devices connected over a system. Managing this
data is tactful. This myriad of information is collected in various forms that include
48 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

sensor data, diagnostic data, digital pathology data, imaging data, and others which
collectively lead to excessive accumulation of data. It will be critical to establishing
approaches that allow for the translation of this raw data into meaningful informa-
tion. Raw data should be translated into the concept of precision behaviors of a
person, such as inadequate breathing, eating, or symptoms of depression or sick-
ness, in the medical area, for example [51].
Although IoT has made huge advancements, with its techniques such as artificial
intelligence (AI) in health care, several other streams of networks have to be enabled
to act as primitives in case of any future inferences that are often unexpected.
However, the reality that no reasoning technique is completely accurate still holds.
As a result, users may be hesitant to trust the system if the analyzed data is ambigu-
ous. This is why various medical organizations are still very skeptical about the
usage of these advanced technology-based devices and are cautious when it comes
to proceeding with such vulnerable system-connected equipment.

3.4.2 Security

As the Internet of Things (IoT) keeps growing in importance as a component of a

regional and global network, the requirement for appropriate and efficient cyberse-
curity for IoT infrastructure becomes critical. Methods for cyber situation aware-
ness must be designed to track IoT-based systems [52]. The most fundamental
problem that is prevalent is the security attacks that need to be dealt with. Because
most devices interact remotely, this is a concern due to the physical accessibility of
items, sensors, actuators, as well as the openness of the systems. Any failures in the
system built are viewed as vulnerabilities by cyber attackers.
Most IoT applications dwell on unattended operations and need to be handled
virtually without relying on human control. They are expected to have a great deal
of durability to meet the realistic system requirements. Hence, they must have the
ability to work satisfactorily even in the presence of any security breaches and to
recover effectively from any possible unanticipated attack on their own. This action
may involve downloading a new code, and this itself is very much prone to the same
security attack. Substantial IoT applications are becoming progressively prone to
cyber and data theft. The database must have the capacity to be continuously avail-
able all the time and to support high-speed reads and writes to gather this data.

3.4.3 Privacy

Because much of the data in an IoT system, specifically when used in health care,
may be personal, maintaining anonymity and restricting the processing of individ-
ual data are critical. To keep IoT devices prevalent, a variety of confidentiality con-
siderations must be addressed, including:
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 49

1. Through the surveillance of IoT-related interactions, private information assump-

tion can be avoided.
2. Maintaining privacy protection in situations when a person’s location can be
deduced from aspects connected with them.
IoT data is a critical component in providing improved services and managing the
devices that can be connected to it. As a result, the huge amount of data including
details on users’ device usage must be safeguarded, which can result in privacy
breaches, limiting the utility of IoT-based equipment and software.

3.5 Recent Innovations and Patents

Because of its automated sensor operations at relatively cheap prices, the Internet of
Things (IoT) is increasingly popular in many sectors. In health-care applications,
these devices form an ecosystem of connected technologies that sense a patient’s
pro-medical conditions such as blood pressure, oxygen level, heartbeat, tempera-
ture, and more. They can also take appropriate emergency actions if needed. Various
systems have been presented to monitor a patient’s state utilizing Wireless Body
Area Network (WBAN) based on low-powered biosensor nodes [53]. With so many
upgraded medical devices, technology-driven services in the health-care industry
become pertinent to secure these innovative services and products. This is where a
patent comes into play. A patent serves as a means through which an entity can get
all the rights to their original idea and can also earn monetarily after due process of
patent valuation determines its actual value in the market. In simple words, the
inventor gets sovereign rights over his/her product and no other entity can make the
same product or sell it unless they have the inventor’s assent.
Medical devices are classified into three classes by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), i.e., Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 based on the field of usage
and the risk level the medical device handles, i.e., Class 1 for low-risk scenarios,
Class 2 for moderate risk involvement, and Class 3 for high-risk devices. As the risk
increases from Class 1 to Class 3, so does the related control of the device. Within
the FDA the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is responsible for
ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the medical device and eliminating hazard-
ous exposure to corrosive chemicals and electrically unsafe and radiation-emitting
products. Class 1 medical device has the least amount of regulatory control, and
these include about 47% of all medical devices [54]. For these devices, the “Pink
Market” notification application and the Fixed Deposit (FD) clearance are not
required, before marketing the devices. However, the manufacturer is supposed to
register its establishment and raise its generic product with the Fulfillment by
Amazon (FBA). Class 2 medical devices are those where general control is not
enough to assure their effectiveness and the physician needs special control. These
devices make up almost 43% of all medical devices. About 10–15% of clinical trials
come under Class 2 devices. These are moderate-risk devices [55]. In the case of
50 C. V. S. Aishwarya et al.

Class 3 medical devices, the risk level is very high to the end-user and therefore
requires general control, special control, and premarket control as well. Class 3
devices make up the remaining 10% of the medical devices. Normally all the Class
3 devices are generally life-supporting or life-sustaining devices [56].
The most relevant patent classifications (USC or US Class) are based on highly
active patent classes:
340/572.1  – Communicational (on a protected article, a detectable device (e.g.,
a “tag”))
600/300 – Devices for diagnostic testing
600/509 –Heartbeat electric signals detection
600/508 –Devices for the evaluation of heart condition
607/36 – Electrical applications (stimulator housing or encapsulation feature)
Several notable medical patent developments have recently made headlines.
Some of these medical patients include:
–– The superbug test: Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) and
Northern Arizona University (NAU) have secured an Australian patent [57].
–– Reprogramming human skin cells: Converts human skin cells into engines of
tissue regeneration (patent number 9,290,740).
–– BioStack 4 Microplate Stacker: Automatic de-lidding and re-lidding of micro-
plates is a one-of-a-kind technology (patent number 9,366,686).
Patents and innovations in the health-care industry improve the quality of medi-
cal facilities provided and improve the lives of hundreds of millions of people
throughout the world. Challenges remain in finding the most effective device or
technology that is error-free and 100% accurate and complete. Making these
advances available to individuals in dire need while making them affordable and
easily accessible is also important. The number of patent cooperation treaties
(PCTs) has been exponential, and these ideals and devices are entering the con-
sumer market and its popularity is increasing among business cooperatives and
potential customers alike. The United States system governing innovation and
implementation of medical patents insists on a balance between commercial inter-
ests and safety efficacy concerns; while time-consuming and expensive, this pro-
vides applicants a measured framework within which societal health care benefit
through products created by them may be realized [57].

3.6 Conclusion

There are countless predictions about the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) to
bring about a revolution in the health-care sector by improving the quality standards
while dramatically reducing the costs. As mentioned in the International Conference
on Intelligent Computing and Communication Technologies (ICICCT), about 8.5%
of the global population is of age 65 years or older and this is expected to rise to
3  Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications… 51

17% by 2050. Life expectancy will increase from 68.6 years (as of 2015) to 76.2
years in 2050. This would mean more cases of chronic diseases in people and lim-
ited resources while society continues to have higher expectations from technology.
Although, when compared to the other sectors, the market for IoT in the health-care
sector is at infancy, it is still said to be growing considerably. With its increased
sophistication in sensing, control, communications, and ability to handle mammoth
amounts of data seamlessly, IoT is breaking the boundaries of traditional medicine
while increasing accuracy and effectiveness and downsizing the number of errors.
The ability and efficiency of different health-care organizations to convert the data
gathered by IoT into significant insights will greatly influence the future of IoT. New
challenges are bound to arise due to the gigantic number of devices, the connection
of both the physical world and the world of the Internet. The transparency of sys-
tems and the ever-persistent problems of privacy and security may slow down the
progress and popularity of these technologies.
However, these challenges will help expose flaws in these devices and push
toward the advancement in the ever-transforming world of IoMT technology [58,
59] for the future. The implementation and the deployment of these high-end tech-
nologies, especially in the health-care sector will bring about more and more signifi-
cant benefits to all the health-care stakeholders. IoT in health care is expected to
flourish, overcoming all its challenges and transforming the conventional health-­
care models of today’s world and making smart health care a ubiquitous reality of
our future.

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Chapter 4
Applications of IoT in Smart Homes
and Cities

Gunjan, Shristi Agarwal, Drishti Rai, and Sumran Talreja

4.1 Introduction

Smart homes and smart cities, as key components of IoT, efficiently serve custom-
ers by interacting with various digital gadgets that are based on IoT. All equipment
in smart homes and smart cities interact with one another in the ideal vision of a
wired future. IoT-based smart technologies have revolutionized human existence by
bringing connectivity to everyone, regardless of their location and time [1–4].

4.1.1 Concepts

Due to the rapid growth in population density inside urban regions, substruc-
tures and services have been necessary to fulfill inhabitants’ demands. As a
result, the number of digital devices, such as sensors, actuators, smartphones,
and smart appliances, has increased significantly, enabling the Internet of Things
(IoT) broad business objectives to be achieved, as it is now possible to connect
all devices and establish connections between them via the Internet. Combining
these digital gadgets was difficult, if not impossible, in the past [5]. Obtaining
their data is needed for both daily operations and long-term growth plans [6].

Gunjan (*)
SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, India
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Agarwal · D. Rai · S. Talreja
Bennett University, Greater Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 55

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_4
56 Gunjan et al.

Some public transportation data should be collected regularly, such as real-time

location and usage, parking space occupancy, traffic congestion, and weather
conditions. Several approaches have been used to handle each application’s par-
ticular characteristics. The needed technologies span several levels and layers,
from physical to data to application. IoT is defined by the power of smart devices
connected to global grid infrastructures. It is a sort of physical device that is
widely spread and has limited storage and processing capabilities. The IoT has
three layers: perception, network, and application. It includes gadgets that can
sense, detect, gather, and share data with other devices over Internet communi-
cation networks. The network layer’s job is to transfer data from the perception
layer to the application layer while respecting device, network, and application
limitations. The capillary effect is used in IoT systems to transfer data from sen-
sors to a neighboring gateway. Assembling smart homes and cities requires data
collection and processing at the application layer. A huge quantity of data has
been produced and is being used to make life safer. Problem-solving workers
must be dedicated to the circumstance. The Internet of Things may lead to large
smart devices in our environment. IoT in smart homes and smart cities has been
discussed.

4.1.2 Motivation

In this work, IoT and its applications in smart homes and cities are the main
works. This phrase excludes non-IoT smart house or city applications, such as
smart grids, and nonapplication-based smart city usage. All IoT applications in
smart homes and cities were considered. The digital India program will soon turn
Indian cities into smart cities – a smart city where communication and services
primarily rely on the Internet. As a result, IoT is vital in the development of smart
cities. Smart homes are proposed as part of a smart city. This research aims to
enable a smart home system for India’s smart cities. Syed et al. highlighted future
smart city features. Smart cities have smart people, energy, buildings, transporta-
tion, technology, health care, infrastructure, government, education, and security.
Technology has built a substructure that allows numerous individuals to connect.
It may become easier to create appropriate connections between objects as the
Internet evolves [8]. The number of linked things exceeded the population in
2011. It may provide both virtual and real buddies in personal and home applica-
tions. Home energy management is enhanced with IoT-controlled equipment like
refrigerators and washers. Expanding body area networks at home can monitor
the health of the elderly, lowering treatment costs. Facebook can bring a city’s
people together for an event or celebration. It is helpful for texting, video, and
phone calls with self-created groups.
4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 57

4.2 IoT: Application Areas

IoT connects devices and things wirelessly. Data may be shared and transmitted
through the Internet at any time and from anywhere [5]. The Internet of Things
offers interconnectivity, security, heterogeneity, massive size, dynamic changes,
and connection. The need to shift toward the latest tech known as the “Internet of
Things” to improve productivity, efficiency, and global marketplace, as well as to
reduce human involvement, effort, and expense. IoT is a connection of devices that
allows data to be transferred without the use of wires [9]. It is utilized in real-time
applications as described in Fig. 4.1.
• Internet of Things in Smart Cities Domain
• One example of an IoT smart city application is smart parking. Other IoT smart
city applications include intelligent transportation systems and smart buildings.
Smart cities employ RFID (radiofrequency identification), wireless sensor net-
works, and single sensors as IoT components [10].
• Internet of Things in Energy Domain

Fig. 4.1  IoT application areas

58 Gunjan et al.

• IoT can help businesses save money on electricity and increase productivity.
Energy management is becoming increasingly essential for utilities and busi-
nesses. The Internet of Things is changing energy management systems. It
improves energy efficiency and introduces a new method for energy saving. This
will help you to use less energy while saving money [11].
• Internet of Things in Health Care Domain
• Equipment integration and remote monitoring are examples of IoT usage in
health care. It has the potential to change the way doctors treat patients while
keeping them safe. A linked health-care system and smart medical devices can
substantially improve people’s health [12, 13].
• Internet of Things in Smart Homes Domain
• The smart connected home may integrate a range of smart home services to pro-
vide a more convenient, useful, and secure environment for the household mem-
bers, as well as to assist them in doing household tasks more effectively. Four
types of smart connected home systems exist: safety, medical services, energy,
and entertainment content [11].
• Internet of Things in Agriculture Domain
• Because of the world’s population, the need for food has expanded significantly.
To increase the level of agriculture, advanced techniques are currently used in
farming [14, 15]. It improves decisions, decreases cost, and boosts production.
• IoT in Biometrics Domain
• IoT is crucial in biometric security systems like eye scanners, fingerprint scan-
ners, and voice recognition systems. Biometrics is a method of identifying a user
based on physiological and behavioral features. Because these characteristics are
unique to each person, they can be utilized as a safe authentication method.
• IoT in Transportation Domain
• The potential for safety is one of the most exciting aspects of IoT in transporta-
tion. Cars that communicate with one another would make up smart transporta-
tion via IoT. IoT’s better navigation makes it easier for people to commute to
work and enhances safety.
• IoT in Business and Industrial Domain
Wireless connections and protocols were designed for low-cost business strategies.
We examine several sensor-linking methods. Because of its speed, accessibility, and
remote work, IoT is vital in development. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is
the newest buzz in the business (IIoT). And it is all because of industrial engineering
and big data analytics.

4.3 IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities

4.3.1 IoT in Smart Cities

Some of the popular applications of IoT in smart cities are listed in Fig. 4.2.
4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 59

Effective Water Supply

City Lightning

Controlling IoT in Security

Road Traffic and Emergencies
Smart Cities

Smart Parking Smart Environment

Fig. 4.2  Application of IoT in smart cities

• Effective Water Supply

• The Internet of Things has the potential to fundamentally alter how cities manage
their water resources. Smart meters can enhance data integrity and leak detec-
tion, decreasing revenue loss due to inefficiency and boosting productivity by
lowering time spent entering and analyzing data. Additionally, these meters may
be equipped with consumer-facing interfaces, allowing households to get real-­
time information.
• City Lighting
• Cities may utilize contemporary smart lighting to monitor the environment,
enhance public and traffic safety, update connectivity as Wi-Fi hotspots, and pro-
vide location-based services such as smart parking and smart navigation.
• IoT in Road Traffic
Controlling traffic in cities is critical; else, massive traffic jams will occur. It can be
controlled with the use of smart traffic lights. Roads and bridges can also have sen-
sors placed in them to monitor their status so that they can be repaired if there is
significant wear and tear. After all, potholes in the road are a big source of traffic.
60 Gunjan et al.

• Security and Emergencies

• Perimeter access control, liquid detection, radiation levels, and explosive and
poisonous gases are just a few applications of IoT technology in security and
emergency scenarios. Unauthorized individuals attempting to gain access to
restricted areas are recognized and controlled using perimeter access control [10].
• Smart Parking
• In smart cities, a cloud-based integrated parking system has been created. Smart
parking lots are now being utilized to increase the reliability of smart cities. The
parking lot application assists the user in determining the best parking area and
location for their vehicle. This data is obtained from the map to locate the vehicle
in the available space.
• Smart Environment
• It entails air pollution monitoring to mitigate CO2 emissions from companies and
pollutants emitted by automobiles. Forest fire detection is used to monitor and
set alert zones for gas levels. Weather monitoring includes humidity, tempera-
ture, pressure, and early earthquake detection. Water quality evaluates the quality
of drinking water as well as the suitability of river water.

4.3.2 IoT in Smart Homes

Some of the most popular application areas of IoT in smart homes are given in
Fig. 4.3.
• Health Care and Smart Wearable
• The health-care services industry focuses on offering mobile health care and fit-
ness support to those who wish to live healthier lives on their own. Sensors and
software are used to collect data and information about users on gadgets. After
that, the data is analyzed to obtain the necessary user insights. Smartwatches are
the most common kind of wearable electronics. A fitness tracker is a piece of
equipment that records your everyday activity. Google glass is a hands-free
headgear that displays information and lets users communicate with the device
by speaking instructions.
• Security Services
Remote entrance monitoring services for systems that automatically recognize
physical dangers, such as a fire or a burglary, and take appropriate action autono-
mously are included in smart home security and safety systems. This section
includes alarm systems, cameras, and smart door locks.
4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 61

Healthcare &
Smart Wearable

Security of
ind ividual IoT in Energy
&home Smart Homes Management

Entertainment

Fig. 4.3  Application of IoT in smart homes

• Energy
• The goal of energy systems for the home is to provide efficient energy usage and
management. Smart meters, smart thermostats, and adaptive lighting systems are
some of the examples used in the energy domain.
• Entertainment
• Smart speaker systems connected to televisions (TVs) and game consoles are all
widespread in the entertainment industry. By analyzing the acquired data and
presenting the appropriate information on the customer’s table, the entertainment
business can forecast and understand consumer behavior. IoT can give users
highly adaptable and multimodal experiences by using sensors and actuators.

4.4 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities and Smart Home

IoT involves smart sensors and other gadgets. Weather data, for example, is accu-
mulated at the corporate level of IoT. IoT provides metropolises with new opportu-
nities to use data to manage traffic, reduce carbon emissions, make better use of
infrastructure, and keep citizens nice and secure in short livable smart homes. IoT
opens new possibilities, such as the capacity to constantly organize devices, as well
as monitor and act on data from numerous real-time traffic data channels [16]. Cities
are evolving because of IoT products that improve the structure, provide more
62 Gunjan et al.

functional and budget municipal services, improve transport facilities by reducing

road congestion, and improve citizen security. Smart city technologies rely heavily
on sensing. Sensors give the knowledge and data needed to develop smart city solu-
tions. The authors have developed a methodology for studying IoT sensors, as well
as a list of IoT sensors that they have identified in use [17].
• In the context of the IoT, RFID, which comprises readers and labels, is impor-
tant. RFID may be utilized for several reasons in smart grids, including object
detection and placement, health-care applications, parking spots, and investment
management. Because each label contains not only manually entered data but
also data such as environmental data, it may be used as a sensor. It will be able
to automate their surveillance and issue a single digital identity to any of the
things, as well as the network that is linked to digital information services [18].
• Near-Field Communication is a type of multimodal short distance communica-
tion technology that is commonly found in smartphones. NFC is bidirectional,
and it can be used to transmit data, video, and files between gadgets [19].
• The low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs) can communicate across
distances up to 15 km. This technology uses extremely little energy and has a
10-year battery life, according to Zhu et al. [20].
• Wireless sensor networks make various types of data accessible and can be used
in a variety of applications such as health care, government, and environmental
services [21]. The architecture of a WSN node is described in Fig. 4.4
IoT home automation refers to the capacity to operate household appliances via
electronically controlled computer systems. It might involve preprogramming com-
plex lighting and heating systems, as well as alarm systems and home safety con-
trols, all of which are linked through a centralized site and controlled remotely via
a mobile app [22]. The scope and diversity of this sector are immense. Some manu-
facturers concentrate on improving a specific aspect of the typical workplace, such
as temperature regulation. Others create complete smart home hubs with many dif-
ferent touchpoints that hook up to other smart devices, such as Alexa Voice or
Google Assistant. Examples:

POWER SUPPLY

Transceiver Sensor

Sensor
Microcontroller ADC Sensor

Sensor
Memory

Fig. 4.4  Sensor node architecture

4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 63

• Smart locks
• Sensor strips
• Wireless connectivity and power
• Solar powers

4.5 IoT Architecture

1. IoT Architecture for Smart City

Typical features of the various IoT structures proposed for smart cities have
been identified, allowing for the creation of a standard framework that collects
relevant information in links that will include proposal formulation, as well as
identifying various collaborative actors (users, businesses, governments, etc.)
and develop the field of e-government, public services, public safety, health ser-
vices, ICT business startups, traffic, smart buildings, and more. Figure  4.5
describes the IoT architecture for smart cities.
Users generate data; devices gather data; technology transfers media, stores
media, and organizes data; and apps provide the platform to create new applica-
tions under a framework that permits integration [23].
2. IoT Architecture for Smart Home
IoT architecture for smart homes is built using global system for mobile
(GSM) communication technology. With this suggested architecture and an
Internet connection, users may manage and control smart objects. The graphic

Fig. 4.5  IoT architecture for smart city

64 Gunjan et al.

Fig. 4.6  IoT architecture for smart home

depicts the architecture of an IoT smart home. Figure 4.6 describes the IoT archi-
tecture for smart homes.
It links the smart home to its occupants through GSM wireless communica-
tion. The architecture is defined on the web by delivering SMS messages that are
translated from the user’s inputs and then transmitted to the GSM network,
which controls electrical equipment.
It uses GSM SMS for data collection and transmission, as well as the capacity
to identify and benchmark devices in a certain region using a pattern, for a vari-
ety of benefits including rapid delivery, data loss protection, cheap cost, and
energy efficiency. IoT is a hardware and software gadget that continually moni-
tor the webserver and GSM module [5].

4.6 Practical Experiences Over the World

A key source of economic advantage for the USA according to the National
Intelligence Council is IoT.  People, organizations, and communities across the
world are advocating for a better IoT experience.
4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 65

Table 4.1  Some more examples of IoT impact in cities and countries
Amsterdam [24] Reduced traffic, energy efficiency, and more security are all goals
Fujisawa in Japan Reduce carbon footprints
[25]
Santander in Smart parking systems
Spain [25]
Stockholm [24] Providing Stockholm with global fiber-optic networks
Italy [26] Providing Stockholm with global fiber-optic networks.
Barcelona [26] Sensor technology implementation, data analysis of traffic flows to create a
new bus network and smart traffic implementation
Santa Cruz [26] Analyze crime data to estimate police demands and ensure that officers are
present when they are needed

1. Amsterdam, The Netherlands

A city’s status depends on artificial illumination, which affects the city’s
capacity to attract business and tourism visitors. This resulted in up to 80%
energy savings and over 130 billion euros in savings, as well as increased s­ ecurity
and visibility for people. These systems are also connected through the Internet,
resulting in greater energy savings [25].
2. New York and Chicago, USA
Resident-led groups utilize social media to share information and prevent
crime in Chicago’s inner city and South Side communities. Bus stops, shopping
malls, train stations, and sports facilities all include smart displays. Using city-
wide sensing and connectivity capabilities, these smart displays safeguard cus-
tomers [25].
3. Padova, Italy
Padova Smart City is an initiative of the University of Padova and the Padova
City Council. It provides the infrastructure and financing, while the university is
the theoretical party bringing the smart city concept to life. Street light pole sen-
sors collect environmental and public illumination data via wireless nodes and
link to the Internet via gateways [25].
Table 4.1 enumerates a few more examples of cities and countries of
IoT impact.

4.7 IoT Challenges

All areas of our existence will be digital because of IoT technology. The integration
of technology is required to execute the smart city ecosystem. Many smart city
implementations are now built on unique services and solutions, but these are not
always applicable to other cities around the world and, in some cases, only cover a
portion of the numerous components that should be considered.
66 Gunjan et al.

Residents’ opinions on smart city design should include consideration of life

quality, with special emphasis paid to the privacy breach when personal identifica-
tion information and domestic statistics on citizens are involved. This is particularly
essential since citizens may oppose or consider the advent of breakthrough tech-
nologies as invasive [27]. Accordingly, the smart city concept calls for a shift in
government models to be more flexible and integrate institutional policies with
underside approaches, thus improving territorial cooperation, collaboration, and
access to multiple entities while avoiding the proliferation of similar initiatives that
do not work well together [28]. IoT is a technical realm that encompasses a variety
of innovations that are as disparate as they are diverse. Because the concept is still
being debated, establishing boundaries to evaluate which techniques fall under its
scope is challenging, if not impossible [29].
1. Security: The proliferation of sensors in smart cities may expose individuals’
daily activities to unwanted organizations. When all data is collected and pro-
cessed on one IoT platform, the system is susceptible. Multi-tenancy in this
system increases security concerns and data exposure [30].
2. Smart Sensors: Many modern computing protocols are designed for infrastruc-
tural networked devices that have a baseload; however in many instances, sen-
sors in smart cities will be portable and thus battery operated. They will also
have to test, distribute, and, in some situations, save the statistics they have gath-
ered. This demands the development of innovative memory storage technolo-
gies, as well as reduced-power gadgets that extend battery life. In the IoT-based
system, there have been certain dependability issues. For example, due to the
vehicles’ motion, contact with them is not always reliable. Furthermore, the pro-
liferation of smart gadgets will pose significant issues in terms of system fail-
ures [24].
3. Networking: The ability of sensors and other devices to encrypt and transcript
information to each other and the Cloud is critical to the IoT. Networking will
focus on developing automated and efficient routing protocols that can meet
limitations and function with both stationary and moving gadgets, which many
current protocols lack [7].
4. Big Data Analytics: New data analytics methods must be set up to make use
of this data and to consistently increase the efficiency and effectiveness in
smart cities. With the diverse variety of characteristics monitored in smart
cities, these algorithms must be adaptable to data of various types (descrip-
tive and inferential) and improved data fusion techniques must be created to
integrate them in significant ways and extract inferences and organize infor-
mation. Another key factor to evaluate is if the generated algorithms are
scaled, in the sense that they have enough specificity and can be applied
across the entire program [31]. Figure 4.7 lists the various IoT challenges in
the smart city domain.
4  Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities 67

Fig. 4.7  Challenges for IoT in smart cities

4.8 Conclusion and Future Trends

This article explores IoT integration in smart cities and smart homes. Following an
overview of IoT as a key source of the city of the future and smart home services, we
examine the smart city and smart home architectures and the challenges they face.
Sensing and communication technologies in smart cities and households are exam-
ined [7]. Each submission’s technology and design were reviewed to offer an over-
view of current research in IoT-based smart cities and smart homes. This study’s
application is not restricted to certain sectors. The Internet of Things is a hot study
topic right now. The IoT is extensively utilized due to its many benefits, and this
research attempts to provide an overview of different IoT systems. The facts are
argued with the aid of its benefits. The findings suggest that new researchers may
benefit from IoT technology in the future. The proposed technique is highly beneficial
in monitoring and managing smart home and city environments. The work [32] is
68 Gunjan et al.

categorized as knowledge engineering, detection, analytical, and regulating. A litera-

ture study was conducted to identify and define IoT problems, limitations, advantages,
and suggestions (Internet of Thing). We also offered suggestions for other factors/
attributes to consider in resolving issues and future obstacles. This tendency is cur-
rently under study. But descriptions and limits are vague. It is vital to understand this
new Internet trend. This article assesses and categorizes important research to give
such insights. Data mining presents a difficult issue in capturing this hidden insights
from IoT data. Some experts suggest that IoT data necessitates the development of a
new class of data mining algorithms [33]. India’s IoT-based smart home and smart
city technologies may be deployed in the future [34]. Water and waste management
services can be added in the future. One of the most exciting future developments is
combining the IoT platform with other autonomous and intelligent systems to build
smart and comprehensive applications. New coherent regulatory rules and viable
business models are needed to enable the broader implementation of blockchain in
real-world smart cities. New coherent regulatory rules and viable business models are
needed to enable the broader implementation of blockchain in real-world smart cities.
Machine learning techniques will be used in the upcoming IoT-based smart city solu-
tion. Ultradense cellular IoT networks based on high-performance machine learning
algorithms will be used in next-generation smart cities.

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Chapter 5
Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device
for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT

S. Saraswathi, C. Gopala Krishnan, and Prasanna Venkatesan Theerthagiri

5.1 Introduction

Nowadays, home automation systems become more popular and are being installed
in a growing number of homes throughout the world. It has tons of advantages to
users, even more to the disabled and/or elderly users, and it can make it very easy
for them to control their home appliances [1]. Use of wireless sensors to sense data
and sends it to the base station in multi hop environment for which routing path is
essential.
In this perspective, our project has been designed for disabled people and many
elders would benefit in their day-to-day life. This is done with the help of sensors
and a microcontroller [2–4]. Our project also aims at achieving automation using an
android operating system. The home appliances and electrical devices can be con-
trolled by Bluetooth wireless communication protocol and android mobile from
anywhere out of the house when the appliances are not switched off.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of home appliances, vehicles, physical
devices, and other various devices that can be embedded with wireless sensors, actu-
ators, electronics, connections, and software that can enable these devices to connect
and exchange data [5–10]. Each device can be identified by the unique identifier
through the embedded system and it can interact with each other within the existing
infrastructure. The number of online accomplished devices can be increased 31%

S. Saraswathi (*)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering,
Chennai, India
C. Gopala Krishnan · P. V. Theerthagiri
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM
University, Bengaluru, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 71

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_5
72 S. Saraswathi et al.

from 2018 to 8.4 billion in 2017. The estimation of 2020 IoT devices can reach about
30 billion objects. It can also estimate the global market values of IoT which can
reach $7.1 trillion by 2020. In addition to using less human interaction, economic
and accuracy benefits are possible [11]. The term “Things” in the Internet of Things
(IoT) will be used to describe a variety of electronic items, including heart monitor-
ing systems, streaming cameras for the live feed of wild animals, cars, DNA analysis
equipment, and field operation equipment that helps firemen and rescue workers. The
valid information can collect from IoT devices that can be used in the existing tech-
nologies and automatically data can transfer between other devices [12]. The name
IoT was introduced in 1999 by Kevin Ashton of Procter and Gamble and later it
changed to the center of Auto-ID at MIT.

5.1.1 An Overview of Technology Architecture

Internet, things, Internet of Things, Internet of Everything are some common words
that may have been heard, read, and most likely uttered without interruption. IoT is
not a keyword; it is a concept of technology and/or architecture that is a synthesis of
already existing technologies [13]. Just as the Internet has changed the way we
(humans) communicate through the World Wide Web, the IoT seeks to take this
connectivity to the next level by connecting various devices to the Internet, making
it easier for humans to interact with the machine. Visionaries also recognized that
this IoT ecosystem has business applications in home automation, automotive, fac-
tory/assembly line automation, retail, health care/prevention, and more. Figure 5.1
shows the building blocks of IoT.

5.1.1.1 Sensors and Sensor Technology

The sensors ate used to sense a variety of information ranging from location,
weather/environmental conditions, network parameters, movement on an assembly
line, and jet engine maintenance data to basic patient health information [14–16].

Fig. 5.1  Technology architecture

5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 73

5.1.1.2 IoT Gateways

An IoT gateway, as the name suggests, is a gateway to the Internet through which
things/devices can communicate with each other. Gateways help connect the sensor
nodes which are in the internal network to the external Internet or the World Wide
Web. It collects data from sensor nodes and transfers it to the Internet infrastructure.
The evolution of the IoT gateway determines the success of the IoT deployment.
The design of the gateway depends on the area of application.

5.1.1.3 Cloud/Server Infrastructure and Big Data

The data sent over the gateway is safely stored and analyzed using big data analytics
in the cloud infrastructure [5]. This data can use to perform intelligent actions, mak-
ing all of our devices “smart.”

5.1.1.4 End-User Mobile Apps

End users will be able to manage and monitor their devices (ranging from room
thermostats to jet engines and production lines) from remote areas using the easy
smartphone apps. These apps deliver critical information to your mobile devices
and assist users by sending commands to smart devices.

5.1.1.5 IPv6

IP addresses are the backbone of the IoT ecosystem. The Internet only cares about
IP addresses, not whether you are a human or a money lender. There are very few
IPv4 IPs, but there are 3.4 * 1038 IPv6 IPs [17].

5.2 Proposed Methodology

The elderly and/or disabled people can control their home appliances. Home appli-
ances can also be controlled via mobile phones from anywhere away from the house
through the Internet. The home appliances and electrical devices can control by
Bluetooth Wireless Communication Protocol and android mobile phones from any-
where out of the house when the appliances are not switched off. Home automation
for people with disabilities and elders can provide a better quality of life for those
who may need care or nursing facilities.
74 S. Saraswathi et al.

Advantages of Proposed System

• Android application is user-friendly.
• Disabled/elderly people can be independent.
• The status of our home appliances can be known and they can be controlled.
• User-friendly.

5.3 Architecture

Figure 5.2 shows the main module of the product which has a PIC microcontroller,
which acts as the main functioning object, a Bluetooth module that connects the PIC
with the android mobile phone, and an LCD that helps to show the message. The
message can be sent from the client system (android mobile) which can be received
at the server end (android) and is then transferred to the kit via a Bluetooth module
to the PIC microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller controls the system by sending
data to and for the system.
Data from the server device that is an android device can receive from the micro-
controller and sends to the LCD which shows the electronic device that glows at
present and also to the electronic device. The message sent from the client is received
at the server end and is then transferred to the PIC microcontroller and which turns
to give the respective electronic device to perform the respective operations.
Consider all the devices are turned off. Now in the android application, all the
buttons would be in the OFF state. Now click the start button in the android applica-
tion from the client end. This would start our device and the system. Now there are
respective buttons for all the devices that are to be controlled. Consider a device A
that is to be controlled. Now the button is in OFF state. By toggling the button the
device is switched ON.
This data is transferred from the client end to the server end and the device via
the PIC microcontroller. Thus the data reached the respective device A and that

Fig. 5.2  Architecture diagram

5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 75

particular device turns ON. This can also be turned off from the same application by
simply toggling the same button which indicates the OFF stage on the application
and transfers data to the device through the PIC microcontroller. When the devices
are turned ON the application in the client end shows the status of the device as ON
and shows OFF when the devices are turned OFF.

5.3.1 Flex Module

Flex module consists of a flex sensor, PIC microcontroller, and RF TX transmitter

connected as shown in Fig. 5.3. The flex module is a passive-resistive device that
can be used to detect flexing or bending. The flex sensor is bidirectional which
decreases the resistance in the proportion of amount it is bent in either direction.
PIC microcontroller is the main module used to transfer data between sensors and
the modules. The transmitter is used to send data from the sensors to the electronic
devices. The flex sensor is moved so that it sends signals to the PIC microcontroller
and this signal is processed and sent back to the electronic device via the Bluetooth
module. This signal is then received at the receiver kit which in turn is processed
through the PIC microcontroller and then sent to the electronic device that it was
indented to.
Consider a flex sensor that was used for an electronic device (say fan). Now, this
flex sensor is moved so that an electric signal is generated and is sent to the PIC
microcontroller that was connected to it. This signal is then sent to the Bluetooth
module that was connected to the main module. This signal that was received from
the Bluetooth module is then sent to the PIC microcontroller that was connected to
this Bluetooth module. Then this signal is again transferred to the respective elec-
tronic device that it was indented and expected to. Thus the electronic device is
powered ON. Then again the same sensor can be moved to send another signal that
would go through the same Bluetooth module and a PIC microcontroller. This sig-
nal is then sent to the Bluetooth module that was connected to the main module.
This signal was received from the Bluetooth module is then sent to the PIC micro-
controller that was connected to this Bluetooth module as shown in Fig. 5.2. Then
this signal is again transferred to the respective electronic device that it was indented

Fig. 5.3  Flex module

76 S. Saraswathi et al.

and expected to. Thus the electronic device was powered OFF. This way the flex
module works for all the other flex sensors that were connected to it.

5.3.2 RF Transmitter and Receiver

The RF module name recommends because it will work in radiofrequency. The

radiofrequency range between kHz and 300 GHz [18]. The digital data can repre-
sent with various amplitude frequencies. This type of modulation is known as
amplitude shift keying (ASK).
The data transmission can take place through the RF which is greater than infra-
red (IR) because of various reasons. The first and foremost signal of RF can use for
long distances and it will be reasonable to use in long distance applications. When
there is a break in communication between the transmitter and receiver, the RF can
still operate in that mode. As a result, RF transmission will be more reliable and
stable than infrared transmission.
The RF module consists of RF transmitter and RF receiver (as shown in Fig. 5.4).
The transmitter and receiver can be represented as Tx/Rx which has pair of works at
the frequency of 434 MHz [19]. The sequential information can receive by the RF
transmitter which can communicate remotely through RF associate with pin number
4. The transmission can take place between 1 Kbps and 10 Kbps. RF can get com-
municated information and work with various frequencies of the transmitter. This
module often utilizes encoders and decoders. The use of an encoder can get the
encoding information which can transmit while collecting the decode by the

Fig. 5.4  RF Transmitter and receiver

5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 77

decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, and so on are some regularly utilized

encoder/decoder pair ICs.

5.3.2.1 Pin Diagram

5.3.2.2 Pin Description of RF Transmitter

Table 5.1 shows the various pins of an RF transmitter.

An RF transmitter comprises four pins which are Vcc, data input, antenna yield
pin (ANT), and ground (GND) as displayed in Fig. 5.4. The Vcc pin has a wide
reach input voltage from 3V to 12V [20]. The transmitter burns through a base cur-
rent of 9 mA and can go as high as 40mA during transmission. The middle pin is the
information pin to which the sign to be communicated is sent. This sign is then regu-
lated utilizing shift keying. The speed at which it can communicate information is
around 10 Kbps.

5.3.2.3 Pin Description of RF Receiver

An RF receiver module gets the tweaked RF signal and demodulates it. Recipient
modules are normally executed close by the equivalent microcontroller which will
give information to the module which can be gotten. The beneficiary module has
eight pins as displayed in Table  5.2 The Vcc pin ought to be controlled with a
directed 5V stock. The working current of this module is under 5.5 mA. The pins
data out and linear out are shorted together to get the 433 MHz signal from the air.
This sign is then demodulated to get the information and is conveyed through the
information pin. The RF getting recurrence is 433 MHz [21]. The other four pins
that are associated with the RF collector are the Vcc (supply voltage), two ground
pins, and a receiving wire input pin. The Vcc pin has a wide reach input voltage
from 3V to 12V. The RF recipient gets the tweaked signal through the receiving
wire; plays out a wide range of preparing, sifting, demodulation, and so on; and
gives out sequential information. This sequential information is then changed over
to a level rationale information, which is the very information that the client
has input.

Table 5.1  RF Transmitter pin description

Pin no Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data input pin Data
3 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
4 Antenna output pin ANT
78 S. Saraswathi et al.

Table 5.2  RF receiver pin description

Pin no Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data output pin Data
3 Linear output pin; not connected NC
4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
5 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
6 Ground (0V) Ground
7 Ground (0V) Ground
8 Antenna input pin ANT

5.3.3 Bluetooth Module

Bluetooth is a wireless technology for trading information over brief distances (uti-
lizing short-frequency UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz)
from fixed and cell phones and building individual region organizations (PANs)
[22]. Concocted by telecom seller Ericsson in 1994, it was initially considered as a
remote option in contrast to RS-232 information links. It can associate a few gad-
gets, beating issues of synchronization.
Bluetooth UART enables you to wireless transmit and receive serial data. Devices
equipped with Bluetooth technology support wireless point-to-point connections, as
well as wireless access to mobile phones. This can use it as a serial port that can
replace and establish a connection between MCU and PC for data transfer. It deliv-
ers the received data and receives the data to be transmitted to and from a host sys-
tem through a host controller interface. Bluetooth module is shown in Fig. 5.5.
Features
• The supply voltage is 5VDC.
• The range of distance can be 20m.
• It can easily pair with a mobile phone.
• It has a distance range of 20 m.
• It has UART interface.
Applications
• It is used in wireless telemetry.
• It can support data logging in a remote system.
• Robotics.

5.3.4 Flex Sensor

The flex sensor (shown in Fig. 5.6) by Spectra Symbol is a 4.5″ bendable substrate
that offers increased resistance measurements as it flexes tighter [21]. The output
feedback of this 10 K sensor requires very little power. The resistance can rise to
five times its base or flat state value. Resistance can be used to calculate the degree
5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 79

Fig. 5.5  Bluetooth module

Fig. 5.6  Flex sensor

of flexure or the bend radius. Measuring finger traction, robotics, and gaming are all
common applications. The flex sensor’s low profile allows it to wrap around objects
and fit into tight areas. Its durability is ideal for a wide range of consumer applica-
tions, with a life cycle of over 1 million flexes.
Flex sensors are passive-resistive devices that detect the bending or flexing of
objects. It is a bidirectional flex sensor with resistance that reduces in proportion to
how far it is bent in either direction. On a thin flexible substrate, the flex sensor
achieves a wonderful form factor. The sensor gives a resistance output. The higher
the resistance value, the smaller the radius. It is possible to connect it to a microcon-
troller. The sensor produces an analog output.
80 S. Saraswathi et al.

Flex Sensor Features

• 5v voltage for input.
• The output will be in analog.
• Tolerance of resistance can be ±30%.
• The resistance range for the bend is 45 K to 125 K Ohms (depending on bend
radius).
Flex Sensor Applications
• Gaming gloves
• Auto controls
• Fitness products
• Measuring devices
• Assistive technology

5.3.5 Relay

A relay is a switch that is constrained by power. An electromagnet is utilized in

many transfers to precisely working an exchanging instrument, yet elective working
standards are likewise utilized. Transfers are utilized when a low-power signal is
needed to control a circuit (with ideal electrical detachment between controlled cir-
cuits and control) or when numerous circuits should be constrained by a solitary
sign. The first transfers were utilized in significant distance broadcast circuits,
rehashing and once again communicating the sign starting with one circuit then
onto the next. Transfers were broadly utilized to lead consistent activities in phone
trades and early PCs.
A contactor is a sort of transfer, which can deal with the high power needed to
control an electric engine or different loads straightforwardly. The solid-state relays
utilize a semiconductor gadget to execute exchanging as opposed to moving com-
ponents to oversee power circuits [23]. To defend electrical circuits from overbur-
den or deformities, transfers with adjusted working attributes and frequently a few
functional loops are utilized; computerized instruments alluded to as defensive
transfers satisfy inflow electric force frameworks, comparative capacities.

5.4 Results and Discussion

The system built is capable of helping elderly/disabled people in switching on/off

the home appliances in the home. It also features IOT using an android application
to know the current state of a home appliance and to change the state. Using mobile
devices, we can control home appliances via Bluetooth. The smart home system can
be used to supervise the home appliances that can operate remotely and we can
monitor the home security through smartphones in real-time.
5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 81

Some of the systems can allow multiple users to control the home appliances
using android applications through the website Home computerization and security
assist impaired and old matured individuals, which will empower them to control
home apparatuses and alarm them in basic circumstances. The home devices are
associated with ADK and set up with the smart mobile phone. The module of GSM
can be conveyed to send all collected data by this module.
The primary aim of this report is to build the home automation system based on
wireless communication that can manage by the smartphone especially android
smartphone, and it can develop and implement at an effective cost with an efficient
home automation system. This study paper contains a GUI that can support a user-­
friendly and secure system, operate home appliances, and assist the elderly and the
disabled. Use MP LAB, a free integrated development environment (IDE) created
by Micro Technology, to develop embedded applications for dsPIC and PIC micro-
controllers. The latest version of MPLAB is X, and it is developed on the Netbeans
platform. Both versions, MPLAB and MPLAB X, can support project management,
debugging, code editing, and programming of a microchip that can support 32 bit,
8 bit, and 16 bit PIC microcontrollers.
For programming and debugging PIC microcontrollers using a personal com-
puter, MPLAB is meant to work with MPLAB-certified devices such as the MPLAB
ICD 3 and MPLAB REAL ICE. MPLAB also supports PIC kit programmers. The
MPLAB code configurator and MPLAB harmony configurator plugins in MPLAB
X provide automatic code generation.

5.4.1 Local Application

Figure 5.7 shows the screenshot of the local application that controls the electronic
devices around a range of 100 m via Bluetooth module. The start button initiates the
connection between the application and the kit that sends data to the electronic
device. Using of PIC microcontroller, we can control the electronic devices where
the received signals from the application via the Bluetooth module was connected
with the main module. The application consists of buttons that toggle between ON
and OFF for each electronic device.
First, turn ON the Bluetooth in the mobile phone where the application was
installed in. The search icon in the top right corner of the application is clicked for
the first time for the configuration of the system. Then the device is connected by
pairing it with the android phone. Then the android device was connected to the kit
via Bluetooth. Once connected a message “connected to the device” popup would
be shown and also the description below the main heading “Home Control” would
change from “not connected” to “connected to the device name.” Thus it would be
known that the device is connected. Then the start button in the android application
was clicked so that the connection established between the application and the elec-
tronic device was started. Now there are respective buttons with toggling capability
for each of the electronic devices that are needed to be controlled. Consider an
82 S. Saraswathi et al.

Fig. 5.7  Local application

electronic device A (say fan). There is a button for the electronic device A. This but-
ton is initially in the OFF state. Now toggling ON the button would send a message
to the receiver kit (main module) which in turn is sent to device A as an electric
signal. Thus the device A is powered ON.  Now again toggling the button corre-
sponding to A would again send a message to the receiver kit which in turn sends an
electric signal to turn OFF the system and thus the device A was powered OFF.

5.4.2 Server Application

The application that would be used to control the electronic devices from outside
via the Internet is shown in Fig. 5.8. Here too there is a start button that would initi-
ate the system and run the system. There are respective buttons for each of the
electronic devices that are needed to be controlled via the Internet as shown in
Fig. 5.8. The electronic devices were controlled with the help of the PIC microcon-
troller where the signals are received from the application via the Internet. The
application consists of buttons that toggle between ON and OFF for each electronic
device. First, the Internet is turned ON in the mobile phone in which the application
was installed. Once the device is connected to the Internet, it would also connect
with the receiver kit. Then the android device was connected to the kit via the
Internet. Once connected, a message “connected to the device” popup would be
shown and also the description below the main heading “Home Control” would
change from “not connected” to “connected to the device name.” Thus it would be
known that the device is connected to the receiver kit. Then the start button in the
android application was clicked so that the connection established between the
application and the electronic device was started. Now there are respective buttons
5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 83

Fig. 5.8 Server
application

with toggling capability for each of the electronic devices that are needed to be
controlled. Consider an electronic device A (say fan). There is a button for the elec-
tronic device A. This button is initially in the OFF state. Now toggling ON the but-
ton would send a message to the receiver kit (main module) which in turn is sent to
device A as an electric signal. Thus the device A is powered ON. Now again tog-
gling the button corresponding to A would again send a message to the receiver kit
which in turn sends an electric signal to turn OFF the system and thus the device A
was powered OFF.

5.4.3 Working Module

Figure 5.9 shows the working model for the kit controlling the electronic devices. In
the model, there are four bulbs, say A, B, C, D, which act as electronic devices.
There is a display to show the message of which bulb is glowing at the moment. Say
if A is glowing, the message would be A in the display and if A is in OFF state then
“a” would be shown in the display. By this, the electronic device being controlled at
the moment would be known instantly. Once a message or electric signal is received
from either the Bluetooth module, Internet, or the flex module, the PIC microcon-
troller would process the message and shows the respective electronic device in the
display and send the signal to the respective devices as well. There is a reset button
to reset the device when needed. Relay can operate by the electric switches. Many
relays utilize an electromagnet to work an exchanging component precisely; yet
other working standards are likewise utilized.
84 S. Saraswathi et al.

Fig. 5.9  Working module

5.4.4 Flex Module

Figure 5.10 depicts the flex module for the kit. The flex sensors are connected to the
kit as shown in Fig. 5.10. It consists of a PIC microcontroller that controls the flex
module and is also responsible for the sending and receiving of messages/signals to
and from the receiver kit. The flex sensor on any motion gives away electrical sig-
nals. These electrical signals are then sent to the PIC microcontroller which reads
the signal and finds the device to be controlled and sends the message to the receiver
kit. Then the signal is transferred to the respective electronic device that was meant
to be controlled and for which the flex sensor is connected. The display in this flex
module is used to show the details of the sensors that are moved up at the moment.
It would show the position of the sensor and as the sensors are moved the values
would change in the display instantly. By this, the sensor values can be obtained.
Once obtained, the sensor values could be used while controlling the device via
these sensors so that no two sensors can have the same electronic device controlled.
There is also an RF RX transmitter which is used to send the data from the flex
module to the receiver kit. This transmitter sends the signal from the sensors to the
receiver kit. Once the sensors are bent, an electrical signal is generated which is then
sent to the receiver kit via the RF transmitter.

5.4.5 Main Module

Figure 5.11 shows the main module which consists of the PIC microcontroller that
is used to control the entire kit and relay to switch between the devices and also
some electronic devices; here we consider bulbs are electronic devices. The main
module is where the electronic device is controlled through the PIC microcontroller.
A Bluetooth module is also used to receive the signals from the other modules such
as the android application, flex module, etc. When any modules send m ­ essages/
5  Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT 85

Fig. 5.10  Flex module

Fig. 5.11  Main module

signals to the kit, the Bluetooth module receives the message and sends it to the PIC
microcontroller which turns signal to send to the electronic device needed to be
controlled. Consider an electronic device A that is needed to be controlled. This
electronic device A that is connected to the kit of the receiver. Now a signal would
be received from any of the modules, and this signal would be read from the
Bluetooth module and is transferred to the PIC microcontroller. Then the signal is
received by the microcontroller and sends it to the respective electronic device
A. Now the device is turned ON. Simultaneously a message is sent to the applica-
tion of android mobile that the device is powered ON which shifts the state of the
86 S. Saraswathi et al.

button shown in the application from OFF state to ON state. Again another message
signal to turn OFF the device A could be sent which again goes through the PIC
microcontroller and turns the device OFF. Again a message indicating the device is
turned OFF and is sent to the application.

5.5 Conclusion

This research concludes the objectives of this paper are met which are the following:
• A wireless home automation system was constructed and controlled using an
android smartphone.
• Designed and executed a cost-effective yet efficient home automation system.
• Protected framework and easy to use to control the various devices in the home
especially to help the elders and physically challenged people.
This system would help many elderly/disabled people who need others to help
them. This would help the elderly people to be free without the help of others for
controlling the appliances around. The disabled people can also move freely and
operate the appliances freely on their own without disturbing others. In future
enhancements, the kit would be reduced to smaller in size using the latest technolo-
gies and making it even easier to use by all who feel comfortable to control the
appliances from where they are without moving.

5.6 Future Work

The future work of this paper can create a solution for the cross platform that can be
used in various platforms like Windows and iOS. This work’s limitation is that it
only controls a limited number of devices that can be removed by further automat-
ing other household equipment [24, 25]. The module can be flexible to support both
technologies such as Wi-Fi and Zigbee.

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Chapter 6
IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic
Management System

Subodh Bansal and Amit Gupta

6.1 Introduction

During the last decade, the trend has been to transfer computers, controls, and data
stores to the cloud. The main data center, backbone IP networks, and cellular core
networks have in particular been converted from storage, shops, and network man-
agement functions. Nevertheless, cloud computing today faces growing difficulties
in meeting various evolving IoT new requirements. There are many technological
challenges [1] in the IoT, which create an immense network of trillions or thousands
of “things” that interact with each other. The IoT in the global information industry
after the Internet is perceived as a technology and an economic stream. IoT [2–5] is
intelligent by agreed-upon protocols, and Internet-enabled network enables infor-
mation exchange and communication through information sensing devices. The aim
is to define, locate, map, control, and manage matters intelligently. The network that
enhances the connectivity from humans to people and things or things and stuff is
the Internet-based network [6].
Wireless sensor network (WSN) consist of sensor nodes that can be utilized via
Internet connectivity in various areas of applications (e.g., health care, militants,
and agriculture), which establishes a sense of IoT.  As a result of the Internet of
Things (IoT), physical objects with embedded sensors, actuators, and network com-
munication can process and share data. Among the WSN system’s parameters are
energy consumption and scalability.
The IoT refers to a widening network between physical objects and other Internet
devices and systems that have an Internet protocol (IP) interface between them. The

S. Bansal (*)
Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
A. Gupta
I.K.G.P.T.U, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 89

N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_6
90 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

fundamental aim of IoT is to allow things to be linked to anything and anyone who
ideally utilizes all paths, networks, and services [7].

6.1.1 Characteristics of IoT

The basic characteristics of IoT are as follows [8]:

Network interconnection: The key theme of IoT in recent years has been the expo-
nential rise of Internet-based applications. The vast variety of IoT-technology
implementations means that the requirements can vary greatly, but the most basic
features are shared. The IoT is feasible for many innovations. The network used
to communicate between IoT installation devices, a function that can be played
by multiple wireless or wired technologies, is of key importance.
Sensing: Without sensors that can identify and measure any environmental changes,
IoT will not be able to produce data that can map or communicate with the envi-
ronment. Sensing technologies provide the medium to construct capabilities that
reflect the physical world’s real knowledge and consciousness.
Heterogeneity: One of the key areas of the IoT is heterogeneity. IoT equipment is
built on certain hardware and Internet platforms and can connect with other ser-
vice platforms or devices through distinguished networks. IoT helps to interact
directly between the heterogeneous networks. The design specifications for het-
erogeneous objects and their IoT environments are scalability, expandability,
interoperability, and modularity.
Connectivity: Connectivity allows the IoT to bring everyday artifacts together. Such
objects’ communication is critical as basic experiences on an entity level lead to
collective knowledge in IoT networks [9]. It provides links to a network and
makes everything stable. This connection enables the networking of intelligent
objects and applications to generate new business opportunities for the IoT.
Security: IoT devices are, of course, exposed to network security threats. As people
gain efficiency, novel experience, and other merits from IoT to forget about the
security concerns accompanied with it. IoT has immense security and privacy
levels issues. It is crucial to secure the data, networks, and endpoints that are
allocated across all of these means constituting a security paradigm. The IoT has
a large array of technologies that enable its productive operation. The above
features of IoT technology build value and promote human activities. Through
shared collaboration, they further improve the IoT network capability and
become part of the overall structure [10].
Intelligence: IoT comes with a computer, hardware, and software combination that
makes it intelligent. Environmental intelligence in IoT maximizes its capabili-
ties, enabling the intelligent response of objects to unique situations and allow-
ing them to perform special tasks. Despite the popularity of intelligent technology,
IoT intelligence is only concerned with computer interaction, while standard
input methods and a visual user interface allow user interaction.
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 91

Dynamic nature: The primary task of IoT is to collect data from its surroundings,
accomplished by dynamic interface changes. Such devices adjust the status
dynamically, including the temperature, position, and speed of their devices, e.g.,
sleep and waking connects and/or disconnects. In addition to the device state, the
number of devices varies dynamically with the user, position, and time.
Enormous scale: There will be a far greater number of devices to control and com-
municate with other devices associated with the current Internet. For applica-
tions, it is more important to control and analyze data generated from these
devices.

6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

The IoT provides numerous benefits in the business sector’s everyday lives. The
following are some of the benefits and challenges of IoT:
Automation: Because physical objects are digitally controlled and connected to
wireless networks, a great deal of automation and operational control exist. This
allows all machines to communicate without human intervention, which speeds
up production.
Cost-effectiveness: When used in everyday life, it allows electronic devices to inter-
act with one another efficiently, conserving energy and reducing costs. By per-
mitting data to be exchanged and transmitted between electronic devices, IoT
makes our systems more productive.
Time: The time saved in supervision and the number of other trips will be immense.
Cost-effectiveness: M2M, or machine-to-machine communication, is one of the
most well-known examples of IoT. As a result, physical devices can stay con-
nected and comprehensive transparency can be achieved with less inefficiency
but better quality.
Money: One of the key advantages of the IoT is that it allows for significant cost
savings. So far, IoT has been widely adopted if the cost of tags and monitoring
equipment is less than what is saved. In the long run, the Internet of Things is a
boon to people because it allows appliances to communicate with each other
efficiently, economizing energy and money. In addition, it improves the effi-
ciency of our systems by allowing data to be exchanged across devices.
Monitor: Monitoring is the second most evident benefit of IoT, just after security.
Knowledge of someone’s home exact supply levels and air quality can offer you
the additional information that was previously difficult to collect. By knowing
when your milk or printer ink runs out, you may avoid a trip to the store in the
near future. Determining expiration dates for products is another way to ensure
customer safety.
The disadvantages of IoT technology are mentioned below:
92 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

Overdependence on technology: Depending on the information it makes available

daily could lead to destruction by taking decisions on technology. There is no
stable, faultless framework.
Complexity: All sophisticated systems have flaws. There is a greater chance of
something going wrong. Failure rates could skyrocket with the IoT. Imagine that
a couple both receive a notice that the milk has expired, and they both have to
stop at a supermarket on the way home to buy milk together. The circumstances
benefit both you and your spouse. Another possibility is that your printer orders
a new ink cartridge over several days, every hour.
Privacy and security: In today’s technological world, every computer that is used by
a person is connected through the Internet. This maximizes the likelihood of
critical data loss. The exchange of information is a major disadvantage, as sensi-
tive information cannot be secure and can easily be compromised by third parties.
Compatibility: Unfortunately, no international standard exists for identifying and
assessing compatibility equipment at present. This, in my opinion, is the most
easily overcome disadvantage. Manufacturers want to agree on a standard, such
as Bluetooth or USB.  This is not a novel or original idea that needs to be
implemented.
Less employment: Workers and helpers who are not skilled may lose their jobs as a
result of the automation of everyday activities. This can lead to a rise in the num-
ber of unemployed people in society. With the advent of any technology, this is a
problem that can be overcome through education. Due to the automation of daily
tasks, there will be a decrease in the demand for human resources. This may lead
to a rise in the number of unemployed people in society.

6.1.3 Application Areas of IoT

The IoT application area is very diverse and IoT applications are used by different
users. There are dissimilar categories of users with different driving needs. The IoT
framework covers “smart” spaces/environments in areas like transport, construc-
tion, regional, lifestyle, retail, supply chain, agriculture, emergency, health care, and
manufacturing [11, 12]. Table 6.1 shows some areas for IoT applications [13].

6.1.4 IoT Open-Source Platforms

A vital role is played by open-source implementations when it comes to sharing to

accomplish multivendor interoperability. It is worth noting that there are several
places in the world where small cities can develop quickly and easily.
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 93

Table 6.1  Application areas of IoT

S.
no. Applications Smart objects used
1 Internet of Battlefield Sensors, weapons, vehicles, human-wearable devices
Things (IoBT)
2 Internet of Medical Medical wearable devices – diabetes, heart rate,
Things electrocardiography (ECG), insulin, and inhalers
3 Internet of Underwater Underwater sensors, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV),
Things ships, smart buoys
4 Internet of Animal Things Smart cattle collars, animal farming, offspring care
5 Internet of Waste Things Smart bins, RFID tags, actuators
6 Internet of Nano Things Nanosensors, actuators, nanorouters, nanomicro interfaces,
bio-FETs
7 Internet of Smart Weather monitoring, air pollution monitoring, water quality
Environment
8 Internet of Smart Energy Wind turbines, powerhouse, smart grid, photovoltaic
installations
9 Home Security Sensors, real-time video surveillance
10 Internet of Smart Maintenance and repair, explosive and hazardous gases
Industries (IoSI)

FIWАRE
FIWARE is an open standard platform for applications in smart cities, was launched
by the European Commission, and plans to grow new technologies in the IoT pro-
totype. On the other hand, it relies on a set of software components called generic
enablers. To increase interoperability, these components have several functions in
common to the various vertical segments of an organization, as well as the ability to
communicate between them. FIWARE-enabling technologies for IoT are catego-
rized into seven major technological categories: cloud-hosted applications and ser-
vices, data conveyance, data/context management, security interfaces to networks
and devices, enhanced web, and IoT services enablement. FIWARE lays out an
easy-to-use collection of APIs that facilitate the creation of smart applications. The
lack of a complete set of functions is a major concern despite several benefits
of FIWARE.
ОСEАN
KETI (Kоrea Electronics Teсhnоlоgy Institute) and the Korean government
launched OCEAN (Open Alliаnce for IoT standard) in January 2015. As a global
alliance, it works to develop open-source solutions for smart cities based on IoT
standards. It also seeks to promote the creation and commercialization of platforms,
products, and services through the widespread use of IoT standards that are open-­
source. As part of the global cooperation, when it comes to distributing the source
code for IoT standards with manufacturers and developers, OCEAN is in charge.
94 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

СONTIKI
CONTIKI is also an open platform that allows for the quick and easy development
of a variety of IoT-based smart city applications. Tiny microcontrollers can use it to
communicate with the Internet, and it operates at a very low cost and power.
Furthermore, it is compatible with IPv4 and IPv6, including user dаtаgrаm prоtосоl,
TCP, and HTT. It also provides support for the most recent low-power remotes and
mobile networks, such as 6LоwN and RL multi-hор routing prоtосоl. A wide range
of smart city applications can benefit from its very efficient memory allocation
techniques.
ОM2M6
When the ECLIPSE Foundation started this project, it intended to provide an open-­
source implementation of the standards One-to-One and SmartM2M. The project is
funded by the ECLIPSE Foundation and the European Commission. By offering a
horizontal OM2M service platform for designing services independent of the under-
lying network, this endeavor will facilitate the implementation of vertical apps and
heterogeneous devices. This initiative is funded by the National Science Foundation.
As a result, the horizontal Common Service Entity (CSE) is provided by this
ECLIPSE that could be deрlоуеd in а M2M device, а gаtеwау, or а worker. The key
CSE functions are application enablement, starting up, notification, security, persis-
tence, between working, and device management RESTful interfaces are also pro-
vided to provide synchronized and asynchronous interactions and bunch association.
Following is a breakdown of the rest of the document. The role of traffic manage-
ment in IoT is defined in Sect. 6.2, and the literature evaluations are discussed in
Sect. 6.3. Section 6.4 discusses the system’s methodology. In Sect. 6.5, an experi-
mental finding is discussed. Last but not least, the final section discusses the study’s
limits, future directions, and implications.

6.2 Role of Traffic Management in IoT

IoT is a new research methodology, and the information related to IoT seems to be
in its early stages. As a result, the precise description, design, scope, and norm are
still unknown. Most academics, on the other hand, agree on the importance of
extending and understanding Kevin Ashton’s groundbreaking philosophical descrip-
tion of IoT, which he described as “a systematic way for computers to understand
the real world.” People with disabilities and diabetes can benefit from IoT in a vari-
ety of ways, as well as miners who can benefit from safer mining operations and
people who can benefit from an intelligent relationship based on responsiveness and
intelligence in the workplace to support human decisions and/or operations. The
only difference is that for Ubicomp there is no requirement for an Internet connec-
tion so that objects can communicate with one another. It is used to define smart
ecology in a wider context than IoT. Applying sensor technology to collect data to
make a specific response, for example, is Unicom but not IoT. IoT can be related to
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 95

human sensors. Humans, for example, have biological sensors such as ears, eyes,
skin, taste buds, and other sense organs that enable them to perceive what is going
on around them. Humans use their bodies to produce and obtain sounds, and they
need a name for others to pay attention to them. Communication is only possible
when a communication channel, such as a telephone network, a mobile network, or
the air, is available. Sensors must be attached to physical objects being regarded for
them to have human-like properties. Objects must have both sender detail and recip-
ient detail, and only digital communication is required. The contact between cars,
processing units, and traffic lights is the subject of this paper. Each vehicle serves as
an eye in this scenario, transmitting traffic data. The contact is built through socket
programming over a Wi-Fi link, and the ports serve as the sender and receiver’s
respective “mouth” and “ear.” By calling the RFID reader name, vehicles can
“name” each other. In this instance, IoT can be used to replace human workers in
undertaking repetitive, time-consuming tasks. For example, traffic statistics may be
acquired and sent out regularly, which is nearly difficult with manual interac-
tion [14].

6.2.1 Traffic Management

Transport, travel, and roads are an integral part of every country and make a differ-
ence in every citizen’s life. The well-being and development of a country signifi-
cantly depend on the road and traffic of the country. One of the most significant
infrastructure challenges that developing countries confront today is traffic manage-
ment. Developed countries and smart cities are already leveraging IoT to reduce
traffic-related challenges. The car culture has spread rapidly among people from all
walks of life. People in most cities prefer to drive their cars regardless of how good
or poor public transportation is or how much time and money it would take them to
get to their destination.
IoT has proved its potential in vehicle maintenance, navigation, and monitoring
leading to improved transportation [15]. IoT can improve road transportation in the
following ways:

6.2.1.1 Intelligent Traffic Lights

Intelligent traffic lights interface with the sensors of connected automobiles, provid-
ing the driver with important information about the traffic light state, such as color
or time to green. This aims to reduce accidents around traffic lights and reduce their
violation too through better real-time monitoring.
96 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

6.2.1.2 Telematics

Various transportation agencies and fleet management companies use telematics to

understand, manage, and improve driver behavior. Telematics employs the usage of
a “black box” in a vehicle that is using GPS. The idea is to use the mobile phone
network to measure speed, acceleration, braking, and cornering movements. This
data is then transferred to servers, where it is analyzed to provide driver feedback.
This encourages better driving practices and closer monitoring.

6.2.1.3 Autonomous Cars

To sense their environment, self-driving or autonomous vehicles employ a range of

sensors. Radar, Lidar, sonar, GPS, odometry, and inertial measurement units give
information required for appropriate navigation pathways. Sensor data is interpreted
by advanced control systems to identify impediments and relevant signage.

6.2.1.4 Improved Emergency Services

In case of emergency, connected cars send automatic messages and warnings to

emergency services, assisting in providing rapid attention to reduce accident-related
death rates. A specific Internet of Things (IoT) gadget, Raksha SafeDrive, acts as an
accident management system in the vehicle. Using Raksha SafeDrive is possible in
a wide variety of vehicles such as cars, auto-rickshaws, bicycles, and lorries, among
other things.
Nowadays, some vehicles are incorporated with fatigue sensors that can detect
deviations in the driver’s normal behavior pattern and raise the alarm in danger or if
the driver falls asleep. Such intelligent vehicles can make decisions on their own
with the data that they receive in real-time. This improves the overall driving experi-
ence and enhances safety.

6.2.2 Advantages

Here are some of the advantagesof IoT enabled traffic management:

6.2.2.1 Communication

Device-to-device communication, also known as M2M communication, is enabled

by the IoT. Since physical devices may interface with one other, perfect transpar-
ency and efficiency will be achieved.
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 97

6.2.2.2 Automation and Control

Physical things will be linked and operated digitally, centrally, and wirelessly.
Without human intervention, machines will communicate with each other and pro-
duce goods faster and more efficiently.

6.2.2.3 Information

It will give additional information to help you make more informed choices, for
example, deciding the things to buy in the supermarket or determining if your firm
has adequate widgets and supplies; information is power, and more knowledge
makes you stronger.

6.2.2.4 Monitoring

Monitoring is IoT’s second most important feature. To be able to accurately esti-

mate how many goods we have on hand or the air quality in our home will provide
us that information. As an example, knowing that there is milk or printer ink nearby
will allow you to avoid making a trip to the store soon. As an added security mea-
sure, keeping track of expiration dates could be beneficial.

6.2.2.5 Efficient and Saves Time

Machine-to-machine communication is efficient and saves time. Sensors will be

active only for collecting the instantaneous data which makes it more
energy-efficient.

6.2.2.6 Better Quality of Life

This technology will promote comfort, ease, and management, all of which will
improve people’s quality of life.

6.2.3 Disadvantages

The following are some drawbacks of traffic management system:

98 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

6.2.3.1 Compatibility

No international standard exists for marking and tracking equipment compatibility

at this time. Equipment manufacturers need to make decisions such as Bluetooth or
USB. There is no open IoT platform till now.

6.2.3.2 Safety and Privacy

As more IoT data is exchanged, it increases the chance of a privacy breach. As an

example, how secure will the data be stored and transferred if it is saved and trans-
mitted securely? Because all domestic appliances, industrial equipment, public sec-
tor services such as water supply and transportation, and a variety of other
Internet-connected gadgets provide access to a wealth of information. This material
is likely to be targeted by hackers. Unauthorized intruders gaining access to private
and sensitive information would be disastrous.

6.2.3.3 Less Manpower Employment

Unskilled workers and assistance may lose their jobs consequently of daily operat-
ing automation. As a result, there will be a societal unemployment crisis. Due to the
automation of daily operations, there will be less demand for human resources,
especially employees and less trained personnel.

6.3 Smart Traffic Management-Based IoT

Smart traffic management [16] regulates traffic flow as needed, as a result of the
centrally controlled system of traffic signals and sensors. An automated algorithm
and sensor data will be used to construct a smart traffic control system to keep traffic
flowing more smoothly. To track the movement of vehicles, a smart traffic signal
monitoring (TMS) system based on IoT is deployed at the lights. For real-time traf-
fic monitoring, powerful data analytics solutions connect GIS-enabled digital road-
maps with traffic lights and traffic control rooms.

6.3.1 Working of Smart Traffic Management System

Traffic lights, subsurface queue detectors and/or cameras, and a central control sys-
tem are the three components. The queue detectors provide information to the con-
trol system on the flow of traffic on all of the city’s principal thoroughfares. In turn,
the system manages the traffic signals to guarantee that traffic flows smoothly
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 99

around the city. Every 2 seconds, the algorithm evaluates whether modifying the
phasing of any of the lights is advantageous using a model of real-world situations.
An intelligent IoT-based TMS system collects the image of traffic (which serves
as input) at a crossroads using digital image processing technologies. The system
then employs wireless sensors to transmit data (serving as output) to the control
room or users.
Along with RFID tags and scanners for car tracking, the system can minimize
traffic congestion at intersections, trace a stolen vehicle, and free up traffic for emer-
gency vehicles. The emergency vehicles must be equipped with RFID tags for RFID
readers to track them in real-time by scanning the signal. Because of this, emer-
gency vehicles can be given priority.

6.3.1.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Traffic Signal Monitoring System

• It helps reduce traffic congestion at traffic lights and on the roads.

• Monitoring of real-time vehicle movement.
• The signals can accommodate a huge number of vehicles.
• Using RFID to track down lost cars.
• Well-organized and precise monitoring of traffic.
• Clearance of traffic for emergency vehicles.

6.3.2 IoT Applications in Smart Cities

The Internet of Things (IoT) makes use of the Internet to connect various diversified
devices. All current things must be connected to the Internet in a convenient way
and by the rules of the game. For example, to improve energy efficiency in smart
cities, sensor networks [17, 18] must be connected online to remotely monitor their
treatment. Data may be gathered and analyzed by adding sensors at different loca-
tions. Below are a few of the important goals in this branch of knowledge:

6.3.2.1 Smart Parking

To assess whether parking spaces are occupied or available, smart parking systems
use GPS data from drivers’ smartphones or road-surface sensors put in the ground
on parking spots to create an interactive map of available and occupied parking
spots in real-time. As a bonus, drivers are alerted when the closest parking spot
becomes available, allowing them to use the map on their phone to find a parking
spot faster and easier rather than driving around aimlessly.
100 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

6.3.2.2 Public Trаnsроrt

As a result of IoT sensors, it is possible to identify patterns in how citizens use pub-
lic transportation services. Public transportation operators can use this data to
improve the traveling experience, as well as safety and punctuality.
As an example, several London-based train companies postpone passenger car
loading for excursions in and out of the city. Ticket sales data, motion sensors, and
TV cameras located along the platform are all combined. Using this information,
train operators can predict how many people will be in each car at any given time
Passengers are encouraged to spread out while waiting for a train to be fully loaded
before it leaves. Because they maximize available capacity, train operators
avoid delays.

6.3.2.3 Street Lightning

Smart cities based on IoT make road maintenance and control simpler and more
cost-effective. The use of sensors in streetlights and their connection to a cloud-­
based management aids in the adaptation of lighting schedules to the illumina-
tion zone.
Data about illumination effect and movement of people and vehicles are gathered
by smart lighting solutions, and it should be used in conjunction with historical data
such as special events, public transportation schedules, time of day and year, etc.
This means that smart lighting tells a streetlamp to fade, light up, or turn on and off
dependent on the surrounding conditions.
Some examples include turning on a more dazzling setting when people are
crossing the street or when a bus is expected to arrive at a stop, turning on a brighter
setting than those further away, and so on.

6.3.2.4 Wаste Management

Empty cоntаinеrs are used by most waste collection operators according to prede-
termined schedules. This is not a particularly efficient approach because it results in
unnecessary trash container use and unnecessary fuel use by waste collection trucks.
IoT enables smart city aid in waste collection process improvement by measuring
waste levels and offering route optimization [19–21] and operational insights.
Garbage containers are equipped with sensors that measure how much waste is in
them. Whenever the waste management system is approaching a given threshold, it
receives a sensor record, processes it, and then sends a notification to everyone. As
a result, rather than emptying a half-full container, the truck driver dumps a full one.
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 101

6.3.2.5 Environmental Issue Arrangement

Smart city solutions powered by the Internet of Things (IoT) enable the tracking of
parameters essential to maintain a healthy environment at an optimal level. Cities
can install a network of sensors across their water system and connect them to a
cloud-based management system to monitor water quality. Some sensors can tell
you how acidic or alkaline the water is. Leakages and chemical changes in water
cause cloud platforms to commence an output that is characterized by clients.

6.3.2.6 Air Quality Estimation

The monitoring of air quality is another example of a possible application. On busy

roads and around plants, a sensor network is set up. A central cloud platform analy-
ses and visualizes sensor readings so that platform clients can see an air quality map
and utilize this data to target problem regions, while sensors measure oxygen, nitro-
gen, and sulfur oxide concentrations in the atmosphere.

6.3.3 Practical Experience Around the World

6.3.3.1 Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Countless tasks were dispatched in 2006–2007  in Amsterdam, the Netherlands,

including interlinked lighting inside the savvy city. Consequently, there were LED
illumination used with brilliant regulators for diminishing the force utilization,
which can save energy up to 80% and monetary investment funds of around
1300 million euros, giving further developed security to residents as well as greater
deceivability. Besides, there is a relationship between these frameworks by incorpo-
rating controls using the Internet which gives rise to energy reserve funds. Also,
energy use was around assessed before; however, presently keen meters precisely
figure the energy utilization. Additionally, lights are darkened or power diminishes
to save energy during low traffic hours or upgraded when expected to further develop
well-being.

6.3.3.2 Chicago and New York, USA

In Chicago City and Chicago’s South Side, utilizing IoT-based instruments includ-
ing the portable, web, and SMS, people groups like residents, associations, and
public networks attempt to trade data and beat vicious wrongdoing. This undertak-
ing was upheld by the University of Chicago by creating trust among neighboring
urban communities and neighborhood associations. Moreover, unique information
gathered by the police, clients, and foundations will be accessible for a cell phone
102 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

application client that utilizes a straightforward planning interface and GPS.  In

New York City, an application called City24/7 has been made to educate, secure,
and saturate the city. Furthermore, public correspondence can be accessed at any
time, on any mobile device, so that the stage can combine datasets derived from
publicly available, neighborhood inhabitants, and organizations to provide data. As
a result, this program communicates information that people should be aware of. To
obtain this information, certain sharp screens can be found in bus stops, train sta-
tions, shopping malls, and sports offices. This could be retrieved over Wi-Fi on cell
phones or other mobile devices. These clever screens spotlight individuals with data
identified with their genuine closeness and security by offering nearby cops and a
local group of firefighters citywide detecting and correspondence powers.

6.3.3.3 Busan, South Korea

In Busan, a city in South Korea, the overseeing body perceived the potential for
working with open positions for college graduates and financial development
through ICT. Busan has made a decent correlation framework which empowered the
public authority to extend the cloud foundation. It associates different organizations
like colleges, businesses, residents, and government for driving manageable metro-
politan turn of events. These days, the cloud framework interfaces the Busan neigh-
borhood government, Busan Mobile Application Center (BMAC), and different
colleges. BMAC provides an actual workspace like task and meeting rooms for
normal application improvement, cloud stages for Windows or Mac OS gadgets,
counseling places for new businesses and little office experts, the library for appli-
cations, different instruments, an API for openness to nearby city information which
gives. It can assist with working on the city’s essential activities and personal
satisfaction.

6.3.3.4 Nice, France

At a recent conference in Nice, France, the potential of the Internet of energy (IoE)
was examined, and the IP-enabled innovation engineering model, financial model,
and social benefits of IoE were tested and accepted. Then, four astute city adminis-
trations were established, including brilliant lighting, astute course, astute waste
administration, and astute natural observation. For example, information obtained
by sensors for traffic examples can also be used for halting and natural observing
through a standard stage that can collaborate with the city to fabricate keen city
administrations.
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 103

6.3.3.5 Pаdоvа, Itаly

In Pаdovа, Itаly, the University of Pаdovа, as part of a joint venture with the city, a
project called Padova Smart City was launched. This project is funded by the local
government as a financial sponsor. The college serves as a theoretical partner and
helps to further develop smart city concepts.

6.3.4 Challenges

The rising usage of automobiles has resulted in massive traffic congestion. Several
countries are addressing this traffic issue by extracting data from CCTV feeds and
communicating vehicle-related data to city traffic management centers to aid in the
development of changes. As a result of better-organized traffic infrastructure, there
are fewer cars, buses, and trucks stuck in traffic jams. All of this results in shorter
run times, more efficient use of natural resources (gas), and lower emissions. The
amount of gas emitted is highest during stop-start driving, which occurs in regions
where traffic is controlled by lights. As a result, opting for smart traffic helps to
reduce pollution around the city [22].
Smart traffic management, on the other hand, includes features such as smart
parking sensors, smart streetlights, smart motorways, and smart accident assistance,
among others.

6.3.4.1 Traffic Lights

To smooth traffic flow, traffic lights that use real-time data feeds are being used.
Sensors set in strategic locations can collect data on busy traffic intersections and
regions where vehicles are steered away from these sites using IoT technology. Big
data may be used to further analyze this information and discover alternative routes,
as well as improve traffic signaling to ease congestion. Meanwhile, weather sensors
installed on roadside lights allow them to operate. The light dims not just as a result
of the day-night cycle but also when the sky darkens. These signals can be detected
by roadside light sensors, which can then turn the lights on and off as needed.

6.3.4.2 Smart Parking

In the urban planning context, parking has become an Achilles heel. Parking short-
ages, as well as parallel parking, have exacerbated traffic congestion at important
metropolitan junctions. In parking lots, IoT-based sensors can provide real-time
information on available parking spaces to vehicles approaching from a consider-
able distance. This type of sensor has previously been installed in European cities
104 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

such as Paris, France, and Kansas, USA. They have all had excellent outcomes, with
a double-digit percentage reduction in parking complaints documented in a year.

6.3.4.3 Smart Assistance

Road traffic accidents are one of the biggest causes of death in the globe. However,
what contributes to this bleak figure is the victims’ inability to receive prompt care
and support in these catastrophes. Roadside CCTV and sensors can assist in detect-
ing accident sites and communicating them to the local emergency rooms.
Everything else will be easier to handle once this contact is established.

6.4 Research Challenges

There must be proper feasibility in the various fields for some of the IoT’s potential
applications. For IoT to succeed, it must overcome its limits and limitations. IoT
technologies have made enormous strides over the past few years, but there are still
several issues that need to be addressed, clearing the way for new types of research
to be conducted. An inescapable set of research difficulties arises as a direct result
of the Internet of Things’ reliance on heterogeneous technologies for data collection
and management as well as processing and action. As a result, there are a variety of
research difficulties that need to be addressed in a wide range of research fields [23].

6.4.1 Privacy and Security

With its expanding use, IoT has become a critical component of the web’s future,
necessitating the need to appropriately address There must be proper feasibility in
the various fields for some of the IoT’s potential applications. security and trust
functions. Currently, researchers are aware of the flaws in various IoT devices. In
addition, IoT’s foundation is based on existing remote sensing networks; therefore
it is protected by the same level of privacy and security vulnerabilities as WSN. IoT
frameworks have been subjected to several attacks and flaws, proving the need for
comprehensive security plans that maintain the security of data and from beginning
to end. A comprehensive security solution is needed to close this gap, which includes
research into effective cryptography for data and framework security, non-­
cryptographic approaches, and frameworks. There is a need to do additional research
on cryptographic security services that can work on IoT devices with limited
resources. This would make it possible for clients with specialized skills to safely
hire and deploy. There are IoT frameworks available for all IoT devices, even though
the client interfaces are not very good. Additionally, the Internet of Things has pro-
tection and security components, and there are other areas such as confidentiality in
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 105

communication, trustworthiness, and authenticity of communication protocols and

message trustworthiness, which are all important. This should contain the capacity
to prevent the communication of various parties, for example. Examples include
preventing competitors from gaining access to secret information in smart devices
during commercial transactions and subsequently exploiting this malicious knowl-
edge to their benefit [24].

6.4.2 Processing, Analysis, and Management of Data

Problems arise owing to the heterogeneous nature of IoT and the huge amount of
data created in this “big data” era. Now, the vast majority of cloud-based frame-
works are geared toward dumping data and conducting computationally heavy tasks
on an international cloud. However, standard cloud architectures have been criti-
cized for their inability to handle the huge amounts of data produced and consumed
by IoT-enabled devices, as well as the associated compute. The majority of frame-
works are addressing this issue by depending on current solutions such as mobile
cloud computing and fog computing, two technologies that are based on edge
processing.

6.4.3 Monitoring and Sensing

While monitoring and detection technologies have made enormous strides, they
continue to evolve, focusing in particular on energy efficiency and shape. It is com-
mon for sensors and tags to be on all the time to collect vital data, making this fea-
ture necessary for energy management. Progress in nano-/biotechnologies and
miniaturization have permitted the development of actuators and sensors at the
nanoscale at the same time.

6.4.4 M2M (Machine-to-Machine) Communication

and Communication Protocols

IoT-oriented communication protocols such as Constrained Application Protocol

(CoAP) and message queuing despite the existence of telemetry transport (MQTT),
there has yet to be a standard for a completely open. It is true that all items require
connectivity, but that does not mean that all objects must be web-capable, because
some objects only require the ability to place their data. Lora, IEEE 802.15.4, and
Bluetooth are also choices for acceptable remote technologies, while the availability
of these technologies is unclear.
106 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

6.4.5 Interoperability

Web interoperability has always been and will continue to be a vital goal because
the first prerequisite in Internet connectivity necessitates that “connected” frame-
works can “speak the same language” in terms of encodings and protocols. As of
right now, various companies employ several standards to support their applica-
tions. This is due to the sheer volume of data and the variety of different devices,
using standard interfaces in such a variety of substances is highly significant, and
much more so for applications that support cross-organizational, in addition to tra-
ditional applications. Because of this, IoT frameworks are being redesigned to sup-
port far higher degrees of interconnectivity than before.

6.5 Related Work

Kadar Muhammad Masum et al. [25] proposed leveraging the IoT and data analyt-
ics to create a real-time TMS. Traffic density is measured using ultrasonic sensors.
Following an examination of the sensor data, the system controller uses a traffic
management algorithm to regulate traffic signal timing and transfers data to a cloud
server via a Wi-Fi module. Using the proposed method, traffic congestion at the
crossing can be predicted ahead of time. To allow an emergency vehicle to proceed
through a junction with a long signal time, the emergency vehicle must be identi-
fied. A car that violates a traffic signal can be identified, and a fine is levied, which
is paid via the Traffic Wallet smartphone app. As a result of this work, a system that
is low cost, easy to install, as well as easy to maintain has been presented.
Sarab et al. [26] proposed a system paradigm based on IoT for collecting, analyz-
ing, and storing real-time traffic data. Traffic monitoring in real-time with this tech-
nology sends traffic information to drivers via roadside messaging devices.
Authorities can also send notifications to the corresponding messaging units about
VIP visits or medical emergencies or accidents, which will assist the people to make
informed decisions and save time on the roadways. Magnetic sensor nodes are used
to capture real-time vehicle data in the proposed system. Most likely, the technology
will be considered for inclusion in any smart city endeavor, in the form of an intel-
ligent university campus or other intelligent closed facilities.
IoT systems for traffic management were promoted by Chong et  al. [27].
Microsoft Azure IoT cloud server with Intel Edison monitors real-time traffic flow.
As traffic increases, the cloud server assigns priority to each road-bound. Greenlight
phase time (GLPT) is determined using the dynamic approach in MATLAB. The
line length and waiting time at a traffic intersection is reduced by 68 and 67 percent,
respectively, when using dynamic cycle TLS.  According to simulation data, for
each road bound for dynamic cycle TLS, the queue length and waiting time are
significantly reduced when compared to fixed cycle TLS. Currently, traffic cops are
on duty in the morning and evening rush hours. E, S, N, and W are the four route
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 107

directions with a maximum backlog length of 75 vehicles. The use of the Microsoft
Azure IoT cloud server significantly increased TLS security. As long as this tech-
nology is installed at every road crossing in urban areas, traffic congestion can be
alleviated to some extent.
Using light intensity, Saifuzzaman et al. [28] developed an intelligent lighting
control system that can determine judgments (ON/OFF/DIM). To distinguish
between day and night modes, set a specified infrared sensor which can be used to
regulate the street light, and the LDR sensor can be used in this scenario. Installing
solar cells for power is the most intriguing element of this project; however, if the
solar cells fail, then a secondary DC will take over. In addition to the autonomous
traffic signal maintenance, the complete system can be monitored through the
Internet by installing surveillance cameras. Effortless and economical components
are used to build a trustworthy intelligence system.
According to Al-Shammari et al. [29], a WSN gateway access element provides
an overlaying access channel between MTDs and EPS, as a traffic flow management
strategy. It distributes and organizes network resource sharing for MTC traffic flows
within the evolved packet system. It also addresses the influence and interaction of
application, service, and terminal device heterogeneity, as well as the related QoS
issues among them. By preventing network performance deterioration, this study
solves the issue of network resource depletion. Using simulation, the suggested traf-
fic flow management strategy beats the current traffic management policy, accord-
ing to the study. For example, the proposed model has a 99.45% decrease in packet
loss ratio (PLR) and a 99.89% decrease in packet end-to-end (E2E) delay as well as
a 99.21% decrease in packet delay variability, according to simulation results
(PDV). Because of this, it was established that the proposed policy for managing
HTCs and MTCs traffic flows inside the LTE-APro network infrastructure outper-
forms the current approach in terms of NQoS levels.
Using IR sensors, Rani et al. [30] developed an automated traffic control system.
The previous approach has a fundamental disadvantage in that it changes the traffic
controller in a clockwise direction, which does not account for traffic density. The
traffic density is calculated, and the timer display shifts dynamically. This signifi-
cant advantage eliminates the possibility of an “unwanted wait” for automobiles in
congested areas.
Das et  al. [31] provided an efficient algorithm that meets criteria such as low
cost, simple installation, and good traffic management. Measurement, control, and
traffic avoidance are all addressed by the suggested system, which meets all the
requirements.
Kadar Muhammad Masum et al. [25] advocated using IoT and data analytics to
construct a real-time TMS. Ultrasonic sensors are used to determine traffic density.
Following the analysis of sensor data, the system controller uses a traffic manage-
ment algorithm to regulate traffic signal timing and transfers data to a cloud server
via a Wi-Fi module. Using the proposed method, traffic congestion at the crossing
can be predicted ahead of time. To allow an emergency vehicle to proceed through
a junction with a long signal time, the emergency vehicle must be identified. A car
that violates a traffic signal can be identified, and a fine is levied, which is paid via
108 S. Bansal and A. Gupta

the Traffic Wallet smartphone app. As a result of this work, a system that is low cost,
easy to install, as well as easy to maintain has been presented.
Mostafa et al. [32], heavy loads without having to transfer to a higher layer or
cloud distant from the edge, minimizing network traffic and latency, on horizontal
offloading in FC.
Internet of Things (IoT) initiatives for demand- and supply-side mechanisms
were implemented in Vietnam, according to Le et al. [33]. The authors advised a
BMC output for emerging economies to adopt an integrated global value chain ver-
tical integration strategy and improve IoT-based competitive advantages.

6.6 Limitations

As exciting as IoT and big data are for smart traffic management and solutions, they
are not without their drawbacks as well.
(i) With the introduction of IoT technology, modern cities already face infrastruc-
ture issues such as road design, zoning, and other construction-related hurdles.
(ii) As a result of the high-speed data transfer required by these advanced high-­
tech solutions, they can only be used in cities with good Internet access [34].
In the event this connectivity is broken for any reason, the entire smart city
might come crashing down.
(iii) Thirdly, the increased number of devices that may connect to the central net-
work means that hackers have more opportunities to launch malicious attacks
on the central network [35]. It will be necessary to add a layer of protection on
top of the standard one to establish a hacker-proof smart traffic solution.
Privacy must be safeguarded, which means both politicians and technologists
must be involved.

6.7 Summary

Data is essential in every field of work in today’s age of new technology. IoT has
proven its worth in vehicle maintenance, navigation, and monitoring, resulting in
better mobility. Despite significant developments, the signals are still managed
manually by humans in the hub. People encounter traffic congestion, particularly in
downtown regions. The wide variety of motors on the street has risen dramatically
in current years. Congestion is a rising issue that everyone faces daily. Manual site
visitor management via site visitor law enforcement authorities is no longer proven
to be effective. A version is intended to effectively resolve the aforementioned
issues through the use of the Internet of Things.
This paper examines the limitations of conventional traffic management systems,
as well as smart traffic control structures used in a few cities. RFID and big data
6  IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System 109

analytics can help you achieve your goals, as well as IoT, and an effective frame-
work is proposed. The proposed system’s architecture and functionalities are
defined, as well as how supervised learning was used to decide traffic management
attributes. When introduced, this advanced device would significantly reduce traffic
congestion in major cities while also improving vehicle protection. Cars increase on
the road as people move from rural to urban locations. It places strain on transporta-
tion infrastructure, particularly traffic management practices in cities and towns
throughout the metropolitan area.
Moreover, in this work, the difficulties which happen while executing the IoT
framework were clarified. As a feature of our future work, we intend to overview the
various answers for existing issues and proposals to moderate a few difficulties of
IoT and keen urban communities.

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Chapter 7
A Survey and Challenges: Embedded
System on IoT

P. Venkateshwari and Suresh Subramaniam

7.1 Introduction

Individual organizations are encouraged to set up their system. That system should
be able to retain the data before its memory fades away [1]. The system which could
retain the data is called as Internet of Things, which has become a platform for the
transmission of the data nowadays. Internet of Things is the name first termed by
Kevin Ashton in 1999 [2]. It deals with the history of information to make any deci-
sion related to the dedicated application [1]. IoT is a quickly growing technology
and it brings more security problems. Internet of Things connects billions of devices
for data collection and sharing of those data [3–6]. But at the same time, it puts
highly sensitive data at risk [7]. According to the statistical record, it seems that the
number of connected objects increases to 75.44 billion in the year 2025 [8] and the
estimated economic growth due to the impact of IoT increases to 6.2 trillion by the
year 2025. IoT is a device that has a unique identification and connects to the
Internet [9]. Forbes has estimated that 2.5 quintillion amounts of data are produced
each day by people, machines, and things.
IoT has an impact on many applications like smart home, smart wearable, smart
city, smart farming, smart agriculture, industry automation, health care, etc. Smart
wearables are classified into four types based on their applications like health, sport,
tracking, and safety [10]. There are several IoT applications out of which require
very short response time to accomplish, some need private information from other
sources and some require a larger amount of data which could lead to a heavy load

P. Venkateshwari (*)
ECE Department, GB Pant DSEU Okhla-I Campus, New Delhi, India
S. Subramaniam
Skarduino Labs, Chennai, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 113
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_7
114 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

of a system and it takes longer time for processing [11]. Nowadays based on the
application domain, application-specific IoTs (ASIoTs) are designed. The ASIC is
used to design different applications because each application requires different
design parameters. ASIoT is an emerging research area and it works on different
applications like Underwater Things, Medical Things, Battlefield Things, Waste
Things, Nano Things, Animal Things, and Mobile Things [12].
IoT technology offers many opportunities. Multiple communication standards,
messaging protocols, security algorithms, computation technologies, sensors, and
devices for IoT are under development. Communication standards are classified
into short-range and long-range. Short-range communication standards are BLE,
WiFi, Zigbee, RFID, Z-Wave, etc. Long-range communication standards are Sigfox,
LoRa, GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, satellite communication, NB-IoT, etc. IoT applications
use different messaging protocols like MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQP, HTTP, and
CoAP. Various security algorithms for IoT applications are Blockchain, DES, AES,
RSA, Twofish, Triple data encryption standard, etc. IoT uses computation technolo-
gies such as edge, fog, mist, and clouds to store and process the data. The types of
sensors used for IoT applications are temperature, position, motion, pressure, prox-
imity, chemical, humidity, moisture, etc. [13]. The different vendor processors used
in IoT are ARM, Intel, Altium, Atmel, Silicon Labs, Texas Instruments, Samsung,
NVIDIA, etc.
The most primary requirements of IoT are computation and communication
standards. The resources of IoT should be utilized efficiently otherwise it causes
resource constraint issues in handling applications. There are many constraints in
IoT devices like interoperability, heterogeneity, robustness, energy efficiency, and
other issues like data and device management. Quality of service parameters need
to be considered and privacy and security. This paper deliberates about the system
architectural comparison, interrupts, task execution, scheduling, switching tasks
and latency, prioritization of tasks, real-time tasks, real-time operating system, mul-
titasking, sensors, actuators, memory footprints, and communication standards.

7.1.1 Comparison of Survey Papers

There are several survey papers published in this area that covers the various char-
acteristics and technical parts of an IoT. F. John [10] discussed the various wearable
devices and their classification based on the type of application. The author has also
discussed wearable challenges and issues. Narasimha Swamy [14] discussed the
various communication standards, functional pillars of IoT, various privacy and
security issues, three- and five-layered architecture and also the emerging applica-
tions and classifications. K. K. Goyal [15] discussed the five-layered architecture
and four main technologies used for communication like RFID, NFC, M to M, and
V to V and also its applications and challenges are discussed in the work. Mohammed
El-hajji [16] discussed the generic IoT architecture and the issues and requirements
of each and every layer in the IoT architecture. Hamdan Hejazi [17] provided a
detailed survey of the components of an IoT platform necessary for all kinds of
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 115

applications. Routh et al. [18] proposed technology challenges of IoT and also ana-
lyzed several survey papers from a business point of view and also analyzed the
various social limitations in which IoT lags. Liya et al. [19] focused on single com-
munication technology over IoT, i.e., LoRaWAN.  Rafique et  al. [20] focused on
software-defined networks and edge computing to solve the complex IoT manage-
ment. Subbarao et al. [21] proposed a green campus and intelligent campus by sur-
veying several papers on smart campus systems using IoT and also discussed the
working model of a proposed system. Dhanalaxmi et al. [22] focused on the system
of IoT and discussed the DMA controller in IoT. Dhanalaxmi et al. [23] discussed
the network management protocols and their challenges. IoT devices management
and its taxonomy are discussed in their work. Datta et al. [24] provided a simple
survey on IoT architecture, protocols, SMART IoT-based applications, and security
policies.

7.1.2 Motivation

IoT applications and devices made up of IoT are increasing day by day. In most of
the literature, the authors described the various strands of IoT. However, none of the
works described the IoT system design in deep. Therefore, more attention to be
imparted in the system design concepts. Hence, this survey provides a detailed
study of a system in IoT.

7.1.3 Contribution

The IoT-based smart devices are used in various applications and it provides a lot of
research opportunities. But, still, many of the research works did not address the
current issues and developments. This paper provides the levels in architecture,
communication standards, computations, scheduling, and RTOS. In summary, this
paper aims:
• To review the IoT architectures and examines the relationship of each layer with
IoT device
• To analyze the various communication standards and application layers in IoT
• To review the computing standards like edge, fog, mist, cloudlet, and cloud
• To analyze the different OS for IoT
• To analyze the various scheduling methods of IoT
The other remaining parts of this paper are organized as follows. Section 7.2
provides the architectural design of IoT. Section 7.3 provides the task scheduling
policies of an IoT. Section 7.4 provides computing methods of an IoT. Section 7.5
describes the processors. Section 7.6 describes the RTOS of an IoT.  Section 7.7
describes the issues and future directions. Finally, Sect. 7.8 is concluding the
remarks of this article.
116 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

7.2 Architecture of IoT

Architecture is generally called an organization of the system. It presents the

abstraction of any technology to be implemented [25]. The most commonly used
architectures are three-layered and five-layered [26, 27]. IoT follows different kinds
of an approach like machine-to-machine- and human-to-machine-based connectiv-
ity for heterogeneous types of machines to support a variety of applications.
IoT-embedded node consists of devices, firmware, middleware, and application
software.
Devices: Devices are processors or system on chip that captures the data, process
the data, and sends and receive the data from interfacings. Devices may be used
for any kind of application, even for smaller to large-scale industrial applica-
tions. IoT devices can be resized according to the requirements, and its size may
vary from microlevel to megalevel. IoT devices are connected with sensors and
actuators. These IoT devices can be controlled manually by a human controller
or automatic controller by doing the program on the SoC [28, 29].
Firmware: It is a kind of software that provides low-level control on a special type
of hardware designed for an application. This software should be located in the
OS kernel to operate the low-level hardware. Firmware is most often used in
memory hardware. Firmware contains a fixed code to control and monitor a spe-
cial type of hardware. It always serves for a single purpose application. Firmware
is used in routers, switches, and firewalls. Commonly used firmware are
LibreCMC, openwrt, IPFire, etc. [30].
Middleware: It is a kind of software that supports multiple applications and hard-
ware to function. It provides connectivity between multiple devices in the distrib-
uted network. Middleware comes along with the operating system to provide
communication between hardware. Middleware is a mediator between the appli-
cation and the database. Different types of middleware are available like data-
base middleware, transaction middleware, embedded middleware, content-centric
middleware, and portals. It works in the application layer of the network model.
There are different middleware packages based on the different platforms and
languages. Middleware is just like a library file added in the OS to serve the
application [31].
Application software: The application software is mainly to support the consumers
and end-users to meet their needs. The main objective of the application software
is to collect the data from the connected sensors, preprocess the data, and extract
the required information from the preprocessed data. Finally, the processed data
is given as an input to the hardware and the actuator responds as per the
given input.
Three-layered architecture: It is the most basic and reference architecture model. It
consists of three layers like perception, network, and application layer (Fig. 7.1).
The perception layer is a physical layer used to connect and collect data from the
connected end-node sensor devices. The network layer is acting as a bridge
between the perception and application layer. It helps in transmitting data to the
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 117

Fig. 7.1  IoT-layered architecture. (a) Three-layered architecture. (b) Five-layered architecture. (c)
Twelve-layered architecture

application layer. This layer is responsible for storing and processing the data
with middleware support. The application layer is the layer responsible for deliv-
ering the data in the application-specific user format [32–35].
Five-layered architecture: Five-layered architecture is consisting of business, appli-
cation, service management, transport, and application layers [32–35]. The busi-
ness layer is used to build business-oriented models, graphs, and flow charts.
This layer is specifically used to analyze the data received from the application
layer. The service management layer is also called a processing layer. This layer
provides services in storing, processing, and analyzing the data. The transport
layer works the same as a network layer in three-layered architecture (Fig. 7.1).
Twelve-layered architecture: This architecture is more focused on the cloud envi-
ronment [36]. Layers are classified based on their syntactic and semantic analy-
sis to understand the functionalities of each layer [37]. Layer 1 (physical layer)
is used to connect sensors required for the application, connect all the hardware,
and help to build an IoT structure for an application. Layer 2 (virtualization tech-
nologies) is used to virtualize the connected devices using the technologies inter-
connected with the architecture. Layer 3 (virtualization infrastructure) is used to
instantiate the virtual objects. Layer 4 (interconnection) is used to interconnect
the devices by using short-range communication standards. Layer 5 (access
layer) is used to access the gateways, routers, and switches. Layer 6 (network
layer) is used to store and process the data in the server. Layer 7 (middleware
layer) is an application peripheral interface layer used to provide interoperability
between the network and the service providing layer. It manages the services for
storing, processing, and analyzing the data. Layer 8 (business layer) is used to
118 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

build a business model for the end-user. Layer 9 (cloud layer) is used to store,
process, and analyze the data fed in the cloud. This layer is also called as data
center. Layer 10 (application layer) is used to deliver the data to the platform
accessed through a specific application by the end-user. Layer 11 (application
virtualization) is used to virtualize the application. Layer 12 (access, manage-
ment, and security) is used to provide access to the applications (Fig. 7.1).

7.3 Scheduling of IoT

Real-time systems function not only depends on their correct result but also on their
response time. The real-time embedded system computes the results and meets its
requirements within the specified time limit. To accomplish the requirements within
the given time limit, the system divides its process into several tasks and schedules
these tasks in such order to execute within the given time frame. The real-time task
should be completed within a given time frame otherwise it misses its deadline,
which causes partial function or complete failure of the system [38, 39]. There are
many different sensors used for different applications of IoT. Many sensor devices
are utilized in real-world applications. Most of the control system includes periodic
and nonperiodic tasks. Periodic tasks work with respect to time. The periodic task
activation rate always depends on the state variable of an application. If this activa-
tion rate increase causes the system utilization factor to increase beyond the limit.
An increase in system utilization factor beyond the limit is called an overload condi-
tion. The overload condition makes the control system to malfunction. To reduce the
overload condition, delays can be introduced but it generates a functionality loss of
a system [40]. So better scheduling can reduce overload and offload conditions.
Rate adaptive task: Giorgio C. Buttazzo proposed the rate-adaptive task method
[41]. This method adjusts the rate of activities by itself. In this paper, the RAT
method is used to control the speed of the engine. The engine operates at differ-
ent speed intervals for different levels of functionality. These scheduling method
results are derived from the EDF method, and it works for both steady-state and
dynamic conditions.
The CPU utilization to handle ‘n’ number of tasks in steady-state condition is
given by

 (ωiCi (ωi ) ) 
Ui∗ = max  
ωi Ωi
 2π  (7.1)

where U is the utilization factor, ω is related to angular velocity, C is the execution
time, and Ω is the switching speed with respect to ω.
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 119

The worst-case utilization to handle dynamic changes is

 α Ci ( ω ) 
Ui∗ (α ) = max  
ωi Ωi
 ω 2 + 2α∆θ − ω 
(7.2)
where α is the acceleration and θ is the rotation angle.
The minimum switching time between tasks is

2 ∆θ Ci( ) / Uid
k
Ti ( ) =
k

( )
2
2 ∆θ − α Cik / Uid
(7.3)
where U is the maximum task utilization factor.
i
d

RMS Scheduling with Rhythmic Tasks

Junsung Kim proposed a new task model called the rhythmic task model for analyz-
ing and understanding the task based on its physical events. Rhythmic tasks response
time is analyzed for three different engine conditions like constant speed, accelerat-
ing, and decelerating the speed. The rhythmic task is classified into three categories
based on the worst-case execution time as constant computation, constant utiliza-
tion, and general computation rhythmic tasks [42].
The maximum value of worst-case execution time of one rhythmic and one peri-
odic task is

T2 − C2
C1∗ =
T2
T1∗
(7.4)
∗ ∗
where C and T is a rhythmic task and C2T2 is a periodic task.
1 1
The positive acceleration is an event from the scheduler’s perspective, where α is
the rate of a period of a task. fc∗ is a function that returns the computation time of
different cases such as constant computation, constant utilization, and general com-
putation. n ap is the number of preemption which periodic tasks experience in
decreasing the time of a rhythmic task.

n ap − 2 n ap − 2

∑ { ( )} fc∗ T1∗,i + C2 ≤ ∑T 1
∗. i

i =0 i =0 (7.5)
The negative acceleration is an event of an engine to decelerate the speed. n dp is the
number of preemption which periodic tasks experience in increasing the time of a
rhythmic task.
120 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

n dp − 2 n dp − 2

∑ { f (T )} + C ≤ ∑T
c
∗
1
∗,i
2 1
∗. i

i =0 i =0 (7.6)

EDF Scheduling
In EDF the priority of the task is based on its deadline. If any task has the earliest
deadline, then those tasks will be scheduled first. EDF algorithm works for the peri-
odic tasks. But the IEDF (improved earliest deadline first) tasks are nonperiodic in
nature [43], and their priority depends on static priority, deadline, and execution
time together.
Least Laxity Scheduling
The least laxity tasks are executed at any time in a given time frame. It is a dynamic
priority-based algorithm. The laxity means the urgency of a task.

L (i ) = D (i ) − C (i )
(7.7)
where L is the laxity, D means deadline of task i, and C is the computation time
of task i.
A task with zero laxity is executed first and any task with a negative laxity value
is stopped due to deadline miss. The least laxity algorithm changes the priority of
the job at any time [44].
The least laxity first algorithm works optimal for the uniprocessor system and it
outperforms in multiprocessor jobs with fixed priorities. LLF causes more context
switching if more than one job has the same laxity. This problem is overcome by
using the MLLF algorithm, and if more than one job has the same laxity, it uses
priority inversion to avoid context switching time [45].
EDZL Scheduling
The LCPS system has enough computation power to handle all real-world data
received from sensor devices. Tseng-Yi Chen proposed an early deadline first until
zero laxity scheduling algorithm to ensure the sensor jobs reduce the deadline miss
in the LCPS system. EDZL method works better than the EDF method. Earliest
deadline first is the scheduling algorithm, which cares for and handles the deadline
miss operation. In EDZL the urgent task is serviced first than the normal task. If
there is any positive laxity or zero laxity, it preempts the current task in a system. If
J jobs in a m process unit miss their deadline, then zero laxity scheduling will be
applied. The system services m  +  1 jobs at some time before the time t. EDZL
schedule uses priority promotion. If a greater number of jobs have higher priority
than other jobs, those jobs are scheduled as priority promotion [46].
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 121

7.4 Computing Methods

IoT offers different types of computing technologies like end node, mist or edge,
fog, and cloud computing. End nodes are sensors and signal conditioning circuits,
and these are deployed in massive numbers to capture various physical parameters
of the environment. End nodes have sensed raw data. These end nodes are further
connected to an edge node. The edge node is also called a mist node. Edge node is
comprised of processors or an embedded device. This embedded device will process
the sensed raw data. To communicate processed data to a router, bridge, hubs, or
gateway, the edge is connected to a fog node. A fog node is a device that provides
long-range communication. The computing resource is available in between data
source and cloud. Cloud computing is used for larger storage of data. The service
cost needs to be paid to the service providers. Cloud computing is an on-demand
delivery of data.
End nodes: It is generally a sensor; signal conditioning devices are connected to
collect various physical parameters measurement of the environment. These end
nodes are gas input to the edge nodes for further computation.
Edge computing: End nodes are grouped connected to an edge node. Edge node
serves as the head of that group. It preprocesses the data before transmitting. It
processes the data directly from the connected devices in a faster manner. IoT
devices determine where to store data either locally or in a cloud. Edge comput-
ing supports all real-time analytics and it helps in optimizing performance. Edge
computing is having interoperability issues and it is incompatible to serve cloud-­
based services. And also, the edge computing devices never support resource
pooling.
Mist computing: It uses sensors and microcontrollers for collecting and processing
the data respectively. Mist computing architecture uses microcomputers and
microcontrollers to transfer their data to the cloud for storage and further pro-
cessing. It uses microcontrollers to make decisions locally. It helps in saving
bandwidth and battery power by transferring the data to the cloud. It uses a data
access layer to ensure the safety and security of the data at the local host level.
This kind of computing is used for limited applications not suited for high-end
processing [47].
Fog computing: This is an architecture used for data storage. Any device which is
capable of computing, storage, and network connectivity can use this method.
This method is used in routers, switches, gateways, and cloud services. This
method is used for real-time data analytics to store the data in the cloud. It has a
low latency to compute and process the data. It can process larger data compared
with the above computing methods. The disadvantage of this method is that it
uses multiple links to transfer data from the physical layer.
Cloud computing: This architecture is mainly for sharing the resource pool. It pro-
vides five main types of cloud services like a service provider, consumer, broker
or agent, carrier, and auditor. The cloud service provider is used to provide a
cloud service for the interested groups. A consumer is a unit that is used to
122 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

p­ rovide business-related services. A broker or agent is a unit that acts as a media-

tor between service providers and consumers. A cloud carrier is a unit that acts
as an intermediate in proving connectivity and delivery of cloud-based ser-
vices [48].

7.5 Processor

The processor is a component required for computing the received inputs and takes
decisions according to the results. Processors are used in various applications for
processing variants of data. Most of the IoT devices are from 8/16/31 bit processors
like Arduino, ARM, PIC, and Intel Galileo. There are several criteria’s need to be
checked before designing any system like power utilization, device performance,
integrability, time to market, and cost [49].
Tables 7.1 and 7.2 indicate the reasons for selecting a lower DSP and commonly
used controllers used in IoT respectively.

7.6 IoT Platforms

The OS is the most essential part of any IoT device, which acts as an interface to
connect the physical world with the user applications. The kernel is the main core of
the OS and it is a central part of a system. The kernel permits to access the resources
in the system. System shell can be used to access the kernel for granting the resources
to perform any task. Software utility takes care of the system software like assem-
bler, compilers, and code debuggers. Some of the low-powered devices’ IoT OS are
discussed.

Table 7.1  Reasons for selecting a lower DSP

Power Performance Integrability Market on Cost
Processor rating rating rating time rating rating
ARM and DSP (for performing 5 3.5 3.5 5 3.5
floating-point operations)
ARM and DSP (for fixed-point 5 3.5 3.5 3.5 5
applications
ARM+audio coprocessor 5 2 3.5 5 3.5
ARM only 3.5 2 2 3.5 3.5
High-performance DSP (fixed 5 3.5 2 3.5 5
point operations)
Low-power DSP+coprocessor 5 2 5 3.5 3.5
High performance 3.5 5 5 3.5 2
ARM+DSP+coprocessors
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 123

Table 7.2  Popular controllers used in IoT

Controller type Architecture based on RAM on ROM
Device name (bits) compiler chip on-chip
Arduino REV3 8 AVR enhanced RISC 2KiB 32KiB
PIC32MM0256GPM064 32 RISC 16KiB 64KiB
MSP430F5438A 16 RISC 16KIB 256KiB
CC2640 32 RISC (ARM Cortex-M 20KIB 128KiB
series)
Raspberry Pi Zero 32 RISC 512MiB Variable in
size

Fig. 7.2  According to the StatCounter data released about the operating system market share
worldwide

Contiki Os is more or less like windows and Linux. This OS is used in building
up a highly complex wireless system. This OS supports network simulator Cooja,
which is used to create, analyze, and test the network scenario. Figure 7.2 shows
that the android OS is used 40% than the other OS.  Network memory can be
accessed for storing and processing the data. This OS is used most of the smart
device-based applications to operate the system remotely. Its configuration has 2KB
RAM and 40KB ROM [48]. FreeRTOS is a freely available OS.  This real-time
operating system is used for microcontrollers to make an edge computing device
operating at low power for any applications. This OS is used to connect all the
devices using the cloud. The most used cloud services are AW IoT and AWS IoT
Greengrass to store the message, process the message, and route the message over
trillions of devices connected across. It needs 6-15 Kb memory to run an OS in a
microcontroller. It has limited computing power and memory capacity [50, 51].
RIOT requires less memory space and it handles the architecture with 8 to 32 bit
wide instructions [52]. It has a low-level address space management, task manage-
ment, and resource management. Tiny OS is a component-based OS. If the devices
are similar in the sense, tiny OS programs can be reused on the other devices. It is
mainly used in a small sensor-based network [53]. The size of the OS is around
400B. Windows 10 IoT is a part of Microsoft Windows 10 OS. OpenWrt is another
124 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

Table 7.3  Popular OS for IoT devices

OS Type Application coding language Usage
Contiki Open-­ C codes Network memory is used
source in constrained devices
FreeRTOS Open-­ Mostly C codes and certain functions Tiny memory to support
source are architecture-specific scheduler edge devices
RIOT Open-­ C and C++ It supports multithread
source programming
TinyOS Open-­ nesC, optimized c code to run on Portable to operate in
source sensor networks with limited similar devices
memory
Micropython Open-­ Devices largely compatible with It is in rapid development
source python 3
Windows Proprietary C# and VB It is used for heavy-duty
10IoT industrial applications
OpenWrt Open-­ Lua Programming It used in routers devices
source
Embedded Open-­ Linux kernel Versatile to operate in
Linux source various devices
X86, ARM, and Power PC

open-source type of Linux OS. It is mainly used in routing components and switches
to transfer the data securely over a network. Micropython is very compact. Python
coding is used in microcontrollers. It is built up with the combination of low-level
C/C++ and faster-level python programming. Embedded Linux is specially built for
embedded devices and it is a Linux Kernel variant. It runs on high-end processors
like the cortex-A series.
Table 7.3 shows the famous operating systems for IoT devices.

7.7 Issues and Future Directions

In earlier discussions, a brief study is made on IoT architecture, scheduling algo-

rithms, computation, and IoT platforms.
IoT Architecture
IoT architecture is not having any standard form; it varies with the applications,
computation, security, firmware, middleware architectures, etc. Practically all the
applications would not follow the same architecture. So, integration is not possible
in IoT. IoT applications are increasing year by year and these devices are having
high mobility. Mobility-based architectures need to be designed. That architecture
should address the power constraints and the infrastructure constraint when it oper-
ates in several modes like ideal, sleep, awake, block mode, etc. The middleware
security policy should be improved to provide real-time secure services in privi-
leged applications like health care, military application, disaster management sys-
tem, etc.
7  A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT 125

Scheduling Methods
Scheduling algorithms developed for any basic OS are not applicable for real-time
applications. RTOS uses the preemptive scheduling algorithm; it preempts the
resource forcefully from the running process and handover it to a high priority pro-
cess. Because of this preemption, sometimes the high-priority task may not execute
on time and the low priority task may wait for a longer period. So the primary con-
cern is that designing a context-aware scheduling algorithm and its compatible OS
should be developed. Based on the type of application, suitable scheduling algo-
rithm should be chosen and operated by the system itself
Computing Paradigms
Edge computing depends on the edge node. Edge node provides quick response, fast
data analytics, highly intelligent, and most secured [54, 55]. Nowadays, deep learn-
ing, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and soft computing are used in IoT
applications. DL, ML, and AI algorithms are complex and time-consuming, and it
will consume more energy to execute the code in IoT. So, these algorithms should
be designed in such a manner as to improve energy efficiency and reduce computa-
tion time. Edge computing should support various features like computation time,
mobility, scheduling, resource utilization, and scalability because it works on the
edge node. Edge nodes are nothing but the embedded system; embedded system has
all these characteristics. Fog, mist, and cloud are depending on the server; if the
server faces any downtime issues, security issues, and limited control over any ser-
vices, then this computing suffers a lot and takes much time to respond.
IoT Platforms
A wide range of OS is available like Linux, Ecos, FreeRTOS, CosCox, Rocket OS,
QNX, VxWorks, safe RTOS, Tiny OS, RIOT, Contiki OS, Lite OS, Ubuntu, Android,
etc. IoT protocols should also be added to the OS like DDS, WebSocket, AMQP, etc.
Interoperability issue is there to integrate multiple applications carrying different
OS. As per the IEEE spectrum report, the most commonly used programming lan-
guages are Python, Java, C, C++, Javascript, C#, R, SQL, etc. The prime concern is
to develop an RTOS compatible with all these languages.

7.8 Conclusion

In this work, the basic understanding of IoT and the embedded system is discussed.
The architecture of IoT is discussed in the next section and later its issues are also
addressed. Then various scheduling algorithms are discussed and its challenges are
also addressed. Next computing paradigms are discussed and each computing is
explained in a detailed manner. Edge computing issues are also addressed. If
edge computing issues are resolved, then it will be useful for developing better IoT. The
characteristics of an embedded system and IoT are the same [56]. So embedded
system plays a major role or pivotal role in IoT.
126 P. Venkateshwari and S. Subramaniam

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Chapter 8
Integration of Big Data and IoT
in the Modern Era

Ashwani Kumar, Deena Nath Gupta, and Rajendra Kumar

8.1 Introduction

IoT has emerged as a result of technological innovations and rapid integration of

wireless communication, digital signal, and micro-electromechanical processes
(MEMPs) technology. The number of items linked to the Internet has surpassed the
total number of people on the planet. IoT is made up of Internet-connected objects
such as PCs, cell phones, tablets, WiFi-enabled gadgets, smartwatches, and domes-
tic appliances [1, 2]. The majority of IoT apps do not just monitor discrete occur-
rences; they also mine the data collected by IoT objects. In the IoT world, the
majority of data gathering instruments are sensor-equipped devices that require spe-
cific protocols, such as MQTT (message queuing telemetry transport) and a data
distribution platform. Because sensors are employed in practically every industry,
the IoT is expected to generate a massive amount of data. The data received from the
sensors can be utilized to identify possible study trends and investigate the conse-
quences of certain events or decisions. Different analytical tools are used to evaluate
this data [3, 4].
Although IoT has generated new prospects for increasing income, lowering
expenses, and improving efficiencies, simply collecting a large volume of data is
insufficient. To reap the benefits of the Internet of Things, businesses must develop
a platform that allows them to gather, manage, and analyze a large volume of sensor
information in a modular and valuable manner. In this environment, having a big
technology platform that can help with ingesting and reading a variety of data

A. Kumar
UCER, Greater Noida, India
D. N. Gupta (*) · R. Kumar
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 131
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_8
132 A. Kumar et al.

sources as well as speeding up the data collaboration is critical. Organizations may

use connectivity and analytics to transform their business processes. These busi-
nesses can employ data analytics solutions to turn a large amount of sensor-­collected
data into insights that help. This related matter focuses on current improvements in
advanced analytics management in the IoT paradigm, given the intersecting existing
research in these domains [5–7].
Information management and smart sensors are the major parts of this linked
subject. The analytics are done in real-time so that they may be used to monitor the
level of oxygen, fumes, gases, and brightness in various regions of the smart cities.
The issue is handled in the Cloudera Hadoop package, with PySpark being used for
analytics. The findings indicate that the subject can be used for IoT-enabled big data
and analytics. This topic is tailored to smart buildings, but it should be broadened to
include other IoT applications such as smart cities and smart airplanes. The indus-
trial advanced analytics system incorporates numerous data processing components
in the form of reconfigurable and convertible modules to fulfil varied business
needs. This chapter discusses how to handle business informatics using sensors,
locations, and unstructured data for knowledge discovery. IoT devices and sensors
are used to collect real-time traffic data. Low-cost vehicle detection sensors are
implanted in the middle of the road over a distance of about 1000 meters. The data
is subsequently delivered to analytics systems, which assess traffic density and pro-
pose solutions through advanced analytics [8].
In an IoT-based, interactive contextual setting, this technology allows for distrib-
uted information processing and transmission. This subject brings together physi-
cally dispersed data by giving end-users virtual data perspectives through predefined
interfaces. Several interfaces are made up of several operations and data sets. By
bringing processing closer to the data generators in the edge network, Firework
hopes to reduce data access latency. Numerous stakeholders must enroll their data
sets and accompanying functions, which are structured as data views, in a Firework
instance. All members in the same platform instance have access to these content
views, allowing them to combine multiple data sets. Climate and water levels,
vehicular communication sensors, security objects, intelligent home sensors, and
parking space sensors are among the sensors used to collect data. In a real-world
setting, a system design is executed utilizing MapReduce, an existing technology [9].
Data generation, data collection, data merging, data categorization, data prepara-
tion, and decision-making are all steps in the system implementation. Energy over
Hadoop is used to process large amounts of data quickly. To construct a smart city
as a software process, smart systems are used as sources of national data. This case
emphasizes the importance of open data and norms, including gateways and inter-
faces, for IoT-based systems to permit the following innovation while avoiding
manufacturer lock-in. Based on this concept, the matter will design and construct a
Green IoT platform that can be used anywhere in the globe to determine the benefits
of open systems and big data for smart city development. However, some procuring
rules for open information systems, such as uniform data formats and open applica-
tion software, must be developed [10].
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 133

Data gathering, extract-transform-load (ETL), semantic-rule processing, learn-

ing, and action are the five levels in this case. The framework’s data collection layer,
which accepts data from many sources, can be thought of as an input layer. Sensor
drivers are provided by the ETL layer to process signals obtained from various types
of sensors. The conceptual reasoning allows a reasoning engine to derive inferences
from data collected from the ETL layer’s resource analytic framework. The learning
layer takes numerous features of the data and turns them into device designs. They
concentrate on this architecture for hosting IoT cloud-based services to merge mod-
ern centralized network technologies to provide multi-tenant massive data process-
ing, enhanced querying techniques, multiprotocol connectivity, and software
solutions [11].
This research focuses on securing data and heterogeneous data transformation
from many sources. They emphasize the importance of establishing advanced data
discovery techniques as well as executing real-time processing and data handling.
They use statistical operators in the database management system engine to input
statistical operations into IoT-StatisticDB.  Combining these huge data sets with
electronic health records (EHR) and providing this data to specialists on a real-time
basis are both difficult tasks. They offer a sensor integration paradigm based on this
data, which suggests a cloud infrastructure platform that can provide a systematic
view of the EHR sensor system. Large volumes of data are processed in real-time
using Apache Kafka and Spark. Although monitoring patients’ health in real-time
can aid in the detection of emergency circumstances, this approach lacks a security
program [12]. They also look at the network that urban areas and big data have
generated. Some possible objects in an IoT environment are shown in Fig. 8.1.
Consider comparing the results of different machine learning methods, such as
k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machines (SVM),
and randomized forest, in another domain. The test findings demonstrate that among
all classifier models, the NB method has the lowest accuracy, while the randomized
forest approach has the best accuracy. They look at how different technologies like
advanced analytics may be employed in the smart world to obtain situation facts and
perform appropriate responses. They develop a gaming-based crowd sourcing
framework for completing certain control tasks by utilizing intelligence. They want
to find a good analytical solution that can handle the demands of processing and
evaluating massive amounts of data. Because of the reasonable efficiency of parallel
data analysis algorithms in an IoT setting, their qualitative examination yields inter-
esting results. Future research should focus on the challenges that prevent this para-
digm from being implemented in the context of fog computing. They detect, classify,
and define privacy issues from the perspective of data and analytics, as well as
expose potential problem areas [13, 14].
They enable things to react to the environment in an urban planning setting, low-
ering the cost of gathering data generated by mobile devices and gaining informa-
tion from data if the data is collected and analyzed in real-time. The lower tier is
responsible for data generation and utilization; the alternate tier 1 enables interac-
tion among sensors, relays, core networks, and the Web; the alternate tier 2 is
responsible for big data processing using the Hadoop framework; and the top tier is
134 A. Kumar et al.

TELEVISION ELECTRIC BULB

TOWER

MAN
AEROPLANE

MOBILE PHONE
HOME TRAIN

Fig. 8.1  Objects in an IoT environment

responsible for the information analysis techniques and production. According to

analysts, IoT deployment in the industrial industry has the potential to change older
methods into contemporary ones. Furthermore, such transformations result in a data
generation process that converts data sets into corporate massive data, which is ren-
dered meaningless in the absence of analytics capability. Adopting data science can
help businesses come up with new content strategies for dealing with competitive-
ness. The authors also investigate the current state of India’s energy projects and the
benefits that can be acquired through cloud applications and analytics [15, 16].
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 8.2 describes the archi-
tectural elements of an IoT environment. Detailed information about big data can be
found in Sect. 8.3. In Sect. 8.4, the authors discuss the processing of data in an IoT
environment. A large chunk of Sect. 8.5 is concerned with big data integration into
an IoT environment. In Sect. 8.6, the authors conclude their chapter.

8.2 IoT Architecture

Now, IoT can be used in many different ways. IoT applications operate in different
ways based on their structures. IoT does not have a defined system of global adapt-
ability yet. Its usefulness and applications in various industries are determined by its
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 135

architecture. Four layers of IoT architecture are presented in this chapter. Among
the layers are the perception layer, the network layer, the data processing layer, and
the application layer. Sensing devices, such as detectors, transducers, and transduc-
ers, make up the sensing layer. Data is taken in by these detectors or actuators
(physical properties), computed, and then transmitted. Data acquisition systems
(DAS) and WWW gateways make up the network layer. Data acquisition and trans-
formation are the responsibility of DAS.  A few examples include capturing and
integrating data, converting analog signals from sensors and sensors to digital sig-
nals, and so on [17–20].
Smart sensors are often connected to the Internet using advanced gateways,
which also provide fundamental gateway functions such as virus prevention and
filtering, judgments based on incoming data, and data case management. Among the
functional units of an IoT environment, the data processing layer is the most impor-
tant. Various evaluations and preprocessing are done before data is sent to the data
center. A software package called a business application retrieves information and
prepares the data for further processing. Thus, edge IT or edge analytics becomes
relevant. A cloud server is an information management system that continuously
collects and encrypts data to be made available to end-users through applications
like farming, aviation, and agriculture [21]. It is the application layer that handles
the functionality of these applications. IoT is depicted in Fig. 8.2 as architecture.

APPLICATION LAYER Smart Application and

Data Management

Process Information,
DATA PROCESSING LAYER Processing Unit, Data
Analysis

Data Transmission,
Networking Gateway,
NETWORK LAYER
Network Technology

Data Collection, Physical

SENSING LAYER data, Sensors and
Actuators

Fig. 8.2  The four layers of IoT architecture

136 A. Kumar et al.

8.2.1 Security Challenges in an IoT Environment

An IoT environment involves “things” that communicate with the Web without
human intervention. There is always a connection between these “things” from a
refrigerator sending an alert about meals inside to a car sending signals about oil
levels to a specialist. As a result, IoT ecosystems, from their makers to users, con-
tinue to experience many security issues. Readers will be exposed to some impor-
tant topics in this article.

8.2.1.1 Checking and Upgrading Are Inadequate

One of the major issues with these technology companies is that they are too sloppy
when it comes to dealing with security vulnerabilities related to devices. It appears
that the majority of these gadgets and IoT goods are not being changed enough, and
some are even getting no modifications at all. It means that a device that was previ-
ously considered to be secure when it was purchased becomes insecure over time,
leaving it vulnerable to attacks from cyberspace and other sources. Cyber-attacks
pose serious risks to corporations, so each device must be thoroughly tested before
being released to the public and updated periodically [22].

8.2.1.2 The Use of Brute-Force Attack and Preset Credentials

The makers of IoT devices should not default devices to administrator logins and/or
passcodes, as detailed in various declassified documents. In any case, these are only
suggestive measures at this point, and there are no legal sanctions in place to encour-
age producers to stop using this harmful strategy. Credential phishing and brute
force attacks in IoT systems are almost universal because weak passwords and login
data make them easy to target. Firms that use factory default settings for their
devices expose their enterprise and its properties, as well as their clients and their
sensitive information, to brute-force attacks [23, 24].

8.2.1.3 Malware for IoT Devices and Extortion

A conventional ransomware program securely encrypts files to prevent people from

accessing their computers and other devices. Interestingly, however, hybridized
spyware and extortion variants are being developed that attempt to combine the two
kinds of attacks. By reducing or blocking the functioning of devices, ransomware
attacks can collect user data as well as restrict or block device functions. Cameras
can then be blocked and films send to a corrupted website, which can use the ran-
somware access point to retrieve sensitive information and then seek compensation
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 137

so that the cameras and data can be unlocked. Future attack possibilities will become
increasingly unpredictable as the number of gadgets continues to expand [25].

8.2.1.4 Cryptocurrency-Focused IoT Botnets

Identities, credentials, and secret keys are already being retrieved by social engi-
neering. The hijacking of IP cameras and even video cameras is part of a cryptocur-
rency mining strategy. Breach of blockchains, IoT botnet mining, and data security
modifications represent a significant flood damaging the cryptocurrency market and
upending cryptocurrencies’ already unpredictable value and architecture. For block-
chain platforms and IoT applications based on blockchain technology to avoid
future security concerns, they should be tested, monitored, and maintained regu-
larly [26].

8.2.1.5 Considerations About Integrity and Confidentiality

IoT devices make up a wide range of devices used by large enterprises that con-
stantly capture, handle, keep, and process information, including smart TVs, ampli-
fying systems, lighting systems, linked printers, HVAC systems, and home
automation. The data and information relating to customers are frequently distrib-
uted to numerous companies and even sold to them, breaching customer privacy and
information security rights and leaving the public in fear. To achieve proper separa-
tion of IoT data payloads from personal information, it is necessary to establish
privacy guidelines to redact and anonymize confidential information before gather-
ing the data and trying to separate the data from payloads. Cached data that is no
longer necessary should be disposed of safely [27].

8.2.1.6 Small-Scale IoT Assaults That Go Undetected

Micro-breach attempts will almost certainly increase in the next few years, accord-
ing to the computer science community. As opposed to employing the largest weap-
ons, attackers are most likely to use smaller stealth attacks that are tiny enough just
to be able to allow data to trickle out instead of collecting thousands upon thousands
of records all at once [28].

8.2.1.7 Intelligence and Robotics

Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are already being used to sort through
large amounts of data, and in the future, they may assist IoT administrators and
network security personnel with enforcing data-specific policies and detecting
138 A. Kumar et al.

anomalous data and traffic patterns. Using independent infrastructure to ensure

independent decisions which impact millions of activities across large infrastruc-
tures like health care, power, and public transit, however, is unwise, especially when
users consider that just one small bug or one badly coded algorithm can bring the
entire architecture to a standstill. Usually, the bulk of the security solutions focuses
on two categories: shielding IoT devices from attacks and safeguarding the security
of user data [29].

8.2.1.8 Attack of the Home

Among the most frightening concerns that IoT could present is the possibility of a
domestic dispute. Several IoT devices have now been widely adopted for use in
homes and offices, leading to the development of building automation. Despite the
proliferation of IoT gadgets, their security is a major concern because they may
reveal the IP address of their user, which can be linked directly to her home address.
It would be easy for hackers to sell this vital information to underground websites
which are safe havens for criminal gangs. Furthermore, if she uses IoT devices in
her security systems, she runs the risk of them being hacked and her home compro-
mised [30].

8.2.1.9 Automobile Approach from the Distance

The idea of connected vehicles is beginning to become a reality with the help of IoT
devices. Despite its IoT capabilities, its connection makes it more vulnerable to car
thefts. The remote access feature of the smart automobile could be used by an
advanced hacker to take control of it. It is an extremely dangerous position as any-
one can use the vehicle, making the user vulnerable to deadly threats [31].

8.2.1.10 Information That Is Not Credible

Many IoT devices use the network without encrypting communications. Currently,
IoT security issues are one of the most significant threats facing the industry. The
time is now for all businesses to ensure that the cloud and their devices are encrypted
to the highest degree. The easiest approach to avoiding this issue is to utilize trans-
port protection and protocols such as TLS. It is also possible to use separate net-
works for different devices [32].
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 139

8.3 Big Data

Big data is a group of massive data that cannot be processed with typical computing
methods. It is no longer a single approach or tool; rather, it has evolved into a com-
prehensive subject encompassing a variety of tools, techniques, and contexts. The
data generated by various devices and systems is referred to as big data. Several of
the fields that fall within the big data category are social media data, stock exchange
data, power grid data, and transport data. As a result, big data encompasses a large
volume, velocity, and diverse range of data. There will be three different categories
in it, viz., structured data (relational data), unstructured data (word, PDF, text, media
logs), and semistructured data (XML data) [33].
Structured data is any data that can be maintained, retrieved, and analyzed in a
predetermined format. Over time, computer science talent has become more suc-
cessful in inventing approaches to working with such material (when the format is
fully understood in advance) and extracting value from it. However, we are already
anticipating problems when the bulk of such data expands to enormous proportions;
ranges of approximately are in the tens of terabytes of data. An example of struc-
tured data is given in Table 8.1.
Unstructured data is any data that has an undetermined shape or organization.
Unstructured data, in addition to its enormous bulk, faces several handling obstacles
in extracting value from it. A mixed data source including a mix of text-based files,
photos, videos, and other types of unstructured information is a good example.
Firms nowadays have a lot of data at their disposal, but they do not know how to
make a profit from it because the data is in its original form or unprocessed format.
An example of unstructured data is shown in Fig. 8.3.
Both types of data can be found in moderately data. Moderate data appears to be
structured, but it is not defined by a table specification in a relational database man-
agement system. A data set contained in an XML file is a form of semistructured
data. An example of semistructured data can be seen as personal data stored in an
XML file. For example, <rec><name>UmeshKumar</name><sex>Male</sex>
<age>33</age></rec> OR <rec><name>Pratiksha Joshi</name><sex>Female
</sex><age>31</age></rec>.
In the era of IoT, big data developments include universal wireless connection,
authentic analytics, machine learning, and feature extraction elements such as
affordable detectors and embedded devices. IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.11, IEEE
802.15.1, and IEEE 802.16 are the most widely utilized universal wireless technol-
ogy protocols for transmitting massive data in IoT. The large data generated by IoT
devices are available to use as soon as it enters the system, thanks to real-time pro-
cessing. A level of technological readiness that is either immediate or virtually

Table 8.1  Example of structured data

Emp_ID Emp_Name Gender Department Salary (PM)
1931011 Umesh Kumar Male Finance 65,000
1931012 Pratiksha Joshi Female System admin 45,000
140 A. Kumar et al.

Fig. 8.3  Example of unstructured data

immediate is referred to as real-time. Computer science, unlike conventional analy-

sis techniques, can uncover hidden ideas in big tools for extracting values from large
data sets with minimal interaction. Because of the various data sources and the large
volume and variety of data included, machine learning is well suitable in the IoT
environment. Many sensor nodes are used to acquire massive data in IoT. This sen-
sor technology plays a vital role in data collection and transmission to neighboring
edge services for computation [34].
The many big data technologies include a range of events, strategies, and
approaches that are used for a variety of goals. This section looks at several previous
studies on big data operations and explores different actions for categorizing big
data techniques utilized in IoT. The two major aspects of big data processing are (a)
data management and (b) data analytics. Data management is the process of obtain-
ing, keeping, cleansing, and extracting data for analysis and preparation. Data ana-
lytics, on the other hand, is focused on extracting intelligence from the obtained
output through modeling, analysis, and investigation. The exploitation of big data
offers several enticing possibilities. Professionals and researchers, on the other
hand, have a variety of obstacles when it comes to analyzing big data sets and
extracting knowledge and information from data analysis. Data ensnaring, saving,
accessing, publishing, analyzing, managing, and imagining all contribute to the
chunkiness. Furthermore, with decentralized data-driven systems, there are both
privacy and security concerns. The following are the key issues that big data
­presents [32].
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 141

A huge volume of information refers to a large volume of information that is

sometimes referred to as “tonna bytes” to refer to the true measurement device
where the volume of information becomes denigrated, particularly in the context of
creating domain-relevant data. Variety refers to dimensions, combinatorial explo-
sions, a variety of additional data types, and a variety of data representations.
Velocity is the rate at which data items enter and exit the system in real-time.
Sometimes is referred to as throughput. The system may be threatened by a high
frequency of data transmission. Veracity says that it is critical to have enough data
to evaluate a variety of assumptions, as well as large training blocks for microscale
model development and model validation. Validity refers to data integrity, account-
ability, and master data (MDM) on large, diverse, scattered, as well as divergent,
“dirty” data sets.
The value defines the company’s worth and the potential of big data to transform
the organization from beginning to end. Variability refers to changeable spatial-­
temporal data, longitudinal data, periodic data, and a variety of other nonstatic fea-
tures in information sources, clients, research objects, and so on. The venue
represents incongruous scattered data from numerous platforms collected from vari-
ous owners’ systems, each with its access and requirements. Vocabulary denotes
schemas, statistical models, ontologies, semantics, classifications, and other con-
tent. Context-based metadata is an example of vocabulary. They try to describe the
data’s format, syntax, content, and provenance. Vagueness encapsulates the perplex-
ity surrounding large data semantics [35]. The ten Vs of big data is summarized in
Fig. 8.4.

8.4 Processing of Data in an IoT Environment

The processing of data is important before its use in the environment. It saves a lot
of energy from the devices at run time. The processing can be achieved in six steps,
viz., extraction, loading, preprocessing, processing, analysis, and transformation
and visualization. The technique or act of extracting data from data inputs for pro-
cessing or storage is known as data extraction. Data transformations, as well as the
probable incorporation of metadata, are thus pursued in the transitional organization
before transferring to any other level in the workflow. Data loading is the process of
loading changed data into a location where consumers can interact with it.
Preprocessing stage is a data mining technique that turns original information into a
more understandable format. Practical data is frequently contradictory, incomplete,
or lacking in several ways. Data from the real world may have several mistakes. As
a result, data preparation is a tried and true way for tackling these challenges [36].
Data processing is the collection and modification of data pieces to generate use-
ful information. It is possible to think of it as a subset of data processing. Data
analysis is a method of analyzing, manipulating, and modeling data to uncover
usable information and support decision-making. In the fields of science, market-
ing, and sociology, data analysis entails a variety of methodologies and approaches.
142 A. Kumar et al.

Fig. 8.4  The ten Vs of big data

The process of changing data from one format or structure to another is referred to
as data transformation. Many data integration and data management jobs, such as
data manipulation, data storage, data transformation, and application integration,
follow this general trend. Any endeavor to help individuals consider the interpreta-
tion of data by putting it in correct apparent reference is referred to as data visualiza-
tions [37]. The steps involved in data processing are presented in Fig. 8.5.
1010data is a columnar database that primarily works with quasi data, such as
data from IoT devices. This tool offers complex analytic services, such as optimiza-
tion [38–40] and statistical methods, in addition to data visualization, reporting, and
integration. Increase the capability is also well supported by 1010data. To commu-
nicate with back-end systems, this tool likewise functions in a centralized manner
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 143

Fig. 8.5  Processing of

data in an IoT environment Data Extraction

Data Loading

Pre-processing

Data processing

Data Analysis

Data Transformation and

Visualization

and employs access controls. With its extensive analysis capabilities, 1010data can
meet customer demand. In terms of data extraction, modification, and loading, how-
ever, 1010data is deemed ineffective. Hadoop is an open-source data processing
platform that uses commodity technology to store and process huge amounts of
144 A. Kumar et al.

data. The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and the MapReduce program-
ming style are the two most significant pieces of the Hadoop architecture. The data
is stored in HDFS, and MapReduce is used to handle it in a distributed way.
Hadoop, despite its several benefits, lacks privacy at the network and storage
levels, has limited flexibility, is unsuitable for tiny data volumes, and has a large I/O
overhead. HP unveiled Hadoop Autonomy Vertica Enterprise (HAVEn) security, a
new big IoT data framework paradigm for a wide range of HP systems that can be
used with a wide range of applications. For the major Hadoop application develop-
ers, HP supplies reference hardware configurations. Vertica is an analytical database
management system for a tabular database with highly parallel computing that seeks
to speed up the analysis of large structured data sets. To supplement traditional
enterprise data centers, HP HAVEn is presently partnering with several companies.
HP has added a “Flex-Zone” to make it easier to explore enormous data sets before
deciding on a database scheme.

8.5 Integration of Big Data Into an IoT Environment

IoT consists of smart sensors connected by various protocols, such as Bluetooth,

ZigBee, and GSM, among others, which provide a tremendous amount of data every
second. It is no wonder that big data and IoT are redefining industry and technology
at such an accelerated rate, and the benefits it offers to organizations and individuals
are increasingly fast. In the last decade, IoT has generated unprecedented quantities
of data that have changed the face of big data. As a result of massive volumes of data
collected from numerous sensors, big data analytics has become very challenging.
Depending on the data collected, complex optimizations or simple drill-downs can
be conducted.
A health-care system powered by IoT can collect data from multiple sensors
placed on a patient’s body to diagnose and treat them. An example of this kind of
analytics is a system that utilizes sensors to generate an automatic response based
on the collected data. One of the most significant features of such a system is the
ability to collect real-time information from sensors and run processes that can
immediately identify situations in which medical aid is needed [41]. If a crisis is
identified, health-care professionals or emergency service providers should be noti-
fied immediately. As every second could be the difference between life and death
here, the analysis-response phase should only take a few seconds [42].
There are several ways to implement the real-time layer. Spark or Storm are
faster real-time engines that could be added to the Hadoop ecosystem. Apache
Storm, Kafka, and Trident allow data processing of large volumes of fast, high-­
velocity data in real-time. These tools provide highly scalable, reliable, distributed,
fast, and real-time computing. Live data stream processing is made possible with
Spark Streaming, a SparkAPI plugin that is fault-tolerant, scalable, and high-­
throughput. Figure 8.6 shows a possible scenario of big data integration into an IoT
environment.
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 145

Fig. 8.6  Integration of big data into IoT

The term smart sensor refers to sensors that continuously collect information
from numerous active heterogeneous systems. Adding devices to IoT solutions
increases the possibility of data influx, which will require scalable solutions.
Businesses can generate useful results using these analytical systems, giving them
the edge over their competitors. Data should be bifurcated to get the most value
from it because it can be obtained based on its nature. Analyzing stream analytics
data combined with academic archive data reveals patterns extracted from sensor
stream data in an unordered form. An analysis that is conducted in real-time with
this method can be useful for applications in fleet monitoring and bank monitoring.
Because IoT data is received through many different channels and has many
types, it is difficult to receive and combine. Analytical systems must make sure that
the data they receive can be accessed and interpreted effectively. Machine learning
algorithms and text mining algorithms are frequently used to retrieve text data from
the sensors. In contrast, obtaining data from photographs and videos may take a
considerable amount of time. Systems containing IoT data frequently contain sensi-
tive information that must be protected from outside intrusions. As a result of their
limited capability, these technologies rely on third-party technology, which can
demonstrate security weaknesses.
Supermarkets could be a good example of how IoT and big data can be inte-
grated. A supermarket is a place where anyone can purchase anything they might
need, whether it be food items for kids, baby items, or items for young adults or
older adults. A camera is installed in every supermarket location, and it is connected
to a server room. All activities performed by various individuals in the server room
are recorded on the server. A future supermarket will provide off-the-shelf technol-
ogy, airy design, easy-to-reach products, and informational screens above the cus-
tomer’s head, making it easier and more enjoyable to shop. Imagine learning all the
details about the food you are purchasing, including the climate and physical condi-
tions under which it was grown, as well as the organic and chemical treatments it
underwent during the journey to reach the shelf right in front of you. For example,
the supermarket offered by Cooper Italia is designed to offer customers a diverse
range of products. Figure 8.7 presents a possible scenario of a supermarket.
146 A. Kumar et al.

Fig. 8.7  A possible scenario inside a supermarket

8.6 Conclusion

IoT comprises different sensing devices that generate a large amount of data that
sometimes are too big to be handled. This huge amount of data needs to be taken
care of wisely. There should be a mechanism to intelligently disburse the data. In an
IoT environment, the data from heterogeneous sources possess serious threats [43].
In the presented chapter, the authors explain the architecture of IoT in greater detail
along with the common security threats to the IoT environment because of the gen-
eration of an exponential amount of data. The concept of big data is also elaborated
in greater detail along with the details of different types of data. The authors also
presented the processing methods of data generated from heterogeneous sources to
make them suitable to be used in an IoT environment. At last, the integration of big
data into an IoT environment is discussed with the help of many real-time examples.
The future scope of research in this field is everlasting since the generation of
data cannot be stopped and the need for its intelligent use will always be welcomed
by the constrained devices. The future of computation lies in sensing. Almost every
industry now moves toward the concept of IoT and wants their applications to adopt
the same. The integration aspects work well in this case. There are many existing
8  Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era 147

mechanisms to solve the problem of big data. The researchers can get some insights
from them to integrate the concept of big data into IoT. Scholars can also work with
different industries to make a case study on their data generation and uses.

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Chapter 9
Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based
Smart Farming: Challenges
and Opportunities

Jaspinder Kaur, Sudeep Yadav, and Harjot Singh Gill

9.1 Introduction

The global population is increasing rapidly and it is estimated that we will be more
than 9 billion by 2050. So, to feed such a mass, we have to increase productivity by
75% which can only be possible with the introduction of technology in farming [1,
2]. Technology like the Internet of Things (IoT) can do a great deal of work and can
minimize the labor cost by nearly 80%. Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern-day
solution to different problems of the modern world.
The usages of the Internet of Things (IoT) can be imaginable in every sector that
one can think of; from the automation industry to smart agriculture, the Internet of
Things (IoT) can be applicable everywhere. It is a modernized technology con-
cerned with the use of various types of sensors and electronic devices connected via
the Internet [3–7].
Internet of Things (IoT) in farming concentrate is on automating all the possible
aspects of the farming techniques to make the operation more effective and effi-
cient. With the network of sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT) can make anything
possible and help cut down the waste caused by the conventional method of farm-
ing, making the process more productive. Not only that, but it also helps in the better
yield of the crops as the condition of the crops are monitored priorly, and by analyz-
ing the data collected through various sensors and sensing devices, farmers can give
the command to a device that will irrigate the land or spray insecticides/pesticides
on the specific part of the field [8, 9].
Thus, the Internet of Things (IoT) can be the turning point in modern farming
and with the use of this technology, farmers can enhance their standard of living.

J. Kaur (*) · S. Yadav · H. S. Gill

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 151
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_9
152 J. Kaur et al.

Applications of IoT in agriculture encompass monitoring of soil moisture and moni-

toring of plants, monitoring of livestock, monitoring the environment of green and
its management systems, monitoring the food supply chain, and so on. Precision
agricultural tools along with the sensors placed in the ground will help in better
understanding of the crop condition as they all are connected through the Internet,
and so, already collected data can also be fruitful in the whole process and each part
of the field can be adjusted the way it farmed [1, 10, 11]. For instance, if some area
requires more nutrients, then the IoT-based device will spread some extra fertilizer
on that specific area only. The application of IoT is not only constrained to agricul-
ture but are widely used in various other sectors and delivers its best viable attempt
to supervise the concerns associated with data/information security [12, 13].
The remaining of the chapter is laid out as the concept of IoT in various sectors
such as manufacturing, automobiles, etc. is discussed in Section 2. The requirement
of IoT in smart farming is given in Section 3. In Section 4, the IoT structure for
smart farming is presented. Sensors and devices used in smart farming are discussed
in Section 5. In Section 6, the software used is well described. In section 7, applica-
tions of IoT advancements in smart farming are given. In Section 8, we explore the
challenges of IoT in smart farming, and in Section 9, we make conclusions.

9.2 Concept of IoT

The phrase “Internet of Things” (IoT) was coined by a British techie named Kevin
Ashton in 1999 to describe a scenario wherein sensors are connected with real-­
world objects via the Internet. Nowadays, the term “Internet of Things" (IoT) is
commonly used to describe systems that have Internet connectivity as well as com-
putational capabilities that include a wide range of gadgets, objects, sensors, and
ordinary things [14–16]. Ashton used the phrase “Internet of Things” to illustrate
the feasibility of linking RFID tags used in commercial supply chains to the Internet
to count and monitor goods without the need for human intervention. The Internet
of Things is currently a frequently used term to describe situations in which Internet
connectivity and processing capability proliferate to a wide range of objects, gad-
gets, sensors, and everyday commodities. When it comes to monitoring and control-
ling things using computers and networks to keep track of and control equipment,
the phrase “Internet of Things” is relatively new.
As an example, during the late 1970s, commercial systems for remotely monitor-
ing electrical grid meters through telephone lines had already been developed.
Enterprise and industrial M2M (machine-to-machine) equipment monitoring and
operation solutions became common in the 1990s, thanks to improvements in wire-
less technology. Many of these early M2M solutions, on the other hand, instead of
IP-based networks and Internet standards, they depend on industry-specific or pro-
prietary standards [17–19].
In the public’s mind, the World Wide Web is practically identical to the Internet.
The majority of interactions between people and material are facilitated by web
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 153

technologies, which is a distinguishing feature of today’s Internet experience. The

active participation of consumers accessing and creating content via computers and
cellphones characterizes the Web-based experience. If IoT growth forecasts come
true, we could witness a move toward more passive Internet engagement by users
with items like vehicle components, household amenities, and self-monitoring gad-
gets; devices like these transmit and receive data on behalf of the user with little or
no human participation.
If the most common engagement with the Internet – and the data created and
exchanged as a result of that interaction – is passive involvement with connected
devices in the environment, a paradigm shift in thinking may be necessary. The
Internet’s open nature, which imposes no fundamental constraints on the applica-
tions or services that may use the technology, is a testimony to its global goal.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a global network of interconnected gad-
gets. We have omnipresent computers, ubiquitous communications, and ambient
intelligence all bundled into one. Things, such as household appliances, furniture,
clothing, automobiles, roadways and smart materials, etc. may be accessed and/or
control over the Internet in an IoT world. All of this lays the groundwork for a host
of new applications like energy monitoring and transportation safety. A multitude of
sophisticated applications will be made possible by the convergence of wireless
sensor networks, identification technologies, nanotechnology, and intelligent
devices. Technologies like NFC, Bluetooth, RFID, and ZigBee are being used in
new and innovative ways, resulting in a new value proposition for IoT stakehold-
ers [20].
Nanotechnology, embedded systems, sensors, and wireless sensor networks will
combine to create the IoT, which will link the world’s items in a cognitive as well as
a sensory manner. RFID tags were mandated by the US Department of Defense and
Wal-Mart in 2005 for their key suppliers and contractors to keep track of their
inventories. IoT began to take shape after RFID’s explosive growth in 2005 [21, 22].

9.3 Requirement of IoT in Smart Farming

IoT would enable the exchange of knowledge on traditional sustainable farming

practices, techniques, equipment, advice, etc., as well as offline data entry and inter-
activity for aggregated information uploads through a crowdsourcing platform that
is accessible, affordable, and interactive. Farmers must have access to cloud com-
puting and Internet of Things (IoT) for agriculture additional information/services
such as microfinance services, third-party agriculture, etc. [2, 9].
On top of that, it must serve as an information clearinghouse for a wide range of
data, such as crop diseases and traditional sustainable farming techniques. It must
also offer multilingual support for traditional traditions with modern value and
allow for interactive farming. As a result, the system should fulfill the following
criteria:
154 J. Kaur et al.

(i) Robust models: Agricultural characteristics such as complexity, spatiotemporal

variability, diversity, and uncertainty must be taken into account while produc-
ing the proper goods and services.
(ii) Affordability: Budget-friendliness/affordability is the secret to success. The
expense must be reasonable and the benefits must be considerable. It is ­possible
to reduce costs by using standard platforms and tools to produce more products
and services in greater quantities.
(iii) Sustainability: Economic pressure and worldwide rivalry have made sustain-
ability a critical concern.
(iv) Scalability: Farms range in size from small to big; thus the solutions should be
adaptable to accommodate this. The design should be able to scale up in stages
with low overheads to scale up progressively.

9.4 IoT Structure for Farming

Smart farming technologies has embraced the Internet of Things (IoT). In the sys-
tem’s design, there are three levels: the sensor, transport, and application layers.
Each of them has the following functions:
(i) Information collection layer: The fundamental purpose of this layer is to auto-
mate and transfer real-time physical figures of agricultural production into
digital information that can be handled in a virtual environment using various
methods. Sensor-based farming system collects the following types of data:
• Information from the agricultural sensor: pressure, temperature, moisture,
vital signs and dissolved gases, etc.
• Name, feature, price, and model of agricultural goods are some of the attri-
butes that may be gathered.
• Working conditions in agriculture (e.g., equipment and machinery operat-
ing parameters).
• Geographical data about agriculture (e.g., products’ origin).
There is a layer of information collection that is responsible for marking
various types of information, collecting physical information and marked
information from the actual world using sensing techniques, and converting
them to digital data to be processed. Two-dimensional code readers and
labels, cameras, terminals, RFID tags and readers, wired networks, GPS
sensors, and wireless networks are all part of the information collect-
ing layer.
(ii) Network layer: As the name suggests, the primary function of this layer is to
gather and summarize agricultural data collected for processing, the sensor
layer. It is also known as the transport layer which is the central nervous sys-
tem and brain of IoT for agriculture, transferring and processing information.
They comprise Internet and telecommunications networking, intelligent pro-
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 155

cessing centers, management centers for network operations, and information

centers.
( iii) Application layer: The primary function of this layer is to evaluate and analyze
the acquired data to create a digital acknowledgment of the real-world environ-
ment. It is a mixture of agricultural market intelligence (AMI) and the Internet
of Things (IoT).

9.5 Sensors and Devices Used in Smart Farming

Some of the sensors and devices used in agriculture and smart farming such as soil
moisture sensors, soil water monitoring sensors, etc. are described as follows.

9.5.1 Soil Moisture Sensor

This very sensor is used to evaluate the moisture content of the soil as shown in
Fig. 9.1. When water is deficient in the soil, the output of the module is high, and
when it is abundant, the module’s output is low. Through the use of this sensor, it is
possible to automatically water a flower or any other type of plant that requires an
automated watering approach. This module offers three output modes: digital out-
put is the simplest, the analog output is more precise, and serial output provides
precise readings and measurements.

Fig. 9.1  Soil moisture sensor

156 J. Kaur et al.

To aid with irrigation scheduling, soil moisture sensors provide information on

when and how much to irrigate. That way, water is used efficiently, enough to fulfill
crop demands without applying excessive or insufficient water. Increased pumping
expenses and fertilizer loss from runoff and leaching raise the cost of output when
excessive irrigation is used. Waterlogging and soil nutrient leaching can also reduce
production. If fertilizers and pesticides are washed into sensitive areas, excessive
runoff can be detrimental to the ecosystem. When plants are under-watered, they get
stressed, which can affect the production and quality of their crop. When utilized
appropriately, these soil water monitoring tools can help producers prevent over-
and under-watering, according to this information sheet [11].
A thorough understanding of the effects of soil water availability, irrigation
application, and soil moisture depletion is required before using soil moisture sen-
sors to measure soil moisture. Making irrigation management decisions will be
easier if you understand a few fundamental words, definitions, and ideas. As an
example, consider the following:
• Saturation: There is no air in the pore space of the soil when it is saturated. Most
agricultural soils include 40 to 50% (4.8 to 6 inches/foot) voids filled with air
and/or water.
• Available (usable) water: The water content of the soil is nothing but the differ-
ence between field capacity and permanent wilting. When the soil water content
reaches a permanent wilting point, plants get stressed which means that plant is
no longer getting the remaining water.
• Field capacity: Water content in the soil after gravity has drained it. Most
­agricultural soils have a field capacity of 20 to 45% by volume (2.4 to 5.4 inches/
foot).
• Allowable depletion: Plants may access the soil’s water content without generat-
ing stress that reduces crop production or quality. The allowed depletion depends
on the crop growth stage, crop type, and the environment. Crops that are sensitive
to tiny variations in the moisture of the soil can be allowed to deplete 25% of
their available water, whereas crops that are less susceptible to water stress can
deplete over 50% of their available water.
• Permanent wilting point: However, plants or crops are unable to get moisture
from the soil. It is estimated that the permanent wilting point of most agricultural
soil is between a 0.8 and 2.9-inch-per-foot range for soils that include 7 (sand)
and 24 (clay).
• Soil porosity: The ratio of a soil sample’s pore volume to its overall volume.
• Dry bulk density: If you want to calculate the oven-dried soil weight, you will
need to know the length and diameter of a sample tube (e.g., the sample diameter
and length).
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 157

9.5.1.1 Soil Water Monitoring

The soil water monitoring process is shown in Fig. 9.2. Soil water monitoring may
be done in a variety of methods, each with variable costs and accuracy. Although
producers frequently estimate soil moisture based on feel, look, or the duration
between watering sessions, by utilizing the soil moisture monitoring devices, mois-
ture of soil can be measured more effectively and reliably. The placement and instal-
lation of the monitoring system determine its effectiveness. The sensors should be
representative of the whole field, garden, or landscape. Do not place the sensor on a
hill or in a depression where there may be changes in temperature owing to shadow,
adjacent structures, or nearby structures. We advocate using many sensor locations
for big fields because there is a lot of variabilities. Sensors and samples should be
placed by soil type, plant distribution, and water conditions. Sensors need to be cor-
rectly placed and in excellent touch with the soil to be effective. As soon as the
sensor has been installed, pack the earth around it tightly to prevent undue compac-
tion. Care should be used while installing access tubes or sensors in a crop that is
growing so as not to harm the plants. To get accurate readings, but the sensor behind
a plastic sheet if the crops are being planted on Mulch made of plastic. Plant sensors
in the crop’s root zone (usually between 12 and 18 inches). In the case of row crops,
sensors must be placed 2 to 3 inches apart from the plant rows. They include porous
blocks, heat dissipation, dielectric sensors, tensiometers, and gravimetric. Aside
from the gravimetric technique, the systems will provide an indirect measure of soil
water (calibrate to a soil water term after measuring a property of the soil water). As
a result of the porous blocks, dielectric sensors, and tension sensors, automatic
recording and watering may be set.

Fig. 9.2  Soil water monitoring process

158 J. Kaur et al.

9.5.1.2 Characteristics

• It is possible to alter the sensitivity level.

• Comes with a set screw hole for easy installation.
• The threshold level may be adjusted.
• There are three output modes on the module: digital, analog, and serial output
with accurate readings.

9.5.1.3 Significance

• Agriculture
• Irrigation for landscaping

9.5.1.4 Functioning

This type of sensor detects the water quantity inside the soil. Multisensor soil mois-
ture probes are used to measure the soil moisture. A capacitance sensor, for exam-
ple, is a popular form of soil moisture sensor in a commercial application. A neutron
moisture gauge is another sensor that uses the neutron moderator characteristics of
water to measure neutron moisture.
To find out how much moisture is in the soil, two electrodes are inserted in the
soil and their capacitance is measured. Moisture content is directly related to the
dielectric constant in soil with a high fraction of free water, for instance, sandy soils.
For the measurement of the dielectric constant, the probe is usually stimulated by a
high-frequency signal. In addition to soil type and temperature, the water content
and readout from the probe do not have a linear connection. Calibration is therefore
necessary, although its long-term stability is in doubt.

9.5.2 Rain Sensor

Rain detection is made simple using the rain sensor module as shown in Fig. 9.3. It
may be used as a switch and for monitoring rainfall intensity as raindrops fall
through the rainy board. The module has a separate rain board and control board for
convenience, as well as a power indicator LED and a potentiometer for adjusting
sensitivity.
Rainfall droplets are detected using the analog output. When the LED is con-
nected to a 5V power supply and the induction board does not have a raindrop and
the DO output is high, the LED will illuminate. The switch indication turns on when
a little amount of water is dropped and the DO output is low. When the water drop-
lets are brushed away, the output level returns to its original condition.
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 159

Fig. 9.3  Rain sensor

module

9.6 Software Used in Smart Farming

9.6.1 SQL Server

SQL (structured query language) is a programming language for managing data-

bases that allows you to create, delete, retrieve, and change data in databases.
Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard lan-
guage, there are several SQL variants.

9.6.2 About SQL

A relational database uses SQL to store, manipulate, and retrieve information. SQL
is the standard programming language for relational database systems. There are
several RDMS (relational database management systems) such as MS Access,
Oracle, Postgres, Sybase, MySQL, Informix, and SQL Server that employ SQL as
their basic database language. There are also a variety of dialects that they use,
including:
• T-SQL with MS SQL Server.
• PL/SQL with Oracle.
• JET SQL is the MS Access SQL version and so forth.
160 J. Kaur et al.

9.6.3 Significance of SQL

SQL is widely used for the following reasons:

• Users will gain access to knowledge kept in electronic information service man-
agement systems.
• User-friendly interface for describing the data.
• Users can define and manipulate data in databases.
• SQL libraries, modules, and precompilers can be used to integrate SQL into
other languages.
• Provides users with the ability to build and delete databases and tables.
• Provides users with the ability to construct database views, stored procedures,
and functions.
• Permissions for tables, procedures, and views can all be adjusted by users.

9.6.4 SQL Methodology

When you run a SQL command on any RDBMS, to execute your order, the system
chooses the optimal method, and the SQL engine determines how to decipher the
job. This procedure includes several different elements. They are as follows:
• Dispatcher of queries
• Engines for optimization
• Query engine (classic)
• Query engine for SQL
As for non-SQL queries, a query engine that supports SQL will take care of
them, but not logical files.

9.6.5 SQL Commands

Some typical SQL commands for working with relational databases are CREATE,
INSERT, DELETE, DROP, SELECT, and UPDATE. Based on their nature, these
instructions can be categorized into the following ways: Some DML (data manipu-
lation language) commands, DDL (data definition language) commands, and DCL
(data control language) commands are shown in Tables 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3, respectively.
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 161

Table 9.1  DML: Data manipulation language

Command Elucidation
SELECT Obtain specific records from one or several
tables
INSERT Creates a record
DELETE Deletes records
UPDATE Modifies records

Table 9.2  DDL: Data definition language

Command Description
CREATE Creates a new table, a view of an existing table, or another
database object
ALTER A database object, such as a table, gets modified
DROP Removes a complete table, a view of a table, or other database
objects

Table 9.3  DCL: Data control language

Command Elucidation
GRANT Allows the user to have a special ability
REVOKE User credentials are revoked

9.7 IoT Applications in Smart Farming

Climate change, weather, soil conditions, waste reduction, and green housing are a
few of the difficulties that may be solved with smart agricultural techniques. Things
like sensors, self-driving automobiles, control systems, and robots comprise the
Internet of Things. Listed here are the many stages of agricultural forecasting from
farm to fork [18].
(a) Monitoring climate conditions, soil, and plants
A dramatic shift in the environment and natural catastrophes have a signifi-
cant impact on plant growth and agricultural productivity in the United States.
It is also possible for numerous sensors to collect and store information on a
wide range of environmental variables, which may then be transmitted to the
Internet of Things.
Using sensors, soil and nutrient data are gathered and stored in integrated
databases. Fertilizer levels will be established and administered based on the
soil profile. Agriculturists must install mobile apps on their phones and register
with the cloud using a mobile app, called MobileApp. Climate, soil conditions,
irrigation levels, and plant development and damage are all stored in the cloud.
162 J. Kaur et al.

In addition, it collects information about farmers, marketing agents, and agro

vendors and service providers, along with information regarding government
initiatives for the agricultural industry, such as bank loans for farmers and dis-
counts on seed and/or fertilizer purchases. Sensors gather data from soil and
environment samples regularly, which is then updated and utilized to regulate
the smart farm’s operation.
When it comes to monitoring plants and recognizing illnesses and insects
that are harming their growth, the Internet of Things plays a key role. Sensors
can produce alarms and notifications if the degree of pest control exceeds the
set range, alerting farmers to take action. It is also possible to communicate to
farmers and agriculturists the best time to grow crops, control pests and plant
diseases, as well as harvest.
(b) Water irrigation and waste reduction
An Internet of Things can monitor tank levels and arrange irrigation sched-
ules to control water use for maximum plant growth. It is also important to keep
an eye on any undesirable leaks. All of this is available through business cloud-­
hosted web and mobile applications. IoT technology assists farmers and agri-
culturists in reducing waste and increasing output. It is a method of farming that
makes the process of growing crops more regulated and precise. After harvest-
ing, the temperature, pressure, humidity, and light levels of the grains must be
regulated in silos and grain elevators for agricultural storage.
(c) Livestock monitoring
Farmers and agriculturalists keep track of their cattle’s whereabouts, health
status, and feeding schedules. IoT-based sensors are also used to locate sick
animals in the herd before they infect the rest of the herd. By continuously
monitoring them and recovering the others in the huge group, it would dramati-
cally decrease livestock losses and expenses.
( d) Smart greenhouse
Solar-powered IoT sensors will be used to build modern, cheap, and health-
ful green homes. Information regarding temperature, pressure, humidity, and
light levels may be gathered from the sensors, according to the company. They
are monitored by sensors and operated either by control systems or manually
through the use of a remote-control system. Water irrigation is also done with
smart sprinklers. IoT cloud server accesses the data and provides farmers with
cost-effective alternatives.

9.8 Challenges in Smart Farming

Technology dissemination in agriculture has been hampered by a lack of land hold-

ings, which has hampered long-term productivity increase. When it comes to high-­
yielding seeds, all of our technologies were developed for irrigated areas, even
though 48 percent of the land we seeded was unirrigated land.
People own 80% of the land with a small plot of land, according to the 2016
Agricultural Census. Most farmers are tiny or marginal. There are presently just
9  Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges… 163

1.15 acres of land on each farm. Only 5% of farmers work on property larger than
4 ha, according to the USDA. Initial beneficiaries include farmers who were able to
pool their fields into larger plots of land, increasing their farm size to at least
100–200 acres. Comparatively, just 5% of farmers own landholdings that are greater
than 4 acres.
Large agribusinesses are often the ones who make use of smart technology rather
than farmers. There are several of these techniques that are utilized by farm-loan
businesses as a means of risk management. Aside from that, conventional tactics are
not enough to tackle the problems. Easy-to-deploy and cost-effective solutions are
needed for tiny embedded devices’ security concerns.

9.9 Conclusion

Farmers are now able to distribute crops straight to customers, not just in a narrow
area like retailers, but also in a much larger area thanks to the Internet of Things. As
a result of this, the whole supply chain, which is currently dominated by huge cor-
porations, may become a more direct and shorter connection between producers and
customers. When it comes to agriculture, cloud computing enables businesses to
offer low-cost solutions to farmers.
Agribusinesses and farmers benefit from IoT technology since it integrates all
devices to a digital level in a wide range of directions [23]. In the future, smart farm-
ing and global food production will be aided by Internet technology, social net-
works, integrated databases, and on-demand information availability. To enhance
the quality and quantity of agricultural produce, smart farming uses sensor tech-
nologies [24] to help farmers become more intelligent and connected. As a result,
new IoT applications will be developed to address these challenges and assist
improve the quality, quantity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of agricultural
output. Using the Internet of Things, farmers can monitor soil conditions, moisture
levels, animal feed density, and pest control levels, among other things. Developing
and implementing new models will be a major emphasis in the near future [25].

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Chapter 10
Implementation of IoT in Various Domains

Jaspinder Kaur, Jaskaran, Nidhi Sindhwani, Rohit Anand,

and Digvijay Pandey

10.1 Introduction

The term Internet of Things (IoT) is coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 [1, 2]. The
concept of IoT is presented as an idea to link radiofrequency identification (RFID)
tags to the Internet [3–8]. The h-IoT is also known as the health IoT, which is a
milestone of information systems development. It plays a major role in enlightening
people’s health levels and increasing the worth of life. It is a complex system that
involves various systems like microelectronics systems, health and medical, com-
puter field, and other engineering fields. According to the overall connection of the
health-care system, the period from 2017 to 2021 is the growth phase of IoT in the
medical sector. The h-IoT application and devices accelerate and shareholders also
accelerate their efforts [9]. There is no doubt that IoT is transforming the medical
sector and redefining apps, applications, and devices related to these people involved
also. Thus, it’s continuously provides gadgets to the medical sector for good take
care of the patient. The use of computer’s in the future is dominating human work
and enhancing the capabilities of computer skills and coding such as the electronics

J. Kaur (*) · Jaskaran

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
e-mail: [email protected]
N. Sindhwani
AIIT, Amity University, Noida, India
R. Anand
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1
Campus (formerly GBPEC), New Delhi, India
D. Pandey
Department of Technical Education, IET, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 165
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_10
166 J. Kaur et al.

devices being remote and Internet of Things and machines work automatically. This
allows users to manage their electronic equipment on the Internet. Alexa is working
with the use of the internet and is also an example of artificial intelligence and the
Internet of Things. The Alexa bulb is also connected through Bluetooth and per-
forms on human voice or command. This will also increase the use of the Internet
and provide materials and services. The main challenge of IoT is to reduce the gap
between the physical world and the world of news, such as how to process data
obtained from electronic equipment and the interface between the user and the
appliance. There are six layers of IoT and these are a coding layer, a perception
layer, an application layer, a network layer, a business layer, and a middleware layer,
these layers are used in a smart house.
The common IOT layer is divided into three layers: network layer, application
layer, and perception layer [10]. The components are grouped in the three layers of
the genetic IoT system as shown in Fig. 10.1.

10.1.1 Fog Computing

Fog computing is a computing architecture in which a series of nodes receive data

from IoT devices in real-time [11]. It requires a high-speed connection from an IoT
device to a node. Devices from the controller, switches, router, and camera act as
fog computing, when an IoT device generates data, then the nodes receive signals

Fig. 10.1  Genetic architecture of an IoT system

10  Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 167

and act as fog computing. Fog computing is used to improve efficiency and reduce
the amount of data transported to the cloud for processing, and it is also used for
security purposes.
Fog computing is comfortable in the case of IoT and industrial 4.0; in the case of
the health-care sector, they use fog computing because it is easy and it is also threat-­
proof [12]. Fog computing is used for time saver and speed to process data. It is
better than others like cloud computing. Fog computing is equal performer with
edge computing like its go to the edge of the network’s edge.

10.1.2 Linked Vehicles

Self-driven cars are now available in the market, producing a significant amount of
data. The information has to be easily interpreted and processed based on the infor-
mation presented such as traffic and information about weather conditions [13]. All
this information is easily processed because of fog computing. Suppose suddenly
the weather changes and rain starts pouring, then the car automatically starts its
wipers, lights turn on, and goes on safety mode, so that the passenger will not lose
his/her patience and remain calm.
Figure 10.2 shows the architecture related to IoT in health care (referred to as
h-IoT) that will be discussed later in this chapter.
The rest of the chapter is organized as the implementation of IoT in various sec-
tors such as manufacturing, automobiles, etc. which is discussed in Sect. 10.2. The
five-layer architecture of IoT is discussed in Sect. 10.3. In Sect. 10.4, directly imple-
mentable IoT applications in the health-care industry are presented. The IoT imple-
mentation in health care is discussed in Sect. 10.5. In Sect. 10.6, some challenges of
the Internet of Things are discussed. In Sect. 10.7, the future scope of IoT advance-
ments in health care is given. The advantages of IoT in health care are discussed in
Sect. 10.8. Shortcomings of IoT in health care are defined in Sect. 10.9, and finally,
conclusions are drawn.

10.2 Architecture of IoT

A common three-layer IoT architecture consists of the network, the perception, and
the application layer. The first layer known as the perception layer is the lower most
layer in the IoT architecture where the actuators, sensors, and other connected
devices are present where they collect the information that is very necessary for the
network [14, 15]. The network layer connects the devices in the network to other
devices to handle the transmission of information. The third layer, the application
layer, provides specific services to the user by providing data analytics, data reports,
168 J. Kaur et al.

Fig. 10.2  H-IoT architecture

and control over the devices [16]. The three-layered architecture is then upgraded to
five layers with the addition of two more layers, namely, the business layer and the
processing layer. A five-layer IoT architecture comprises the perception layer, the
network layer, the processing layer, the application layer, and the business layer [16].

10.2.1 Application Layer

The application layer is the topmost layer of the five-layered IoT architecture. The
application layer provides the global management of the applications. A few exam-
ples of applications implemented through IoT can be listed as smart home, smart
farming, smart health, smart city, intelligent transportation [17], etc. The functions
of this layer range from designing applications for all types of businesses to per-
forming some smart calculations.
10  Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 169

10.2.2 Network Layer

The second layer recognized as the network layer usually is an amalgamation of

local area networks, access, and core networks. The main function of this layer is
unique addressing and routing which will make sure that integration of many
devices is possible into a single application [18]. The network layer is also called the
transmission layer because it transfers the data securely from the devices to the
processing system. Thus, the network layer transfers the information from the per-
ception layer to the middleware layer [19].

10.2.3 Perception Layer

The perception layer which is also known as the third layer is the lowermost layer
and most prone to various kinds of attacks. This layer includes various physical
objects and sensor devices like an RFID, 2D barcode, infrared sensors, etc. This
layer’s basic functionality is to recognize what object it is and to help with the iden-
tification. The collected information is then passed to the network layer for its
secure transmission to the information processing system [20, 21].

10.2.4 Processing Layer

Then comes the middleware layer wherein the devices over the IoT implement dif-
ferent types of services. Each device connects and communicates with only those
other devices which implement the same service type. This layer is responsible for
service management and has a link to the database. It receives the information from
the network layer and stores it in the database. It performs information processing
and ubiquitous computation and takes automatic decisions based on the results [22].

10.2.5 Business Layer

The business layer is responsible for the management of the overall IoT system
including the applications and services. It builds business models, graphs, flow-
charts, etc. based on the data received from the application layer. The real success
of IoT technology also depends on good business models. Based on the analysis of
results, this layer will help to determine future actions and business strategies [23].
The five-level architecture of IoT is shown in Fig. 10.3.
170 J. Kaur et al.

Fig. 10.3  The five-level architecture of IoT

10.3 Some Important Applications of IoT

Smart Home  Fog computing used in smart homes and smart cities. Because fog
computing is good in safety and security, it is used in the smart house and smart
cities. In smart houses always use real-time data from the efficiency of the system.
In smart home IoT devices and all devices connected to the network, for example,
Alexa, Siri, Google, etc., are used as a smart home device, all the time live real-time
monitoring and autonomous vacuum cleaner, and Internet devices are also included
10  Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 171

in the smart home device [24]. IoT-based automatic watering system for plants is
used for plants through mobile phones; in this, we control the water level and mois-
ture of the soil. With the help of IoT, we monitor our house through cameras and
wireless all-time monitoring robots, and we also record our favorite shows and
movies in a set of boxes and also we connect the phone with TV or smart
LED. Nowadays, home security is the most and first thing in the home; smart door
locks and cameras and security robots are monitoring the home 24/7 [24]. We easily
monitor the house and all the things seating everywhere because of IoT.

Smart Cities  Security crosses the limit day by day especially in smart cities, for
example, if anyone is missing or the police want to check the location of the thief so
they use IoT; with the help of IoT, they can easily track the location in just seconds
and with the help of the Internet of Things, we also are able to manage traffic, elec-
tricity, waste, and wastewater. Nowadays, traffic lights are also controlled by IoT
and the Internet, and infrastructure is also made according to all edges and in a good
manner. Currently, now we proudly say that we are  going towards all automatic
nation like cooking automatic and road making automatic and house and building
also made automatic.

Self-Driven Cars  We will see a lot about the self-driven car. Previous day’s news
coming in newspaper that Tesla tested a self-driven car and also heard that now
Uber also come with self-driven mode [25], it is a benefit for girls who are feared to
travel in night time in Uber, because they feared the Uber driver because in case the
Uber driver does not do any silly things with her, so parents also do not allow her to
travel in the night time, so it is a benefit for girls and it also benefits for those in
pandemic time, people do not use Uber or any cab because COVID-19 spread
through touching and in air, so in case anyone takes uber to go somewhere and he is
suffering from COVID-19 and after that another passenger came and sit in Uber he/
she also effected from COVID-19, so self-driven cars are beneficial for us, it is safe
because in this many sensors are present in car and cameras also present in it, so u
just put your location and go.

Farming  Farming is a working sector that is most beneficial with IoT; in the future,
they promise that they will develop farming tools [26, 27]. Nowadays, farmers are
using IoT in farms; they use sensors to check the soil moisture and also plant drip
system there. If in the old times, farmers use scarecrow, nowadays they use drones
for surveillance, protecting yield of animals and fire and also implant automatic
compost given to plants or yield if required. Before, in one season farmers fired the
field because they want to clear the field; nowadays they do not do that because of
global warming; so with the help of IoT, they now use thin tube fire system, in
which they fire in limits and the task is also completed. With the help of automatic
robots, farming is easy and less time-consuming, because they now know how to
give water to yield and how to plant all setups, and from time to time robots check
172 J. Kaur et al.

the soil value and also for fertilizers and compost. When the yield is ready for cut-
ting, robots easily and safely cut the yield and place unused substances in an empty
side, and the yield is collected in a container and is ready to sell in the selling
station.

Smart Supply-Chain Management (Farm to Falk)  Nowadays, it is in trend

because, in this pandemic, people are not allowed to go outside, and so they use
Amazon and other sites to order pantries or buckets. With the help of IoT, they can
track their items in their phone, and in 2 or 3 days they receive their parcel, bucket
or pantry. It is safe and a touching proof. In case your item or something gets dam-
age in between travel, so you easily replace and reorder items from their initial
stage. Shopkeepers also do this thing to sell their items online and give a discount
so people can easily find them and buy their products. It is working like customer
contact with producer and producer contact with the supplier. If we select cash, then
the courier collects the cash from the customer and give to a producer, or if we select
online payment, then the cash is automatically transferred to the producer [28].
China and Japan take experiments on automatic delivery robots, and these robots
arrive at the customer’s location and show him/her the QR code so customers can
scan the code and the delivery code will generate and the robot will put the parcel
on the doorsteps and go to the next location. It is also beneficial in during the
CPVID-19 pandemic or lockdown situations, wherein the use of this type of robots
will take a step toward stopping the spread of the virus. Smart supply chain manage-
ment is shown in Fig. 10.4.

Fig. 10.4  Smart supply-chain management

10  Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 173

10.4 Challenges Still Faced by Internet of Things

1. Security issue: In the twenty-first century, IoT devices are now popular, and it is
also a headache work to do, twenty-first century cybercriminals group people’s
families increasing day by day and those who want to hack or break home secu-
rity or bank security hire cybercriminals or cyberhackers [29].
IoT devices cannot easily be hacked but cyberhackers find the loophole and
break the security of IoT devices; governments apply strickness on cyberhackers but
they still work in the down of their nose.
In 2017, a case registered against the cyberhacker’s like parents said they apply
home security and for his child, they apply all the security and they also apply 24/7
monitoring robots so hacker breaks the monitoring robot’s security and talk to the
child every day when parents realize this they fill case against him and the security
company. It is not easy to break the security of IoT devices but still, they want to
work upon those areas [29].
2. Compatibility: Nowadays, home networks and Bluetooth devices are not easily
connected because of user increase or their bandwidth size is small and that is
why we face this issue. Maybe the IoT device is not up to date from the user side,
so it is also an error to connect the device. Or sometimes the user’s phone is also
not up to date and that also creates a problem to use or connect the device. It is
compulsory to update their device and update their phones or laptops or any
devices to use better.
3. Limited bandwidth: Connectivity is a bigger challenge for the Internet of Things
as you expect because there is an increased user from one device or one network
and that is why they cannot use the Internet in a better manner or they suffer from
buffering [30]. People face this buffering problem, and people cannot even
download or see a video on YouTube or any website because of this buffering.
One source is divided into many parts so that’s why internet speed is low, or we
can say his bandwidth is limited.
4. Expectation: With such strong competition in the market, companies all the time
promise that they will be giving better products but it is difficult for people to
compare two or more devices because each brand want to make or give a new
and better product in the market. Take for example Oppo smartphone; they use
or make a cheap product, and people know how they make cheap products, so
90% of people avoid Oppo. Now I compare it with Apple. Apple launches one
mobile phone per year, and they easily crack their expectation limit and people
also love to use Apple because it is a bigger brand than Oppo. And people drop
their expectation from Oppo and they were dissatisfied from IoT devices.
5. Business: The bottomline is a motivation for starting, investing, and operating
any business with a sound and solid business model for IoT [31]. This model
must satisfy all the requirements like e-commerce, vertical market, horizontal
market, and consumer market. These category also follow’s the victim of
regulatory.
174 J. Kaur et al.

10.5 Advantages of IoT

1. Saves time: As reducing human effort, it saves out time. IoT devices are working
properly and they reduce human effort and time. IoT devices compile code speed
and is very good and it works very fast as compared to others. One way to lever-
age the power of IoT to increase company efficiency is to use it to cut down on
repetitive or time-consuming tasks.
2. Security: Now we have a device interconnected to each other to improve security
and efficiency [32]. In IoT all devices are connected, for example, Alexa; in
Alexa all the devices like fans, bulbs, led, and phones are connected and they
improve their efficiency and stability.
3. Minimizes human effort: The devices of IoT communicate and talk to each other
and they work properly together, reducing human effort.

10.6 Disadvantages of IoT

1. Privacy/security: Hackers easily get excess to the personal information and also
accounts information, so it is a disadvantage for IoT devices; hackers easily
break home security. Nowadays, home security is on trend and hackers find the
loophole and easily get excess to personal information [33].
2. Connectivity: Bandwidth of the network is very low and also Bluetooth devices
connectivity problems arrive, and it is because they are not up to date or the
phone or laptop is not updated; that is why it is difficult to connect with IoT
devices in checking for updates [33].
3. Expensive to implement: Using Li-FI at home is very costly for normal people,
and fully automatic and AI devices are very expensive to implement at home, for
example, Jarvis.

10.7 H-IoT

H-iot refers to a device that collects health related data from an individual. The
explosive growth in H-IoT to augment the delivery of healthcare is driving changes
in clinical practice and patient-centered care, requiring new skills for providers [34].
IoT devices are tagged/connected with sensors for tracking medical equipment
like medicines, wheelchairs, cloths, oxygen pumps, and others connected equip-
ment. For example, in a URI movie, the nurse (played by actress Pallavi) attaches
the GPS sensor on the old lady so in case if she goes outside and forgets the home
then the nurse immediately tracks her and finds her and takes her home easily. We
implement this thing in our daily lives especially in elderly people for their safety
and for other reasons too. People these days prefer to take benefit of IoT and
10  Implementation of IoT in Various Domains 175

h-IoT. H-IoT provides us with very good service and comfort. Now it ties up with
machine learning and artificial intelligence and shows a world in another level. In
hospitals, it is used on ventilators and other machines like oxygen cylinder and
temperature measure and heartbeat sensor, and for those who cannot walk, they can
use an automatic wheelchair. With this, they can stand up and sit down, walk, and
take the wheelchair on the roads because the wheelchair is fully loaded with sensors
and cameras. Today, the technology completely changes how we see inside the
human body through small cameras inserted inside the capsule which is taken by
patients. So we get to see what is inside the human body including small and big
intestines and how food processing looks like and even the damage inside the stom-
ach if there is. With the help of h-IoT, operations are done easily such as heart opera-
tion, heart transplant, and brain surgery. We also get to see damages in the veins and
liver. Now we can also monitor glucose and even monitor depression and mental
health [35].
Importantly, h-Iot helps us when someone loses his hand or leg or any body part
wherein it can provide us with a bionic hand, bionic leg, bionic shoulder, etc. bionic
hand project I put reference on reference page go and check this out. Nerve cells are
connected to the brain, and when the brain gives signal to the hand, bionics take the
signals and convert signals to mechanical signals and bionics work [36].

10.8 Industrial 4.0 with IoT

Industrial 4.0 refers to a new phase of industrial revolution that focuses heavily on
interconnectivity, automation, h-IOT, machine learning, and real-time data monitor-
ing [37]. The revolution from industrial 1.0 to 4.0. is revolution in company they
upgrade their machines or equipment and improve and distribute their products.
Manufactures are enabling technologies such as the Internet of Things, machine
learning, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, fog computing, edge computing,
and analytics [38].
Now here the question arises: Are we in industrial 4.0 right now?
Today, we are in the midst of industrial 4.0 [39]. This is being driven by the
global spread of the Internet. New technologies are rising such as wireless phone
chargers, sensors and artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Industrial 4.0
will radically transform the way we live and work [39].

10.9 Conclusion

IoT is a system in which sensors collect the data and share it with a secure network.
The process data is check through the various processor, in a case in somehow any
impurity or any various occur then immediately alarm start and indicate the issue on
display. These devices come under industry or medicine 4.0. The new automated
176 J. Kaur et al.

devices come into the market like real-time monitoring and diagnosis powered by
IoT or h-IoT [40]. This process is reviewed by various new technologies powered
by h-IoT. Many architectures are using different computer applications powered by
h-IoT.  These architectures are driven by machine learning, artificial intelligence,
edge computing, fog computing, cloud computing, and new technologies like block-
chain. Machine learning work in the multiple-use case of h-IOT and maintaining the
network and help them to achieve optimal network [41].

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Chapter 11
Application of IoT in Wearable Technology

Shivam Dhoot, Komal Saxena, and Ajay Rana

11.1 Introduction

Wearable technology or the so-called wearables is electronic innovations or incor-

poration of a variety of devices into wearables. These portable gadgets are used to
track data continuously. They have motion sensors that preview your daily actions
and sync them with cell phones or PCs. After the creation of cell phones, wearable
hardware is the next breakthrough in innovation [1]. These gadgets are available in
a wide variety of designs, such as watches, glasses, bracelets, or even ornaments [1,
2]. Wearable gadgets are characterized by six basic qualities which are non-­hoarding,
unrestricted, discernible, controllable, mindful, and informative. Improving the
applications that can work with WT covers a wide area ranging from those focused
on medical care and wellness to mechanical applications and even entertainment
and expressions [3].
Wearable technology offers a new freedom to continuously monitor human
movement with small, portable sensors installed, further developing competence,
utility, administration, and commitment through initiatives. Despite this, there are a
few difficulties observed in WT which are power consumption, pairing limit, plan
limitations, and security concerns [4]. Due to the limited data transfer capability and
preparation power, portable devices offer less security than other computer gadgets
[5]. In the results, the exploited security breach opportunities increase the number
of potential attacks that will endanger the well-being and protection of customers.
Wearable registering brings new difficulties and opportunities for clients’ authenti-
cation. Figure 11.1 shows different wearables developed for various applications [1].

S. Dhoot · K. Saxena (*) · A. Rana

Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 179
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_11
180 S. Dhoot et al.

Smart Ring Smart Glasses

Smart Finger
Smart Shirt
With heart & respiration
sensors incide

Smart
Bracelet

Rectangular Snip
Smart Watch

SGPS/GPRS
Baby Control

Bluetooth
Key Tracker
Smart Belt

Smart Pants Smart Shoes

Smart
Socks

Fig. 11.1  Different wearable developed for various applications [1]

Wearable gadgets are not standalone gadgets and will need to be paired with
other gadgets like smartphones to accomplish most functions, which is a basic test
in taking on a reasonable approach to deal with a safe confirmation in wearable.
This intricacy of correspondence makes security weaknesses like man-in-the-center
assault. Envision a client who utilizes his smartwatch to control his keen home. The
requirement for a correspondence between the smartwatch and the application
which is put away inside the cell phone is inclined to data spillage prompting other
security assaults through the craft of control of information. The lack of a console is
also a problem, as even a touchscreen can occasionally fail to provide a confirma-
tion method.
The work presents the expectation to present a brief review of security and insur-
ance attacks occurring in the advancement of wearable devices to understand the
security and safety gap that exists in wearable device development and present an
assessment of security on various wearable development gear. A safety assessment
is performed by evaluating three benchmark wearable devices such as Google
Glass, Fitbit, and Smartwatch. The motivation driving IoT in wearables is the term
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 181

to understand the components of wearable contraptions and future consequences of

the advancement, advantages, and shortcomings. All the more profoundly concen-
trate on the advancement to be used in different spaces of the business.

11.2 Types of Wearable Technology

11.2.1 Smartwatch

The smartwatch is a small smartphone-like gadget that is worn on the wrist. Many
smartwatches are paired with a mobile phone that notifies the customer of incoming
calls, emails, and app alerts. Some smartwatches can even make decisions about the
phone. Many smartwatches have a discreet display, but some popular models use a
high-contrast electronic paper display [6]. The customer can operate the smartwatch
via a touchscreen, actual stops, or a mixture of the two. Some smartwatches accom-
pany pedometers and wrist displays to help customers monitor their well-being.
Figure 11.2 shows a smartwatch [7].
One of the most punctual genuine smartwatches was the Microsoft SPOT (Smart
Personal Object Technology) presented in 2004. The SPOT got data like climate,

Fig. 11.2  A smartwatch [7]

182 S. Dhoot et al.

news, and stock updates through FM radio. It additionally got email and texts, yet
clients could not answer. With the ascent of the cell phone, smartwatches, for exam-
ple, the Sony Ericsson Live View (2010), the Pebble (2013), and the Apple Watch
(2015), arose that got information from a telephone. In 2014 Google created Android
Wear—a form of its versatile working framework, Android—explicitly for wear-
able gadgets like smartwatches [6].

11.2.2 Google Glasses

Google Glass or just called Glass can say as the essential wearable contraption that
dispatches the advancement of WT. Glass is an eyewear contraption that has a fun-
damental PC at the edge of two or three glasses [3]. It gives different innovative
arrangements that make people’s life more fun. In any case, numerous causes of
stress have been raised as sources for specific issues that could undermine the wear-
er’s security and insurance. Figure 11.3 shows a Google Glass [2].
There are relatively few assessment disclosures that point out some shortcom-
ings in terms of well-being and insurance points on Google Glass. For example,
Glass does not have a secured adequate PIN structure or approval set up right now
[8, 9]. Other than approval issues, Geran et al. [9] found that the security of cus-
tomer’ appears in peril additionally by the eye following the advancement main-
tained in Glass. All the more fundamentally, there are a couple of certifiable cases
concerning shortcomings related to Glass that were represented at the hour of
Google release. Post Mobile [10] found a genuine security imperfection in how

Fig. 11.3  Google Glass [2]

11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 183

Glass disentangles QR (quick response) codes when it snaps a photo back in May
of the year before. Utilizing a malevolent QR code, they observed that Glass could
be connected up to a hazardous Wi-Fi organization, permitting somebody to
remotely get root admittance to a Glass gadget and accept accountability for it with-
out the wearer’s information. Luckily, Google was made aware of the shortcoming
and a cure was shipped off to resolve the issue without really wasting any time.

11.2.3 Fitbit

A wellness band that might be worn on the wrist is essential for Fitbit’s item range.
It estimates human mobility, for example, by counting the number of steps people
walk, the quality of rest, and other measures of individual well-being such as heart
rate and internal heat level. Be that as it may, one of the critical security shortcom-
ings found in Fitbit is nonattendance of affirmation. Some researchers [11–14]
introduced that Fitbit is the absence of confirmation potential and, on the tracker’s
side aggressor, can undoubtedly get the information from without the information
on clients. For example, Mahmudur et al. [12] fabricated an instrument, Fit Bite, to
trigger assaults on Fitbit gadgets, for example, information infusion assault, DoS,
and battery channel hacks to exhibit the verbalization. The results showed that the
container without Powerless Fitbit could allow malicious rebate programmers in
Fitbit client recordings and arrive or even check their information to acquire finan-
cial bonuses. Because BTLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) innovation is harmed, Fitbit
Flex is unable to expand. Since the security address [13] or MAC address [14] did
not change, this might be effortlessly followed smitten by the Fitbit Bluetooth com-
mercial. In outcomes, it might prompt protection break as outsiders will follow
exercises for express clients. Insurance agencies may likewise exploit to create a
“dark market” for obtaining clients’ well-being information. Nevertheless, Fitbit
gadgets might compromise clients’ security hazards. For instance, it permits vindic-
tive people to follow a client’s space or spots visited to make phishing assaults,
causing faux emails that give agreements with the connection, parenthetically that
connected to spyware or infection [13]. Figure 11.4 shows a Fitbit device [2].
The differences between a fitness band and a sensible watch are shown in
Table 11.1.

11.3 Classification of IOT Portables

To arrange the employments of wearable IoT first, the best-in-class research works,
papers, to be published in this space were gathered. The associated works are
requested in bunches as demonstrated by their question and each survey document
is placed in one of the lots, as shown in Fig. 11.5 [3]. Certain groupings have a more
extensive scope of utilizations because of their significance. Other than the
184 S. Dhoot et al.

Fig. 11.4  Fitbit [2]

Table 11.1  Variations between a fitness band and a sensible watch [7]
Comparison
parameters Smartwatch Fitness band
Definition It combines the functions of a telephone, a This gadget measures
watch, and a fitness tracker in a single device fitness-related measurements
and other information
Objective Tracks fitness and sends alerts and updates Only able to record
fitness-related data
Display Display options include backlit LCD, OLED, OLED is the only type of
Technology AMOLED, and PMOLED. Display options display used
include OLED, AMOLED, and PMOLED
Size Greater in size and thickness Comparatively slightly less
bulky
Weight Heaviest Lightest

fundamental bunches, it is not the only wearable IoT gadget out there that is utilized
in different applications, for example, virtual games to improve the gaming experi-
ence, installment applications, and schooling. The scope of this evaluation includes
the inquiry but excludes other use cases. In the accompanying segments, every clas-
sification is introduced by posting the main distributed work.
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 185

Health

Activity
Recognition
Wearable & Sports
Iot
Classificati
on
Tracking &
Localization

Safety

Fig. 11.5  Most researched wearable IoT clusters

11.3.1 Health

Preceding the Internet of Things, patients’ participation with experts was confined
to visits, tele, and text correspondences. It was incomprehensible that subject matter
experts or clinical facilities could screen patients’ prosperity reliably and make
ideas fittingly.
Web of Things (IoT)-enabled contraptions have made far off checking in the
region of the clinical benefits possible, delivering the likelihood to keep patients
ensured and sound, and connecting with specialists to pass the sample review. It has
furthermore extended patient responsibility and satisfaction as participation with
experts have gotten more straightforward and more capable. Besides, far-off check-
ing of patient’s prosperity helps in diminishing the length of clinical facility stay
and prevents reaffirmations [12]. IoT furthermore essentially influences decreasing
clinical benefits costs on a very basic level and further creating treatment results.
Table 2 addresses the synopsis of medical services’ IoT sensors [3].
The IoT does not change anything in the clinical consideration industry in the
space of gadgets and interpersonal relations by shifting the lines of action of clinical
consideration. The IoT has applications in clinical consideration that benefit
patients, families, specialists, crisis centers, and protection organizations.
IoT for Patients  Gadgets as wearables like well-being gatherings and other
remotely related contraptions, for instance, sleeves for a heartbeat and heartbeat
estimation, blood glucose meters, and so forth, can give customized care to patients.
These gears can be fine-tuned to memorize starch levels, hands-on control, action
186 S. Dhoot et al.

plans, sets of circulatory stress, and more. The IoT has changed individuals, espe-
cially established patients, by constantly engaging with disabilities. It fundamen-
tally affects people living alone and their families. In the event of a negative impact
or change in an individual’s standard activities [1], the prepared framework conveys
messages to interested family members and providers of prosperity.

IoT for Physicians  By the utilization of wearables and different techniques for
home stuff introduced with IoT, specialists can screen patients’ prosperity all the
more effectively. They can follow patients’ adherence to treatment plans or any
prerequisite for ensured clinical thought. IoT engages clinical consideration special-
ists to be more cautious and interface with the patients proactively [3]. When doc-
tors utilize the information gathered from IoT gadgets, they might figure out what
the ideal treatment measure is for their patients and show up at the normal outcomes.

IoT for Hospitals  Aside from noticing patients’ prosperity, there are various dis-
tricts where IoT contraptions are incredibly useful in clinical facilities. IoT gadgets
with sensor labels are utilized to follow the current scope of clinical hardware, like
wheelchairs, defibrillators [12], nebulizers, oxygen siphons, and other observing
gadgets. Sending of clinical staff at different regions can in like manner be inspected
proceeding. There is an increment in infections and is a critical concern because of
facilities. IoT-enabled neatness checking contraptions help in holding patients back
from getting corrupted. IoT contraptions in like manner help in asset the leaders like
pharmacy stock control and regular noticing, for instance, actually taking a look at
refrigerator temperature and suddenness and temperature control.

IoT for Health Companies  There are different opportunities for prosperity under-
writers with IoT-related insightful contraptions. Protection organizations can utilize
data got through prosperity noticing contraptions for their underwriting and claims
exercises. This data will engage them to perceive blackmail declares and recognize
opportunities for ensuring. IoT contraptions get straightforwardness among well-­
being net suppliers and customers the underwriting, assessing, claims dealing with
[3], and danger examination measures. In the light of IoT-got data-driven decisions
in every type of effort measure, customers will have acceptable detectable quality
into principal thought behind every decision made and collaboration results.
Security net suppliers may offer inspiration to their customers for using and shar-
ing prosperity data made by IoT contraptions. They can compensate customers for
using IoT contraptions to screen their ordinary activities and adherence to treatment
plans and reasonable prosperity measures [15]. This will help well-being net suppli-
ers with diminishing cases through and through. IoT contraptions can in like man-
ner engage protection organizations to endorse claims through the data got by these
devices. Table 11.2 represents the summary of health-care IoT sensors [3].
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 187

Table 11.2  Summary of health-care IoT sensors

Mobile Node
Sensed parameter Sensor Connectivity app process Wearable
Rehabilitation Orientation, force, RFID, IMU, Wi-Fi & Yes No Walker
distance load cell, Bluetooth
ultrasound
surface sEMG BLE No Yes Armband
electromyography
Face image, eye camera Wi-Fi Yes No Face
blinks
Deflections, Accelerometer, Wi-Fi No No Leg, hand
acceleration, gyroscope. flex
orientation
Monitoring Heartrate SFII 7051 Wi-Fi No No Wristband
ECG and Bluetooth Yes No Wristband
temperature
ECG & 2G GPRS No Yes Leg,
inductive hand,
sensor WHMIS chest
Respiratory Passive Back-­ No No headband
breathing scattering
airflow
temperature
change
Vibration impulse-­ No Yes Chest
(piezoelectric) radio
ultra-­
wideband
transmitter
Capacitive Bluetooth Yes Yes Smart
vest
Temperature LM35 Wi-Fi No No Finger
IC mounted on magnetic-­ No No Ingestible
tablet-shaped field
ingestible coupling
Blood Pressure piezoelectric Wi-Fi Yes Yes Cuff
Blood oxygen Pulse-oximetry GSM GPRS No Yes Bracelet
Blood glucose Near Infrared Wi-Fi Yes No Finger
radiation
Mental Audio, Bluetooth Yes Yes Wristband
well-toeing accelerometer
and gyroscope

11.3.2 Activity Sports

The arrangement depends on the use of portable devices that are worn during sport-
ing activities to register different estimates of the client/competitor’s activity to sub-
sume their show. In addition, the uses of this meeting think of the collection of
188 S. Dhoot et al.

knowledge regarding the affirmation of step-by-step activities of persons and crea-

tures [16]. While the business claim will have some uses in clinical medicine and
the clinical benefits of downtime, applications have a place in this hood of yester-
year use case pack.
For sport exercises, estimating plenty the exhibition or effectiveness of activities
known with a specific game and giving input on boundaries like planning, purpose,
or live of applying or delivering an influence will assist with performing on the
exactitude and execution. Utilizing these methods, players can get constant criti-
cism of their exhibition and work on their presentation to create additionally pre-
dictable. There are a variety of various varieties publications out there that examine
the employment of wearable gadgets for working on the character of exercises of a
selected game or in any event, inflicting the user to accomplish one thing that may
not be attainable while not sporting the wearable device. The wearer receives an
insignificant message to help him understand the concept of execution or to offer
assistance on the most suitable technique to proceed. These messages can be seen
on the screen of the portable device or broadcast in several places. Likewise, it could
receive messages or the sign of a tactile or audible abuse message. Presentation of
the exercises known with various games is investigated, for example, court game
[17], ball [18], paddling [16], swimming [19], hockey [20], sport [21], military
acquisition [22], bodybuilding [23], court game [24], baseball [25], and golf.

11.3.3 Following and Localization

This grouping is employed usually for following humans and animals to settle on
their space on the Internet. Discovering things of a private or creature who is sport-
ing a wearable appliance is important in numerous applications. Considering the
course trip of a bird, finding the area of a senior individual during a thought work-
space, examining the advancement of individuals who are visiting a show or pet are
a few of examples of these applications. A thorough report on restriction utilizing
IoT innovation is distributed in Shit et al. [26]; however, the investigation does not
specialize in wearable IoT. By and large, the restriction methods talked concerning
in writing are separated into two elementary classifications. People that use are
separated coming up with and the ones that while not victimization detached pre-
paring will select the region. The readiness subordinate methods can be sorted out
into three gatherings: (1) procedure, (2) stochastic-arranged models, and (3)
machine learning plans. The procedure has been thought extensively using numer-
ous forms of signs as well as general sign model, such as sound sign, video sign, and
development [27, 28]. General sign model depends on indicator of signal strength
received value of the faraway sign, during which the district finger impression is
distinguished through web site outline and places away in a rare imprint knowledge
base, generally. This one-of-a-kind imprint information is employed later by a limi-
tation computation online to gauge the region. The procedure is used on visual
information got on camera or sound signs got by an intensifier. The contraptions
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 189

will in like manner use mixture restriction methods that depend on shared position
assessment of every IoT device equally because of the general distance devices.

11.3.4 Safety

This classification has a place with the wearables that are utilized to give a protected
climate to the clients. For example, a weakness checking framework can tell the
caution the drivers who nod off at the worst possible time and advise the businesses
[19]. Then again as another model, wearable contraptions can accumulate the air
data in the mines to ensure the expert’s prosperity and decrease dangers for earth-
movers and costs for organizations [3]. Fall avoidance and identification particu-
larly in older individuals are a significant problem, and there are for wearable
gadgets that are utilized to identify or forestall falls.

11.4 Future of IoT in Wearables

At the point when we consider wearable innovation, the main things that strike a
chord are smartwatches and remote earbuds; however, the fate of wearable tech
holds a lot more extensive extent of uses, particularly in the work environment.
Figure 11.6 [29, 30] shows the rise of wearable devices over the years.
Also, as independent gadgets that can be connected to clothing, IoT-viable inno-
vation can be worked into coats, boots, and different things of attire. For the future
of IoT wearables, this may mean:

11.4.1 Laborer Well-Being

Physical work ventures, for example, development and assembling are set to profit
altogether from wearable IoT gadgets. Well-being guidelines in these ventures have
since a long time ago incorporated the wearing of hard caps, defensive goggles,
boots, gloves, and high-permeability clothing. Wearable innovation will improve
the assurance of laborers much further. On building destinations, the utilization of
robots can assist with delineating the region without hazard to specialist well-being,
featuring any hazardous regions [31]. Maybe than simply imparting this data to a
PC, it could likewise be imparted to wearables, for example, increased reality gog-
gles, like the Google Glass, that can outline the region and safe courses around the
site before the specialists’ eyes.
Wearable IoT gadgets can likewise be utilized to follow laborer areas and recog-
nize falls, which means mishaps can be more effortlessly forestalled and the reac-
tion can be faster if they do occur [32]. In the form of trackers and other small
190 S. Dhoot et al.

Fig. 11.6  Rise of wearable

devices over the years [30]
Devices
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Fitness Smart Smart Smart Others
and Watches Glasses Clothing
Wellness
Devices 2016 2021

gadgets that can be used cut to a belt, it is now a reality; however, with the headway
of shrewd materials, it might before long be typical to have this innovation fabri-
cated straightforwardly into work boots or coats.
IoT gadgets incorporated into hardware can likewise give alerts to the actual
specialist. Gadgets can give perceptible or vibration-based alerts that caution labor-
ers of perils like moving gear or hazardous territory, just as notice them of actual
stressors like bowing, bending, and when they are experiencing weariness.

11.4.2 Planning and Training

Another utilization of AR goggles is for project arranging and worker preparing.

For instance, with a venture that requires a scale model, wearable AR or VR head-
wear permits an individual to increase and move around a 3D model of the under-
taking and make changes continuously by sending messages to an associated
PC.  This equivalent innovation could likewise be utilized to show an item more
readily in a pitch or show setting.
A small amount of wearable technology is also being utilized to teach highly
trained personnel. A few specialists are utilizing wearable AR to rehearse keyhole a
medical procedure on models while the innovation reenacts a living creature. This
reproduction can likewise be adjusted progressively from a PC to address the
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 191

complexities that could happen. All things considered, these practices will before
long be embraced by other profoundly talented callings too.

11.4.3 Medical Care

IoT wearables have additionally advanced into the clinical calling to comprehend a
patient’s physiology and give more customized treatment more readily [3]. Wearable
tattoos are produced using a slim elastic fix that contains a circuit of adaptable elec-
tronic segments and is adhered straightforwardly to the skin.
These “tattoos” can be utilized to screen a patient’s vitals and fabricate a total
well-being profile on them throughout some period, with practically zero uneasi-
ness to the wearer [33], and this data can be sent progressively to medical services
experts.
Not exclusively do wearable tattoos give more precise and extensive information
about a patient, yet they can likewise identify indications that the patient is suffering
from a well-being profile that makes them vulnerable to specific illnesses or medical
conditions. Approaching this information implies that some future medical condi-
tions can be forestalled against ahead of schedule, just as giving specialists a supe-
rior thought of which therapies will be appropriate, as well as the patient might
cause beforehand inconspicuous intricacies.

11.4.4 Analytics

Utilizing wearable IoT gadgets for investigation will have long-haul benefits out-
side of medical care as well. Having the option to follow specialist action, area, and
feelings of anxiety will assist organizations with smoothing out their practices and
create a better working environment effective in its format, just as seeing where
time is squandered [31, 32]. Competitors are now utilizing insightful IoT innovation
to quantify their exhibition and methods to see where enhancements can be made.
A few organizations might need to use wearable innovation to evaluate the well-
ness and prosperity in general of their workers. They can utilize it to make a steadier
working environment that focuses on laborer fulfilment by decreasing openness to
the circumstances that cause pressure.
A major portion of wearable IoT innovation is now in the form of external
devices that clients need to furnish themselves, like goggles, smartwatches, or
development sensors; however as the innovation advances, we will probably see an
ever-increasing number of customary things of the dress being overhauled with IoT
ability [19]. Even though wearable IoT is likely to be most beneficial to medical
research and clinical enterprises in the short term, this technology is likely to
become increasingly prevalent in all commercial sectors, as well as in the household.
192 S. Dhoot et al.

11.5 Challenges of IoT in Wearables

The significant difficulties of the wearable IoT gadgets as displayed in Figure 11.7

[3] are recorded underneath.

11.5.1 Information Goal of Sensors

As it is important to be of great importance that the portable convenience is once

brought by the customer and consumes an occasional proportion of energy, they are
normally negligible, and even the sensors have lower objectives that seem different
in this.

1.Information
Resolution of
Wearable Sensors

Power
Privacy
Consumption

Regulation Wearability

Security Safety

Fig. 11.7  Significant difficulties of IoT innovation

11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 193

11.5.2 Power Usage

To restrict human correspondence and for wearable contraptions to figure for broad-
ened periods while not superseding or charging the battery, extraordinary issues are
to be thought of whereas composition the wearables. For example, low-power usage
structures or energy-gathering methodology, for instance, smaller than expected
magneto-electric, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, or photoelectrical gathering ways
are some potential choices utilized in Wu et al. [33]. Among all energy harvest pro-
cedures, sunlight-based settled energy is taken into account as a powerful up-and-­
comer because it offers the foremost spectacular thickness. The defect of
sunlight-based energy is its obstruction to day times and outside puts.

11.5.3 Wearability

The wearable IoT contraptions must be compelled to be rattling once worn by the
client. It is essential to the approach that they are expected to not angry the standard
exercises of the client. The trade-off between the multilayered arrangement of the
calculations and also the wearable weight is one of every of the essential challenges.
In Chen et al. [34], sagacious attire or wearable 2.0 for human-cloud compromise is
recognizable that attempts to manage the problem with hassle accomplished by
sporting numerous sensors uninterested piece of the body for clinical benefits
application.

11.5.4 Well-Being

Technology IoT contraptions distant advancements to convey their distinguished

information to a different center point, entrance, or base station. This far transmis-
sion incorporates radio repeat radiation, and this could contrarily influence the cus-
tomer prosperity because of the telephone obtaining wires which are improbably on
the point of his/her body. When wearables are worn on the top or eyes, the radiation
perils it will be better. The security concern is especially cared-­for [35] by evaluat-
ing the quality uttermost compasses of human openness to radio repeat magnetic
attraction energy and dismemberment the radiation level of CIoT getting wires. It is
shown that problems are often addressed by a lot of horrific once in which the wear-
able CIoT gizmo is imparted in districts with defenseless incorporation.
194 S. Dhoot et al.

11.5.5 Security

The many-sided nature of the wearable IoT contraptions is conventionally dimin-

ished as a result of lightweight and fewer power-consuming plans. On these lines,
there can be fewer attributes of solid security on such contraptions. One of the chal-
lenges within the field of wearable contraptions is that the methodology for death
penalty security methodologies while keeping the multifaceted style of the structure
is as low as may be anticipated. Typically speaking, wearables are easy hacking
centers because of defenseless encoding and security.

11.5.6 Guideline

There is at this point a cutoff in using wearable IoT contraptions in numerous ven-
tures because of the absence or presence of appropriate guidelines. For instance, in
sports fields, the utilization of wearable IoT gadgets is mechanically attainable, yet
it is not being utilized because of the group’s guidelines.

11.5.7 Privacy

The consistent trade of individual information, for example, imperative good for-
tune signs, measurements, and house between technology and additionally the
Internet center purpose, can establish a climate for security breaks. Conventionally,
wearable IoT contraptions are on the imparted mode that produces them success-
fully determinable by varied center points among the association. Unapproved cen-
ter points will take the singular information on the off likelihood that applicable
security methodologies are not applied. In such transmission modes, the intrinsic
hardware security development of the IoT contraptions probably would not guaran-
tee the protection of individual information against breaks. In [36], a transmission
ally IoT model is planned wherever the customers’ personal information is only
given to expected center points like clinical thought workplaces or contraptions sup-
ported by the customer.
Wearable IoT gadgets can have an incredible assortment of utilizations and open-
ings. Exploitation 3D printing, the best-in-class age of those wearables, is going to
be helped by localization of function of their arrangement, production, and scatter-
ing. For instance, by mishandling this development for the prosperity application,
the patient can alter their disease profiles and transfer their mechanical sets from
personal health care to printing for the home at insignificant cost. Batteries, the
power of the extraclear method, are now allowed in portable IoT gadgets. This
extends their self-regulation, carrying out the extraction and demand for parts and
the rental and authorization of useful work of material resources. The essential
11  Application of IoT in Wearable Technology 195

likelihood in wearable IoT is going to be perceived once IoT wellsprings of knowl-

edge and gadgets are accumulated and an incorporated IoT structure is made
accessible.

11.6 Conclusion

The wearable can give relentless new opportunities [37] in some certifiable applica-
tions. Wearables have many prospects once the Associate in Nursing incorporated
IoT framework opens. Thus, the real force of consolidating wearable and IoT has
not been perceived [38, 39]. Wearable technology offers higher functionalities by
giving constant information correspondence; nevertheless, it additionally represents
an additional noteworthy security and protection hazards. Loads of individuals are
disturbed regarding wearable security since the knowledge obtained may embody
sensitive information about themselves and their environment, equivalent to charac-
ter, health-related data, Mastercard number, and location [40].
Although this trend-setting innovation advantages people, there are still some
security escape clauses and protection offer that necessary further thought and
elbow grease of creators in designing wearable innovation models. A superior veri-
fication tool is going to be enforced as a result of this.

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Chapter 12
Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart
Cities: Challenges, Benefits,
and Applications

Aditya Tripathi, Nidhi Sindhwani, Rohit Anand, and Aman Dahiya

12.1 Introduction

IoT directs a system of related and connected objects that are used to collect and
transmit data over a wireless network. IoT devices collect data through a variety of
advanced technologies and freely stream data between other devices [1]. IoT is
known as an important part of developing Smart Homes and Smart Cities. To a large
extent, Smart Cities fill the regions with nerves so that one can understand and con-
trol the environment. These days, a large number of people are moving toward IoT
technology and transforming their homes into Smart Homes. For example, when
you turn on the light in your room using a mobile app, it becomes an IoT device.
Analysts predict that there will be 41.6 billion connected IoT devices by 2025. IoT
is a simple concept where the IT world is connected to the real world of objects [2].
IoT-based Smart Homes allow us to control our household items via a cell phone.
Smart Homes enable us to adjust the brightness and temperature of a room or an
entire house; anyone can turn on and off the lights in our house and many other
things by simply using our cell phone. If a stranger or a thief enters or tries to enter
a house, the system immediately sends a notification to our smartphone. After
receiving the notice, you can take the necessary steps against it [3]. Mobile applica-
tions are used to control and operate home appliances. For example, if you forget to
lock any doors of your house, the system automatically locks the doors, or if you are

A. Tripathi · N. Sindhwani (*)

Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Anand
G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus (formerly GBPEC), New Delhi, India
A. Dahiya
MSIT, GGSIPU, New Delhi, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 199
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_12
200 A. Tripathi et al.

tired when you return from the office, you can turn on the air conditioner with just
your smartphone. For these reasons, a large number of people go to IoT-based Smart
Homes. Smart Homes make our home life more comfortable and secure [4]. IoT-­
based Smart Cities use IoT gadgets like sensors, lights, and meters that gather and
examine information. Cities then, at that point, utilize this information to further
develop the foundation, resources, and many other things that help build Smart City.
IoT-based Smart Cities make the lives of citizens much easier as it offers advanced
technologies that help citizens in many ways [5]. Smart Homes are generally con-
sidered to be the foundation for the construction of Smart City. Smart City is also
known as The Evolution of Smart Homes. Smart Cities aim to use billions of IoT
devices in a common area. Smart Cities are helping the city work harder to make our
lives more comfortable and secure [6]. Smart Cities enable us to prevent crime,
environmental management, air quality management, smart waste management,
smart parking, etc. Smart Cities are considered natural because they reduce the
impact of greenhouse gases [7]. Smart Cities only work if there is government sup-
port that plays a major role in building Smart Cities. Without government assis-
tance, one cannot develop Smart Cities as everyone needs funding for that. According
to a recent report, Smart Cities have the potential to generate $ 20,000 in economic
benefits by 2026. With the help of large corporations or MNCs and cooperative
governments, one can see the development or transformation of Smart Cities over
time [8]. As there is a need to use IoT in our Smart Cities and Smart Homes, one
needs to be extra careful as they have weak security technologies. Malicious hack-
ers and unauthorized persons can easily get into our system and easily manage our
data. One can protect and maintain the privacy of our data by ensuring all required
security agreements, maintaining a strong password, and installing all updates on
your device as they are available to keep your system up to date [9]. IoT in Smart
Homes and Smart Cities make our lives much better and will continue to do so in
the future. Studies prove that in the years to come, IoT based on Smart Homes and
Smart Cities will take over and make our world technologically advanced. Smart
Cities and Smart Homes have become an important part of our lives. These days, the
whole world is turning to Smart Homes and Smart Cities based on IoT because they
make our lives easier, more comfortable, and more secure [10].

12.2 Literature Review

In this chapter, the author describes the concepts of Smart Cities based on IoT and
the challenges they face while using Smart Cities based on IoT. It also discusses
weaknesses or errors during IoT installation [11]. This tells us about the Smart
Home-based IoT security system where it discusses the performance and imple-
mentation of Smart Homes and discusses the future of IoT [12]. As such, Smart
Homes can be easily used so this paper tells us the security and privacy measures
one should take while using IoT-based Smart Homes. As the demand for IoT devices
grows these days, there is a need to make sure our data is safe and secure by taking
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 201

all precautions [13]. This will focus on urban IoT systems and will also inform us of
the adoption of advanced technologies, agreements, and the development of an
urban IoT system. The urban IoT system will bring a large number of benefits to the
management and expansion of traditional community services [14]. In this, the
author describes the IoT technology used in the construction of Smart City and the
various hardware and software components required for IoT technology in building
the Smart City. We will also discuss vulnerabilities while using IoT-based Smart
Cities and how we can overcome these weaknesses [15]. In this paper, one will
understand how to control our household items via our smartphone via Wi-Fi or
wireless network. It will tell us about the variety of computer and software tools
required for IoT deployment on Smart Homes. It will also show us how IoT technol-
ogy will become a very important part of our lives [16]. This paper explains the
concepts of Smart Cities and their use. It also describes the advanced network tech-
nologies used in the construction of Smart Cities and also tells us about the major
features of the Smart City operations. It also discusses the challenges and experi-
ences in the world regarding IoT in Smart Cities [17]. This tells us about the control
and operation of household items such as lamps, fans, air conditioners, and many
other items called Home Automation. It also states that Home Automation must
have a Smart Security system where the system can send an SMS or photo to our
smartphone if something is found [18]. This paper describes IoT and the various
uses of IoT in Smart Home Technology and tells us how to create and use this IoT-­
based Smart City Technology. It also suggests several ways in which one can
improve Smart Home applications [19]. This will discuss the use of IoT and how
IoT will affect our lives and become an integral part of our lives. It also describes
the various IoT services based in Smart Cities that play a key role in the construc-
tion of Smart City. It also talks about the future of IoT-based Smart Cities [20]. This
paper discusses various types of IoT applications such as Smart Home Automation
System, Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture, Smart Industry, Smart Parking System,
etc. [21]. This paper discusses the different types of challenges facing IoT architec-
ture design in Smart Homes and Smart Cities and discusses the different types of
security attacks on IoT systems and security measures [22]. This paper will tell us
about the Smart Security and Home Automation-based IoT system that sends the
user via Internet notification to a smartphone when there is an unknown input or
when the door is opened. The user can receive messages on his phone when they are
out of the house [23]. The author describes the challenges of future research and
applications based on IoT, as well as the recent advances in IoT technology, and also
talks about Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture, intelligent environment, and intelligent
life [24]. This paper creates a Smart Home Automation System where anyone can
control and use our home appliances such as turning on/off lights, fans, or air con-
ditioners. It is, therefore, better to upgrade the Home Automation system for luxury
living and to design an advanced Home Automation System via Wi-Fi or wireless
network [25]. This paper discusses the Smart Parking System in Smart Cities based
on IoT technology and discusses the functionality of the Smart Parking System. The
IoT-based Smart Parking System allows the client to check the availability of a
parking space and book a parking space [26]. This paper discusses a Smart Home
202 A. Tripathi et al.

System that works with heat and gas leaks. It also helps us to take care of the plants
by watering them from time to time. It is also helpful to use many of the household
items everyone uses in our daily lives with a smartphone [27]. This paper tells us
about security attacks using Blockchain, various types of IoT services and data
security measures, and various IoT protocols used in IoT-based systems and also
discusses data security and network security [28].

12.3 Working Principle of IoT-Based Smart Homes

and Smart Cities

12.3.1 Smart Homes

Home Automation could include the significant expense of possession, resoluteness

of interconnected gadgets, and helpless sensibility. When planning and making a
Smart Home System, engineers consider a few components including versatility,
how well the gadgets can be checked and operated, simplicity of establishment and
use for the customer, moderateness, speed, safety, and capacity to analyze issues.
Discoveries from iControl showed that shoppers focus on usability over specialized
advancement, and even though customers perceive that new associated gadgets have
an unrivaled cool factor, they are not exactly prepared to utilize them in their own
homes yet. Truly, frameworks have been sold as complete frameworks where the
buyer depends on one merchant for the whole framework including the equipment,
the interchanges convention, the focal center, and the UI. There are presently open
equipment and open-source programming frameworks which can be utilized rather
than or with exclusive equipment. A large number of these frameworks interface
with customer hardware like the Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which are effectively
available on the web and in many gadget stores. Furthermore, home computeriza-
tion gadgets are progressively interfaced with cell phones through Bluetooth, taking
into consideration expanded moderateness and adaptability for the client.

12.3.1.1 Level 1: Data Gathering

At this point, raw data gathered from sensors is liable to additional preparation. Part
of the arrangements in that split data gathered are CSV, tweets, arrangement charts,
and texting. Organizations are gathered and altered utilizing the semantic web to
change them over to a similar configuration. The accompanying level shows the
strategies used to change over information into a similar arrangement.
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 203

12.3.1.2 Level 2: Executing the Data

Information gathered from the information assortment level was summed up before
move, testing, and coordination at ceaseless levels utilizing semantic web advance-
ment. The principal reason for this standard is to change over mass information into
a comparable configuration, for instance, the Resource Description Framework
(RDF). RDF [29] is the most generally utilized approach to trade information on the
web and works with multidisciplinary information on the different spaces of Smart
City. RDF likewise assists with isolating metadata about resources on the web.
Different programming applications will want to utilize RDF information for basic
reasoning errands. Pre-assembled RDF data created at this level will be manhandled
using semantic data and coming about weakness rules with an evident level to set up
obvious data recuperation.

12.3.1.3 Level 3: Data Integration and Consultation

Semantic web technology permits the abuse of explicit space information depen-
dent on thoughts and associations between those thoughts. The methodology uti-
lized at this level is summed up underneath. The language of web ontology (OWL)
[30] is utilized to engender ontologies. Web Ontology Language (OWL) is an RDF
diagram created utilizing RDF and ontologies and permits singular grouping/order.
It likewise offers two distinct kinds of designs, which can be utilized to coordinate
associations between various classifications, to determine a data resource and an
object resource. At the point when isolation is done, the subtleties can be addition-
ally upgraded by nearby specialists and vulnerabilities. Dempster-Shafer will be
used here to enlighten advancement and learn new levels in a particular space of
talk. In this paper, the Dempster-Shafer strategy is used to join material information
[31] from various Smart Cities. This methodology will assist with learning new
information through dubious deduction and by helping with the execution of a sharp
framework.
SPARQL is the language of the RDF poll [32] used to inquire, get to, and deal
with the data/records determined in the RDF plan. At the point when all set informa-
tion is moved as the RDF increments essentially, SPARQL permits question and
recovery of data in a similar arrangement. All things considered, this level ascents
notwithstanding low-level data. New guidelines that function admirably during the
undeniable level substance data cycle from the juvenile tangible information and
would then be able to be taken out and used to fabricate information on the develop-
ment of Smart City structures.
204 A. Tripathi et al.

12.3.1.4 Level 4: Device Control and Warning

Information got from level 3 can be utilized for an assortment of web applications
for shrewd working conditions. The information gathered can be utilized from
numerous survey focuses like info/yield, informing, alarms, and cautions [33].

Communication Services

The communication place assumes a significant part in understanding the Smart

City idea. Current correspondence benefits utilized based on Smart City are as fol-
lows: 3G (third period), LTE (long haul improvement), Wi-Fi (remote unwavering
quality), WiMAX (all microwave access reconciliation), ZigBee, I  - CATV
(advanced TV), and satellite communication. The fundamental point is to associate
an assortment of gadgets (sensors and IoTs) that can assist with making the pres-
ence of occupants more available and safer. The model is given by communication
administrations in the home space for associating telephone and PC devices to the
web. At the nearby government level, cloud and media communication administra-
tions are coordinated to accomplish better administration. As a result of the well-­
being area, correspondence innovation can be utilized to interface well-being
insights, medicine, and patient area from a distance to these lines to assist with
accomplishing the Smart Health framework [34, 35]. Subsequently, with Smart City
and interchanges innovation, one can give a protected and productive establishment
for a superior life.

Customized Services

For instance, due to automobile and health areas, by joining tactile information, the
impact of driver health limits on driving conditions can be quantified. Joining well-­
being hindrances, for example, hypertension and pulse in a vehicle, can help the
driver by estimating their continuous disease, which can assist with establishing a
more secure environment for drivers. Likewise, utilizing the vehicle’s area, vehicle
speed, and traffic volume at the intersection can assist with better screening the state
of the vehicle. Due to the healthy climate, information gathered through remote
nerve networks about a patient’s health and work can assist an individual with an
inability. Indeed, by joining the information on home and ecological spaces, the
effect of warmth on a home exercise like eating, washing, resting, and cooking can
be learned. This can help in tracking down a reasonable workplace, which can be a
significant device for considering more established individuals and individuals
experiencing dementia. Figure 12.1 shows Smart City architecture
Because of the normal and hierarchical climate, low-level information is gath-
ered in a common habitat, for example, temperature and water will assist with
acquiring profound changes over information. At the point when significant level
modified information (like floods, tremors, timberland flames, torrential slides, and
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 205

Fig 12.1  Multi-level Smart City architecture

other normal catastrophes) is coordinated into the city board, it can assist with sav-
ing lives. Essentially, for the modern area, setting up solid administration acquired
by a mix of various information will assist with establishing a protected workplace
for assembly line laborers. With normal testing, recording, and abuse of encompass-
ing tactile data from an assortment of sources (e.g., gas weakness, mechanical con-
ditions, and representative well-being) in a modern climate, a superior, more
valuable and more secure working environment climate can be made [36].

12.3.2 Smart Cities

IoT-based Water Quality Monitoring System in Smart Cities system uses Arduino as
a microcontroller. The whole program is designed to embed - C and match the code
created using Arduino IDE. Data collection on PH, water level, temperature and air
leaks, and water quality monitoring system uses sensors. This data can be accessed
206 A. Tripathi et al.

by authorized customers using a client ID and password on a web server by logging

into their accounts. Collected data is deleted and broken and sent continuously. The
rectifier, relay, and transformer are connected to the microcontroller. ESP8266 is a
low-cost module consisting of a complete TCP/IP chip and an Arduino microcon-
troller chip, which works with data storage in the IoT cloud. The Wi-Fi module uses
a serial transmitter and receiver pins to send and receive information, change wire-
less module settings, and change consecutive query orders. Data from the sensors
will be displayed on the LCD. The boots from the external flash are straightforward
while processing the system, which increases system performance and storage
requirements due to their well-designed cache capacity. Finally, the information in
the web application using individual android phones can be accessed [37].
Regulator  The center or the fundamental regulator is the main piece of your Smart
Home System whether or not you associate single or numerous workers. It’s other-
wise called the escape and is connected to your home switch through the Ethernet
link. So, the web of things-based sensors gets or sends orders through the focal
center. The center point imparts the yield to a cloud-based organization situated
over the web. Along these lines, it is not difficult to speak with the concentrated
center even from removed or far-off areas through your phone.

Smart Gadgets  The IoT-based smart home gadgets involve a few smart gadgets for
various utilizations of safety, lighting, and home diversion, among others. This load
of gadgets is coordinated over a common organization set up as an escape and con-
nected in a lattice organization. This implies it offers the clients the adaptability to
work one sensor followed by the activity of the other. For example, when the win-
dows/entryways’ sensors of your primary entryway trigger at 7 pm, you can time-
table to trigger the front room. For significant distances, these sensor center points
assume a fundamental part in permitting simple transmission of signs to the sensors
that are far away from the primary regulator however are near the sensor center [38].

Wireless Network  The greater part of the IoT-based Smart Home Systems acces-
sible today works on three significant conventions, specifically Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, and
ZigBee. The Z-Wave and the ZigBee regulators are given organization IDs which
are additionally dispersed over different sensors in the organization. Because of the
accessibility of the most limited way, the sign from the regulator will go to the
objective sensors either through signal bounces or straightforwardly. In the case any
center sensor in the pathway is involved, the sign will look for another approach to
show up at its last unbiased.

Associated with Cloud  Cloud-based systems administration framework includes

support and capacity of information over the web area. This permits clients to
approach the information from any area in the world. With the assistance of IoT,
home mechanization framework clients through the cloud association can send
requests to the middle point even from a faraway or distant region. Then, at that
point, the center will flag further to the proposed sensors to trigger and play out the
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 207

client-mentioned activity. Whenever this is done, the center will refresh the move it
has made, and through this, clients can screen and control each part of their smart
homes [39].

12.4 IoT Challenges to Achieve Smart Cities

and Smart Homes

12.4.1 Smart Cities

The main IoT issues arising from the acquisition of Smart Cities are the following:
• Denial of service: An exceptionally enormous number of Internet gadgets in
metropolitan regions give a genuine assault vector to noxious clients [40]. For
instance, in a major city, thousands or a huge number of gadgets all the while
speaking with the two clients and between them, security ideas are tremendous.
Smart Cities is an amazing system objective to make IoT bot organizations. The
IoT botnet has compromised gadgets and is utilized to perform different under-
takings without the information on their genuine clients [41]. This apparatus
manhandles the shortcomings that exist in other related articles, for instance, the
utilization of default passwords by clients. In this manner, IoT networks are
gradually being utilized as an assault stage by pernicious clients.
• Heterogeneity issues: For the most part, in IoT cases, information is gathered
from an enormous number of normally dispersed things. In any case, information
gathered in various ways utilizing various gatherings generally has various
designs. Thus, it is absurd to satisfactorily investigate, measure, and store such
information without a particular association. This absence of extra terms makes
joining information acquired from peculiar sources troublesome. Along these
lines, make (1) rules for information mix and (2) data exchanging gatherings that
will empower the creation of useful and reliable data between various IoT gad-
gets [42].
• Security issues
IoT security is undeniably challenging for the administration and supportability
of associations and organizations. The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has
delivered a report that the proper organization of IoT innovation will open up an
assortment of well-being and security issues for IoT clients and ought to be more
tolerant or settled. For a large portion of these fundamental IoT applications, the
utilization of mistaken or adulterated data can have genuine results. Normal security
settings like confirmation, privacy, and information honesty are crucial to IoT items,
associations, and applications. If IoT objects have adequate memory and planning
limits, existing security shows, and measurements might be suitable, yet as there are
restricted IoT resource restrictions, these current security frameworks are exorbitant
to IoT assets [43]. Security issues stay a significant obstruction to the selection and
208 A. Tripathi et al.

in general arranging of IoT. By the day’s end, customers won’t completely acknowl-
edge IoT in case there is no assurance that it will ensure their security. Surely, the
IoT can’t help itself by warding off assaults for an assortment of reasons: (1) recur-
rence, objects utilize a ton of their force undetected, making actual assaults on them
simpler; (2) most correspondence is remote, making man-in-the-middle Attacks,
maybe assaults the most popular of such a program. Therefore, business messages
might be dependent upon ensuing consistency, vindictive course, interruption of
messages, and other security gives that might influence the well-being of the whole
IoT; and (3) an assortment of variables, for instance, RFID marks have confined
resources to the extent energy and computation power, which hold them back from
executing advanced security game plans. Data security issues can be summed up in
data privacy, data confirmation, data uprightness, and data refreshes. Cryptographic
procedures are the best answers to help these security needs [44]. Cryptographic
insights are the reason for the security and protection insurance of Smart City appli-
cation administrations since they avoid the convergence of problematic gatherings
during life-supporting cycles, preparing and sharing. In the space underneath, there
is a need to sum up the cryptographic apparatuses as of now utilized in the Smart
City designs and join a particular novel and promising turn of events. One can like-
wise utilize IoT-based frameworks, biometrics intended to demonstrate generally
genuineness. Specifically, these advancements can be utilized to normally distin-
guish an individual with uncommon good and friendly characteristics. Bio-data is
taken out from fingerprints, face, words, manually written imprints, and soon.
Blockchain is the response to a basic trial of safety, security, and straightforward-
ness in this individual, hierarchical, and functional information. Various sorts of
brilliant city trades can be recorded on the blockchain. Through smart contracts,
complex lawful cycles can be made, and data exchange needs to happen accord-
ingly. With shrewd agreements and appropriated applications, blockchain offers a
significant degree of fulfillment to make brilliant exchanges during the smart city
working cycle. Blockchain can offer features like predictable confirmation, protec-
tion, security, consistent arrangement, and streamlining [45].

12.4.2 Smart Homes

The biggest challenges faced when accessing Smart Homes are the following:
• Relevancy of Extracted Data: Information-driven strategies utilizing information
mining methods or other AI procedures to collect decent data require experts to
understand raw data [46]. One of the most difficult issues to distinguish is the
duplication of data collected from sensors, which may be the next step in separat-
ing data. Therefore, studies are showing that ordering data extracted from low-­
level data and another very modest system of high-quality data at that time will
completely provide details for high compliance [47]. Setting up sensory data will
compare to different parts of the inevitable communication services. The data
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 209

extracted to set the assumption becomes irrelevant if not used within a period,
much of it having a separate component. A large part of the setting is given a
dynamic category, for example, a real light spot for mobile or single gadgets [48].
• User Acceptance: Research shows that there is an absence of client acknowledg-
ment tests conducted on innovation technologies. A highly customizable user
interface should in any case have a degree of iterative improvement and therefore
do not affect the services provided to specific clients, emphasizing the impor-
tance of availability and availability that are appropriate for specific situations.
Further research focuses on greater efficiency in sensitivity, performance, and
service delivery rather than contradicting user acceptance of services itself [49].
Setting up the interface of a focused and natural device is problematic consider-
ing that they constantly manage a variety of complex system connectors that
prevent them from focusing on real work [50].
• Commercialization: Acquisitions from flexibility, for example, inaccessible
technology or commercial delays that prevent a Smart Home from becoming
famous. Most Smart Home appliances are quickly sold before being properly
tested by customers. Research shows that technology developers also take advan-
tage of the basic ideas of domestic customers, for example, who their clients are
and how they will use Smart Home technology while they are quick to make the
product marketable.
• Failure to Respond to Invalid Programs: Home adoption programs should have
a model that is intended to show home clients the function of the system to
enable them to respond to malicious programs. After that, repair plans should be
made necessary. In the study conducted by the five components proposed as an
integral part of planning, those are neighbors acquisition, central access control,
local communication, road development, and service renewal management [51].
• Cost: In any technological change, the cost without a doubt plays an important
role in purchasing or complying with that technology. The adoption of the tech-
nology focuses on showing that there have been concerns about expenses of
buying, executing, using, and support [52].
• Security and Privacy Measures: Currently, all security systems ensure the well-­
being or prosperity of the occupants of the house. The default departments will
allow the client to permit the person in the restricted area of the house instead of
giving them the whole house as a part. Nowadays people wear smart bands; these
can be used to open doors and, as a result, add easy access to the client. Nowadays,
security is perhaps the most well-known concern in the general public because of
the rising crime rate and the attitudes of the people who follow it. Smart Homes’
security systems aim to stay away from unauthorized access. Smart Home will
be notified in the case anyone is in the house at some point. Currently, there can
be two cases where one person is available or no one is available. If they think
there is a person (authorized person), they can give anyone who wants authoriza-
tion access to the Smart Home app or simply accept that person. Currently, in
such a case, very little is required, but one can add a few highlights as the image
of any intruder will be removed (due to unauthorized person) assuming the
authorized person requesting authorization will be given directly to him using
210 A. Tripathi et al.

the same camera (i.e., using facial recognition). That access can be allowed any-
where by the client; this is used in the second case. Suppose no one is available
at home (tested using infrared sensors), one can consider whether the assumption
of individual authorization is valid or not; if so, it is permissible; otherwise the
image of each individual’s consent request will be sent to the authorized client to
allow the category whenever needed [53].

12.5 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes and Smart Cities

12.5.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes

• Easy to lock and open doors: Safe homes are a vital part of any home. No matter
how many keys you use in your home, the risk of burglars and burglars entering
your home remains. However, having a Smart Home will reduce your chances of
safety by providing safety warnings in the event of an unforeseen occurrence.
Usually, if there should be an appearance of those people from your family, who
constantly lose their keys or neglect to lock part of the key gates in your home, it
may be a good idea to introduce a home security plan to build your home secu-
rity. Suppose, for example, that if someone came to your home and you had not
yet arrived, you could open the door to the talk with the help of smart cameras
and a security password and your roommate or relative could stand inside. You
can have navigation guides on your doors, gates, and garage that can be opened
with a single click of a smartphone.
• Save energy with Smart Energy conservation: Energy-saving may be a major
concern for each homeowner. With such well-equipped equipment, the amount
of energy consumption is increasing dramatically. Therefore, you will always
need to ensure that there is no amount of energy wastage and your home needs
to meet the energy efficiency requirement. With Smart Home products, you can
ensure that no lost cause is lost. Equipment and devices will all be able to be
managed and shut down after use when you have a Smart Home product. In the
case you are not in the room or you leave the room thinking that you will come
back and thus keep the lamp or fans turned on or back where you may carelessly
turn off the lights, you can benefit greatly from a Smart Home system that will
help you increase energy efficiency.
• Customize as per your convenience: It is very helpful with home automation
systems to customize smart appliances and devices in your home according to
your needs. At a time when you need to build up your heating system or you need
to reduce the temperature in an air conditioner or, on the other hand, you think
you need to turn on the water heater before you get home or you need to turn off
everything while simultaneously lying in bed, you can do it by clicking on your
smartphone. This outstanding character is not at all like our traditional homes.
12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 211

12.5.2 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes

• Smart Parking: The most important problem in cities is more than 30% of travel-
ers want to park. As many people move to cities more consistently, eventually,
the number of cars is expanding. Smart IoT parking makes life much easier;
parking spaces can be found and accessible online to book without delay.
However, it creates a decent channel of revenue for you.
• Smart City Infrastructure: We have underground pipes, a telephone line, a water
line, and electricity line, for example, how to track phone interruptions, water
leaks, and blackouts. IoT can quickly follow a problem to determine. It can be
scary ahead of time, in this case, to imagine how much time, effort, and human
resources can be saved.
• Public Transportation: Many carriers can track and transport online now via
GPS with IoT integration; they can no doubt follow their next move. As sensors
can transmit about the maintenance of protective infrastructure, it is possible in
natural environments and other systems. At present, railroads have not been able
to benefit from complex collision-avoidance programs, such as those used by
ships and aircraft, because the concept of railroads directs trains within inches of
each other.
• Weather Forecast: Perhaps, we do not have to rely on satellites in the future for
the weather. The weather can predict nerves. CO2, moisture, and the temperature
can be tracked by nerves. Because of the experience, we can deal with nature.
• Traffic and Street Lights: Traffic delays and other routes can be transmitted to
cell phones, external sensors, and street sensors; turn on street lights and turn off
when no vehicle is passing. Consider how much energy can be saved throughout
the city [54].

12.6 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities

IoT is one of the most significant technologies. It is viewed as an assortment of

tangible and different technologies to associate and trade information with different
gadgets and applications through the Internet. Some of the technologies have
enabled IoT to gain access to low tech, communications, cloud computing systems,
machine learning and analytics, and artificial intelligence. IoT contains many types
of applications that are very popular these days and are used for the benefit of the
people and the benefit of our country. IoT makes our lives much easier and more
comfortable which is why we use IoT technology in different fields [55]. The most
widely used IoT applications are smart houses, Smart Cities, IoT agriculture, smart
industry, consumer electronics, etc. In this chapter there is a discussion about two
major IoT applications, namely, smart homes and smart cities in detail. With the
construction of IoT-based Smart Homes and Smart Cities, we need IoT devices;
other than these devices, we cannot develop Smart Homes and Smart Cities. IoT
212 A. Tripathi et al.

devices are referred to as devices connected to a large central device. Examples of

IoT devices are as follows with cameras, microphones, and RFID transmitters. IoT
devices are said to be responsible for data collection and transmission. IoT devices
used to monitor and control mechanical and electronic systems are used in a variety
of formats. Home Automation that makes Smart Home is used to control household
items such as lights, fans, air conditioners, and many more using different types of
system control techniques. Smart Home these days is considered to be the most
searched IoT feature available on Google. IoT companies make these types of IoT
devices to make our lives much easier and safer. Smart Home products will save you
a lot of time and money as mentioned by many IT professionals. The Smart Home
program contains Security Systems, Smart Appliances, Automatic Lighting, Smart
Grid, Sprinkler systems, Smart e-meter, Garage Door Opener, etc. lifelong experi-
ence [56]. Figure 12.2 signifies the Smart Home System which consists of Smart
Appliances. These are home appliances like lights, fans, doors, etc. which can be
controlled by a smartphone, Smart Grid which exchanges electricity and informa-
tion, and Automatic Lighting in which the lights can be turned on or off via smart-
phone [57, 58]. Security System does not give access to an unauthorized person,
garage door opens and closes via smartphone, Sprinkler System activates as soon as
it indicates that there is a fire in the house, and Smart e-meter measures the usage of
gas or electricity in the house.
Smart City is one of the most widely used IoT applications. Smart parking, envi-
ronmental management, air quality management, and water distribution systems are
some of the examples of IoT apps for Smart Cities. IoT will solve many of the big
problems these days that most people face. Smart Cities will play a major role in the
development of the country. The Smart City program contains the Internet of Things,
Smart Government, Smart Travel, Smart Health, Smart Grid, Smart Homes, Smart

Fig 12.2  Smart Home System

12  Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications 213

Retail and Education, etc. Therefore, Smart Cities will make our lives easier, more
comfortable, and safer [59–61]. Figure 12.3 shows the Smart City System which
consists of Smart Energy which is the usage of devices for energy effectiveness,
Smart Health which uses technology and the Internet for the treatment of the patients
and connecting with patients, Smart Home which uses various home appliances that
control and operate the home, Smart Government which relates to the government
which supports the idea of Smart City and helps the engineers with resources in
making it happen, Smart Mobility which indicates many different modes of trans-
portation which reduces traffic and improves the transfer speed, and Smart Retail
which refers to modern shopping technologies.

12.7 Conclusion

With the help of Internet of things, devices that can communicate with each other
via the Internet, access to information on the Internet, storage and retrieval of infor-
mation and communication with customers. The world has completely changed as
a result of the development of online applications. Cooperation in all situations
seems impossible without it. IoT can enhance its vision by enabling communication
between intelligent objects. IoT dependent on a Smart Home System can simply
work inside the eyes of the web. The quick improvement of IoT gadgets brings con-
cerns and advantages. Except if Wi-Fi is accessible, we can go to 3G or 4G admin-
istrations. This is one of the significant advantages of IoT. In this movement, the
utilization of a microcontroller camera can assist the customer with concluding

Fig 12.3  Smart City System

214 A. Tripathi et al.

whether to welcome the following guest to get a caught picture of the visitor or the
aggressor. Assuming the client sees that he is more peculiar, the client can add a
similar picture to the police by explaining his status. IoT talks about the best way to
make the city smarter. To be sure, IoT can be used in a variety of contexts, for
example, building inspection and WSNs; environmental monitoring, for example,
gas filtering, the water level of ponds or soil moisture, waste management, smart
parking, and low CO2 vision; or independent driving. It is expected that by 2050
most cities will be powered by smart IoT devices which make cities smarter. All
used IoT equipment will assist connected technicians in managing and testing safety
concerns for the city’s residents. This ongoing infrastructure transformation will
help city experts to ensure reduced costs and improve the quality of life of rural
households [62]. It is clear that the IoT is the largest research subject and is impor-
tant for those involved in science to understand the research practice. This paper
provided an analysis of various IoT applications. This has led to a significant dem-
onstration of the use of IoT-based Smart Homes and Smart Cities and their opera-
tional goal, implementation, targeted challenges, and benefits.

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Chapter 13
Investigating Role of IoT
in the Development of Smart Application
for Security Enhancement

Jay Kumar Pandey, Rituraj Jain, R. Dilip, Makhan Kumbhkar,

Sushma Jaiswal, Binay Kumar Pandey, Ankur Gupta, and Digvijay Pandey

13.1 Introduction

13.1.1 IoT

The IoT is no more a technical hype. It’s a technology that has been silently chang-
ing our future for some time now. It is for this reason that we choose to make our
devices smart and take care of the things that will help us be more productive [1–3].
We’ve designed gadgets for collecting and sharing data and making accurate and
educated judgments using machine learning as well as neural networks by connect-
ing them and then with the Internet (complex mechanisms). The results it showed
are spectacular. Figure 13.1 shows the IoT architecture.
IoT solutions give users the ability to automate, analyze, and integrate their sys-
tems more deeply [2]. They increase the scope and precision of these areas. Sensors,
networks, and robots are all part of the IoT, which uses both established and new
technologies. Software advancements, reducing expenses on hardware, and a mod-
ern approach toward the technology are all exploited by IoT. There is a huge shift in

J. K. Pandey
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial
University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
R. Jain
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
R. Dilip
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Global Academy of Technology,
Bengaluru, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 219
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_13
220 J. K. Pandey et al.

Communicate
Trigger
action
Integrates
Device
Integrates /Sensors
Cloud

Provide info
Trigger
action

Fig. 13.1  IoT architecture

the field of delivery of products, goods, and services as a result of its new and
advanced elements.
The “smart home” is an excellent illustration of IoT in action. It’s possible to
operate the “things” in a connected focal point (i.e., settings related to temperature,
unlocking doors, etc.) through a mobile application or a website using Internet-
enabled devices such as thermostats, doorbells, smoke detectors, and security
alarms. IoT can be traced in a wide range of devices, industries, and settings, not
just inside the home. From classroom smart boards to medical devices which have
the potential of detecting symptoms of disease like Parkinson’s, the IoT is rapidly
making real and virtual worlds smarter [4].

13.1.1.1 Features of Internet of Things

Artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, and active participation are among the
most important aspects of IoT. Here’s a quick rundown of some key features:

M. Kumbhkar
Department of Computer Science, Christian Eminent College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
e-mail: [email protected]
S. Jaiswal
Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, Guru Ghasidas
Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
B. K. Pandey
Department of Information Technology, College of Technology, Govind Ballabh Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, U S Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
A. Gupta (*)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vaish College of Engineering,
Rohtak, Haryana, India
D. Pandey
Department of Technical Education, IET, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 221

With the power of data collecting, AI-based networks and algorithms, the Internet
of Things (IoT) makes nearly everything “smart” (as shown in Fig. 13.2), enhancing
every aspect of our lives [1–3]. Simply adding sensors to your refrigerator and cabi-
nets can help you know when your favorite milk and cereal are running short and
automatically place an order with your favorite grocery store.
For IoT networks, this means that big providers are no longer the only ones who
can connect to the IoT networks they provide. Smaller, more cost-effective net-
works can nonetheless serve a meaningful purpose. Between IoT, system devices
are these small networks.
Small Devices
As expected, devices have shrunk in size, cost, and power over the years. To achieve
its preciseness, scalability, and versatility, IoT relies on purpose-built tiny devices [4].

13.1.1.2 Advantages of the Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT’s benefits extend to every aspect of daily life and business. The Internet of
Things (IoT) has many advantages, including the following:
Enhanced customer engagement: At present problem-solving suffers from faults
and substantial weaknesses in precision; also, as previously mentioned, customer
commitment remains submissive. When it comes to engaging with audiences, IoT
transforms this process.

Data sensing

Communication Data value

Internet of things

Data analysis Human value

Device
connection

Fig. 13.2  Internet of Things from connecting devices to human value

222 J. K. Pandey et al.

Improvements in customer experience and device utilization are aided by both

new technologies and data that optimize the technology. The Internet of Things
(IoT) provides access for key operational as well as field data.
To reduce waste, the Internet of Things (IoT) identifies areas that might be
improved. The Internet of Things (IoT) will assist in better managing our resources
by providing us with real-world data. As a result of its limits and intended for pas-
sive use, modern data collecting suffers from a lack of innovation. There are areas
in our environment where we want to look, and the Internet of Things (IoT) helps us
get there. It provides an accurate depiction of the world around us.
Figure 13.3 depicts the important advantages and disadvantages of IoT.

13.1.1.3 Disadvantages of the IoT

Although the IoT offers many advantages, it also has certain drawbacks, such as the
following:
IoT generates an ecosystem of connected gadgets that communicate via net-
works. This presents a security risk. It’s difficult to exert any sort of control over the
system, even with all the safeguards in place. As a result, users are vulnerable to a
wide range of cyber-attacks.
IoT provides a wealth of personal information without the user’s knowledge or
consent. Several users remain apprehensive about the IoT system’s ability to seam-
lessly interact with other systems. Concerned about having many systems that are
either incompatible or locked, they try to avoid installing new ones.
As with any other business technology, the Internet of Things must adhere
to rules.

13.1.2 IoT Hardware and Software

Key duties and operations, such as system activation, action definitions, transmis-
sion, and findings, are handled by these devices to support specified goals and
actions. Sensors are a part of the Internet of Things. Sensors may be the most

•Lower operating cost

Advantages •Higher empployee productivity

•Better customer experience
•New consumer insight

•Security and privacy issues

Disadvantages •Lack of technical knowledgement

•Internet and power connectivity dependence
•Time consuming and expensive to implement

Fig. 13.3  IoT advantages and disadvantages

13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 223

significant piece of IoT hardware. Power management modules, radio modules, and
sensors are all included in these devices. The sensing module is in charge of a wide
variety of active and passive measurement instruments that feed data into it.
Accelerometers, temperature sensors, and magnetometers are only a few of the
devices utilized in IoT. Other devices include gyroscopes and image sensors, as well
as acoustical and light sensors.

13.1.2.1 Wearable Gadgets

As a component of an IoT system, smartwatches not only keep us connected but

also provide them access we need to boost our productivity. With an IoT system,
smart glasses allow us to get more out of our time by allowing us to experience more
of the media and services we care about. Smart wearable gadgets currently on the
market include the following:
Helmets, goggles, and other protective gear for the head are included.
Neck: Necklaces, cravats, and other garlands.
Watches, wristbands, and rings for the arm.
Outfitting, backpacks, etc. are all examples of the torso.
Feet: Socks and footwear.

13.1.2.2 Common Devices

The command center and remotes of the IoT remain desktop, tablet, and smart-
phone. In terms of system control, the desktop is the most user-friendly option. As
a remote control, the tablet provides access to the system’s most important function-
alities in a manner that resembles the desktop. The phone has a few important set-
tings that can be changed, as well as remote control capabilities. Other important
connected devices include routers and switches, as well as other conventional net-
work devices.

13.1.2.3 IoT and Software

Platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware all play a role in
IoT software’s major networking and action areas [2, 3]. Each of these individual
and master applications collects data, integrates devices, performs real-time analyt-
ics, and extends applications as well as processes among the IoT network. Integrating
with vital business systems (such as order management, robots, and more) is a key
component of their work.
An IoT decision framework is shown in Fig. 13.4.
224 J. K. Pandey et al.

IoT Decision The IoT Technology Stack

Framework Device Device Cloud Cloud
Communication
hardware software platform application

UX Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Decision Data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
areas
Business Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Technology - - - - -

Security - - - - -

Standard - - - - -
and
regulation

Fig. 13.4  IoT decision framework

13.1.3 Compilation of Information

It helps sensors connect to real-time, machine-to-machine networks by employing

certain protocols. That data is then sent by the parameters that have been established
by the user. Similarly, it distributes data across devices in the other direction.
A central server finally receives all of the collected data.

13.1.3.1 Integration with Other Devices

The IoT system’s body is created by the software that supports integration, which
ties all system devices together. The IoT network is defined by these applications
since without them, the system is not an IoT system. To facilitate transmission for
handling are numerous gadgets, protocols, and restrictions of every device.

13.1.3.2 Analytics in Real Time

Input from a variety of apparatus is sent into these programmers, which transform it
into actionable information or clear patterns for human study. For automation-­
related tasks or industry data, they use various settings and designs to analyze infor-
mation [5, 6] (indicated by Fig. 13.5).
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 225

Infrastructure

Security
IoT Data
management
analytics

Analytic and
predictions

Fig. 13.5  IoT analytics

13.1.3.3 Adaptation and Enhancement

These applications provide for a broader, better-productive system through an

increase in the reach of current systems and software. Predefined devices, such as
mobile devices or technical tools, can be integrated for specialized applications. It
aids in boosting capacity as well as chances for obtaining correct data.

13.1.4 Technologies Used in IoT

IoT technologies have been briefed in Fig. 13.6.

13.1.4.1 RFID and NFC

RFID [3] and NFC are easy, low-energy options for identification and access tokens,
connection bootstrapping, and payments and use radio transmitter/receivers to iden-
tify and track objects. It’s possible to communicate between a mobile phone and a
computer using NFC, which is an established set of rules and regulations for this
purpose.
226 J. K. Pandey et al.

Wi-fi

Sigfox

IoT RFID

LTE

BLE

Fig. 13.6  IoT technology

13.1.4.2 BLE Device

The low-power, long-use requirements of the IoT function are supported by this
technology, which exploits a standard technology that is naturally aided across sys-
tems. BLE is shown in Fig. 13.7.

13.1.4.3 A Wireless Low-Energy System

Communication links (e.g., wireless) must continue in hearing mode even when
sensors and other elements are turned off. Additionally, less use means a longer
lifespan for a device because of reduced energy consumption.

13.1.4.4 Protocols for the Transmission of Radiowaves

Using radio technologies like ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread, you may set up low-rate
private area networks. Even though these technologies consume a small amount of
electricity, they deliver a significant amount of data throughput. Without the usual
expenditures, this boosts the power of small local device networks.
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 227

BLE configured Signals are received by nearby smart

devices broadcast devices using Bluetooth low energy
continuous Radio signals

Signal provides its unique ID

number to smart devices

Smart devices then transmit that unique number to

a cloud server that checks the action to be assigned.

Fig. 13.7  Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

13.1.4.5 LTE-A

By enhancing both coverage and latency and improving throughput, LTE-A, also
known as LTE Advanced, represents an important step forward for LTE technology.
Expansion of the IoT’s range, particularly in the automobile and unmanned aerial
vehicle communication, provides it immense power.

13.1.4.6 Wi-Fi-Direct

An access point is no longer required when using Wi-Fi-Direct Wi-Fi-like speeds,

and lower latency makes it ideal for peer-to-peer connections. A part of the network
that frequently slows it down can be eliminated without sacrificing speed or through-
put, thanks to Wi-Fi-Direct.

13.1.5 Smart Applications of IoT

There are several uses for IoT in every industry and market sector (shown in
Fig. 13.8). Those who wish to save money on their utility bills to major corporations
who want to simplify their operations are all included in the user base. When applied
to government and safety, the Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to improve
law enforcement, defense, city planning, and economics. In addition to addressing
many of the present shortcomings, new technology also broadens the field of pos-
sible undertakings.
228 J. K. Pandey et al.

Smart
Home

Smart retail Wearable

Smart
Application
Connectd
Smart City
Car

industrial
Smart Grids
internet

Fig. 13.8  Smart applications of IoT

13.1.5.1 Infrastructural, Industrial, and Engineering

Improving manufacturing, marketing, service delivery, and safety are all possible
outcomes of IoT implementation. A robust way of monitoring numerous processes
is provided by the Internet of Things, and actual openness enables more chances for
improvement. A high level of control provided by the Internet of Things (IoT)
enables speedy as well as effective action on opportunities, such as clear client
requirements, nonconforming products, and malfunctioning equipment.

13.1.5.2 Safety and Government

The Internet of Things (IoT) can improve law enforcement, defense, city planning,
and economic management when used to government and safety. The technology
fills in the current gaps, corrects many of the current defects, and also widens the
scope of endeavors.

13.1.5.3 Official and Domestic

Throughout our daily lives, the Internet of Things (IoT) provides a personalized
experience, from our homes and workplaces to the businesses we commonly do
business with. We are more satisfied, more productive, and safer as a result. As a
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 229

result, the Internet of Things (IoT) can assist us in enhancing our work environ-
ments. As a case in point, Joan has a career in advertising. She walks into her office,
and the system identifies her.

13.1.5.4 Medicine and Health

The Internet of Things (IoT) encourages us to envision a future in which medical

gadgets are seamlessly integrated into a network. Medical research, devices, care,
and emergency care will also gain from the Internet of Things today if it is used
properly and effectively.

13.1.5.5 Content Marketing and Distribution

Unlike current technologies, analytics, and big data, IoT acts comparably and more
deeply. This data can be used to develop metrics and patterns over time, although it
is generally lacking in depth and accuracy. With the help of IoT, this can be
improved.

13.1.5.6 Enhanced Marketing

The current advertising model is plagued by overexposure and a lack of specificity.

Adverts still fail, even with the help of today’s advanced data. Instead of one-size-­
fits-all advertising techniques, the Internet of Things (IoT) promises diverse and
individualized advertising.

13.1.6 Threat to IoT System

An associated liability can arise from IoT’s security weaknesses and its ability to
perform specific activities. Device malfunction, attack, and data theft are the three
key concerns. They can cause a wide range of problems.

13.1.6.1 Fault in the Equipment

A deeper level of automation is introduced by the Internet of Things, which may

control essential systems and systems that have a direct influence on life and prop-
erty. In the event of an IoT furnace control system malfunction, frozen pipes and
water damage may result in an unattended home when the system fails or malfunc-
tions. This necessitates the development of countermeasures by organizations.
230 J. K. Pandey et al.

13.1.6.2 Attacks Against Computer Systems

IoT devices put the entire network at risk, as well as anything that is directly
impacted. A hacked stove or fire sprinkler system could be the result of tremendous
integration and productivity, but it’s also the perfect opportunity for mayhem. The
most effective defenses target the weakest links and offer a range of customizable
features, including monitoring and access privileges. Anti-attack tactics can be sim-
ple and effective. To protect yourself and your company, you should look for gad-
gets that have built-in security.

13.1.6.3 Theft of Personal Information

Many people are drawn in by the allure of data that comes with the Internet of
Things. The importance of personal data to persons for crimes, stalking, and a
twisted sense of gratification are just a few of the reasons these people are inter-
ested. This hazard can be managed with the same tactics used to combat attacks.

13.2 Literature Review

Prior research in the subject of IoT is the topic of this section. IoT was coined by
Kevin Ashton. Many investigations into this topic have been conducted since then.
A wide range of industries, including consumer, industrial, infrastructural, and even
outer space, is already making use of IoT. This study focuses on the smart use of
IoT. The following authors will be briefly discussed in the upcoming section:
The Internet of Things (IoT) smart home study by Mustafa Asaad Omran et al.
[7] presented an overview of growing interest in IoT smart homes. IoT enables a
home automation system to remotely monitor and operate various electronic gad-
gets (HAS). The rationale for using smart houses and smart home engineering is
then discussed, as are the most commonly used wired and wireless communication
methods for smart homes.
When it comes to IoT, B R Vatsala et al. [8] stated that it will play an important
role in the near future. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is that things, rather
than humans, may communicate with one other over the Internet. With enhanced
amenities like smart cities, homes, and hospitals, IoT can help people lead more
comfortable lives. People’s quality of life can greatly benefit from an examination
of Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Abhishek Khanna and Kaur [9] reviewed a wide range of contributions from
researchers in diverse fields of application. In each application domain, these papers
were tested on a variety of criteria. Existing issues in these fields are also discussed.
For new researchers in this field, the study has also highlighted future IoT research
prospects to better prepare them for evaluating present IoT standings and develop-
ing unique ideas.
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 231

In the premises of varied smart cities, Peng Su et al. [10] developed an SCI sys-
tem stationed on information islands. The SCI system’s smart monitoring of the
environment, smart transportation, and prevention of epidemics in a smart way
included a variety of application levels. The smart city information system was fur-
ther optimized for efficiency utilizing a multi-objective optimization method using
IoT and cloud computing technologies.
In S. Baskar et al. [11] developed trust model, different timely qualities are used
to identify the service’s reputation. The reputation was calculated based on the total
amount of trust a person can place in a person over time and in different contexts.
The service provider’s attributes and the unknown features were recurrently exam-
ined using deep machine learning to fuse the data. Confidence in service and appli-
cation responses was reduced by using a data fusion method to estimate trust levels.
False positives, ambiguity, data loss, computation time, and service dependability
were used to evaluate the suggested method’s performance.
Internet of Things (IoT) authentication mechanisms was thoroughly surveyed by
Yang and his colleagues [12]. These protocols were grouped into four categories:
(a) M2M, (b) Internet of Vehicles (IoV), (c) Internet of Energy (IoE), and (d) Internet
of Sensors (IoS). Presentations on IoT authentication protocols’ threats, counter-
measures, and formal security verification methodologies were given at the confer-
ence. For the IoT, an authentication protocol taxonomy and a comparison of those
protocols created for IoT networks were offered.
Interconnections between numerous objects and intelligent devices are provided
by the Internet of Things (IoT), according to Fadhil [13]. In IoT, data collection,
processing, and transmission are the three main pillars. Home, healthcare, telecom-
munications, environmental management, industry, construction, and energy use
IoT.  The use of embedded devices in IoT technology is distinct from the use of
computers, laptops, and mobile devices. Security is becoming increasingly impor-
tant for IoT systems because of the exchange of personal data generated by sensors
and the ability to combine real and virtual worlds. Lightweight encryption methods
are also needed for the Internet of Things. That is why their research needed to focus
on IoT-specific security concerns and issues and then develop authentication meth-
ods that would help implement safe IoT services.
Yu Liu and colleagues [14] used lightweight block ciphers that were specifically
built for IoT, such as radiofrequency identification and sensor networking. Bansod
et al. proposed NUX, a 31-round iterative ultra-lightweight cipher. Using differen-
tial and linear analysis, they tested NUX’s resilience to these methods and searched
for 31-round differential properties and linear approximations. It was claimed dur-
ing the specification of design that the 25-round NUX was capable of withstanding
both asymmetrical and linear attacks. Their 29-round differential attack on NUX,
which was four rounds greater than the limit set by authors, was a success thanks to
the 22-round differential feature they discovered in their work. A 19-round linear
approximation of their paper which was a key recovery attack on NUX was also
revealed. Full NUX with a data complexity of 8 was also used to develop a distin-
guishing attack, which utilized the property of differential propagation over NUX to
build its distinguisher.
232 J. K. Pandey et al.

Reinforcement learning principles for smart city applications using IoT were
presented by R. Dhaya et al. [15]. Smart city applications and their interaction with
IoT are discussed in the first section. The smart city advances were discussed in the
next part, which included information on deep learning and reinforcement learning.
Experts in open fields (typically, neighborhoods or regions) faced a major challenge
in the efficient management of information that could aid new services in most
cases. In addition, it has defined an intellectual approach for inquiry obligations that
was trained using machine learning (ML). Mathematical functions were used to
bring a well-structured framework to remodel the decision-making process in any
game or task with greater complications.
The problem of energy harvesting about the Internet of Things with amalgam-
ated users was studied by Desheng Wang et  al. [16], with three types of single-­
antenna users: ID users who get information only, EH users who solely get energy,
and ID/EH users who get information and energy from a multi-antenna base station
at the same time via power splitting. With this goal in mind, they worked together to
create the transmitter power allocation and receiver power splitting technique to
maximize the minimal SINR for the two groups of ID and ID/EH users, both of
whom had to meet strict energy harvesting limits. To address the non-convex issues,
they used SDR, ZF, and MRT methods.
It was suggested by Ahmed Abdelgawad and Yelamarthi [17] that an SHM plat-
form with embedded IoT could determine the magnitude and location of damage in
structures. Among the components of the suggested platform are a Raspberry Pi
computer, a Wi-Fi module, analog-to-digital converters, a buffer, and a piezoelectric
sensor. Pairs of piezoelectric sensors were inserted into the framework, to measure
vibrations. Data gathered from piezoelectric sensors was utilized to calculate the
extent and location of the damage. By using a Raspberry Pi computer, the mathe-
matical model could determine if any structural damage had occurred and where it
might be located. Remote access to the data was made possible by storing it and
making it accessible from any mobile device. Using a lab testbed, the system was
proven to be reliable.
For Pallavi Sethi and Sarangi [18], the term IoT describes a paradigm in which
physical objects outfitted with sensors, actuators, and computers may exchange data
with one another. This new growing field was thoroughly surveyed for the most up-­
to-­date methods, protocols, and applications. An IoT taxonomy was developed in
this study, identifying some of the most essential technologies and highlighting spe-
cific applications that have the potential to significantly improve the lives of people,
particularly those who are differently abled and the elderly.
It was reported by Olutosin Taiwo and Ezugwu [19] that a cloud-based intelli-
gent home automation system had been designed and developed. Mobile applica-
tions regulate monitors and take account of the defense of residential surroundings.
Two modules work together to regulate and monitor the home’s electronic equip-
ment and environmental conditions, while one module monitored the defense sys-
tem of residence by detecting movements and taking photographs. Motion-activated
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 233

cameras were utilized to collect photographs of items that had been spotted. Using
machine learning, they were able to distinguish between photos of normal house
inhabitants and those of an intruder. These findings were presented in this study
using the support vector machine technique, which was used to categorize aspects
of the images captured and assess whether or not the images were taken by an
intruder. Graphical representation of household activities was provided by the
mobile application’s design.
IoT-based technologies for geriatric healthcare applications were thoroughly
reviewed by Deblu Sahu et  al. [20], who presented current and comprehensive
knowledge. Geriatric healthcare using IoT technology was also mentioned as a cur-
rent trend, concern, challenge, and future research field. Using the information in
this study, future solutions and cost-effective healthcare services can be developed
for the underserved. IoT’s influence on many healthcare areas, including AAL, tele-
medicine, automated technology, and wearable sensors in the senior census, was
also addressed by their paper. Additionally, the study reviewed the status of IoT-­
enabled healthcare systems which address a variety of healthcare challenges, such
as serious disease management, neuro- and psychiatric ailments, cognitive disease,
and diagnosis.
By using the Internet of Things (IoT), Biljana Risteska Stojkoska et al. devel-
oped a hierarchical method for home healthcare systems [21]. A three-tier data man-
agement model, consisting of dew computing, fog computing, and cloud computing,
was established for optimal data flow in IoT employing residential care systems.
They employed a distributed fuzzy logic approach to testing their model in the con-
text of a quick fire detection system. Fire detection IoT systems with dew and fog
computing were shown to be very accurate, with minimal data delay, according to
the results.
A strategy named SCIB was proposed by Zhanyu Liu [22] to improve perfor-
mance and to expand the smart city industry even using big data analytics. They
started with big data and then moved on to digitalization of the data. It was then
uploaded to the cloud and stored there. The data processing, decision-making, and
data transfer processes were now completed by the application user’s requirements.
Simulated results were used to determine how well the proposed technique per-
formed in terms of delay, lifetime (duration), failure rate (frequency), congestion
rate (frequency), and throughput (throughput rate). At the same time as increasing
throughput and life expectancy, the SCIB technique minimizes the delay, failure
rate, and congestion.
A proposed agent-based architecture for knowledge discovery by Sajid Hussain
et  al. [23] was utilized to extract knowledge from the fluctuation in the received
signal strength indicator (RSSI). An in-house experiment was undertaken to demon-
strate how RSSI may be used to uncover new information in an indoor environment.
Using Moteiv’s Tmote Sky sensors, a WSN was set up in a person’s bedroom to
monitor their sleeping habits and other physical activities. A WSN was also used to
track a person’s movement throughout a room and determine whether chairs were
234 J. K. Pandey et al.

occupied. Knowledge discovery and data mining will increasingly rely on fuzzy
logic and other machine learning approaches in the future. Context-aware services
and applications for end-users could also exist.
To figure out who is behind many virtual accounts, Kaikai Deng and his col-
leagues [24] believe there must be a method to do it. In their investigation, a random
forest confirmation algorithm concentrating on stable marriage matching was rec-
ommended since the many-to-many technique of user identification had a poor
accuracy rate. The random forest model was constructed using a user similarity
vector training set; subsequently, the candidate matching pairs were joined with the
secondary confirmation of the random forest model to form the final set of matches.
Insaf Ullah et al. [25] suggested that a person or party might delegate their sign-
ing power to a proxy agent. Existing methods of proxy sign-encryption security rely
on RSA, bilinear pairing, and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). A reduced key
size was utilized in the hyperelliptic curve cryptosystem simultaneously paying due
importance to preserve the same level of security. To test for IND-CCA and enforce-
ability under adaptive chosen message assaults, the random oracle model was used
to evaluate the proposed scheme’s resilience (UU-ACMA). Security analysis and
comparisons with current schemes were carried out to demonstrate the relevance of
the proposed scheme. According to the findings, the suggested system provides
excellent safety while decreasing computational and communication costs.
It was postulated by David Perez Abreu et al. [26] that a new architecture for the
Internet of Things infrastructure may improve its resilience. Furthermore, technolo-
gies for implementing the architecture’s components were proposed. Within the
scope of the SusCity project, they presented their idea. They discovered that a single
IoT island may be linked to many gateways on various cloudlets, as well as to each
other. If there is a failure in the connection between a cloudlet and the cloud, this
gives an additional level of resilience.
Henry Tseng invented Multipath Load Balancing (MLB) Routing to replace
AODV routing for Zigbee [27]. He presented two major MLB concepts: layer
design and LOAD BALANCE. Nodes are arranged in layers based on the distance
from an IoT gateway to each node. There are multitudes of ways that IoT data may
be supplied to a node. This data is used by LOAD BALANCE to anticipate the load
of the next-hop layer nodes in the following cycle. MLB enables nodes to pick the
neighbors with the least traffic as their next-hops to minimize bottlenecks and dis-
tribute the load. Zigbee’s AODV and multipath variation of AODV were shown to
have lower load balancing, higher packet loss rates, and lower routing connectivity
ratios than MLB in the grid and random uniform topologies. Compared to other
suppliers, MLB’s routing solution for IoT applications was more compelling.
A SHSec-based architecture was presented by Pradip Kumar Sharma et al. [28]
to secure and manage the smart home network more efficiently and precisely while
also lowering deployment costs and performance overheads. Middleware SHSec
was used to assure the interoperability of various resource-constrained smart home
gadgets. An important part of SHSec’s mission was to generate and deploy security
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 235

measures, such as threat prevention and mitigation. They tested the proposed model
in a real-time scenario in the hardware and software environments. A real-time
SHSec detection system has been demonstrated to be able to identify such assaults.
The SHSec was also found to be efficient and accurate, with minimum overhead
costs, according to their evaluation.
Three kinds of CSMs were used with an alignment extraction method to estimate
the ontology alignment in Yikun Huang et al. [29]. With their compact PSO, they
improved CSM aggregating weights and an alignment filtering threshold to assure
high-quality outcomes. According to the experimental results, the cPSO method
outperformed other state-of-the-art sensor ontology matching techniques in terms
of the quality of the alignments it produced.
High-quality and sophisticated fire alarm systems that employ a variety of sensor
values (such a flame detector, humidity, heat, and smoke detectors) to identify true
incidents of burning are necessary to assure safety [30]. Their study led to the devel-
opment of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) that can detect fires
and deliver warnings. Sensor nodes acquire essential data, in which fuzzy logic
transforms into a linguistic variable educated in ANFIS to determine the likelihood
of a fire occurring. In addition, a message was sent directly to the user’s smartphone
as part of their concept. Their technique makes use of small, low-cost sensors and
guarantees the reproducibility of the result. The experiments were carried out using
a MATLAB-based simulation, and the output was satisfactory.
Electronic Long Cane was described by Alejandro R. Garca Ramirez et al. [31]
to create communication architecture for visually impaired individuals in their envi-
rons based on IoT, as well as modifying the gadget for the human-smart cities’
context. As a result, visually impaired people can access information, enhancing the
capabilities of the electronic cane that was previously developed. To ensure the
long-term viability of the project, green IoT considerations were taken into account
by reducing power consumption and using cane parts that could be recycled. Solar
batteries, for example, might be used to extend the battery life of the electronic cane
and increase its environmental sustainability.
According to Vikram Puri and colleagues [32], blockchain technology could be
used to remove security and privacy concerns. It was a self-enforcing agreement
implanted in computer code governed by a blockchain that they created regulations
around. Hardware security, device safety, access and authentication policies, and
application security for the IoT network were all included in their proposal. It is
possible that blockchain-based solutions could provide the most effective ways to
address the security and privacy concerns related to the IoT network. In addition,
they assessed the IoT with blockchain network’s throughput and latency and com-
pared the IoT device’s power consumption during data requests with other proposed
systems.
Using contemporary web technologies, Edgardo Avilés-López and García-­
Macías [33] proposed a framework and user-interaction model for the Internet of
236 J. K. Pandey et al.

Things apps. To illustrate their contributions, they used a case study to highlight the
user-interaction model and how it relates to the framework.
With the support of notable IoT innovators, Dimitrios Georgakopoulos and
Jayaraman [34] have offered the most effective answers to these technical issues and
have referred to them as the IoT platform. Several smart agricultural, smart grids,
and smart manufacturing applications have already been implemented using the
proposed IoT framework. Future studies and a vision for IoT infrastructure were
also highlighted.
According to Anuradha Singh [35] and her team, an intelligent waste alert sys-
tem collection was developed by delivering an immediate dust bin clean and gar-
bage fill level information to a municipality website. An Arduino Uno (Arduino) is
attached to a sensor composed of ultrasonic waves that monitor dust bin levels as
well as send a notification to the municipality’s web application when the bin is full.
An IoT-enabled integrated module was used to assist the entire process. The munici-
pal officials could keep tabs on the state of rubbish collection in real time thanks to
their system.
To decrease the number of time individuals spend waiting and boost their pro-
ductivity, Bhavani Ratakonda et  al. [36] devised an innovative solution that also
reduced traffic in the exit area. In today’s environment, both the Internet of Things
and distributed computing are major innovations that cannot be ignored. Connected
devices and things may interact with each other through the Internet of Things
(IoT). We simply pay for what we use, since everything can be hosted on the cloud.
As soon as the automobile is put into the park, the obstacle sensor sends data to the
cloud about the presence of any obstacles. Entry and exit also use IoT technology to
alleviate payment processing bottlenecks and enable consumers to enter/leave the
shop space more quickly and efficiently.

13.3 Statement of Problem

It has been observed in previous research that if smart applications for security
enhancement are performed, then the process takes a lot of time [37, 38]. Moreover,
the security applications are unable to resolve hacker attacks. In previous researches,
there is no investigating role for security. On another hand, if researches focus on
IoT system, then it ignores the performance and enhancement of security for the
smart application. Researches that have integrated both approaches lack in render-
ing efficient performance. Considering all these aspects, there has been a need to
introduce a hybrid approach that could retain the performance of the system along
with security. Thus, the investigation of IoT mechanisms has been proposed for
enhancing the security of smart applications.
Table 13.1 shows the differences between previous research and proposed work.
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 237

Table 13.1  Comparison between previous research and proposed work

Features Previous researches Proposed research
IoT Yes Yes
Camera surveillance Yes Yes
Image capturing Yes Yes
Image compression Yes Yes
Edge detection No Yes
Performance enhancement No Yes
Security enhancement No Yes
Deep learning No Yes

13.4 Proposed Work

IoT-based camera surveillance has been made automated and fast in the proposed
work. In the case of a traditional camera surveillance system, a person is required to
observe any suspicious activity. Moreover when the high definition recording of
11 days gets completed, then the removal of the recording of the previous 11 days
takes place. Thus existing camera surveillance is suffering from the issues such as
manual observation, lack of storage, and delay in notification. The proposed work is
going to eliminate the need for human intervention as well as other issues. Moreover,
the signal of suspicious activities is sent at remote locations. The proposed work has
also made use of an edge detection mechanism that has reduced the time consump-
tion of frame comparison. Moreover, the storage cost gets degraded as the frame
that would be captured is compressed and only the edge of the frame is considered,
as this system is going to notify of suspicious activity.
The details of the proposed work are highlighted in Table 13.2.
In Table 13.2, the area of surveillance, simulation tool, and technology has been
defined. Moreover, the objective of the research has been specified with the expected
threat. A surveillance camera has been used as a sensor.

13.4.1 Process Flow of Proposed Work

In the proposed work (shown in Fig. 13.9), the captured image is compressed, and
an edge detection mechanism is applied to it. If there is any suspicious activity, then
an alarm is triggered to notify the administration. But if a fire pattern is detected,
then the fire brigade is also informed. The fire pattern would be detected using a
deep learning approach.
238 J. K. Pandey et al.

Table 13.2  Highlights of proposed work

Particular Details
Area of surveillance Financial institutions
Simulation tool Matlab and. NET
Technology Edge detection, image comparison
Objective Camera surveillance to eliminate the need for human
intervention
Expected threats Loss by fire, loss by theft
Sensor Camera
Neural network CNN

13.5 Results and Discussion

Simulation of time consumption has been performed during a comparison opera-

tion. The simulation of frame capturing has been presented in two sections.

13.5.1 Simulation of the Size of Image Frames

In Table 13.3 the time taken during frame comparison has been considered at an
interval of ten frames for the previous model where edge detection is not used and
the proposed model that is using edge detection before comparing frames. Its graph
is also displayed in Fig. 13.10.

13.5.2 Simulation of Space Consumption During

IoT Operations

In Table 13.4, the space consumption by different image frames in the case of the
previous model where edge detection is not used has been compared to the proposed
model that is using edge detection before comparing frames. Its graph is also dis-
played in Fig. 13.11.

13.6 Conclusion

It has been concluded that the proposed work has taken less time and space as com-
pared to the previous model. Moreover proposed work is providing a versatile solu-
tion of fire detection along with suspicious activity detection. The Internet of Things
(IoT) is the result of human curiosity and a desire to live a more comfortable and
connected lifestyle, which reduces effort and eliminates the risk of human mistakes.
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 239

Start

Capture the image frame by frame

Apply an edge detection mechanism to reduce the size and

useless content.

Compare the current frame with previous to detect

suspicious activity

No Yes

If suspicious
Trigger alarm
activity detected

No Yes
Call fire
If fire detected
brigade

Fig. 13.9  Process flow of proposed work

IoT solutions enable customers to automate, analyze, and integrate their systems to
a greater extent. They broaden the breadth and accuracy of these fields. The Internet
of Things includes sensors, networks, and robotics, and it employs both old and new
technology [39, 40]. IoT makes use of software developments, lower hardware
costs, and a contemporary approach to technology. As a consequence of its innova-
tive and sophisticated aspects, there has been a significant change in the sphere of
product, commodities, and service delivery. Every company and the market area
may benefit from the Internet of Things (IoT). The user base includes everyone from
individuals looking to save money on their power bills to large organizations look-
ing to streamline their operations  [41]. Since then, a slew of studies have been
undertaken on the subject. IoT is already being used in a variety of areas, including
consumer, industrial, infrastructure, and even outer space.
240 J. K. Pandey et al.

Table 13.3  Comparison of time consumption during image frames

No of Time consumption in the case of the Time consumption in the case of the
frame previous model proposed model
10 0.966658222 0.551569117
20 1.843754857 1.74376778
30 2.82880451 1.87343453
40 3.777246169 3.318623205
50 4.656744668 3.824756566
60 5.516195574 3.698658403
70 6.431297648 4.991517911
80 7.402817028 4.059193998
90 8.404293782 5.886622256
100 9.632456691 4.958826222
110 10.25887972 5.232755072
120 11.44347676 8.085869875
130 12.8636452 8.130052399
140 12.96247828 8.014916809
150 13.64430648 7.461030612

16
14
12 Time consumpt ion in
10 case of previous
8 model
6 Time consumpt ion in
4 case of proposed
2 model
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fig. 13.10  Comparison of time consumption in the case of previous and proposed work

13.7 Future Scope

In the future, the breadth of this approach will be critical for IoT security. This tech-
nology has the potential to improve the security of smart applications for the
IoT system. Using an IoT system, this model’s safety might be improved even fur-
ther. Furthermore, a biometric system based on IoT might make use of such a
paradigm.
13  Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security… 241

Table 13.4  Comparison of space consumption during image frames

No of Space consumption in the case of the Space consumption in case of the
frame previous model (kb) proposed model (kb)
10 54.41942074 41.01702195
20 112.0340152 73.283476
30 177.3438181 124.431124
40 209.9487461 202.7771261
50 279.4367488 213.5147352
60 338.2866169 185.0689427
70 352.2988554 191.8548029
80 439.570015 305.5664928
90 484.4827014 267.5939985
100 530.0156333 374.5855323
110 644.2014136 332.6032638
120 604.077562 476.8484771
130 672.7053676 411.7619094
140 770.080673 621.0938358
150 784.3614932 402.2631252

900
800
700
600 Space consumpt ion
in case of previous
500
model (kb)
400
Space consumpt ion
300 in case of proposed
200 model (kb)
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Fig. 13.11  Comparison of space consumption in the case of previous and proposed work

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Chapter 14
Role of Augmented Reality and Internet
of Things in Education Sector

Monika Nijhawan, Nidhi Sindhwani, Sarvesh Tanwar, and Shishir Kumar

14.1 Introduction

Overlaying virtual objects on physical objects for a better experience of reality is

called augmented reality (AR) [1]. This allows the user to feel that the digital and
physical objects are in the same place. This technical concept requires triggers that
can be run in marker-based, markerless, position-based, image-based, and position-­
based AR.  In marker-based technology, marker recognition, camera calibration,
marker position calculation, and virtual object-orientation are important aspects
when developing AR must be taken into account. When this technology is con-
nected to mobile devices, it is called mobile AR (MAR), and in recent years users
have become more interested in learning various AR-based mobile games [2, 3].
Marker-based mobile AR applications have proven to be very effective and promis-
ing, especially for toddlers in a variety of subjects, such as notation and the concept
of vowels in poetry [4–7].
Recently, this technology has been attracting attention as a key element for digi-
tizing the world with more intelligence and interaction using augmented reality
(AR) and the Internet of Things (IoT). The connection between the sensor and the
physical world over the Internet is called IoT [8–12]. Augmented reality (AR) is a
type of interactive media that talks about computer-generated data spatially regis-
tered in the real world to enhance a person’s world experience. AR enhances peo-
ple’s understanding of the world and their mental ability to solve real-world
problems. The Internet of Things (IoT), on the other hand, is itself a network of

M. Nijhawan (*) · N. Sindhwani · S. Tanwar

Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
S. Kumar
Jaypee Institute of Engineering and Technology, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 245
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_14
246 M. Nijhawan et al.

physical devices built into certain computer devices for collection, communication,
and understanding. Interact with them. AR, when integrated with the IoT and vice
versa, helps develop platform solutions for current and future challenges arising
from the gap between device data and human perception [8].
Even after the coronavirus, the educational sector had already become more
technologically savvy. For this reason, the industry is currently focused on evaluat-
ing and adopting new technologies such as AR and IoT integration. This brings new
awareness and visibility into the existing environment and allows us to enter the
world of smart and digital education [13]. Many industries are implementing these
technologies in education and training, different age groups, and different devices to
improve and motivate users’ learning concepts in different subjects and languages
[6, 7, 14–16]. This research will help users understand the role of IoT and AR in the
education sector and the perceptions and challenges they face when using these
technologies. The objectives of the study are given below:
• Understanding the role of IoT in the education system
• To study the role of AR in IoT in enhancing the education sector
• To study the existence of AR in the education sector and the different challenges
faced by users

14.2 Literature Survey

Studying is a very important part of a student’s life. The theoretical and long text
appeals boring especially to kindergarten children. This paper is evaluating how
much work is done in different subjects for these preschoolers in the past 10 years
in the educational sector. Many studies found that when the students get exposure to
learning different subjects like story reading and English vocabulary in an aug-
mented reality environment, then this will influence the reading habits and retelling
and recalling skills [17] as compared to learning the same concepts using the tradi-
tional approach. Another important thing that came out from the literature review is
the importance and usage of AR, which has shown better results in almost all the
cases in the past few years in the education sector. It has been identified by many
researchers that still a lot of research is required in designing the content for pre-
schoolers to get maximum advantage of augmented reality.
Work on augmented reality has been done on different age groups in different
subjects:

14.2.1 Augmented Reality for Preprimary Education

Researchers have researched many subjects and topics like vocabulary, learning
vowels, art, story reading, puzzles, flashcards, match cards, and educational toys for
kindergarten students. Many studies found that when the child gets exposure to
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 247

learning different subjects like story reading and English vocabulary in an aug-
mented reality environment, then this will influence the reading habits and retelling
and recalling skills of children as compared to learning the same concepts using the
traditional approach. Another important thing that came out from the literature
review is the importance and usage of AR, which has shown better results in almost
all the cases in the past few years in the education sector. Superimposing of objects
on the devices has shown great interest especially in kindergarten children.

14.2.2 Augmented Reality for Middle-Level Education

Lots of studies have shown the remarkable results of AR in subjects like mathemat-
ics and science as compared to other fields like humanities, art, or social studies.
The use of mobile AR (MAR) is showing a tremendous impact on students’ learn-
ing, recalling, and thinking abilities. AR is also shown a boom in game-based learn-
ing, especially in younger children.

14.2.3 Augmented Reality for Higher-Level Education

AR in higher education is also used in the fields like science and technology or
engineering as compared to other streams like business, law, humanities, or art. Due
to increasing advancements of smart objects, sensors, big data, etc., the enchant-
ment in IoT is also getting increased in the teaching, learning, management, and
training sector [12]. Users’ growing interest is seen in STEM (science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics) education in many countries by combining IoT-­
based framework with their lab-based practical and problem-solving projects. This
is showing the great scope for IoT in constructing smart education.

14.2.4 Technologies Used in Augmented Reality and IoT

Augmented reality or IOT uses hardware and software both of which are integrated
and finally used by the users. The devices used in AR are computer systems, track-
ing devices, display devices, etc. Monitor-based displays and video-based displays
are the two important and main displays used in AR [18]. Lots of studies show that
mainly three types of AR categories are used in AR in the education sector [19].
(a) Marker-based AR
(b) Markerless AR
(c) Location-based AR
248 M. Nijhawan et al.

Marker-based technology is proven to be the most popular method among children.

All the 3D objects, 3D scene, background music, and narrator’s voice are the differ-
ent functions and features of AR mobile application which can be done using Unity
game engine and visual studio for programming. Vuforia framework is used for
projecting the 3D objects. For eye-catching graphics, the blender is used. Lots of
mobile application has been implemented on the same platform and framework [12].

14.2.5 Head-Mounted Displays

These devices are worn by the user on his/her head to get the experience of AR. Here
will show small images or videos in front of the user. Handheld devices are the types
of devices that users can hold in their hands like mobile devices or tablets to get the
experience of AR in the 3D or video view.
A lot of spatial devices like projectors, hand gloves, or pinch gloves are used in
the education system where there is no need to hold anything or wear it on the head.
These devices are quite becoming popular these days. Many schools and institutes
have started teaching practical things to children using this mode of technology.
With the modernization of these upcoming technologies, it has been found that chil-
dren get more interest in learning the subject as compared to an older model of
teaching. Similarly, IoT uses advanced RFID sensors and other hardware devices
with the help of the Internet to build smart glasses, smart campuses, and smart edu-
cation systems. Lots of scope and challenges have been seen in implementing IoT
in the education system [12].

14.3 Research Methodology

The research methodology followed by this study is given below:

(a) Identifying relevant articles and journals from different databases which are
published between 2011 and 2021 in AR and IOT in the education sector was
done based on the given selection criteria:

Criteria selected for research Criteria rejected for research

Focused on the education Rejected for other domains like military, robotics,
sector manufacturing, etc.
Language English Others rejected
Enabled students Disabled students
Accepted for the education Rejected for other streams
field
Innovations Rejected for the traditional approach of learnings
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 249

( b) The research was done on secondary data using the above parameters.
(c) Research objectives were identified based on the literature review.
(d) This study is also based on primary data which was collected from different
graduates from Delhi NCR. The relevant questionnaire was prepared to find the
awareness, how often these technologies are used, comparison from the tradi-
tional approach, impact, and perception to continue to learn with these tech-
nologies in the education sector.

14.4 Importance of AR in the Education Sector

The augmented reality era isn’t a brand-new issue. It has been utilized in fields such
as military; medicine; engineering design; robotic; telerobotic; manufacturing,
protection, and restore applications; patron design; mental treatments, etc.
­
Technologies and net are popular, as realistic scenarios humans nonetheless opt for
analyzing books in preference to going through monitors and textbooks are
­nonetheless broadly used. Another exciting utility of this era is in augmented truth
textbooks [17].

14.4.1 Advantages of Augmented Reality in the Field

of Education

–– People who have no computer background can have still rich interactions with
augmented reality [20].
–– Augmented reality helps kindergarten students in improving their memory
skills [18].
–– Augmented reality helps in learning languages like Chinese [21].
–– It enhances interaction and attention and facilitates learning, creativity, and spa-
tial ability.
–– It helps to inspect 3D objects from different angles which improves understand-
ing concepts.
–– It increases motivation and concentration level.
–– It assists in establishing a link with real-life experiences.
–– It facilitates emotional attachment, more involvement, and participation in dra-
matic play [19].
–– It improves technical creativity, sound, and engineering [18].
–– It also helps to improve retelling, recalling, and comprehensive skills in stories.
250 M. Nijhawan et al.

14.4.2 Use of Augmented Reality in Different Fields

of Education

–– Augmented reality improves learning vowel usage, the number concepts, and
vocabulary learning in different languages [21].
–– Augmented reality is used to improve pronunciation skills [22].
–– Augmented reality is used for story reading, puzzles, and flash and match
cards [21].
–– It is used for dramatic play activities using a robot system [16].
–– It is a mobile-based application for kindergarten children which acts as an edu-
cational toy.

14.5 Challenges of AR in Education Among Users

It has been noticed that the use of AR can impact visual aid and hampers social abil-
ity skills especially in school children [2]. Children will be busy with tablets/mobiles
all the time and will be interacting less socially [3]. Another limitation being found
is that younger teachers are more willing and feel confident to use this type of tech-
nology instead of experienced teachers. It has been seen that the budget for daily
teaching is also limited for each school to give learning to the individual child.
Students might be confused with overloaded information or fantasy environment
[6]. Sometimes inflexibility of content also is challenging [6]. Sometimes screen
size is also another concern for their children, or usability principles of AR need to
be explored [23]. Sometimes handheld AR devices have shown challenges for
smaller kids because whenever they hold these devices in their hands and get com-
pletely involved in the system, there are the chances they leave the devices from
their hands.

14.6 Importance of IoT in the Education Sector

The Internet of Things has a direct and indirect effect on the education sector. IoT
improves the quality of education and simplifies the overall work. The learning and
teaching processes are vastly affected by it. There is a real need for the IoT to be
implemented in the assessment area of education because it is well suited for real
implementation. The major aspect will be upgraded after core areas such as teach-
ing, learning, and assessment are considered [24].
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 251

14.6.1 Advantages of IoT in the Field of Education

IoT helps people to get more engaged in its applications.

It creates more interest and creativity among students.
It can also help in monitoring students’ performances [24].
It helps users in learning different languages.

14.6.2 Use of IoT in Different Fields of Education

IoT solutions can be integrated into school environments in a variety of ways. Here
are some applications (as shown in Fig. 14.1) where it can be used [18]:
1 . Teaching foreign languages
2. Project-based learning
3. Education in physical fitness
4. Monitoring attendance automatically
5. Special education for disable students
1. Teaching foreign languages: Foreign immersion environments combine listen-
ing, iterating and communicating into the real-time experience. Research shows
foreign language learning is improved by using IoT.
When used in foreign language simulations, the use of connected hardware
facilitates the learning process while freeing up instructors to facilitate the pro-
cess themselves. Learning with IoT enhances the education process. When it
comes to learning a foreign language, there are even more advantages.

Fig. 14.1  Application of IoT in education

252 M. Nijhawan et al.

2. Project-based learning: The Internet of Things (IoT) can be utilized to design

and teach a project-based IoT course, although doing so can be difficult. The IoT
can have a significant impact on teaching methods, as it’s associated with system
free teachers from recording and tracking college students, allowing them to not
only tell information but also facilitate learning.
With a complete project-based education, college students and instructors
will help each student when they need it. The IoT system automatically provides
feedback, support, and tracking of classroom completion.
3. Education in physical fitness: Physical education strives to improve students’
physical experiences and abilities, as well as their overall well-being and ability
to engage in a variety of physical activities. The IoT-based physical activity and
resource management collect student physical data on wearable sensing devices
with accessible and secure intermediate systems. Weight, sleep, heart rate, and
blood pressure can all be collected using wearable devices in a student’s
environment.
The virtual connections, such as Bluetooth and wireless Internet, are com-
monly enabled by the virtualization network [25, 26]. Students evaluated healthy
data under controlled conditions, such as improving the quality of life and repli-
cating activity sequencing, using physical activity monitoring systems.
The purpose of the physical activity assessment is to find out how often, for
how long, and how intensely students engage in physical exercise.
4. Monitoring attendance automatically: In both educational institutions and
enterprises, attendance is crucial for students and employees. Calling out the
students’ roll numbers is the most popular method of taking attendance in the
classroom. The current attendance system has a flaw in that incorrect attendance
can be recorded.
Manually taking attendance is a time-consuming task. Another disadvantage
is that keeping attendance records is time-consuming.
An RFID-based IoT system [27, 28] is used to prevent all of these issues. It’s
a computerized attendance system that uses RFID cards. Each user, student, or
employee is issued an RFID card at first, and an RFID reader is installed on the
classroom, school, or company’s door. The RFID card must be presented to the
reader whenever a student or staff wants to enter the room. The RFID reader will
read the number on the RFID card as well as the time the employee or student
logged in [29–31].
5. Special education for disable students: The Internet of Things (IoT), a system
of connected things, is steadily but transforming the way we live. Students with
special needs can use connected IoT devices to help them overcome problems
related to their cognitive and physical limits.
Growing independence: Students with special needs are heavily reliant on
their caregivers and teachers. As a result, the connected items created expressly
to meet their needs will assist these children in becoming more independent and
responsive. A visually impaired student, for example, could be handed a card
that enlarges the text on his computer, decreasing the need to seek assistance
from an instructor.
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 253

Aiding in the development of focus: Students with ADHD are often distracted
throughout the class. A device like Muse, a headband that measures brain activ-
ity, can assist these children in improving their focus.

14.7 Challenges of IoT in Education Among Users

A few challenges faced by using IoT in the education sector are as follows:
• Privacy and security are the main concern while using IoT in the education sec-
tor [12].
• Curriculum designing and integration with IoT are again the biggest challenges
faced by users [13].
• Legal and political issues are again a few challenges lying ahead [12].

14.8 Analysis of AR in the Education Sector

The following analysis in augmented reality shows the role and awareness in the
education sector.
The pie chart in Fig. 14.2 shows that those in the 18–22 and 22–30 age groups,
who are recent graduates or have graduated, are familiar with the term AR. Most
students are familiar with the concept of augmented reality. The upcoming young
generation is curious and engaged in learning with new technologies.

Fig. 14.2  Graph showing the familiarity of people with AR technology

254 M. Nijhawan et al.

Fig. 14.3  Usage of AR technology in daily life

Fig. 14.4  Usage of AR in recent years

The chart in Fig. 14.3 shows that most of the users are familiar with the term
augmented reality, but only 50% of the uses are using this technology. The problem
here is that people only know this term; they don’t know how to use it in their
daily life.
Figure 14.4 shows the usage of AR in recent years.
This is an upcoming technology that has not yet been developed, so people will
not use it often. We can see from Fig. 14.5 that the people who frequently use this
technology are only 13% of 100%. Only around 13% of people know the actual use
of AR. If compared, this is low worldwide. And the main concern is that 16.5% of
people simply don’t know about technology. As a result, the usability of AR is
reduced. AR needs to be more expansive than it needs to be in the future.
This is a great start for all of us because more than 51% of the responses are in
the favor of AR-based learning (as shown in Fig.  14.6). More than 51% of the
responses said that AR-based learning is better which shows that there is a change
in the mentality of the people, and they are more interested in AR learning. More
than 20% of the total responses thought that AR is extremely a better learning and
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 255

Fig. 14.5  Usage of AR among users on an often

Fig. 14.6  Opinion of users in using AR as compared to the traditional approaches of learning

Fig. 14.7  Opinion of users to continue AR technology

256 M. Nijhawan et al.

Fig. 14.8  Impact of AR in the education sector

there is no way better than this. Around 22.9% of the total responses feel that both
are equal and should be given equal importance to traditional and AR approach.
The best part is that almost no one wants to discontinue this technology, and they
thought it is the future. Over 65% of respondents want to continue this technology
as depicted in Fig.  14.7. Out of total responses, 32.1% would like to experience
more about this technology and rest less than 1% does not want to continue using
this technology.
Figure 14.8 shows that 48.6% of the responses are in the preferences of AR in the
educational sector and they feel that AR will have a great impact on Education. A
total of 46.8% are satisfied with the AR in education, and they feel that AR will have
a good impact on the development of students in education. Of the people 4.6% are
still thinking about AR, and they have yet to decide which way to go. A total of
95.4% showed a positive response which shows AR has a bright future.

14.9 Analysis of IoT in the Education Sector

Out of 200 young graduates, it has been analyzed that:

From Fig. 14.9, it may be observed that:
With a 95% confidence interval, we could say that about 90–100% of educators are
comfortable using technology.
With a 95% confidence interval, we could say that about 45–78% of educators know
about IoT.
With a 95% confidence interval, we could say that 7–34% of educators have used
IoT in learning.
Figure 14.10 shows that 97% of the young people would like to use IoT in their
daily lives and 61% of users would like to continue with this technology in the
future as compared to the traditional approach.
14  Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector 257

120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
wish to use in daily life wish to continue in future

Fig. 14.9  Awareness and comfort in using this technology

120.00%

100.00%
97.06%
80.00%

60.00%
61.76%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
wish to use in daily life wish to continue in future

Fig. 14.10  Perception of the user to continue this in future and use in daily life

14.10 Conclusion

This review article has summarized the importance of augmented reality (AR) as
well as IoT in the education system. Using both of these technologies, learning and
teaching methods may be improved to a large extent. These two techniques may be
collaborated with each other resulting in making educational system much
better. This study has shown how AR applications yield useful information to the
teachers and students  [32]. The students are able to learn much easier without
­having a stress.
258 M. Nijhawan et al.

14.11 Future Scope

It has been identified by many researchers that still a lot of research is required in
designing the content for preschoolers to get maximum advantage of augmented
reality. If this will start from an early age group, then this will improve the overall
development of the child [4]. Lots of awareness, content creation, and better cur-
riculum designing are required in AR [19].

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Chapter 15
Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror
System to Assist on IoT Platform

D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

15.1 Introduction

Every person on the planet requires a comfortable way of living. Modern man has
invented several technologies to suit his needs. People in today’s world need con-
stant connectivity and access to information quickly. People must be informed about
global happenings, whether through television or the Internet [1]. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is a communication-capable web-based network of computing devices
embedded in everyday things. As a result of its exponential expansion, the Internet
of Things is increasingly being used in people’s houses and apartments, transform-
ing a home into a smart home [2–5]. Thanks to technology improvements, most of
the stuff we use in our daily lives is now automated.
Temperature, power, closing and opening of doors/windows, turning on and off
lights and fans, and the water tank are all things that a home automation system
should focus on. Automation should be possible from anywhere using a cell phone.
Multimedia and artificial intelligence essential services may personalize to manage
tasks comfortably utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) [6]. The Internet of things
(IoT) is a concept that brings together wireless sensors and the Internet. Multitasking
is the key to good time management about technology. According to everyone in the
commercial or academic sectors, every minute counts daily. The trend of putting
touch screens and Internet connectivity into commonplace appliances like stoves
and refrigerators [7] exemplifies this.
Many individuals are transitioning to a smart home, and the family room and
kitchen have received much attention. The current generation is encouraged by

D. S. Sahana (*) · C. Gopala Krishnan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM School of Technology,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 261
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_15
262 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

constant access to information and processing it quickly. The smart mirror will dis-
play the data with a voice command or hand gestures. The smart mirror is the out-
come of a brainstorming session to figure out how to address all of these concerns
while still producing something valuable and appealing. The smart mirror must
combine the benefits of current technology with the ease with which it can be
included in the daily lives of most people [8, 9]. The smart mirror should be as
simple as possible to operate. The smart mirror would be utilized to incorporate
technology and demand for information into everyone’s everyday routine.
Weather, news updates, and local date and time are all available on the smart
mirror, allowing the user to interact with it and acquire the necessary data they need
in their daily activities. Security features will be added to smart mirrors in the future,
allowing them to manage energy bill payments, phone bill payments, insurance
policy details, and daily appointments. A Raspberry Pi and data from the Internet
can be used to create a smart mirror [10]. The Raspbian Jessie pixel operating sys-
tem runs on the Raspberry Pi. Web browser, JavaScript, or Python can be used to
generate the user interface. On the envisaged smart mirror, the date and time, cur-
rent weather conditions, remainders, and an energy meter will be displayed. It can
display widgets, detect a user’s presence, and navigate the user interface using the
user’s movements.
Parents and guardians must teach and raise their children in today’s technologi-
cally advanced world, and effective parenting is becoming increasingly important.
Furthermore, children require parental supervision. However, this might be chal-
lenging in today’s frenetic world, where both parents frequently work or single
parents are the norm. However, a breakthrough device known as the Raspbian
Magic Mirror, constructed using Raspberry Pi technology and will be the subject of
our IoT research, may fix this problem. Smart mirrors manufactured by IT compa-
nies serve a range of tasks and serve as a looking glass [11].
The majority of people utilize a mirror regularly in their daily lives. Aside from
these mirrors, the smart mirror, which performs a range of purposes, multiplies vari-
ous businesses. Various application services can be deployed by linking the Internet
of Things (IoT) to the smart mirror [12]. Smart mirror is already in use in various
public locations and facilities and private homes, and its capabilities are likely to
grow. Smart mirrors can link and manage items and provide information channels
by acting as a gateway. It is so feasible to give services to users while also fulfilling
the important job of the IoT platform. Smart mirror extends to the current trend of
putting contact displays and online networks into everyday devices, such as stoves
and refrigerators [13]. A two-way mirror is mounted on top of a monitor to create
the smart mirror. A two-way mirror is a piece of glass with a reflective side and a
clear side. This allows us to see our reflection while also enabling light to pass
through from the other side. The monitor is stripped of its original shell and encased
in a wooden frame [14]. A monitor has already hidden away behind a gorgeous
frame in the mirror. The nicest thing is that there’s an opening on the back of the
frame with HDMI and micro USB connectors. You will need both for the
Raspberry Pi.
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 263

To avoid becoming a burden, the mirror will provide information with little to no
effort on the user’s side. The mirror will do the user’s thinking for them. It will
switch on for the first time when the user tells it with a sentence such as “hi mirror”
or any other expression. Then it will search the Internet for information for the user,
such as weather updates, temperature, etc. Users would be able to converse with
each other through speech. The mirror displays basic information on most people’s
smartphones or tablets, such as Twitter and schedules [15]. People can read, reflect,
and plan their day while getting dressed in the morning or at night. The mirror must
be entertaining as well. It will play the music that they can control with their voice.
It is also utilized by many disabled individuals and is easily accessible to everyone.
It can be used in the vehicle industry and in health care to remind patients of their
medicines, among other things. Smart mirror will also be used for several different
purposes. Successful projects and products, such as our smart mirror, provide a
diverse set of capabilities and applications. Part of the problem can be compared to
the fact that the smart home is still a growing sector with high production costs that
keep devices out of reach of the typical consumer [16].
The proposed architecture is adequate for any smart home’s key functionality.
On the other hand, according to the user’s preferences, this will remind the user of
a given task at a specific time. A smart mirror transforms an ordinary object into a
formidable assistant. It’s a very useful piece of work that makes extensive use of IoT
development. It makes use of a one-way mirror that reflects information from a
display beneath its surface. Voice control, face recognition, and custom services are
among the tool’s features. A speaker and microphone are used to provide voice
control. Over a standard two-way mirror, the mirror conducts a smart activity by
presenting various types of information. The system receives real-time updates
because it is connected to the Internet.

15.2 Related Works

As demonstrated by Cvetkoska et al. [17], smart mirrors have a lot of potential for
increasing user information access and engagement. It also works for a theft detec-
tion system and a tool for clients to get crucial data quickly. The innovation of the
new smart mirror provides a beautiful interface for glancing information and may
also be utilized to identify intruders in a home. The Internet of Things (IoT) cir-
cuitry was utilized to innovate a smart mirror that collects and displays data and
detects a thief when no one is home. The authors’ work focuses on reducing the time
and crafting information more accessible. Security is fundamental in today’s cul-
ture. With this in mind, the authors included a thief detecting system inside the
smart mirror.
Ganesh H and Sharmila S [18] demonstrated smart mirrors with microcontrollers
and computers that provide information on locations on the mirror. For retrieving
data from the web, smart mirrors use microcontroller cards linked to the Internet.
The suggested mirror is connected to the Internet of Things and allows home
264 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

automation. A monitoring system keeps an eye on it. It makes use of a Raspberry Pi

to automate and display information like weather, time, date, calendar, and news
updates, among other things. A Raspberry Pi 3 microcontroller controls the sensors
and the smart mirror. This will act as the intelligent framework’s brain, and it will
be held by reflecting programming python scripts.
The authors R.M.B.N. Siripala et al. [19] state that parenting a child is a huge
responsibility. Keeping track of their children while at work is one of the most chal-
lenging tasks parents and guardians face nowadays. With the rapid pace of inven-
tion, a simple, easy, and quick framework is required to keep track of them
constantly. Because the technology of Things (IoT) is still in its early stages, with a
wide range of applications, this framework is based on IoT. It will be built using
Raspberry Pi technology. The Raspbian mirror shown in this paper, on the other
hand, is much more dynamic and intricate, and it is mainly aimed at working par-
ents who would receive notifications from users via their smartphones. The Raspbian
magic mirror will also assist parents in keeping track of their child’s educational
progress and managing their daily tasks.
Young Bag Moon et al. [20] proposed smart mirror as a planned assistance model
for managing hazardous zones and providing health data via a smart mirror-based
Internet of Things. Regularly, the client’s health information is stored, assessed, and
supplied to an advanced mobile phone. This study demonstrates the creation of IoT
stage setup and administrations utilizing a smart mirror by employing a smart mir-
ror connected to an IoT stage.
Muhammad Mu’izzudeen Yusri et  al. [21] introduced the concept of a related
item that could transport data without requiring human-to-human or human-to-­
computer connection. This technology can collect data and regulate the lights in
users’ homes. Weather, notifications, traffic, a map of the area, and the time and date
are all supplied. The system makes use of Sonus technology to communicate
between people and machines. As a result, in addition to getting a response from the
system, users must speak orders to it.
Lakshmi N M et  al.’s research [22] focuses on the design and execution of a
smart mirror that concentrates on identifying thieves in the home while also func-
tioning as a human-friendly interface for viewing information. A smart mirror dis-
plays the date, time, current temperature, and weather information in addition to the
mirror itself. To create a smart mirror that could still receive and display online news
and recognize a burglar when no one is home, utilizing Internet of Things (IoT)
circuits. The work incorporated in the future by incorporating interactive touch
screens, geo-location, Alexa, and other features.

15.3 Proposed Work

The goal of this initiative was to make homes smarter so that people could save
time. By making information and other people in the digital realm more accessible,
the Internet changed our way of life. At the moment, the focus of innovation is on
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 265

delivering more data with less effort. The device’s name is Mirror that has been
researched and designed. It’s a wall-mounted mirror that shows the current weather,
date, temperature, humidity, news, and other relevant data [23]. The suggested
Magic Mirror is a natural interface that provides a platform for more tailored access
to information and data services. The goal of this project is to help with the design
and implementation of a Magic Mirror-like interface, as well as the automated home
environment where users can interact with the mirror interface.
The article’s primary idea is to create a cutting-edge communication device. The
mirror’s design aims to create a user-friendly interface for accessing various infor-
mation services in the house (time, date, temperature, and atmospheric pressure, for
instance). The picture is sent off on the mirror as soon as we press the switch. The
mirror is a tool for social conversation. This mirror displays the current location’s
date, time, calendar, weather, and other information. The Raspberry Pi 3 home auto-
mation system uses a voice-activated assistant system to interact with the user [24].
When linked to the Internet, a smart mirror is a Raspberry Pi (low-powered mini-
computer) based display that picks up and displays the relevant information in the
user’s presence [25].

15.3.1 Methodology

(a) Smart Mirror as a Mirror

When viewing and grooming, we can use a one-way mirror with a high alumi-
num content to see our vision as if we were looking in a smart mirror.
(b) Smart Mirror as a System to Hold Information
Predefined URLs such as C.C.N., B.B.C., and others are used to retrieve time,
date, and meteorological data from the Internet. A DHT11 digital sensor was used
to collect humidity and temperature data.
(c) Smart Mirror Simple Home Automation System
Fan and light sensors can automate everyday tasks in the home. DHT11 sensor
gets room temperature as input; the fan runs based on room temperature; IR sensor
functions based on obstacle detection; lights are switched on if an impediment is
identified; otherwise, lights are turned off [26, 27].

15.3.2 Architecture Overview

The true identity of the mirror is determined by the two-way mirror. It’s a magical
mirror since it has a reflective surface on one side and is transparent for good inten-
sity light on the other. The mirror remains at the front, allowing the user to see
266 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

DHTII Sensor

Relay CPU Fan

Camera

Raspberry PI CLOUD
(MAIL)
Switch

Relay Bulb

IR Sensor

Power Supply

Fig. 15.1  Proposed smart mirror

Table 15.1  Hardware components used in smart mirror

Sl no. Hardware Specification
1 Raspberry PI 3 Broadcom BCM283764bit Quad-core
2 USB camera Microsoft LifeCam VX-800
3 Relays 5V trigger voltage
4 CPU fan 12 volts

himself/herself in the mirror while allowing light from the display to pass through
and make the UI viewable. Smart mirror looks like a regular mirror but contains a
screen within. Figure  15.1 depicts the components and layouts of the suggested
smart mirror. Expressed data is managed in the gathered information base. On a flat
screen, the data is shown. The smart mirror contains a few pieces of data. When
users look in the mirror, it offers a simple web page with software placed in it. The
client is then shown data such as the date, time, and newsfeed, among other things.
Second, reflect is activated in response to an instruction to operate sensors and elec-
tronic devices like fans and lights.
Proposed work focused on the weather, and if a human detects it, the bulb will
immediately turn on. In this situation, the light functions as an indicator. The DHT11
sensor monitors room temperature, and the fan will switch on if the temperature
rises above the set thresholds. The photograph will be sent to a specific email
address if we press the button. The user’s weather, date, time, temperature, and air
pressure are among the services provided to the mirror via Google. The following
sections go through the physical device characteristics and how they work.
Table 15.1 summarizes essential hardware components and their specifications in
the smart mirror.
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 267

15.3.2.1 Working of Each Module

Camera: USB wires for webcams protrude from the back. A USB cable connects
the webcam to the computer, sending the digital data captured by the image sensor
back to the computer, available on the Internet. Some cameras don’t require a com-
puter to function; instead, they use Wi-Fi to send photographs to your router, which
can then send them to other objects that are turned on your local network or to any-
one, anywhere around the globe, over the Internet.
Relay: The bare-minimum concept for a relay to work is depicted in Fig. 15.2.
Because the relay has a controlled 5v trigger voltage, we used a +5V DC supply to
one end of the coil and a switch to ground the other end. A button could be a single
transistor, a microcontroller, or a processor with switching capabilities. The flyback
diode, attached to the relay’s coil, is also visible. The diode has to protect the switch
from the relay coil’s high supply voltages. One end of the load can be linked to the
standard pin, while the other can be attached to the NO or NC pin. The load is dis-
connected before the trigger if it is connected to NO, and it is connected before the
trigger if it is linked to NC.
IR sensor: An infrared sensor emits and detects infrared radiation to sense its
surroundings. An IR sensor is employed as an object detection sensor in this method.
Some of the IR transmitter’s radiation reaches the item, while the rest bounces back
to the IR receiver, as shown in Fig. 15.3. The intensity of the IR receiver’s reception
determines the sensor’s output. Table  15.2 summarizes the function of infrared
sensors.
Power supply: A separate power supply is required depending on the Raspberry
Pi model. All models require a 5.1V supply, although the current required varies by
kind. All devices up to the Raspberry Pi 3 require a micro USB power cord.
Fan: The DHT11 sensor provides the input for this automatic fan system. The
DHT11 is a temperature and humidity sensor in one. The data from the sensor will
be received by the microcontroller, which will convert it to fan output. Because the
sensor’s input is the amount of temperature in the room, we must adapt the software

Fig. 15.2  Relay configuration

268 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

Fig. 15.3  IR module

Table 15.2  IR sensors and their purpose

Sl no Hardware Purpose
1 IR sensor Obstacle detector
2 IR transmitter Control electronic devices
3 IR receiver Detect bursts of infrared light

to the suitable temperature and output fan speed constraints. The fan will switch off
or not revolve if the temperature reported by the sensor is less than 25 °C. The fan
will softly spin if the temperature sensor detects a temperature between 26 and
29 °C. If the temperature sensor detects temperatures between 30 and 34 °C, the fan
will turn at a medium speed. The fan will rapidly spin if the temperature rises above
35  °C.  The automatic fan detection technique is depicted in greater detail in
Fig. 15.4.
Working of light: An IR sensor provides the input for this self-contained lamp
system. An infrared sensor is a light-emitting electrical gadget that detects objects
in the environment. An infrared detector can detect motion and measure the tem-
perature of an object. Infrared heat radiation is emitted by almost everything. The
sensor will send information to the controller, process it, and display it on the light.
The black color absorbs all incident radiation, whereas the white color reflects all
incident radiation. For the second time, the same approach can place the sensor
couple. The photodiode and the infrared LED are placed nearby. This approach can
be used to align the sensor couple for the second time. The photodiode and infrared
LED are placed side by side.
The produced infrared radiation must reflect the photodiode after hitting any
object because there is no direct line of contact between the transmitter and the
receiver when the IR transmitter releases infrared radiation. The surface of the
object can be classed as reflecting or non-reflective. The bulk of the energy that
strikes the thing is remembered and reaches the photodiode if the object’s surface is
reflective, like white or another brilliant hue. As seen in Fig.  15.5, current flows
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 269

Fig. 15.4  Automatic fan detection

Fig. 15.5  Automatic light system

through the photodiode depending on the brightness of the reflected light. When an
object has a non-reflective covering, such as black or a dark color, it absorbs practi-
cally all of the light it receives. Because there is no reflected radiation, there is no
radiation incident on the photodiode. Hence, the photodiode’s resistance remains
greater, inhibiting current flow. It is also true if there is no object.
Raspberry Pi: The Raspberry Pi is written in Python and connected to a display
with a built-in speaker to give an onscreen interface as well as voice help. Raspberry
270 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

Pi is a small computer the size of a credit card that can do everything from web
browsing to scripting to gaming. Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, powerful, and developer-­
friendly computer that is disrupting traditional, high-energy IT installations for
small and medium businesses. Raspberry Pi can act as an “Internet Gateway” for
IoT devices because of its built-in quad-core processor. Pi acts as a web server for
uploading and transmitting sensor data on IoT systems, and it is powered by a cloud
network. To use Pi computer as a web server, you’ll need custom code, an operating
system, a Python library, and a cloud network. Raspberry Pi-based IoT projects
have an easy design, implementation, and modification process, making them ideal
for IoT applications. Raspberry Pi allows businesses to quickly deploy and control
IoT applications like smart home gadgets, weather stations, agricultural projects,
and more.

15.3.3 Software Specifications

15.3.3.1 Configuration of NOOBS

Stage 1: Install NOOBS (download and split NOOBS) as shown in Fig. 15.6.

Stage 2: Get an SD card ready to use.
Stage 3: Transfer the NOOBS papers to your SD card in stage 3.
Stage 4: Put your SD card in the Raspberry Pi and turn it on.

15.3.3.2 Workflow of Virtual Network Computing Viewer

Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a graphical work area sharing solution that
shows precisely the work area of a computer (running VNC Server) from another
computer or a mobile device (running VNC Viewer). VNC Viewer sends console,
mouse, and contact events to VNC Server, as seen in Fig. 15.7, and VNC Server
responds to screen changes.
Installation of Python 3 and code execution will be carried in Python shell.

15.4 Results and Discussion

15.4.1 Home Automation

Figure 15.8 depicts the output of the circuit for home automation, which was acti-
vated by sensors. The light is monitored by an IR sensor, while a DHT11 sensor
monitors the fan. If an item, such as a human, is identified by the IR sensor, the light
will turn on, and the DHT11 sensor will work to determine whether the fan should
be turned on or off, which is relying on the room’s temperature.
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 271

Fig. 15.6  NOOBS configuration

Fig. 15.7  VNC workflow

272 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

Fig. 15.8  Home automation

15.4.2 Summary of Output

Following the execution of the Python code, examine the output on the terminal,
which will show the current date, day, month, year, time, current temperature, and
air pressure, as shown in Figs. 15.9 and 15.10.

15.4.3 PI Camera

A switch controls the PI camera; pressing the button will take the image and com-
municate it to your email, as shown in Fig. 15.11.

15.4.4 Raspbian Magic Mirror Features

Table 15.3 displays numerous aspects supportable by the Raspbian magic mirror in
the targeted model.
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 273

Fig. 15.9  Output displaying date, time, atmospheric pressure, and temperature

Fig. 15.10  Output displaying on smart mirror

15.5 Conclusion

With the proposed mirror, IoT-enabled home automation [28] is achievable. A sur-
veillance system monitors it. It is controlled by a Raspberry Pi and displays weather,
time, date, temperature, and humidity. Users can acquire both mirror and
274 D. S. Sahana and C. Gopala Krishnan

Fig. 15.11  Camera output

Table 15.3  Features supported by proposed work

Sl no Features Raspbian magic mirror
1 Date and time Yes
2 Atmospheric pressure Yes
3 Temperature Yes
4 Gestures Yes
5 Home automation (fan and light) Yes

computer-assisted information from intelligent mirrors. Smart mirrors are very

much in the works, but they will be important in the future. These systems can
access the web and retrieve data, which may then be presented on the mirror in vari-
ous positions, thanks to embedded microcontroller cards [29, 30]. According to
work focused and implemented, the intelligent mirror system contains weather data,
time and location data, current event data, user data, and a camera picture collected
from web services using a Raspberry Pi 3 microcontroller card.

15.6 Future Scope

Every product can continually be improved because technology is continuously

changing. Everything must be updated or enhanced regularly to stay up with mod-
ern technology. Apart from upgrades, smart mirror’s functionality and capabilities
may see a lot of significant advancements. This article has a bright future ahead of
it, and it will be especially beneficial in the subject of artificial intelligence. Smart
mirror-based home automation, for example, might offer a natural way to operate
household equipment such as lights and fans using simple voice commands. Since
15  Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform 275

this mirror will be used in a classroom, simple technology such as a barcode scanner
or a fingerprint sensor can assist with tasks such as college attendance and program
registration. One example is scanning ID cards to register for a program [31].

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Chapter 16
Use of Machine Learning and IoT
in Agriculture

Anuj Mehla and Sukhvinder Singh Deora

16.1 Introduction

Food is one of the basic requirements of humans to survive. In the so-called techno-
logically driven world, countries are still facing the issue of death due to hunger,
malnutrition, and scarcity of food for their population. “The world is currently expe-
riencing a pivotal moment. It is very different from what it had committed six years
ago to eliminate hunger, scarcity of food, and undernutrition by 2030” (The State of
Food Security and Nutrition in the World) [1]. The world recognizes that the chal-
lenges are significant and hopes to accelerate past accomplishments by adopting
innovative techniques on a large scale that would enable us to achieve our targets.
The report estimated (720 to 811) million hungry people worldwide in 2020, up by
161 million from 2019. The earth’s population is expected to increase to 9.8 billion
people by 2050 [2]. The number of hungry people in the world is also increasing
with time. Agricultural practices need to be modified for productivity at all levels to
meet the global demand for food, feed, fiber, and fuel in 2050 [3].
Currently, the world faces numerous challenges such as a limited supply of
resources, lack of skilled workers, and changing climates in agriculture [3]. Over
most of the twentieth century, farmers have seen various improvements, including a
scientific approach to produce, machines for tasks, improved genetics of seeds, and
increased input of fertilizers and pesticides for increased crop production. Several
issues also affect agriculture directly, such as farmers not knowing about their soil,
sudden unpredicted rainstorms, crop disease, and irrigation issues. Food consump-
tion is on the rise on one side, and agricultural practices continue to improve on the

A. Mehla · S. S. Deora (*)

Department of Computer Science and Applications, Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 277
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_16
278 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

other [4]. In addition, the rise in income of farmers shall double what it is now, mak-
ing food more expensive, especially in developing countries.
Agriculture is vital for food production and industry. Crops like cotton, rub-
ber, and sugar cane play a crucial role in the economic future of several coun-
tries. Additionally, the bioenergy market for food crops has experienced recent
growth. Food security is at risk as to the use of food crops for biofuel, bioen-
ergy, and other commercial purposes to cater to the rising demand for energy
resources [5].
With the advent of newer technologies, PA (precision agriculture) has expanded
worldwide. It adopted innovative, data-driven, and disruptive techniques in PA. It
used global navigation satellite services (GNSS) extensively for locating and
quantifying soil quality during the first decade of PA.  Tractor automation and
improved crop nutrient management technologies had been the focus of concern
during the second decade. As PA enters its third decade of growth, all fields of
agriculture get explored for making intelligent decisions via modern sensors and
other measuring devices to evolve new paradigms of evidence-based, precise
farming. Indeed, future farming practices shall rely heavily on “farming the land”
and “farming the data” to ensure output, efficiency, and sustainability. Researchers
in agriculture explored the use of the latest technologies like multispectral sen-
sors, remote sensing, robotics, droning, and cloud computing to monitor plant
phenotyping and soil conditions (IoT). The addition to achieving a higher produc-
tion level in agriculture, sensor technology leads to improved crop quality, soil
quality, a safer food supply, sustainable farming, and increased profits. Farmers
can analyze crops at the micro-level with these tools. The use of sensors has
achieved appropriate agricultural objectives and developed multiple capabilities
that would guide the future of agricultural practices [6].
Humans would like to track and count everything if computers may know and
gather everything without our help, thereby significantly reducing waste, loss, and
costs associated with the time and space requirements of computers. The field of
the Internet of Things (IoT) arose in 1999, and now there are IoT devices every-
where constantly transmitting data and conversing with each other [7–9]. These
devices can sense, track, and process the collected data to generate a large amount
of well-­ structured, loosely structured, or unevenly structured information.
However, predicting the future and finding recent information require applying
analytical techniques to such data to analyze current scenarios and predict the
future. It takes much effort to analyze such extensive data gathered from IoT
devices. An efficient learning mechanism is needed to turn this data into action-
able insights that are worthwhile. Analyzing complex IoT data using AI-based
technologies is the most critical concern for handling crop-related parameters.
Deep learning can only solve many complex real-life issues [4]. Recent advances
in deep learning (DL) [10] can be applied to various IoT applications to produce
quick results. While we have grown accustomed to IoT devices, the utilization of
deep learning adds a new dimension to such connected devices when used in the
domain of agriculture.
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 279

The remote sensing method collects a vast quantity of data based on images and
depicts the agricultural environment in its entirety. A significant area of research in
agricultural applications is remote sensing image analysis. It uses intelligent data
analytics for detecting anomalies, identifying/classifying images, and identifying
anomalous patterns in images. The primary purpose of this chapter is to investigate
and address the applicability of various such techniques, namely, IoT, sensors,
machine learning, and AI, to increase agriculture produce. It helps make precise
decisions based on experimental agriculture parameters study and weather forecasts
to automate all farming operations. One can develop intelligent agriculture plat-
forms that monitor agricultural activity, including crop and plant monitoring, irriga-
tion monitoring, water control, and others, by using sensors that measure soil
moisture, water levels, and temperature [11]. Farmers can also continuously moni-
tor agricultural fields from anywhere as compared to traditional farming. It improves
all phases of farming: planting, tilling, and harvesting using IoT-based intelligent
farming techniques to optimize [12] efforts and resource usage and achieve high
productivity.

16.1.1 Need of IoT in Agriculture

Disease and Pest Monitoring  Drones enabled with remote sensing provide the
flexibility and image clarity needed to monitor pests and diseases in crops that only
low-altitude systems can offer [13].

Crop Monitoring  Agriculture crop monitoring becomes easy and efficient due to
Internet of Things technology that enhances the management of crops and, there-
fore, the yield, leading to more profits for farmers [14].

Weather Monitoring  The Internet of Things is a technology that makes it possible

to monitor, collect, control, and connect to a worldwide network to the most
advanced and efficient means of accessing weather information using weather mon-
itoring systems [15]. It provides almost real-time data recorded through sensors and
sent to the cloud servers. Farmers may access it and make decisions accordingly [16].

Storage Monitoring  Agriculture products are stored in warehouses to prolong the

life of storage materials [17]. Remote access monitoring for recording the tempera-
ture of grains, control fans/air conditioners, and prevent grain theft. All such sys-
tems provide real-time data that lets us know of a problem to be resolved swiftly.

Tracking Farm Products  Produce from farms, including crops and livestock, is
known as farm products. A crop can be any cultivable plant, mushroom, or organism
cultivated to be eaten, clothed, or utilized in any other way. Using IoT sensors can
easily track or monitor these farm products.
280 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

16.1.2 Working of IoT

The Internet of Things comprises devices and sensors that send data to the cloud
environment through some connectivity. When the data reaches the cloud server, the
software processes it and performs specific actions. It automatically sends an alert
or changes the requisite sensors/devices without requiring human intervention.
A user interface provides the collected data and updates on what the system is
doing to the end user. Users can perform adjustments or fine-tuning actions to the
sensors/devices through the cloud.

16.1.3 Applications of IoT in Agriculture Forms

Agricultural IoT applications can transform agriculture worldwide and change

humanity forever by almost real-time monitoring the extreme weather conditions,
degraded soil, drier lands, crop diseases, watering, and deteriorating ecosystems to
maintain or maximize productivity, plants, and livestock health at all times.
Developers of IoT solutions in agriculture can help farmers monitor and optimize
their operations that deliver rich insights through data analysis by using IoT, big
data, and machine learning. There are many types of IoT agricultural applications
used to monitor, control, and track various variables throughout the growing cycle.
Precision agriculture, monitoring greenhouses, livestock, and agricultural drones
constitute the main domains of IoT agriculture applications. Agricultural applica-
tions include the following subsections:
• Precision farming
• Innovating greenhouses
• Livestock monitoring
• Smart weather and climate monitoring
• Forecasting/predicting crop
In addition to helping farmers improve yields, profitability, and environmental
protection, IoT solutions enable them to eliminate supply-demand imbalances. In
precision agriculture, IoT technology is used to optimize resources to maximize
yields and reduce operating costs. Figure 16.1 shows some of the applications of
IoT in agriculture as per the latest research and application developments.
Precision Farming  Precision farming is an innovative method that has been prac-
ticed since the 1980s and has become increasingly popular in the last few years. Its
goal is to improve operating performance by monitoring soil properties and other
factors. It involves an accurate and controlled raising of livestock or planting crops.
Essentially, it uses information technology and various other technologies such as
sensor technology, robotics, automated vehicles, control systems, automated hard-
ware, and variable rate computing. The precision agriculture approach collects data
electronically using computer technology and analyzes it spatially and temporally
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 281

IoTin Agriculture Applications

Innovating Digital Livestock Smart weather and Forescating/

greenhouses Agriculture monitoring climate monitoring Predicting

Irrigation Soil Animal

monitoring monitoring Health
Monitoring

Crop Disease
monitoring monitoring
Animal
Heart rate
Agricultural Precision Monitoring
monitoring Agriculture

Remote
Sensing

Fig. 16.1  Applications of IoT in agriculture

[6]. The real-time data level of water and nutrients of soil can be collected for better
crop yield.

Innovative Greenhouses  Automate climate control in greenhouses can be

achieved using IoT devices for more efficient, automatic, and precise actions reduc-
ing the need for human interventions. These sensors can accurately monitor a green-
house with sensors to collect and relay data in real time. IoT devices installed in the
fields collect real-time data on water consumption and greenhouse conditions. It is
provided as email or SMS alerts to control the irrigation system and temperature.

Observing Livestock  Maintaining the livestock using manual processes is a highly

costly affair. The use of IoT makes livestock maintenance much more accessible.
Owners can track an animal’s exact location, progress, illnesses it might be suffer-
ing from, the amount of food and water it needs daily, and sleep patterns and segre-
gate healthy animals from sick ones using this technology. Poultry farming,
apiculture, and pisciculture can be managed with the same technology. A lower
number of labor requirements, addressing all issues at the earliest, lead to saving a
huge amount of money spent for livestock management [18]. It helps the owners
recognize pregnancies and take timely actions. In nutshell, sensors allow farmers to
pay closer attention to what is happening in their farmlands.

Remote Sensing  The satellites capture images from their geostationary and non-­
geostationary orbits. The images are processed to identify different segments based
on the captured color codes. Real-time data related to weather, farms, crop cultiva-
282 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

tion, and water management is derived and shared with the farmers by the remote
sensing stations. Farmers then manage their day-to-day affairs and make decisions
accordingly using sensor-based information [19].

Monitor Weather and Climatic Conditions  The climate heavily influences crop
production. A crop can only grow under particular climatic conditions. The produc-
tivity and efficiency of crops depend on these conditions. Farmers can now find out
the weather conditions in their fields in real time using IoT-based solutions. Farmers
use the information collected by the sensors in the fields to decide about the crops
that require these specific weather conditions. IoT ecosystems established shall use
sensors to gather data about humidity, temperature, and rainfall, crucial for crop
production. These sensors can quickly determine drastic/abrupt/sudden changes in
climatic conditions to reduce the negative impact on crop production. It can help
minimize the physical presence when deemed necessary and result in greater profits.

Forecasting/Predicting  A key component of smart farming is predicting crop

yield, storage management, market strategies, and control over risks. An artificial
network uses the information collected from sensors to predict crop yield. The soil,
temperature, pressure, rainfall, and humidity data are used for crop yield prediction.
A dashboard or a mobile application can be customized to provide accurate soil data
to the farmers for managing crops. It can predict the yield based on the relationship
between previous years’ data and its current year’s values.

16.1.4 Sensors

Sensors play a vital role in capturing valuable data after a set time difference. The
cloud services store this extensive set of data produced by these sensor devices to
manage its storage. Agricultural scientists, farmers, and academicians then use this
collected data for research and analysis to improve agriculture-related activities.
Figure 16.2 showcases services and sensors used in agricultural innovations of the
time. Farmers can access real-time crop information with IoT sensors, which help
them make better harvesting decisions [20, 21]. By collecting IoT data, smart sen-
sors can enable real-time monitoring of “what is happening on the ground.” Farming
can be made more efficient by knowing when to harvest, the amount of water used
and whether irrigation is needed, soil health, and fertilizer requirements. A better
understanding of the forecasted parameters enables farmers to plan seed sowing and
manage cultivational activities, yield, and storage. The information presented here
is essential since well-managed fields produce a greater (approximately 60% more)
yield per acre than poorly managed ones. Agricultural sensors to enhance crop yield
are required to reach the maximal efficiency of agricultural produce.
Soil Moisture Sensor  Connected sensors transmitting data through Sigfox IoT can
provide better insight into the soil water content. Nutrient leaching can be reduced
by efficiently managing irrigation systems, water, and energy. It is one of the essen-
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 283

Agricultural Innovation

Services Sensors

Irrigation Light Sensors

Humidity Sensors
Pesticides

Temperature Sensors

Fertilization

Soil Moisture Sensors

Weather
Leaf Sensors

Maps Fruit Size Sensors

Crop Health Sensors

Yield Condition

Level Sensor

Yield Quality
Proximity Sensors

Crop Quality
Touch Sensors

Infrared Sensors

Wireless Sensors

Fig. 16.2  Agricultural innovation sensors

284 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

tial sensors that measure the water content level. The moisture sensor passes a digi-
tal or analog signal comprising a soil-mounting component based on a threshold
value set. There are mainly two types of soil moisture sensors: 1. a sensor for mea-
suring the volume of water and 2. soil tension detector sensors embedded in the soil.

Temperature Sensor  These sensors measure the greenhouse temperature periodi-

cally. Monitoring ambient conditions and mechanical assets is a critical component
of such temperature sensors [22].
Humidity Sensor: Vapors in the air can be measured using humidity sensors.
Humidity sensors detect and determine whether water vapor is present in the air or
enclosure. The medical, agricultural, and environmental monitoring industries cur-
rently use humidity sensors. The measurement of humidity is in relative units. These
comprise ceramics, polymers, and their composites for sensing in humidity sen-
sors [23].
Light Sensor  All vegetables and flowers need abundant sunlight. Different plant
groups react differently and have different physiologies when dealing with light
intensity. The performance of some plants improves in low light intensity and others
in high light intensity. Light sensors help sense the light intensity and manage it in
a certain required way to help the growth of a particular kind of vegetation.

Wireless Sensors  Wireless sensors are essential tools that can assist with intelli-
gent agriculture currently available on the market and play a crucial role in collect-
ing crop information and other data. Almost every piece of agricultural machinery
and advanced tools, such as fertilizer sprayers, has wireless sensors built into them,
depending on the application needs. Some of the wireless sensors are acoustic sen-
sors, optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, electromagnetic sensors, optoelec-
tronic sensors, and many others.

PH Sensor  With PH sensors, one can monitor a precise quantity of soil nutrients
required for irrigation. Plants or crops are provided with an adequate supply of
nutrients by monitoring the PH of the soil.

Ultraviolet Sensor (UV Sensor)  The UV sensors monitor ultraviolet rays by con-
verting photocurrent into voltage. A circuit converts analog signals to digital signals
into its external circuit. These sensors detect light rays most effectively and are used
for decision-making.

16.2 Related Work

As information and communication technologies have emerged, the agriculture sec-

tor has also evolved. Modern technology helps to increase crop production and
reduce crop losses.
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 285

IoT network solutions include Bluetooth, RFID, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Thread, NB-IoT,
Sigfox, COAP, and many others. As a result of remote sensing in agriculture, mul-
tiple vegetation indices (Vis) perform reflection spectroscopy of spectral bands to
provide insights into crop health. Many VIs are available, including normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil adjusted
vegetation index (SAVI), and many others that describe the difference between vis-
ible and near-infrared reflectance remotely sensed images of vegetation cover. It
estimates the density of greenery, the type of cultivation, and its health.
A review on many satellites like Landsat 1, Landsat7, Landsat 8, RapidEye, Geo-­
Eye1, IKONOS, QuickBird, Worldview-3, and MODIS utilized for monitoring
agriculture is provided [24]. A system that combines real-time data, machine learn-
ing, and drones to monitor crop health is beneficial for agriculture [19]. Combining
multiple sensor technologies, heterogeneous data, and temporal fidelity can be used
with analytical methods optimal solutions. Such practices are an essential consider-
ation in building sensor-based systems for agriculture.
An idea to use IoT for monitoring cotton crops and acquiring the data in real time
for IoT-based enterprise systems for agriculture framework [25] has become popu-
lar. It created an IoT-based enterprise system with three modules that deploy wire-
less sensor networks (WSN) at cotton fields. WSN monitors cotton crop conditions
using the Waspmote agriculture sensor board. In addition, it also contains sensors
for leaf wetness and soil moisture to monitor various parameters that affect the
overall agriculture produce.
Any agricultural system relies on crop irrigation. The use of an irrigation system
in agriculture is beneficial in managing the water resources and minimizes water
loss. A wireless sensors and actuators network (WSANs) was designed for irriga-
tion control in-house [26].
Researchers have suggested a solution to use multiple technology integrations to
meet future agriculture expectations for intelligence and efficiency [5]. It integrates
wireless sensors, crewless aerial vehicles, cloud computing, and communications to
provide IoT-based platforms [27] and architectures adapted for agriculture.
In an Intelligent Agriculture study [28], new plan for developing a platform that
monitors factors affecting farming operations and applying extracted knowledge to
analyze farming practices for respective regions has been provided. They present a
data cleaning method that uses moving averages and variances, eliminating data
with more drastic variances. The inferences and knowledge extracted from the
refined data are more beneficial for agricultural decisions and activities.
Another solution [29] presents a model with ICT-based integrated agricultural
solution. The farmers can receive the latest information and take advantage of these
informed dynamics. A remote monitoring system (RMS) uses the Internet and wire-
less communication technologies to provide real-time data about agricultural pro-
duction. It uses alerts via a short messaging service (SMS) to provide agricultural
guidance on frequent weather patterns and their impact on crops.
An information system [30] for the agricultural Internet of Things based on a
distributed architecture is the need of the hour. Such a distributed information ser-
vice system captures, standardizes, manages, and queries a massive amount of
286 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

agriculture production data using IoT.  It uses services like Information Services,
Object Naming Services, and Discovery Services for tracking agricultural products
and monitoring their quality in this system.
Analyzing and comparing different machine learning techniques [31] is addressed
in the paper for most appropriate practical tasks. New technologies help meet the
dynamic needs of agriculture as an industry that needs more sustainable and effi-
cient solutions. Innovative farming system based on IoT [32] using architecture,
layers of the networks, topologies, and protocols are useful for an in-depth analysis
of agriculture variables. Cloud computing servers offer ample data storage, and ana-
lytics is carried out using big data technologies on data collected by the IoT devices.
Researchers have integrated microcontrollers, sensors, and a centralized water
quality monitoring system into an IoT and AI-based platform for the agricultural
sector [33]. It uses the Internet to transfer the bulk data collected by sensors to the
cloud server for processing and logging. Data is collected after each fixed time
interval and sent to a machine learning algorithm for calculating soil conditions.
An idea of a mobile-based agricultural control system [34] is presented with
details on its components and control systems. The improvements made in this sys-
tem included the throughput, energy, delay, and performance with a lesser number
of operating issues.
The map-based navigation and vision-based scheme for farm management [35]
use multiple edge nodes and one cloud server to disperse the computational load. A
new system was proposed that provides an easy and effective way to send live noti-
fications on real-time data related to temperature, soil moisture, humidity, UV
index, and infrared parameters directly from the farmlands to farmers [36]. It helps
farmers improve their crop yields and save resources like water and fertilizer. It uses
IoT circuitry for live data monitoring.
A complete farming and food supply solution based on IoT and blockchain [37]
is an innovative smart model for agriculture and the food supply chain for acquiring
crop information. Another approach [38] uses IoT-based green agriculture for man-
aging the operations in farming with security and integrity. Researchers developed
another system to monitor soil conditions, ensuring the quality of farmland [39] that
also reduces wastage of water. Additionally, it reduces water waste.
Table 16.1 provides details on some mobile applications in agriculture that help
increase crop yield and transform the agricultural industry.
There are numerous significant applications of IoT in agriculture. Using IoT in
agriculture, Table 16.2 discusses some previous works.

16.3 Machine Learning for Precision Agriculture: Concepts

and Uses

Modern technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning
(ML) enhance food production, allowing farmers to spend less time on the land and
pay more attention to their crops. The modern agriculture industry can benefit from
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 287

Table 16.1  Mobile applications for agriculture

Mobile
application Purpose Performance/outcomes
Magri [40] Diagnosis and Soil characteristics like pH, soil carbon, nitrogen (N),
detection of phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are identified at the
diseases specific GPS locations and shared for improvement in
agriculture produce
BaiKhao [41] Calculating Calculates the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to
fertilizers use after analyzing the rice leaf’s color
BaiKhaoNK Calculating Provides an improved version of an application that
[42] fertilizers estimates the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to be used
based on rice leaf image color instead of using costly
SPADs
SIFSS [43] Soil quality This application provides detailed information on soil,
such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, carbon, and
many others
SOCiT [43] Soil quality The system provides users with accurate information
about the carbon content of soil based on their
geographical location
PocketLAI [44] Leaf area index It calculates leaf area index (LAI), a key determinant of
crop water requirements of the crop
RaGPS [45] Solar radiation Application estimates crop water requirements using
from space weather data. It also measures radiation parameters during
cloudless days [46]
SafeDriving Vehicle Track tractors to trace accidents and initiate alerts in the
[47] monitoring case of emergency
mKRISHI’ [48] Expert inspections A farmer can seek advice from an expert by sending
for pests and images and videos with the query and sharing the GPS
diseases location
GeoFoto [49] Identify land plot The extension worker does not have to carry as many
tools into the field by assisting with land plot
identification
WheatCam [50] Crop insurance Picture-based insurance (PBI) is a solution that makes
crop insurance more affordable and effective. A
smartphone is used to share pre- and post-damage
photographs of the insured property. It minimizes hurdles
in claims verification
Crop Monitor Crop monitor It monitors the crop and its performance to provide
(eLEAF’s) [51] information about crop growth, water usage, and growth
performance as per the potential
AccuWeather Weather monitor It provides precise forecasts of rainfall for farms and
[52] fields
CITEX [53] Citrus crop It is an expert system for managing citrus crops
management
LIMEX [54] Lime crop Lime crop expert system
management

machine learning, which is a trending technology nowadays. ML in agriculture can

create more healthy seeds. The use of machine learning and IoT in agriculture
mainly reduces problems, predicts crops, predicts yield, manages livestock, detects
288 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

Table 16.2  Summary on IoT-based agriculture research application

Agricultural IoT Description of the
application areas problem Model used Dataset used
Monitor disease and pest Monitor diseases Developed by Using drones and
of the crop [13] and pests of the authors sensors to gather data
crops by using IoT
technology
Crop health monitoring Monitor crop Developed Real-time data using
[19] health based on the multi-model drone imagery, IoT data,
integration of IoT, technique by using multi-source data
machine learning, SVM, Naive Bayes, integrations, VI maps,
and remote sensing and several deep health maps, IoT data
learning models maps stored in a
database
Identifying soil, diseases Predict soil Developed by Collect real-time data of
affecting crops and pests conditions, weather authors by agriculture in a farm
[29] patterns, and integrating smart field
disease and pest farming and ICT
Disease detection, plant Real-time Developed by Collect real-time data of
species detection, enhance observation and authors soil, light, pH value,
irrigation facilities [55] monitoring of water, and humidity
farms
Prediction of soil moisture Predict soil, crop Framework made Database of agriculture
[56] type, and irrigation by IoT and SVR, production in India [57]
random forest
algorithms, Tableau
Crop recommendations, Identify crops, XGBoost 13 crop datasets
fertilizer recommend
recommendations, and fertilizer, and
predict crop growth and predict climatic
climatic conditions [58] conditions

leaf diseases, recognizes crops, and detects disease early. Some of the uses of
machine learning with IoT are shown in Fig.  16.3. In machine learning, humans
instruct machines to mimic the actions they naturally perform. On the other hand,
computer-supported learning is an approach in which computers automate and
improve their learning processes when interacting with humans. Using IoT with
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can improve the efficiency and
intuitiveness of these processes for developers and users.

16.4 A Generalized Model for Solving Any Kind

of Agricultural Problem by Using IoT

Figure 16.4 shows a generalized model for agricultural problems. Wireless sensors
combined with mobile agricultural applications and cloud platforms collect relevant
data about the farmer’s land’s environmental parameters, such as temperature, pre-
cipitation, humidity, wind speed, pest infestations, soil quality, and nutrient levels.
16  Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture 289

Fig. 16.3  Use of Machine Learning with IoT in Agriculture

Fig. 16.4  A generalized model for agricultural problems

Farmers can use this information to make more informed decisions and improve the
quality and quantity of the produce. Monitoring crops at multiple locations via a
mobile app reduces the complexity of managing crops and allows farmers to esti-
mate the impact of their farming practices and improve actions during future har-
vests. Mobile applications can determine where fertilizer is required or amount of
irrigation required in the field.
The input from sensors is processed and analyzed in the subsystem to predict
system properties that need manual or automated control. Dynamic models help in
decision-making and finding their impact over time. Agricultural knowledge is stud-
ied to update agricultural practices to find the optimal procedures. The formulated
models are trained and tested for optimal results based on each parameter and
develop an efficient model.
290 A. Mehla and S. S. Deora

16.5 Conclusion

Agricultural land is steadily decreasing due to the construction of buildings for a

living, drains for waste management, factories for production, opening up of trade
businesses, and natural climatic factors like hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
Thus, a proactive approach to crop sowing, cultivation, disease management, and
storage is required to meet an ever-increasing global population. Using IoT devices
in agriculture has many applications and sensor-based ideas to improve the overall
yield from agriculture. Many remote sensing devices, temperature and soil moisture
sensors, humidity sensors, water level sensors, and pH sensors, use remote sensing
to provide practical solutions to agricultural challenges on the farms. Agricultural
management systems can better handle farm data and help formulate more effective
strategies for increasing agribusiness worldwide. Through the evolution of the IoT
and ML, researchers can provide innovative ideas that put these tools to assist farm-
ers in their daily work. Using these technologies, farmers can improve throughput,
use their fields more efficiently, and monitor disease, pests, animals, and machines
[59]. In no doubt, with the use of IoT, ML, and remote sensing, farmers can achieve
the goal of automated cultivation and environment control in the coming days. The
technologies shall revolutionize the agriculture sector by identifying best practices
to reach the slogan – “food for all” a reality in years to come.

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Chapter 17
Intelligent Technology, Systems Support,
and Smart Cities

Rahul Gupta

17.1 Introduction

Changed Life Style in urban cities has accelerated the need and growth of smart
cities have surged in recent years; social life domains are restructuring by using
advanced technological infrastructure and digital communication. To offer a secured
human life with comfort in a sustainable environment has proposed the concept of
the smart city. Caragliu et al. [1] conceptualized a smart city as a synthesis of physi-
cal capital or hard infrastructure with quality knowledge, social infrastructure, and
fast communication. The way residents work, behave, and interact among them-
selves and consume public infrastructure has been redefined with the use of
enhanced ICT tools and technological innovations, amalgamating the intellect of
conceptual city with the physical world. The city is transforming into a “smart city,”
with a holistic transformation of amenities, services, and the way these services are
offered and consumed [2, 3]. The surge in urbanization emphasizes environmental
concerns, economic restructuring, and public sector concerns, required to be dealt
with advanced and smart tactics. The pace of changes in expectations of residents
poses further challenges in managing these smart cities. To supersite, these deterrent
organizations need focused technological advances and communication devices.
The role of fast mobile networks, high-speed Internet, IoT, and big data [4–8] plays
a vital role in supporting these services. Automation of various facilities is triggered
for the deployment of artificial intelligence and robotics in support of many ser-
vices. Bowerman et al. [9] suggested that management of the smart city is carried
by integrated technologies which include sensors, electronics networking, comput-
erized systems for data handling, and decision-making algorithms.

R. Gupta (*)
Amity Business School, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 295
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_17
296 R. Gupta

Batty et al. [10] proposed that residents in a smart city avail facility by using
smartphones, supported by IoT, RFID (radiofrequency identification), smart meters,
AI, ML, cloud computing, collective intelligence, software, and their smart applica-
tions. Arasteh et al. [11] said that IoT is the tangible object connected with compu-
tational devices and sensors, for data exchange among connected devices. Since
smart city solely depends on their embedded technologies, the role of IoT is deci-
sive. Komninos et  al. [12] said IoT is a major research and innovation offering
numerous opportunities for smart services by interconnecting virtual and physical
environments, spread all over places like vehicles, homes, offices, and other com-
mercial places.
ICT supports enhanced service delivery like retailing, communication, and trans-
portation. Smart cities function on real-time usages and monitor data at intelligent
laboratories facilitating massive exchanges among numerous spheres. Security and
privacy remain a concern in the smooth functioning of smart cities. The authors in
[13] pointed that smart city components include smart mobility, smart living, smart
people, smart governance, etc.
Artificial intelligence an important technology for a smart city is getting popular-
ity with reduced cost of computing and availability of big data. Technology supports
learning from experience, performing complex tasks, and automating decision-­
making. Many services like healthcare sector (disease diagnosis, assisting patients
in healthier life), transportation (automatic signal control as per traffic congestion,
driver assistance), surveillance and public safety (monitoring and face recognition),
production (process control and automation, robotics), retailing, etc. use artificial
intelligence to support smart cities for their development and operations.

17.1.1 Application of AI in Smart Cities

17.1.1.1 Decentralization

Through a believed agency (taking an example of a bank or government) in an ear-

lier established transaction managing system, the transaction management has taken
place. The result that comes with this centralization manner includes additional
cost, single-point failure (SPF), and performance bottleneck at centralized service
providers. The benefit of blockchain is that transactions can be validated between
two peers without the need for authentication, jurisdiction, or intervention by the
central agency, which results in a lower cost of service, SPF risk, and a reduction in
performance bottlenecks [14].

17.1.1.2 Immutability

Researchers have studied that a blockchain comprises an associated chain of blocks,

where every link is crucially an inverse hash point of the last block, the changes of
any kind made on the last block will invalidate every consequent generated block.
17  Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 297

This approach allows for immutable recording of interactions as all interactions go

through the blockchain. This approach allows you to query details on the block-
chain, track all selected interactions, and add autonomy to IoT devices.

17.1.1.3 Transparency

The aid of public blockchain systems, for example, Bitcoin and Ethereum, gives the
user accessibility and interaction with an identical right in the blockchain system.
Also, each and every transaction performs validation and is saved in the blockchain
making it available for every user. Hence, the data in blockchain maintains transpar-
ency to those users who will be able to access and perform verification of performed
transactions.

17.1.1.4 Traceability

A timestamp is attached with every transaction saved inside a blockchain. It is going

to be easy for users to verify and can also track the birth of traditional data items
following the analysis of the data in blockchain along with communicating time-
stamps. It can trace one thing on the web with the guaranteed traceability for trans-
actions, which assures clear transactions, succeeding the feature of security
(Fig. 17.1).

17.1.2 Contribution to Smart Cities

Transportation: AI-controlled autonomous vehicles will enhance city transport and

substantially reduce parking requirements. The space will further be used for other
productive purposes. The automated traffic-controlled system using real-time sen-
sor data will enhance city life.
Resource management: Efficient management of energy, water, and other natural
resources.
Ecologically managed low carbon energy networks: Green infrastructure is devel-
oped and managed with sensors and artificial intelligence, building, and infra-
structure with regulatory energy use, with comfortable air quality.
Living: Quality life, health, education, and safety.
Support for senior citizens: Support in social and healthcare with automated robot-
ics, senior citizen-friendly urban infrastructure, and personal mobility.
Economy: E-business innovative spirit, employment.
Coherency: Social issues like the digital divide, social relations, and ICT
connectivity.
298 R. Gupta

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOCKCHAIN

DECENTALIZATION IMMUTABILITY TRANSPERANCY TRACEABILITY

Automation
through ML
and
Mobility with Big data
autonomous Decision with
transportation governance

Infrastructure Government,
with sensors education and
health
Smart city
using AI
and
Robotics
Education
with Identity and
robotics creativity

Banking, Real Transportation

estate, Finance Management
sector
Water, energy
and waste
management

Fig 17.1  Categories used in smart cities

Maintenance of infrastructure: Efficient repair, monitoring, building management,

and control with robotics where accessibility is unpleasant.
Controlled environment for food and leisure: Leisure and food growing in advanced
and artificial intelligence-controlled automated environment.
Policy guidelines and security: Automated and unmanned aerial vehicles for sur-
veillance and robotic policing.
17  Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 299

These trends, challenges, opportunities, and robotics, artificial intelligence

accompanying smart cities, unavoidably draw consideration to important players
that shape the working of smart cities. Khatoun and Zeadally [15] stated that urban
area with modern facilities addressing business and institutional needs is considered
smart cities. Smart cities face various political and socioeconomic issues, but tech-
nical issues are a major stabling block in the development of any smart city. In
technical issues, cost efficiency and interoperability, the privacy and security con-
cerns are very important. The paper would address these challenges in the following
sections. Various proposed architectures are discussed, and then a few real-life
applications like energy management, transport management, and food manage-
ment are discussed; key challenges and issues are explained in managing smart cities.

17.2 Smart City Architecture

17.2.1 Architecture Layers

Applications and services in smart cities are offered in layers to make them conve-
nient for adjustments and modifications. Each layer is separated logically and physi-
cally. Layering is the feature that attracts most researchers. Various concepts have
combined layers for the operation.
Kyriazopoulou [16] proposed three architectural layers for smart cities; for the
first time, he compared Kyoto, Helsinki, and Amsterdam, with an information layer
as the first layer consisting of data from sensors on a real-time basis, and combined
them with files from the Internet using GIS. A virtual environment is created in the
second layer with 2D maps and 3D spaces. Next, an interacting layer is created for
the intercommunication of agent systems. Anthopoulos et al. [17] studied Trikala in
Greece, with five layers. The first and last layer is for stakeholders (service design-
ers and users) and the next as platforms with infrastructure layer, networks, and
technologies for services offerings. The information layer is the next layer for
required data like geospatial data for operations. The service layer is the fourth layer
with applications required for interaction among an organization and its citizens.
Su et al. [18] suggested a model with three layers for a smart city, starting with
the manufacturer of public infrastructure; middle layer as WSN (wireless sensor
networks), network infrastructure, and cloud computing platform; and last layer as
the manufacturer of basic application systems like construction of the smart home
and wireless city.
Carretero [19] offered self-adaptive architecture known as ADAPCITY, for the
smart city. Heterogenous devices are adopted which to react as per the requirement
of the environment. An immediate recovery and updating are done for new opera-
tions. A four-layered architecture with a physical layer as the first layer comprises
of behavior and state of objects and devices. The grid layer is the second layer com-
municating with a physical layer for data process and storage; the management
300 R. Gupta

layer is the third layer used for data mining, statistical analysis, and prediction, and
next comes the control layer which provides services considering the desires of
users and optimization measures.
A generic architecture is offered by Vilajosana et al. [20] joining features from
existing platforms. The lowest layer as a capillary network layer entails actuators
and sensors required for data collection, warehousing, keeping real-time, historical,
and metadata. Incoming data is received at the service layer from capillary network
layers. Received data is then processed, secured, and combined. Open, big, and
streaming data is analyzed. The Application layer is the last layer, where analyzed
data is transformed into valuable information, which is provided with predefined
interfaces.

17.2.2 Architecture with Service Orientation

To have services as orientation, the objective is the collection and intercommunica-

tion among various services in the computer network. The interactions are consid-
ered as unimpeded for services that are loosely connected, self-reliant, and unrelated.
Anthopoulous et al. [21] proposed a common architecture called enterprise archi-
tecture. This architecture combines data for service delivery and urban development
and associates physical and logical architectures.

17.2.3 Architecture for Events

Creation, application, and reply to uncommon actions are managed with this archi-
tecture; those events relate to asynchronous and uncertain amendments. The result
invokes the production of the report, for example, sensors detect alteration and are
processed by the system. This type of architecture may be clubbed with service-­
oriented architecture as suggested by Filipponi et al. [22]; in their work researchers
clubbed events and service architecture as SOFIA, for monitoring cities against
security threats and identifying abnormal emergencies.

17.2.4 IoT Architecture

Diverse devices are networked through the Internet with unique Internet protocol
addresses. Actuators and sensors are embedded in these devices which are remotely
connected to the Internet. New and useful applications communicate among sensors
and facilitate numerous applications. IoT architectures primarily support smart city
operations.
17  Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 301

Attwood et  al. [23] proposed an infrastructure for a smart city to safeguard
against failure or provide uninterrupted services in the case failure is inevitable. For
all functions to operate properly, networking of sensor-actuator is mandatory. IoT
connects with actuator network to collect data required for managing smart city
operations; smart city critical infrastructure comprises of some basic amenities that
researchers have offered which are CRRI (critical response reasoning instance),
SANOSM (sensor-actuator network overlay state management), aggregation and
annotation services, etc.
Wang et al. [24] used WGS (wind geographic software) offered by NASA for
inventing smart cities. Open-source software allows interaction, visualization, and
simulation, in the smart city. Visual display and data collection through network
analysis, IoT, and web map services are the main components for this platform.
C. Samaras et al. [25] proposed SEN2SOC as a platform for smart cities in Spain,
intending to enhance interaction among social networks and sensors and using NLG
(natural language generation), to enhance the living standard.

17.3 Applications

Various applications in smart cities are energy management (integrating conven-

tional and renewable energy), food management (smart delivery of food items),
transport management (traffic management and smart parking solutions), etc.

17.3.1 Food Management

Zhang et al. [26] discussed an IoT-based application for trailing the originality of
the food supply in smart cities, as demand in cities has seen a tremendous surge for
food items due to urbanization. Managing the food supply chain for monitoring,
analyzing through smart sensors by collecting and processing data. The monitoring
is essential for finding any contamination and backtracking any contaminated food
offered in the market.

17.3.2 Energy Management

Management of energy is an ingenious requirement to be taken with utmost care in

a smart city. In a world where all are talking about energy conservation, the objec-
tive of the devices and applications required to be used in the smart city is a must.
Energy must be conserved to reduce its utilization by relying more on natural and
renewable energy.
302 R. Gupta

Brenna et al. [27] suggested SEM (sustainable energy microsystem) designed to

join other subsystems serves independently, as a discrete production from power-
houses, combined heat, renewable sources, and recharging of electric and hybrid cars.
The researcher looks beyond the idea of smart grids and searches for resolutions
to better integrate energy flow management with other subsystems as a vital part of
a smart city. A flexible energy hub is installed using SEM for storing and supplying
various energy haulers, aiming to propose new tools for optimizing the design.
These tools are cohesive based on risk analysis and complexity science. The reli-
ability and quality are secured by offering newer technologies for reconfigurations
and service optimization, and infrastructure vulnerabilities are minimized. The con-
trols of infrastructure and their interdependence are between infrastructure and the
environment. Human factor impact and organizational problems on SEM manage-
ment and control are also studied.
Klingert et al. [28] suggested the solution DC4Cities, which aim to optimize the
share of renewable energy source, whereas data centers are operational in smart cit-
ies. Here data centers act as an important functionary in the smart city to perform a
dual function as an energy consumer and IT service provider. The management of
smart cities faces a challenge in integrating sporadic renewable energy into a local
power grid with support to an IT-based low-carbon economy, a method for power
management option among smart cities and data centers for internal adaptation
strategies. The researcher proposed a mechanism to evaluate through a simulation.

17.3.3 Transport Management

Losilla [29] said that intelligent transport management is an essential part of a smart
city and its operation would be incomplete in a case of unavailability. The manage-
ment of smart transport is done with the applications for traffic control, law enforce-
ment, safety, and finding parking smartly. Intelligent transport management should
be able to sense, distribute, take decisions, and execute their task independently.
Birk et al. [30] and Qin et al. [31] discussed that intelligent transport manage-
ment system deals with safety applications that screen the animal within safety
perimeter, traffic congestion, intending to prevent and guard against accidents.
Sensors perform their task proactively and signal the other devices in the case of any
possible menace like any obstacle, bad road, and wrong directions/unsafe deriving,
sense speed and communicate with other devices, and give warning signals to the
drivers to avert accidents. Sensing devices perform by using a single or double
approach. In the case a vehicle is detected by a static sensor, the other sensors get
activated for finding further road situations. The other approach provides road con-
ditions to other nodes without any vehicular presence, so data may be transferred to
any area to pass on to other passing vehicles at a later stage. This approach is appli-
cable for detecting non-ephemeral events.
Weingartne and Kargl [32] tried to join WSN and VANET (vehicular ad hoc
network) for the implementation. The WSN monitors streets, and VANET
17  Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 303

disseminates the road situation to other vehicles in the vicinity or to the other static
sensors for further warning.
Bohli et al. [33] discussed the techniques to check speed limits and help in traffic
law enforcement by collaborating with other sensors. The traffic controller received
pictures with registration details of speed violators for further action to be taken as
per the prevailing law. Drivers can also be warned via SMS before issuing challan
for a speed violation.
Bohli et al. [33] studied illegal parking with the help of sensor nodes and take
pictures of their registration plates. PGIS (Parking Guidance Information System)
enabled with WSN is suggested against expensive wired sensors.
Lee et al. [34] suggested WSN application detects vacant parking space with the
sensor on every floor. Chang et al. [35] studied post-accident investigation, which is
necessarily required to set responsibilities for the accident. Shuai et al. [36] studied
that sensor nodes monitor the road network and obtain the time value for every seg-
ment for deciding the optimum route. They also propose an application for schedul-
ing the flow of traffic at traffic light intersections. Congestion of vehicles is detected
with the help of sensors at each intersection, where sensors can be placed after the
traffic lights to determine vehicle queues.
Few sensors are required; hence cost is controlled, and acoustic detectors based
on neural network [37] and vibration sensors in vehicles [38] are used for high
accuracy.

17.4 Smart City Challenges

Operationalizing smart city encounters many hurdles which need to be addressed.

Few challenges are discussed here.
Cost of Implementation: Managing innovative technologies requires recurring costs.
Energy: Requirement of high energy for sustaining technologies is a challenge.
Security and Privacy: Use of smart devices and smartphones while availing services
is connected through the internet. Their communication makes them vulnerable
to cyber breaches and cyber vandalism.
Technological Integration: Information and communication technologies are used
in planning and developing infrastructure for smart cities. The challenge here is
to demonstrate its utilization, for the development interoperable for the function
of smart cities.
Traffic Management: Reliable and fast MAC access protocol for the critical trans-
mission of information in the case of emergency is a challenge.
Mobility: Flawless running of applications while shifting between networks is
essential.
Scalability: In the case the number of user expends the storage restrictions, compu-
tational and bandwidth capabilities may hinder the functioning of a few
applications.
304 R. Gupta

Issues: Building technical and social intelligent systems is an issue while managing
smart cities.
Public Safety: Real-time analysis of information to check crime is a quick response
for the threats to the residents.
Healthcare: Improved connections and advanced analyses while interpreting huge
data are required for better healthcare facilities.
Transport: Integration of all means of transportation, mitigating congestion, and
finding new avenues while designing transport networks in smart cities.
Water: Efficient use of water at homes and commercially by guarding the ecosystem
for ensuring the wellness of senior citizens staying alone in smart homes.

17.5 Solutions

Suryadevara et al. [39] proposed a flexible, cost-efficient, and robust intelligent

system that has two models intelligent and WSN home monitoring software.
Modules collect sensor data, analyses, and changes in behavior and ensure timely
healthcare services. Suryadevara et  al. [39] proposed a WSN-based monitoring
system designed by Dasios et al. [40] which monitors environmental parameters
like humidity, temperature, and the light intensity with daily activities such as
moving, sleeping, and sitting. In the case of any deviation, automated alarms are
raised. A real-time traffic controlling system was proposed by Semertzidis et al.
[41] which uses a visual sensor network and connects with system computers for
subsequent recognition and tracking. Gupta et al. [42] proposed an RFID-based
system communicating between traffic signs and vehicles. Metje et al. [43] offered
WSN-based intelligent pipeline monitoring system to monitor sound, pressure,
and vibration to detect any leakage.

17.6 Scope

Research in the area of intelligent systems in the building is not fully explored.
Further improvements can be explored. The use of cloud computing as a platform
needs thorough exploration to improve life in smart cities. Services like municipal
repairs, traffic details scheduling of public works with safety and security of resi-
dents. Managing big data is an immense challenge for researchers.
IoT applications: For procuring valuable real-time information. Services of IoT
are essential and support extensively.
Data management: Huge data is generated in smart cities; thus handling this data
is a challenge. Huge storage is required for keeping this data.
17  Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities 305

17.7 Conclusion

Services once availed in smart cities will be indispensable; residents find it difficult
if these services are performing up to the mark. Various services are already in use,
and many still need to be explored, with refinement in the existing structure. Services
in smart cities are provided with various challenges, and issues are discussed here in
this paper. The components which transform a city into a smart city include gover-
nance, infrastructure, mobility, and smart communication. The progress of smart
cities is susceptible to many challenges like political, technical, and socioeconomic.
The software and hardware requirements to tackle technical issues must possess
system interoperability and need to be managed at a competitive cost. Data genera-
tion is huge while availing services in smart cities; this data is vulnerable for breach;
hence privacy and security are of utmost importance while managing smart cities,
as the connectivity of devices is susceptible to malicious attacks by spyware. The
growth of smart cities is in its early stage; the requirement of information technol-
ogy tools, information security systems, and other advanced technologies will cer-
tainly boost the development of smart cities [44].

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Chapter 18
Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based
Multiclass Weed Classification Using
YOLOv5

K. Sandeep Kumar  , Rajeswari, S. Lakshmikanth, and Himanshu Sharma

18.1 Introduction

Weed infestation has been estimated as a factor causing the decrease in crop yield,
which represents economic losses [1]. These effects occur when weeds emerge
within the planting line, competing with the plant for nutrients, water, and sunlight,
during its growth stage. Large doses of herbicide and weed resistance constitute a
serious problem in world agriculture, which causes the use of agrochemicals with-
out control to have negative effects, among which the unnecessary use of herbicide
(economic loss), the environmental damage (soil and groundwater contamination),
and traces of agrochemicals in food (affect health and food safety) [2, 3].
The conventional way to control weeds is by manual screening, whenever pos-
sible, or spraying herbicides evenly across the field to keep them under control. The
latter method is rather ineffective, as only 20% of the pesticides reach the crop and
less than 1% of the chemical actually contributes to weed control, wastewater dis-
posal, and pollution or overdosing of fruits exceeds the allowable limit and can have
an impact on human health [4].
Since the end of the twentieth century, the collective application of new tech-
nologies has improved agricultural management practices and has given rise to the
field of precision agriculture (PA) [5, 6]. These technologies are based on managing
resources more efficiently, taking into account environmental conditions and the
real needs of the plants. The PA links strategies for the acquisition and analysis of

K. Sandeep Kumar (*) · Rajeswari · S. Lakshmikanth

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, India
H. Sharma
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, J B Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 309
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_18
310 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

information in the field and the application of inputs according to parameters estab-
lished through intelligent systems, where a main aspect is the specific management
by site for an optimized and efficient production of field crops. Specific weed man-
agement with precision agriculture concepts seeks to apply the herbicide in the right
place, quantity, and time, to improve productivity and reduce the waste of inputs,
without affecting the environment [7]. To achieve this purpose, weed control sys-
tems are implemented, where robotic systems play a fundamental role [8]. Such
frameworks must be able to detect weeds in the field and use an herbicide spray that
directly affects application.
Digital image treatment techniques have been utilized to recognize phenological
behavior and species of plants as one of the tools of the PA [9, 10]. Systems for
determining the spatial distribution of weeds have been implemented using multi-
spectral cameras on board aircraft [11] or at the field scale [12]. The detection of
weeds in the images using the characterization of the shape and location of the crop
rows allows determining the type and number of weeds per image [13]. Weed
growth occurs in a non-uniform way, but they occur naturally in clusters; that is,
they can grow in (or between) the rows of the crop. Weed detection can be fast and
accurate if it is separated from the soil; this method can solve the technical problems
for the precise application of pesticides using automated navigation land vehi-
cles [14].
The vegetation classification has been studied in various regions of the visible
and infrared spectrum, together with color indices, vegetation indices, and hyper-
spectral and multispectral imaging techniques [15, 16]. Most approaches to auto-
mated weed control use digital RGB (red, green, blue) cameras to detect plants [17,
18]. In the case of multispectral analysis through the acquisition of visible and infra-
red images, the use of bispectral cameras, composed of two camera heads, is
reported in the literature.
The monochrome Images helps us to obtain two congruent pixel images of any
scene in different spectral bands. There are other approaches that use hyperspectral
imaging sensors [19], 3D lidars (light detection and ranging or laser imaging detec-
tion and ranging), 3D surface characterization systems for discrimination of crop
weeds, and fusion concepts with multiple sensors [20].
In general, weed detection and classification are based on the main steps of digi-
tal imaging: acquisition, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification [20].
For this last procedure, images are collected, classified, and characterized as weeds
or plants by a consumer, and then these characteristics are used to form classifiers
based on statistics or machine learning. As a rule, the size of the training set should
be on the order of hundreds or thousands of labeled reference samples in order to
obtain a meaningful classifier [21]. Artificial intelligence-based cultivation tech-
niques have been used to detect and classify weeds among soil, crops, and weeds.
Examples of these techniques are artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees,
classification based on wavelets, genetic algorithms, support vector machines
(SVM), and algorithms based on fuzzy logic [22–26].
The objective of proposed work is to develop a framework capable of classifying
different types of weeds, through artificial vision and digital image processing, to
18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 311

classify the multiclass  weeds. The YOLOv5 architecture has been explored, and
nine classes of weeds forms are classified. This article focuses on multiclass weed
classification algorithm using image processing techniques.

18.2 Literature Review

Regarding the algorithms or classification methods used, it is concluded that the

SVM are still in force due to their good performance and low consumption of com-
putational resources, being more attractive in projects that involve embedded sys-
tems [27, 28]; on the other hand, artificial neural networks follow being the most
used method for the detection of weeds due to its performance and flexibility when
choosing between topologies, training algorithms, or simply modifications that the
author needs to carry out according to the challenge he or she is facing.
Of course, this also applies to CNNs, which are driving strong trends in image-­
based pattern classification and identification. In the presented article, AlexNet,
ResNet, RCNN (Regional Convolutional Neural Networks), VGG, GoogleNet,
FCN (Fully Convolutional Network), and YOLO (You Look Only Once architecture
of [29]).
Authors of [30] ensure that convolutional neural networks (CNN) are a very
powerful method, for example, Authors of [22] developed a technique for the recog-
nition of weeds and plants with a multispectral camera in real time made by a ter-
restrial robot. Classification technique used is based on two convolutional neural
networks: the first performs binary segmentation of the image by pixels, extracting
a 3D representation of the pixels showing the green vegetation, the second is a pre-
viously trained network which performs the classification.
The main advantage of this method is to speed up the process of manually mark-
ing up files while maintaining good classification performance. Proposed technique
outperforms conventional index-based ones such as NDVI with an accuracy of
98.7%, furthermore, since the input is the same image, the drawbacks mentioned in
ANN and SVM with the decreased number of features. From the results, it can be
concluded that deep learning and pattern recognition techniques can be extensively
used in detection and classification of weeds [31].
Authors of [32] propose a weed detection system comparing various machine
learning models such as KNN (k-nearest neighbors), Bayes, SVM, and
ANN. Proposed mechanical prototype with help of a camera and a mechanism with
locks eliminates the weeds previously detected by software. Authors of [33] use
neural networks to perform weed detection in rice fields in Tolima with the help of
unmanned aerial vehicles. Multispectral sensors have also started to be used in
works such as those of [34] and [27], which use multispectral camera images and
unmanned aerial vehicles to detect weeds.
312 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

18.3 Proposed Methodology

A framework is proposed based on the selection of a learning method of the articles

reviewed in the state of the art, taking into account the method selected; the images
are chosen and labeled, thus creating the dataset to be used. These images are then
pre-processed, and the different spectral bands are used to generate different multi-
spectral image combinations (see Fig. 18.1).
The base method  is designed in order to select a single type of multispectral
image that has the better precision as well as accuracy. Subsequently, a process is
started cyclic where the base method is evaluated and its performance measures are
compared, which are obtained through the confusion matrices, in order to improve
the method by applying relevant changes to find a model that exceeds 80% precision
for detection and provide us with a good estimation percentage of weed. Finally, a
comparative analysis determines whether the final model has relevant results with
respect to the evaluations obtained by experts in the weed percentage estimation
task (see Fig. 18.2).

18.3.1 Image Selection and Labelling

The images of the dataset were evaluated one by one, eliminating the blurred ones,
those that contained incomplete objects, and those captured in difficult-to-process
angles, to achieve a noble performance in the training process. Then they were

Selection according to
the state of the art the Select and tag images Pre-processing
method to use

Evaluate method perfor- Design the base

Redesign the method method
mance for detections

Select the type of multi-

spectral image to work
with

No Accuracy> 80 Yes
&
F-Score> 0.7

Compare weed estimation of

the method with that made
by experts

Fig. 18.1  Proposed framework

18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 313

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

Weed Image Object

Image Classifica- Detector Trained
Dataset Image tion using using
processing Weed
(Nine Deep Deep Network
Classes) Learning Learning

Fig. 18.2  Proposed approach

ordered in three categories according to the height of its capture: high, medium, and
low with the aim of choosing 100 images that will vary in height, number of sam-
ples, and environment. The 100 selected images that correspond to approximately
600m2 were in TIFF format so a code was made in python to convert them to JPEG
without losing quality. The number of images was chosen taking into account the
labelling processes and CNN training which is time-consuming. Class labelling is
done manually with Label Img software open source code developed in Python by
[35, 40].

18.3.2 Pre-processing

Once the dataset was labelled, several types of multispectral image were generated;
the first one is called NDVI-32 and is created in grayscale by calculating the index
NDVI using 32 bits and performing a percentile-based contrast stretch. The second
type is the False green which was raised by [27] and uses the green, red, and infra-
red bands and irradiance values, and the third type is the NDVI-64 in which 64 bits
are used to calculate the NDVI by adding a gain of green; finally we have the filtered
reds where the bands used are red, red border, and infrared and a high pass filter is
applied to highlight the vegetation (see Fig. 18.3).
In 2016, the YOLO was introduced with its initial version [36], which consists of
two layers fully connected that make the prediction and 24 layers with convolutions
that work as feature extractors; currently works with YOLOv3 [37] version that
includes significant improvements and feature extraction layers were substituted by
the Darknet architecture-53. First YOLO divides the image of input into a grid of
size S×S. Each grid cell forecasts at most two bounding boxes together with the
probabilities of each class for each bounding box and also the degree of trust. Then,
a procedure is performed that unifies the bounding boxes found in such a way that
there is no double detection of the same object.
YOLOv5 results evaluated in the COCO [38] database are similar to those found
by YOLOv4 (see Fig. 18.4). Figure 18.4 shows the comparison of YOLOv5 with
efficient detector [39]. The advantage of using PyTorch is that the framework is
more intuitive and has broader support for deep learning. In the proposed model
even with the image of model input presenting resolution different from the trained
314 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

Fig. 18.3  YOLO procedure on an input image

Fig. 18.4  Comparative analysis of YOLO5

images, the model was able to generalize invasive detection even to areas at the
edges of the image that have small deformations due to the lens, in addition to the
angle of view and distances different from the center of the image.
Base method and image type selection multispectral for the implementation of
YOLOv5, the Darknet framework is used [29] which is a framework for open-­
source neural networks developed in C using CUDA. This includes recognized con-
volutional neural network architectures like ResNet, AlexNet, and YOLO.
18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 315

18.3.3 Method 1 (Detection of Multiclass with YOLOv5)

This first method has four clearly identified phases (see Fig. 18.5). The first phase
corresponds to pre-processing, where the images are arranged multispectral images
and the false green image is generated from them. In the second stage, the convolu-
tional neural network is fed with the green spurious image. In the third stage, the
image is processed by YOLO resulting in bounding boxes for each class detected.
Finally, in the fourth stage, an algorithm written in Python is used to estimate the
percentage of weeds in the image from the sections detected as weeds.
To select this first method, ten models were trained in total. Then it is showing
the results of the two best models taking into account two aspects: that the accuracy
was equal to or greater than 0.8 since, according to the state of the art, it is a score
of acceptable accuracy for models with the same objective and that the F-score was
0.7 since the total labelling for the training was 2221 samples for lettuce and 3481
for weeds, which indicates a clear class imbalance. It was also about minimizing the
number of images without losing performance in the model, in order to have more
images for model validation and testing. For these two models, the presented num-
ber of samples for the lettuce class was 810 (36%), and for the class weed was
1482 (42%).

18.3.4 Method 2 (Detection of Multiclass

with YOLOv5+NDVI Mask)

The design is based on the development experience of Method 1. Based on the fact
that the trained methods had better performance for the lettuce class, it was decided
to change the third stage and train an improved model for this unique class.

Fig. 18.5  Proposed approach for Method 1

316 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

Fig. 18.6  Proposed approach for Method 2

In addition to adding one more stage (see Fig. 18.6), in this stage they take all the
lettuces detected by YOLO and are removed from the image; then it is done a seg-
mentation of the image using the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) to highlight
all that is vegetation. Once the crop is removed from the image, it is highlighted the
remaining vegetation and proceeds to generate a binarized image, where the vegeta-
tion is represented by the color white, which facilitates the estimation of the weed
by computing the percentage of white pixels in the total image. This process was
automated with a Python script that receives the coordinates of the bounding boxes
as inputs thrown by the trained YOLOv5 model and the image to be evaluated.

18.3.5 Dataset

There are 1176 images in dataset out of which 8 types of weed species and 6 types
of wood crops are recognized, so overall 7853 interpretations are made (see
Fig. 18.7).
Three types of digital cameras were utilized to capture the images of dataset:
Sony W800, Canon EOS 800D, and Intel RealSense D435. Images of cultivated
food crops and weeds were taken at different stages of growth under controlled and
field conditions. The folder “annotations” consists of annotated XML files related to
each raw image. These images are manually annotated for labelling each class
of weed.
18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 317

Fig. 18.7  Sample dataset images

18.4 Simulation Results

In this paper two weed classification algorithms are implemented and simulated
based on YOLOv5 on PyTorch platform. The performance of the proposed algo-
rithm is validated using parameters such as precision, recall, and F1 score: precision
vs confidence graph (see Fig.18.8), precision vs recall graph (see Fig.18.9), and F1
score vs recall graph (see Fig.18.10).
The weed classification model performance is evaluated using confusion matrix
with nine classes and compared with predicated values (see Figs. 18.11) and the Plot
of training and validation precision, recall values are depicted (see Fig. 18.12).
The sample simulation results of predication using YOLOv5-NDVI mask is
shown below (see Fig. 18.13).

18.5 Conclusion

Taking into account the comparison with other methods that work on the same data-
sets, the use of CNNs is strongly recommended as their characteristic extractors
help to better train the models that see their detection improved regardless of its
growth stage, while methods that involve image processing such as thresholding,
reflectivity among others, or fixed characteristics such as sizes tend to weaken the
detection by forcing certain conditions of height and lighting. Regarding YOLOv5
as CNN and PyTorch (Python) tool as framework, ease of performing changes in
318 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

Fig. 18.8  Precision vs. confidence graph

Fig. 18.9  Precision vs. recall graph

18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 319

Fig. 18.10  F1 score vs. recall graph

Fig. 18.11  Confusion matrix graph

320 K. Sandeep Kumar et al.

Fig. 18.12  Plot of training and validation precision, recall

Fig. 18.13  Detection of multiclass with YOLOv5+NDVI mask

18  Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using… 321

architecture, as well as its speed not only in training but also in evaluating an image
with an already trained method and added to their ability to do it without a GPU,
makes them very good tool for jobs involving real-time detection and automated
weed control.
Finally, it is highlighted that the use of convolutional neural networks is the cen-
tral axis for new methods that help to improve the optimization of processes in
agriculture and to the specific case of weed evaluation and generate excellent results,
improving the accuracy of weed detection.

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Chapter 19
Intelligence and Cognitive Computing
at the Edge for IoT: Architecture,
Challenges, and Applications

S. M. Kusuma, K. N. Veena, K. S. Kavya, and B. P. Vijaya Kumar

19.1 Scope and Motivational Points

For decades cloud computing has dominated every other strategy that offers pro-
cessing of data generated by the IoT devices. But, concerns over security, privacy,
network connectivity, and latency among several others have sparked a paradigm
shift in how the world perceives computing. Edge computing is a technology where
computational processes take place at the edge device or very close to the end user.
This makes it (when deployed with the right resources and in the right environment)
capable of compensating for the shortcomings of cloud computing while providing
the same services (to some extent).
Cognitive Computing at the Edge or Edge Intelligence involves trained intelli-
gent models deployed at the edge or nearer to the edge of the network (close to the
data source) enabling efficient resource allocation and local processing of data
which in turn produces real-time results without having to ship data through the
gigantic network that the Internet is, to the cloud. This essentially ensures data pri-
vacy and, if done right, reduced run-time. Edge Intelligence (edge machine learn-
ing) has a wide range of applications in domains such as business analytics, health
informatics, academia, etc.

S. M. Kusuma
Research scholar, School of ECE, Reva University; Department of ETE,
M. S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
e-mail: [email protected]
K. N. Veena
School of ECE, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
K. S. Kavya · B. P. Vijaya Kumar (*)
Department of Information Science and Engineering, M. S Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 325
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_19
326 S. M. Kusuma et al.

19.2 Issues and Challenges

Edge Intelligence sounds appealing and futuristic, but it also comes with some of its
own shortcomings. As applications migrate from cloud to the edge, there are a num-
ber of questions that need answering. The most important one is will it be cost-­
efficient? Are the smart devices and servers close to the edge capable of carrying out
certain functionalities?
Cloud Computing vs Edge Computing  ML and AI applications produce and
require huge amounts of data (big data) which will be used both to train models and
answer questions from users. The hierarchical structure of the cloud computing
architecture helps streamline the three main steps of any ML application – prepro-
cess data, train models, and answer questions. The platform performing the func-
tionalities here is the cloud – which isn’t resource constrained.
On the other hand, the performing platform in Edge Intelligence – the intelligent
edge is resource constrained. The major challenge the technology faces is efficient
processing of big data with minimal amounts of available resources – computing
power, storage space, etc. Increasing the storage space, for example, would increase
the cost of production which wouldn’t benefit the developers or the users. The intel-
ligent edge can only hold resources enough to host small applications or perform
small-scale functionalities. Concurrency also takes a hit because of the restriction
on computing power. The intelligent edge must be able to decide on what data
should be sent to the cloud and what data can be processed locally, at the edge.
Edge Intelligence, while ensuring data privacy, is more prone to cyber-attacks
compared to cloud computing. Hacking the intelligent edge to illegally access con-
fidential data is much easier to do than hacking the cloud. In many cases, it simply
makes more sense to stick to cloud computing for obvious reasons. But, the advan-
tages Edge Intelligence has to offer cannot be overlooked either.

19.3 Problems and Functionalities

The main problem the intelligent edge solves is collecting data from local devices
and analyzing it using the (machine learning) model that has been trained either
locally or at the cloud server. The model is usually a machine learning model that
provides direct intelligent functionalities or indirect functionalities such as resource
allocation. The intelligent edge at the very least must be able to preprocess the raw
data produced and analyze it. If the data produced is high dimensional, it just
wouldn’t be feasible to analyze it at the edge. The data will have to be sent to the
cloud both for preprocessing and analysis. The intelligent edge must be designed in
such a way that it is aware of its own capabilities and be able to decide whether data
can be processed and analyzed locally.
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 327

Imagine an Edge Intelligence technology deployed in a storage facility that

stores highly combustible materials. The intelligent edge device’s main functional-
ity in this case is to monitor and analyze heat signature data produced from the local
devices. This can either be achieved using heat sensors or an image recognition
methodology in conjunction with a deep learning model. In either case, the numeri-
cal data produced will be analyzed at the edge device the sensors are connected to,
to predict and avoid accidents in the storage facility in real time.
Edge Intelligence has also had a major impact on the field of medicine. Motion
sensors and cameras are used to monitor things like patient heart rate, glucose lev-
els, and falls. The main functionality of the technology in this case is to analyze the
data and provide real-time feedback that could help doctors make life-saving
decisions.
An edge intelligent technology will prevail over all others in the above scenarios
purely because of its ability to provide real-time feedback. There just wouldn’t be
enough time to have data sent to and analyzed at the centralized server a.k.a
the cloud.

19.4 Principles of Cognitive Computing at the Edge or

Edge Intelligence

The main objective of Edge Intelligence is to push cognitive computing toward the
edge by exploiting the strengths and capabilities of the smart devices deployed on
or nearer to the edge. By pushing computing to the edge, companies and organiza-
tions are mainly looking to achieve the following:
(a) Data privacy
Data in a cloud computing architecture has to be shipped all the way to the cloud
server for analysis, which is considered one of the major drawbacks of the architec-
ture simply because of accusations on companies and organizations trying to get
their hands on private data of the public. On the other hand, in an edge computing
architecture, the data being analyzed only travels from local devices (sensors,
phones, computers, etc.) to the device located at the edge of the network. This data
also helps personalize the models present at the edge to the needs of the user it
belongs to.
(b) Reduced latency
As cited in previous sections, latency can be a decisive factor in many ML/AI
applications. An edge intelligent framework is much quicker compared to a cloud
computing framework owing to the local processing and analysis of data.
(c) Improved security
While edge computing frameworks are more prone to cyber-attacks compared to
cloud computing frameworks, they offer other security advantages. An edge com-
puting framework isn’t centralized in that it distributes the processing, storage, and
328 S. M. Kusuma et al.

analysis of data across a wide range of devices, data centers, and servers at the edge;
this makes it less vulnerable to DDoS or DoS attacks compared to a cloud comput-
ing framework. Devices and servers do not have to depend on the centralized server
to carry out their functionalities. Because of the distributed framework, the entire
data isn’t present at a single location at any given point in time; this means that even
if an attacker gains illegal access to data through one of the devices, the amount of
data at threat is only the data produced locally.
(d) Personalized applications
Machine learning applications require data that the models are trained with
before they carry out their functionality – predictions, classifications, etc. In some
cases, an edge computing architecture can use data produced locally to train the
models. This essentially means that the machine learning algorithm is trained with
data related to the local environment. This personalizes the host application accord-
ing to the local user’s needs.
(e) Scalability
Edge computing allows companies to expand their computing capacity by modi-
fying the specifications of the local devices near to the edge. This can be cost-­
effective in that the entire framework doesn’t have to be modified/scaled as is the
case with cloud computing frameworks. Expansion of processing and analysis of
data only happens at the edge.
(f) Versatility and reliability
Companies often study the locally produced data which helps them target spe-
cific markets (personalized applications). After analyzing the local data produced,
companies only have to modify the local data centers and servers to match the needs
of users. This makes the framework versatile in that it quickly adapts to changes in
use cases in an efficient way. The edge framework is more reliable compared to a
cloud framework because of distributed processing. Any device that goes down
doesn’t affect the entire network. The framework can be trusted to have the edge
device assign jobs to the devices that are active.

19.5 Related Works

The related works in this section highlight how the principles of Cognitive
Computing at the Edge explained in Sects. 19.3 and 19.4 are used to make critical
decisions at the edge of the network. Deciding between using cloud services and
models deployed at the edge is one of the most important aspects of the decision-­
making process at the edge. Cognitive computing helps achieve it and enhances
Edge Intelligence.
The convergence of deep learning technologies and edge computing has led to
new opportunities in the field of Edge Intelligence, as explained in “Deep Learning
for Edge Computing Applications” [1]. Recent breakthroughs in deep
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 329

learning – strong ability in information perception, data management, and decision-

making  – have enabled the existence of state-of-the-art Edge Intelligence-based
applications. The authors of [1] have mainly looked into four such applications:
(a) Smart multimedia: Applications such as Video Analytics and Adaptive
Streaming bring a lot of latency into the network in the case of a cloud comput-
ing architecture. But, deep learning enabled edge computing frameworks pro-
cess the video content close to the network edge. Amazon released the world’s
first deep learning-enabled camera where the locally executed deep learning
function enables real-time objection without the involvement of the cloud.
(b) Smart transportation: Applications such as autonomous driving and traffic sig-
nal control do not perform well under high latency. The data collected by the
sensors needs to be processed and decisions have to be made in real time.
(c) Smart city: Applications such as smart home and smart building monitor, sense,
and control the surrounding environment by feeding sensor data into the deep
learning model.
(d) Smart industry: Smart manufacturing is an application that heavily relies on
edge computing. Equipment is constantly monitored, and the data produced is
analyzed to decide which equipment needs replacing, upgrading, etc.
In each of the above four cases, cognitive computing is used at different phases of
the application to ensure Edge Intelligence. In instances where cloud services are
required, the cognitive model at the node decides to send data to the cloud for pro-
cessing instead of using the services at the edge. Quick and real-time decisions as is
the case with Video Analytics can be made at the edge, whereas querying, retriev-
ing, and storing newly processed files requires cloud services.
Applications such as smart city and smart industry rely heavily on analyzing data
to enhance the performance of applications and products. Although the data pro-
duced at sensor devices is processed at the edge to make real-time decisions, quar-
terly/monthly data is also sent to the cloud for analysis.
Because of restrictions on resources in an edge computing framework, concur-
rency and resource allocation become major challenges the edge has to deal with.
The edge has to decide how much of the available resources is allocated to incoming
tasks from nodes attached to the edge (sensors, phones, etc.) at any given time.
Conventionally, this problem is solved by making use of buffers, queuing analysis
(FIFO), and other resource optimization theories. But, these methods could some-
times lead to increased latencies and inefficient use of the edge’s resources. The
authors of “Deep Reinforcement Learning based Resource Allocation in Low
Latency Edge Computing Networks” [2] have proposed a deep reinforcement learn-
ing method called Q-learning that solves the resource allocation problem at the
edge. Each node attached to the edge gets to place the task it wants the edge to
perform in a buffer. The edge performs these tasks and makes note of the resources
required and the latency produced by them [2]. If a task does not cross the optimal
performance barrier, the agent associated with said task gets a score of +1; if not, the
agent gets a score of -1. In this manner, the edge “learns” about every node and
adjusts its future resource allocation scheme for agents based on their current
330 S. M. Kusuma et al.

overall scores. Another machine learning approach is presented by the authors of

“Cognitive edge computing through artificial intelligence” [6]. They use a deep
learning model called MLPs or multilayer perceptron networks to forecast the CPU
usage using historical data, which in turn solves the problem of resource allocation
at the edge. The performance of Q-learning and MLP models is discussed in the
future sections.
Resource allocation is another important application of cognitive computing. As
mentioned in the two related works above [2, 6], cognitive computing helps ration
out the minimal amounts of available resources at the edge. If an operation requires
extensive memory or processing power, it will be sent to the cloud.
The choice of the machine learning algorithm deployed at the edge also becomes
very critical given the constraints on the resources available at the edge. Machine
learning algorithms need good storage space, computation power, and energy to
produce accurate results. But, accuracy often takes a hit owing to the resource con-
straint edge. The authors of “Machine Learning at Resource Constraint Edge” [5]
propose a string and shallow non-linear tree-based classifier called the Bonsai algo-
rithm [5], which can be used for prediction, regression, and classification tasks. The
Bonsai algorithm is specifically designed for resource-constraint environments and
is designed to fit in a few KB of memory in the edge devices. Bonsai algorithm is a
good fit for resource-constraint environments because of its ability to produce accu-
rate results while supporting optimization techniques such as tree pruning, memory
compression, quantization, and hyperparameter tuning. We look at the results of the
Bonsai algorithm in future sections.
Cognitive computing at the edge has had a major impact on the field of health-
care. The authors of “Edge Cognitive Computing based Smart Healthcare System”
[4] propose a smart model that combines the advantages of edge and cognitive com-
puting. The Smart Healthcare System monitors and analyzes the physical health of
users via the “Data Cognitive Engine” [4] which collects data based on user signals
and behavior. The engine then calculates a health risk grade based on the health data
[4]. This risk grade is fed to the “Resource cognitive engine” [4] which in turn uses
cognitive computing to allocate resources to the edge devices – mobile phones of
users. Resources allocated to devices depend on the risk grade of users. In this man-
ner, an intelligent and optimized resource allocation scheme is realized. Suitable
actions are taken based on the analysis of physical health data. If the risk grade is
too high, the analysis is sent to the cloud and help will be sent to the user.
BRAINE  Big Data Processing and Artificial Intelligence at the Network Edge [3]
The BRAINE project is one of the largest joint activities in Europe in the area of
edge computing-enabled artificial intelligence. The project deals with how the com-
puting edge can be integrated with AI methodologies to give rise to technological
paradigms such as Healthcare Assisted Living, Advanced Robotics, Smart Cities,
and Smart Factory – these four paradigms form the four main use cases of BRAINE.
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 331

BRAINE mainly focuses on hardware and software developments that help

develop applications for its desired use cases. These developments can be placed in
three categories:
(a) Cognitive computing-assisted resource orchestration and allocation: BRAINE
takes advantage of the fact that edge nodes vary in their capabilities, purpose,
and ownership. And moreover, these properties are dynamic and may change
over time. BRAINE aims to design each edge node in a way that it responds to
changes in resources and configuration in a timely fashion, thereby dealing with
challenges such as resource identification and allocation. This is achieved
through telemetry and instrumentations provided by BRAINE.
(b) User-oriented utilization of the edge: BRAINE aims to design edge nodes in a
way that is beneficial to the users and developers – developers must be able to
easily access data and resources in order to personalize applications. To achieve
this, BRAINE provides techniques such as the following:
• Modelling of data-intensive workloads as workflows
• Developing secure, scalable, and harmonized data management frameworks
• Well-tailored AL/ML-assisted data curation and assisted mechanisms
• Providing APIs and protocols to help developers efficiently access data and
resources at the computing edge
• Increasing energy efficiency by getting rid of redundant data
(c) Hardware accelerations: The edge micro data center or EMDC in BRAINE
depends on three aspects: layout of the nodes, thickness and heat dissipation of
nodes, and cooling capacity within the cooling infrastructure within a cluster of
nodes. BRAINE aims to produce EMDCs that enable usage of cost-effective
computing resources specifically designed for AI elaborations. BRAINE
accomplishes this via several hardware modifications – making server nodes as
small as possible by moving components close together, eliminating hardware
by moving the functionalities into software, etc.

19.6 Basics and Fundamental Concepts

Edge Computing  is a technology where most or all of the intelligent computing

happens at the edge of the network (edge devices such as phones) or nearer to the
edge of the network. The main goal is to push computing as close as possible to the
data source. IoT devices such as phones, sensors, computers, etc. these days pro-
duce tons and tons of data that is needed by machine learning or artificial intelli-
gence applications to solve several problems. Pushing computing to the edge of the
network has a number of benefits as cited in the previous sections: improved data
privacy, reduced latency, real-time results, etc.
332 S. M. Kusuma et al.

Edge computing has two possible scenarios:

• One where all the computing happens at the edge devices. The model or algo-
rithm responsible for processing the data produced resides in the edge devices,
for example, Amazon’s deep learning-enabled camera.
• One where a centralized edge is set up very close to the end devices attached to
it. In this case, the data produced by the end devices gets sent to the centralized
edge for processing and analysis, and the results are sent back to the end devices.
The model responsible for data processing resides in the centralized edge node,
for example, a Wi-Fi router (centralized edge) and all the local devices (phones
and computers) connected to it.
Cognitive Computing at the Edge or Edge Intelligence  is a technological para-
digm that follows the edge computing architecture and is made use of by machine
learning and other intelligent applications. Figure  19.1 shows the architecture of
Edge Intelligence. The edge node responsible for all the computing generally hosts
a machine learning or an AI model that processes and analyzes all the data produced
by the end devices. The edge node, while connected to the cloud server, only utilizes
it in rare circumstances such as error reporting. The cloud is generally not involved
in the data processing aspect of the application. Edge Intelligence can be used to
provide direct intelligent services to the users such as the smart healthcare system,
or it can be used as an assisting agent to other native services – intelligent resource
allocation.

19.7 Models and Methodologies Used

Machine Learning [5]  Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that

specializes in leveraging the fact that algorithms can learn from data, identify pat-
terns in them, and make decisions based on those patterns all the while trying to
minimize human intervention. The following are the types of machine learning
algorithms:
• Supervised algorithms: Where the algorithm is fed with features and the label for
said features during the training phase. In the testing phase, the algorithm pre-
dicts the labels for given features using the feature-label relationship it learned in
the training phase, for example, regression and classification algorithms.
• Unsupervised algorithms: Where the algorithm is only fed with features (and not
labels) and tries to group the entire dataset into clusters based on the relationship
drawn between the features of all data points, for example, recommender
systems.
• Reinforcement algorithms: Where algorithms learn from mistakes. An algorithm
is made aware of good behavior and bad behavior using a reward and punishment
system. Overtime, the algorithm learns to choose good over bad behavior (posi-
tive reinforcement), for example, video games – AlphaGo.
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 333

Fig. 19.1  Architecture of Edge Intelligence in IoT

Deep Learning [1]  It is a machine learning method that uses artificial neural net-
works to learn patterns from data and make decisions based on them. Artificial
neural networks are computing systems made up of several artificial neurons and
layers (similar to a human brain). Data gets passed from one layer to the other while
the neurons learn patterns from the data.

Deep Reinforcement Learning [2]  It is a form of deep learning method where the
algorithm learns to make good decisions while dynamically adjusting actions all the
while trying to maximize the total reward it gets for each action.
334 S. M. Kusuma et al.

Multilayer Perceptrons or MLPs  These are artificial neural networks made up of

at least three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. Each hidden
layer has a non-linear activation function, and the output layer often has a linear
activation function because it outputs a continuous value or a class (a single value in
either case).

Activation Function  Every layer in an artificial neural network is made up of an

arbitrary number of neurons. Each neuron hosts an activation function that is
responsible for accepting inputs (features) and producing outputs (label/value pre-
diction). The two activation functions referred to in this paper are as follows:
• Relu activation function: defined as f(x) = x+ = max (0,x), where x is the input to
a neuron.
• Linear or Identity activation function: defined as f(x) = x. The function returns
the input as it is. Linear functions are often used at the output layer of the neural
network, where the input is the output from the previous hidden layers.
Q-learning Algorithm  It is a form of deep reinforcement learning that learns from
the environment and actions of agents in said environment. If S is the set of states
and A is the set of actions, Q(s,a) is the reward gained by performing action a ∈ A
in state s ∈ S. Q*(s,a) is the cumulative score after performing all available actions
(training phase). The main goal of the Q-learning algorithm is to maximize Q*.

Bonsai Algorithm [5]  It is a tree-based supervised classification algorithm that is

developed specifically for efficient prediction on small IoT devices such as Arduino
and Raspberry Pi. The model works by developing a tree model that learns a single,
shallow, and sparse tree with powerful nodes followed by projection of the input
data into a low-dimensional space. This is what makes the model more efficient. It
aims to push the intelligence to resource-constrained IoT devices for making faster
prediction, privacy preserving, and energy-efficient suitable for real-time
applications.

Hyperparameter Tuning  It is the tuning of parameters of algorithms in order to

improve the performance. Below are some of the hyperparameters tuned in the
implementations presented in this paper:
• Normalization: It is the process of scaling the entire dataset to a value in a spe-
cific range. Normalization is done to eliminate the negative impacts the skewness
present in the dataset can have and ensure only relevant data is retained in the
dataset. The Min-Max scalar scales the value of all data points between the range
of 0 and 1.
• Tree pruning: Tree-based classification models generate a tree after they have
“learned” from a dataset. The tree has nodes that contain information that helps
in the prediction of the output class for a set of input features. Pruning is an opti-
mization technique where insignificant parts of the tree are cut off which in turn
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 335

reduces the size of the model, which could be beneficial in edge computing
technologies.
• Compression: As machine learning models are computational and memory
intensive, which makes them difficult to deploy on embedded systems, compres-
sion algorithms can be used to reduce the storage without accuracy loss.

Performance Evaluation Metrics  These are the metrics used to evaluate the per-
formance of an algorithm. Below are the metrics used in this paper:
• MSE and RMSE: the mean squared error and the root mean squared error are a
measure of how far off the predicted values are from the actual values.
• Quality of Service: It is a numerical representation that evaluates the service
provided by an application to users. The derivation of the QoS is up to the devel-
opers to define. Usually, the QoS derivation is defined keeping in mind the effects
of different environmental parameters on the functionality of an application.

Network Softwarization Technologies  These are techniques used to improve the

overall performance of a network by softwarizing the network. Below are the meth-
odologies used in this paper:
• Network function virtualization (NFV): This aims to redesign the network equip-
ment architecture. Unnecessary hardware is eliminated by virtualizing the func-
tions of said hardware.
• Software-defined network (SDN): This aims to redesign the network architecture
itself. It separates the data and control layers of the network and centralizes the
control. It enables the programming of network behavior using well-defined user
interfaces.

19.8 Existing Implementations

(a) Edge Cognitive Computing (ECC) -Based Smart Healthcare System [4]
The ECC-based smart healthcare system is an application of Edge Intelligence
that monitors the physical health of users while using a cognitive computing-based
resource allocation system called “resource cognitive engine.” The resource cogni-
tive engine is mainly responsible for resource allocation at the edge (the authors
have not disclosed the specific algorithms or models used to achieve this). The
engine also offers high reliability, high flexibility, ultra-low latency, and extensibil-
ity of the system. It does so by making use of network softwarization technology
such as the network function virtualization (NFV), software-defined network
(SDN), and network slicing.
The application has three main layers:
• The user side: This is where the data collection happens. Each user is required to
wear smart clothing that monitors the health factors. This smart clothing sends
the collected physiological health data to the nearest edge computing node. Users
336 S. M. Kusuma et al.

also have mobile phones that receive the following from the edge computing
node: the analysis of the health data, a health risk grade, and the resources
required for the device – the phone.
• Edge computing node: The node receives the physiological health data from the
smart clothing, analyzes it, and calculates a health risk grade and assigns
resources to the user’s mobile phone based on the risk grade. If the risk grade is
high, more resources are allocated to the mobile phone.
• The cloud: This platform is operated and managed by the hospital. This platform
comes into play when the risk grade is too high. It communicates with both the
edge computing node and the end device to ensure that necessary help is sent
to users.
• Role of cognitive computing: The two main operations that happen in the ECC-­
based healthcare system is the analyzing of data to produce the health risk grade
and the sending of alerts to monitoring hospitals. Cognitive computing decides
which stack of the architecture needs to be used in the respective situations.
The overall quality of service of the ECC-based smart healthcare system is cal-
culated using the formula below: where m is the number of users, s(i) is the health
risk grade of the ith user, σ (i) ∈ [1, n] is the edge node user i is currently connected
to, and connC(j) ∈ [1, n] shows the number of users connected to edge node j.

m
s (i )
Overall QoS = ∑
i =1 connC (σ ( i ) )

Figure 19.2a shows the results of simulations of the application with and without the
resource cognitive engine. It is clear that the QoS (quality of service) shows an
improvement when resources are allocated to end user devices via the resource
cognitive engine. Figure 19.2b shows the number of users at high risk at the given
time. The fact that the graph isn’t linear and increasing shows the smart healthcare
system’s ability to quickly report users who are at high risk to the hospital and
ensuring that the danger user count isn’t cumulative. The resource cognitive edge
makes sure that suitable data is processed at the edge node and other extensive
operations are sent to the cloud and therefore increase the QoS.
(b) Resource Allocation Using Multilayer Perceptrons or MLPs [6]
In the proposed edge computing application [6], MLPs are used to forecast the
CPU usage at a given time t. Cognitive computing analyzes the CPU usage forecast
and helps decide if the AWS dataset is suitable for processing at the edge. The MLP
model sits at the edge of the network and predicts the CPU core usage for a given
task at a given time. Forecasting the CPU usage at the edge helps ensure service
functionality and appropriate resource allocation to the local devices connected to
the edge. Figure 19.3 shows the architecture of an MLP network.
The network is made up of two layers: linear activation layer (combination of
initialization and hidden layers) and the output prediction layer.
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 337

Fig. 19.2  Simulation of the ECC-based smart healthcare system. (Courtesy: ref [4]])
338 S. M. Kusuma et al.

The AWS CloudWatch Dataset [7] is used to test the performance of MLPs in
predicting the CPU core usage. The dataset has two columns: the timestep and the
CPU core usage. The configuration of the MLP network is given below with number
of nodes and activation function defined accordingly. 
Configuration of MLP Network
model.add(Dense(58, input_dim=6, activation=’relu’))
model.add(Dense(24, activation=’relu’))
model.add(Dense(8, activation=’relu’))
model.add(Dense(1, activation=’linear’)
The network has four layers in total – one initialization layer, two hidden layers,
and one output layer. The current and five previous data points are used to predict
the CPU core usage at the current timestep, which is why the input dimension at the
first layer (initialization layer) is 6. It is cited that this window method (size=6)
produced the best results [6]. The activation function sitting on the first three layers
is the “relu” activation function. The output of these layers is hence a vector. The
activation function at the output layer is a “linear” activation function, and the out-
put of this layer is a single continuous value which is the CPU core usage in percent-
age. The following are the hyper-parameters fed to the network:
• Train size: 66% of the AWS dataset
• Test size: 33% of the AWS dataset
• Normalization method: Min-Max scaling (0,1)
Figure 19.4 shows the visualization of the prediction results. The evaluation met-
ric used to measure the performance is MSE (mean square error) and RMSE (root
mean square error). Below are the results:
• Train score: 0.004 MSE (0.063 RMSE)
• Test score: 0.005 MSE (0.070 RMSE)
The results are calculated in terms of loss because of the fact that this is a fore-
casting problem. The train score is higher than the test score for obvious reasons. A
test score of 0.005 MSE is pretty good considering the size of the dataset, size of the
MLP network (four layers), and the fact that there’s been very little hyper-­
parameter tuning.
(c) Resource Allocation Using Q-Learning, a Deep Reinforcement Learning
Technique [2]
The authors of [5] propose a “reward” and “punishment” based system where
each agent gets a score of +1 or -1 depending on the optimality of its tasks. A
Q-learning model sits at the edge of the network and learns the probability that a
particular agent will need more than optimal resources. This model is further used
to predict the resources required for an agent’s task based on the agent’s history.
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 339

Fig. 19.3  A multilayer perceptron network. (Courtesy: ref [6])

real usage
2.6
training prediction
test prediction
2.4

2.2
CPU

2.0

1.8

1.6
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Records

Fig. 19.4  Actual vs predicted CPU core usage. (Courtesy: ref [6])

Table below shows the hyperparameters the Q-learning model is trained with hyper-
parameter tuning for Q-learning [2].
Parameter Value Parameter Value
ts  4.5 μsec  γ 0.95
Tf 600 symbols  ε 1 to 0.1
mUL 200 symbols W 3
L 2640 cycles/bit  ρDL 0.7
f0 3 × 109 cycles  ε*DL 10−4
ηDL 25 dB  α 3
DUL,n(k) {0.5, 1, 1.5, 2} . 103 bit  β 0.5

where f0 is the cycle frequency of each CPU core, Tf is the frame length and ts the
length of each frame, mUL is the blocklength of uplinks, DUL is the packet size of
uplinks, L is the required CPU cycles per bit, nDL is the average SNR of downlink,
ρDL is the channel correlation coefficient, εDL is the decoding error probability.
Figure 19.5 shows the simulation results for a mobile edge computing or MEC node
equipped with a three-core CPU and two users connected to the node.
340 S. M. Kusuma et al.

The Q-learning method is compared to two benchmarks: equal and random. The
equal allocation strategy allocates CPU cores equally to all incoming tasks, while
the random allocation strategy does it randomly. It is clear from Fig. 19.5 that the
random method is the least performing method because of the randomness in the
relationship between task requirements and resources allocated. The equal method
performs decently at first, but the task success rate gradually decreases as more and
more tasks arrive. The Q-learning method is the best performing method owing to
the allocation of resources based on historical task requirements of agents.
(d) Bonsai Algorithm at the Resource-Constraint Edge [5]
The authors of [5] stress on the importance of choosing the right machine learn-
ing model to deploy at the edge. Oftentimes, the edge will be resource constrained,
and hence the machine learning model that sits on it becomes significantly impor-
tant. The Bonsai classification model is a tree-based algorithm that doesn’t require
a lot of resources because of its ability to retain accuracy even after optimization
techniques such as tree pruning, memory compression, etc.
The USPS Handwritten Digits dataset [8] is used to test the Bonsai algorithm.
The dataset consists of 9298 rows. Each row has 257 columns: the first 256 columns
are the values formed by flattening the 16 × 16 pixel value matrix for a specific digit,
and the last row is the digit the 16 × 16 pixel value matrix represents, i.e., a number

Fig. 19.5  Simulation results of the Q-learning algorithm. (Courtesy: ref [2])
19  Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture… 341

between 0 and 9. The following are the hyperparameters under which the Bonsai
algorithm is trained:
• Depth of Bonsai = 2
• Projection dimension = 10
• Number of epochs (iterations) = 80
• Train size = 78% of the USPS dataset
• Test size = 22% of the USPS dataset
Figure 19.6 shows the results of the Bonsai algorithm. This is essentially a clas-
sification problem where each prediction is classified into one of the ten classes (0
to 9). The final accuracy achieved is 92% which is a pretty decent result considering
the size of the dataset. Moreover, the model after 80 epochs takes up only 6.25 KB
of memory, which is significant from the resource-constraint edge’s point of view.

Fig. 19.6  Results of the Bonsai algorithms. (Courtesy: ref [5])

342 S. M. Kusuma et al.

Less memory for the native machine learning model means more room for other
computational processes. The work which is discussed in this research is verified
and validated through various test processes [9, 10] and test techniques [11 12].

19.9 Conclusion

This chapter examines the fundamental concepts, architecture, challenges, imple-

mentations, and applications of Cognitive Computing at the Edge. It’s clear how
much of an impact cognitive intelligence along with edge computing can have on
today’s computing use cases. Users are always keen on more secure, real-time-­
result-producing applications. Companies and organizations have started leveraging
edge computing and Edge Intelligence over the last decade or so to meet user
demands and develop applications that have had a major impact in the field of medi-
cine, healthcare, business analytics, etc. Edge Intelligence has a number of direct
intelligent applications such as smart city, smart healthcare, smart factory, etc.
These applications are often monitoring critical environments that need real analy-
sis of data and results based on the analysis in order to take necessary actions.
Therefore, it is very important and necessary that such applications are hosted using
an edge computing-based architecture. Intelligent resource allocation is another
application of cognitive computing at the edge presented in this paper. The MLPs,
the Resource Cognitive Engine, and the Q-learning model produced good results in
allocation of resources to devices (or tasks) connected to the edge. Efficient resource
allocation is important in edge computing technologies because of the restrictions
on resources available at the edge. Cognitive computing, as shown in the mentioned
implementations, can help achieve efficient resource allocation [13, 14]. Although
Edge Intelligence comes with a lot of challenges and issues, there is always a way
around them to leverage the advantages the technology has to offer. The Bonsai
algorithm, for instance, proved to be an optimal algorithm that can be deployed at
the edge. The designing of the edge becomes a major factor in how well the applica-
tion performs. Aspects of the edge such as hardware, software, models hosted, data
transmission bandwidth, etc. have to be optimized in order to allow the edge to
perform to its full potential.

References

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Applications: A State-of-the-Art Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp.  58322–58336, 2020,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2982411
2. T. Yang, Y. Hu, M. C. Gursoy, A. Schmeink and R. Mathar, “Deep Reinforcement Learning
based Resource Allocation in Low Latency Edge Computing Networks,” 2018 15th
International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 2018, pp.  1–5,
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3. J. J. V. Olmos et al., “Big Data Processing and Artificial Intelligence at the Network Edge,”
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watch/ec2_cpu_utilization_53ea38.csv [Reference Date: 24/08/2021]
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[Reference Date: 24/08/2021]
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issues in test process management. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience,
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Chapter 20
IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture
Using Agro-robot

Dinesh Dattatray Patil, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Anurag Shrivastava,

and Devendra Bairagi

20.1 Introduction

The use of pesticides has grown significantly due to two factors: the first, to fight
pests such as fungi, insects, weeds, mites, bacteria, nematodes, and rodents, among
other forms of animal or plant life, undesirable or that may harm to agriculture and
diseases that affect the countryside and the second to make the “end product” more
attractive, since it had no pest and disease problems in its development.
However, these pesticides can trigger serious problems when they are applied
incorrectly and can cause the producer financial loss and lethal damage where its
manifestation is “long term” and also harm the environment [1, 2]. The pesticide is
more present in agriculture. However, this product is also used in homes and public
gardens, among others. Despite offering pest control and plant diseases, pesticide
overuse can trigger various problems environmental and health problems.
Environmental problems triggered by the use of incorrect dosage results in environ-
mental contamination around the applied site harming both fauna and flora [2].
Health problems are linked to the applicator of the pesticide and to other people
who reside or are close to the applied location; it can also affect the final consumers
of the culture that was exposed to the product. Like growth of the “Smart Farms”
concept, it became clear how technology can contribute for the development of
agriculture and the need, thinking of how to produce more with less effort, and one

D. D. Patil
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shri Sant Gadge Baba College of
Engineering and Technology, Bhusawal, Maharashtra, India
A. K. Singh · D. Bairagi
Digitech Solutions, Indore, India
A. Shrivastava (*)
Sushila Devi Bansal College of Engineering, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 345
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_20
346 D. D. Patil et al.

of the solutions is the possible integration of current technology with the conven-
tional methods of agriculture [3]. The Smart Farms concept involves several chal-
lenges; some of them are as follows [3]:
• Sustainable decision-making: Productively linking effectiveness any decision-­
making that was previously related to the user.
• Farmer education and knowledge: One of the most important reasons because it
is not related to the technology itself but to the quality and qualification of field
schooling which is often a big limiter when it comes to technological application.
• Limitations of digital infrastructure: As it is a rural area, one of the main obsta-
cles that exist is the lack of digital infrastructure such as the lack of coverage of
network or mobile phone; linking robotics with agriculture, areas such as auto-
mation and the Internet of Things (IoT) offer several services, including pesti-
cide spraying, which is still a service that is growing a lot in the market having a
bigger prominence in aerial robots [4]. Robotics is a multidisciplinary field on
the rise, involving all segments of engineering [5]. Due to the rapid growth in this
field, the use of robotics in agriculture, industry, entertainment, education and
other diverse areas is increasing [6].
In the context of agriculture, the use of robots and other new technologies gave
rise to the so-called smart agriculture; this means that over time it will be possible
to carry out highly integrated communication in agriculture and visualize and pre-
dict real-time weather conditions, improving crop management, automation, utiliza-
tion of monitoring system, traceability, and greater applicability of sensors in order
to obtain more accurate data [7]. Robotics in agriculture, in particular, was a sector
that made several advances. These advances are due to the advantages that the robot
presents when compared to human beings like higher speed, minimum maintenance
time (in this regard any type of unplanned stop of man as too much heat and physi-
cal wear and tear are considered a maintenance time), staying active for more hours,
and working properly and consistently [8].
So, in a way, the development of technology and the adoption of robotics in the
field are providing good efficiency in production management, stimulating in a way
the management of agronomic knowledge and long-term profit of rural properties
referring to a significant decrease in undesirable impacts on the environment [9].
The robotization of agriculture must consider all the factors that are involved in
production, so that this robot-human relationship enables the intensification of pro-
duction with the smallest possible impact [8]. The use of robots in agriculture is
seen in several parts that compose the whole as harvest [10], at planting [11], robots
that supply the plant inputs in the necessary quantity and perform irrigation [12] and
spraying robots [13]. To achieve high productivity with the least possible impact,
the field is following a tendency to replace heavy and large machines with more
subtle technologies that are based on information and which also provide the user
with viable autonomous operations and reliable [9]. The machines and methods cur-
rently used to assist the process of spraying are falling into disuse due to its very low
efficiency; it has greater soil compaction, and these impacts are driving a trend
toward development of mobile robots to carry out specific tasks but aiming at
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 347

increased efficiency consequently resulting in less soil compaction and self-­

employed work [9].
We can classify robots into three categories: robotic manipulators or robotic
arms, mobile robots, and humanoid robots, which are those whose structure mimics
the human form. Mobile robotics needs a very wide field of knowledge to reaching
a level of perfection that makes it a multidisciplinary area. To solve problems
involving displacement, one must apply knowledge of kinematics, dynamics, and
control in the development of a robust system that performs the sensing with the use
of artificial intelligence to perform location and mapping activities [14].
Increasing productivity through sustainability requires the use and mastery of
techniques, methods, and tools that in most cases do not match real needs. In this
sense, agriculture should focus on developing methods, processes, systems, sensors,
and devices that integrate sustainable and productive systems [15]. This paper aims
to show a new direction in agriculture and discuss the basics of robotics, the devel-
opment of intelligent machines in an agricultural production environment, examples
of the use of agricultural robots, as well as the main problems in the implementation
of robotic systems in an agricultural environment associated social problems and
expectations generated by robotization.

20.2 Literature Review

Robots for open or unprotected areas are primarily concerned with navigation, route
planning, and obstacle avoidance. Over the past decade, this area of research has
evolved from autonomous tractor control to coordinating multiple autonomous trac-
tors. For example, the current system can harvest 100 peat fields in one season using
three autonomous tractors. Each tractor can approach the field, collect peat, drive up
to a certain place, and unload it independently [16]. The selective fumigation devel-
oped by the authors [17] made it possible to identify 88% of weeds in cotton fields
and adequately spray them.
The authors propose an SUV for robotic automation of the garden, and the cre-
ation of a system that detects the stress of plants, diseases, and insects measures the
diameter of the tree and the number and size of fruits before harvesting [16].
Other irrigation and nutrient management projects through distributed harvesting
aim to conserve water, increase efficiency, and reduce the environmental impact of
agricultural production methods using data from sensor networks with plant physi-
ology models for automated irrigation and nutrient management of ornamental
plants used [18].
With regard to robots and autonomous vehicles designed specifically for work-
ing in greenhouses, the authors of [18] recall several studies: the authors of [19] and
[20] developed the Agrobot project, a mobile platform with stereoscopic vision and
a tweezers/hand arm manipulator. The author [21] describes an autonomous vehicle
(Aurora) for spraying crops. Authors [22] and [23] describe a mini-robot for spray-
ing, the navigation of which is controlled by an algorithm based on fuzzy logic. The
348 D. D. Patil et al.

authors [24] describe an independent platform for assessing plant health. The author
[25] has developed a robot for harvesting peppers in a greenhouse. The author has
developed another robot for picking cucumbers.
In Japan, studies were carried out on a robotic vehicle system with RTK-GPS
(real-time and kinematic global positioning) and GIS (geographic information sys-
tem) with the aim of fully automating the production line, marketing, and delivery
of products to end users [26].
Rice planting robot developed in NARO (Japan) was converted to fully auto-
matic mode, equipped with a DC servo motor to control the pressure regulator,
gearbox (CVT) with tool clutch, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic solenoid valve
and steering, left and right brakes, and clutch and lift control. It also uses RTK-GPS
and navigation sensors.
The robot control system, developed on the basis of an integrated agricultural
GIS [27], can process various types of data, for example, this system has the func-
tion of exchanging data with robotic vehicles about working conditions, for exam-
ple, work efficiency, fuel level, fertilizer, and chemicals in each reservoir. The robot
control system can also receive data on the collection of information from robotic
vehicles using intelligent vision sensors.
A technology designed for remote monitoring of environmental variables is the
data acquisition system in agricultural environment, which allows the reading of up
to 250 sensors, and is also suitable for automatic irrigation control. The system
allows remote monitoring of sensors in the agricultural area, enabling the reading of
numerous variables of interest for the automation of processes on a farm, including
irrigation controlled by soil moisture sensors (tensiometers) and by climatological
environmental sensors. These are made up of “intelligent” sensors with automatic
monitoring of environmental data and also on the ground, whose transmission is
carried out via radio-modem [28].
Sprayer robots in agriculture play a crucial role in the economic and social sec-
tors around the world. The system provides accurate spraying, collects real-time
information about the location and the presence of diseases and pests, and transmits
it to a sprinkler or sprinkler, which more or less regulates the need for pesticides. In
addition to reducing waste, this improves the working conditions of the farmer, as
he does not come into contact with highly toxic products that can cause health prob-
lems and, in the worst case, death [29].
Robotic systems have not been fully implemented in agriculture for various rea-
sons such as the fragility of machines, expensive mechanical technology, and opera-
tional efficiency, where machines have to work and improve within their capabilities
and adapt to different situations. In addition, outdoors, it is difficult to spread the
investment cost across multiple operations, since most robots are designed for a
single application and the requirements are usually available at a single station [28].
The challenge to come back to this point is to design these complex systems in
low-power mobile configurations while maintaining the required high computing
power. Good design depends on a balance of factors such as cost, size, performance,
performance, and complexity, as well as the functionality required.
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 349

Currently, the cost of agricultural robotics is still very high, but as the demand for
technology increases, its total cost decreases, which reduces investment in technol-
ogy development or significantly reduces production costs.
Another issue to consider is the natural resilience of farmers in the industry to
changing farming practices while realizing that automation is part of the manage-
ment process and not an instant solution or problem.

20.3 Material and Method

This study was carried out through an exploratory, descriptive, and bibliographic
methodological process. These methods were suitable because the objective was to
describe and point out the state of the art of robotization in agriculture. Through
bibliographical research, it is possible to explain, describe, and analyze its evolu-
tion, the types that are available in the market, and others that are in development
and the technological and social context of its implantation in the field.
• Sensors and methodologies for monitoring that assess chemical, biological, and
physical features related to the quality of the environment, agro-industrial pro-
cesses, and agricultural business chains
• Precision agriculture, with emphasis on instrument development, immediate
reading sensors, remote sensing techniques, aerial images, crop forecast, man-
agement zone recognition technique
• Non-invasive techniques applied to agriculture and environmental monitoring,
such as spectroscopic and imaging techniques, associated with statistical and
computational methods of analysis
In this context, trends in agriculture should focus on the development of meth-
ods, processes, systems, sensors, and devices in terms of the integration and sustain-
ability of production systems.
Robotics is a discipline related to the use and programming of robots. Robotics
refers to the creation of robots and robotic devices. A robot, as ISO (International
Organization for Standardization) calls it, is a reprogrammable, automatically con-
trolled, multifunctional manipulation machine with varying degrees of freedom,
which can have a stationary or mobile basis for industrial automation applications
and applications.
Robots can be classified according to their construction application, into two
distinct types: industrial robots and non-industrial robots. The applications, limita-
tions, models, and forms make them be divided into two basic types.
• Fixed Robot: Also known as robotic arm. It consists of a fixed base and a set of
links and joints that allow movement in various directions. Because it is widely
used in industrial applications, it has become the most common type of robot.
• Mobile Robot: Commonly called a robotic vehicle, it can come in many different
shapes and models. They usually have a certain degree of intelligent assistance
350 D. D. Patil et al.

for locomotion or for controlling the system, including AGV (automatically

guided vehicle), which usually land on wheels, legs, or tracks; UAV (unmanned
aerial vehicles) which are generally pilotless aircraft and helicopters; AUV
(autonomous underwater vehicles) which are intelligent and unmanned; and
ROV (remotely operated vehicle) which are in general robot submarines with an
umbilical cable control transmission.
Industrial robots have a limited space for manipulator movement, called work
space or volume, where the robotic system can position itself and use the tool (end-­
effector). Robotics was developed with different goals, often all of these at the same
time. These include the creation of useful controllers for real-world robot work,
exploration of details, and psychological phenomena, among others.
The use of robots as autonomous agricultural tools has interesting potential as a
valuable technology tool for precision farming, the advantage of which is to lever-
age some of the established and recognized robot control theories for applications
in many other industries.
The recent trend toward the development of mobile robots and autonomous vehi-
cles for specific tasks is driven by the realization of greater efficiency and opera-
tional benefits (less unmanned soil compaction) from larger machines.
Robotics in agriculture is not a new concept; it has more than 20 years of history
in a controlled environment (greenhouse). Work was carried out to create machines
for harvesting cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, mushrooms, and other fruits. In garden-
ing, robots are used to pick citrus fruits and apples. Robotic milking is widely used
in milk production in the Netherlands. But the greatest development of the auto-
matic agricultural production system undoubtedly took place among the Japanese.
An example of such a development is the NTA Vegetable Plant, which grows veg-
etables in a hydroponic system under artificial lighting. Computers and robots con-
trol the planting, fertilization, disinfection, root trimming, packaging, and weighing
processes, resulting in a flawless product and a flawless result. The level of automa-
tion in factories is so high that over time they can become fully autonomous produc-
tion units.
The use of robotics in this area is relatively recent, but in 1984 Hollywood made
a movie called Escape, in which agricultural robots were created as researchers to
extract insects from corn husks.
Farmers need to collect information about crops and soil conditions before and
during the growing season, which is injected into the soil to measure compaction
and supplied with an electric probe to measure pH. During the development phase,
it is important to measure the water and nitrogen stress of plants using optical sen-
sors, as well as measure insect and weed infestation using cameras. The author
states that the new generation of agricultural robots is giving satisfactory results.
Although much smaller than conventional agricultural machines, they can work
together and perform tasks such as spraying people with harmful pesticides. Lasers
are used in a variety of applications, from harvesting to weeding.
The new generation of lightweight robots with low-pressure tires will process a
minimum amount of soil to collect seeds. It is planted exactly according to the mois-
ture content of the soil. Your movements are controlled by special software – SAFAR
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 351

(architectural software for agricultural robots)  – and routes are planned using
Google Earth. Robots can continue to selectively harvest crops, allowing farmers to
cut better, while crops that still need time to grow remain in the field.
Robots are still too small for memory-intensive tasks such as loading fertilizer
and lifting harvested grain, but they can be used where relatively little energy is
required. Weed control is a good example where weeds can be treated with small
amounts of chemical weeds, highly concentrated or mechanically controlled
[28, 32].
The limiting factor for field robots is energy consumption, which affects their
range. While robots can run on fossil fuels, it makes sense to use locally available
resources such as sunlight, renewable energy, or biofuels to reduce their environ-
mental impact. If robots are used for harvesting, they can even use part of the har-
vest for their own operations. This is comparable to the use of homologous biological
preparations, for example, haymaking in horses [28].
Agricultural robots range from large and versatile mechanical machines to small,
autonomous vehicles designed for specific applications. The design of a robot is
often determined by the environment in which it operates. The outdoor environment
often allows the use of large robots such as autonomous tractors. However, outdoor
robots require advanced navigation systems to explore unstructured environments.
But robots used in stores, warehouses, factories, etc. can take advantage of infra-
structure in their environment, for example, controlled lighting conditions can
improve the reliability of imaging systems, allowing more sophisticated robots to be
developed for growth.
A sensor is a term that describes an element that is sensitive to some type of
environmental energy and lacks the necessary functionality to implement it in con-
trol systems that typically require an interface that generates a readable signal to the
controller.
Sensors are devices that can convert physical events into electrical signals.
Hence, sensors are part of the interface between the physical world and the world of
electrical devices such as computers. Another part of this interface consists of actua-
tors that convert electrical signals into physical events. Figure 20.1 represents the
role of a sensor.
Sensors can have two types of outputs, analogue or digital. For the analog type,
they assume any voltage value between two extreme values, and when they assume
only two values, these logical levels can be high or low. In mobile robotics, sensors
are used to measure parts of the robot, among them the internal temperature and the
rotation speed of the engines. Another class of sensors more sophisticated is used to
acquire data from the environment where it is inserted. Because of environment
dynamics this detection activity can become very critical.

Form of Energy Sensor Electric Signal

output

Fig. 20.1  Function of the sensor

352 D. D. Patil et al.

Sensors are used for quantitative measurements, not qualitative assessments. The
characteristics of the quantity to be measured will determine the sensor, considering
the quantity to be measured and the sensor environment.
Wireless sensor technology and mobile robotics in agriculture have become one
of the most popular technologies for monitoring agricultural systems.

20.4 Proposed Model

20.4.1 Block Diagram

The complete system uses the Arduino Uno (based on ATMEGA 328). The practical
block diagram of the arrangement is presented in Fig. 20.2. Temperature sensors,
moisture sensor, LCD display, buzzer, and relay are handled by Arduino Uno. All
the modules are interfaced and programmed in a way to wok the entire module in
synchronization. The panel can be linked to the personal computer, and the pro-
gramming of the microcontroller can be done for sensor to work and can sense
breathe. The reading will be demonstrated on the LCD board which is interfaced
with the Arduino Uno board (Fig. 20.3).

20.4.2 Arduino Board

Figure 20.4 shows the main part of the system which is Arduino board, a microcon-
troller section based on ATmega328 [30]. Because of the use of ATmega328, this
board has different features from previous board that it does not use the FTDI USB
to serial driver. This is a very cheap device and has available source, and it has a

Fig. 20.2  Working of Arduino Uno board

20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 353

Fig. 20.3  Arduino temp. interface block diagram

very much comfortable to use hardware and software. This can be powered by USB
connection and DC batteries.

20.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display

Figure 20.5 shows the diagram of the very basic module of liquid crystal display
used in different device and circuits with numerous applications. The LCD can
replace seven-segment display LEDs and other multi-segment LEDs. It has low
cost, is convenient to program, and has no constraint to display special and custom
characters. It uses 5 × 7 pixel matrix to display each character. The command regis-
ters stores the command instructions given to the LCD.  The files are the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

20.4.4 Moisture Sensor

In Fig. 20.6, a moisture sensor is used to measure the water (moisture) content in the
soil. This sensor reminds users to water the plants and also monitors soil moisture.
It is widely used in agriculture, irrigation, and terrestrial botanical gardens. The
working voltage of soil moisture is 5V, the required current is less than 20 mA, and
the interface consists of an analog sensor and operates from 10 °C to 20 °C. The soil
moisture sensor uses a capacitance to measure the dielectric constant of the sur-
rounding soil. In soil, the dielectric constant depends on the moisture content. The
sensor generates a voltage proportional to the dielectric constant and therefore to the
354 D. D. Patil et al.

Fig. 20.4  Architecture of the Arduino UNO [30]

water table. The sensor calculates the average moisture content over the entire
length of the sensor. Soil moisture sensors are used to measure the evaporation and
moisture loss of plants over time. Monitor soil moisture levels to control greenhouse
irrigation and improve bottle biological experiments. The hardware and software
required for a soil moisture sensor are the Arduino IDE Moisture Sensor software
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 355

Fig. 20.5  LCD 16/2 display module

Fig. 20.6  Moisture sensor overview [31]

and the Arduino Uno board. Soil moisture VCC% v Arduino UNO connects to GND
Soil moisture sensor, and Arduino UNO and end sensor A0 port connect to Arduino
0 analog board.

20.4.5 Relay

The relay is a mains voltage switch (Fig. 20.7). This means that it can be turned on
or off to enable or disable the flow of current. Controlling a relay with an Arduino
is as easy as controlling an output such as a motor. There are many types of modules
such as single-channel, dual-channel, four-channel, and eight-channel. A type of
relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor or
356 D. D. Patil et al.

Fig. 20.7  Relay module

other load is called a contractor. Calibrated performance relays and sometimes more
than one working coil are used to protect the circuit from overload or interference.
The relay has three connection options depending on the mains voltage. There are
common contacts (COM), normally contacts (NO), and normally closed contacts
(NC). There is no contact between the common contact and the normally open (NO)
contact. We activate the relay to connect the COM pin and power is supplied to the
load. There is a contact between the COM contact and the NC contact. A connection
between the COM and NC pins is always required, even when the relay is de-­
energized. When we activate the relay, the circuit is open and there is no current to
the load. All shipping pins. The communication between the relay module and the
Arduino is very simple. The GND relay is shorted to ground. The IN1 relay port is
connected to a digital pin on the Arduino. Check the first channel of the relay
(Fig. 20.8).

20.5 Simulation Results

The collected data regarding the variable stem height of plants irrigated by the robot
are presented through descriptive analysis, in Table 20.1, in which the average found
was 22.99 mm, standard deviation was 0.895, and the coefficient of variation was
3.89%. The data collected can be considered normal because the values of symme-
try and kurtosis are in the range of 3 to −3; thus the analysis of variance proves to
be efficient.
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 357

Fig. 20.8  Agrobot prototype

Table 20.1  Descriptive statistics of stem height (robot)

Robot stem height

Number of samples 50
Average 22.990
Standard deviation 0.895
Variance 0.801
Variation coefficient (%) 3.89
Maximum 25.00
Minimum 21.00
Symmetry 0.03
Kurtosis −0.74

Stem height samples of manually irrigated plants are shown by descriptive analy-
sis, in Table  20.2; the mean value of the samples is 22.67  mm, with a deviation
standard of 1.02 and coefficient of variation of 4.54%.
Table 20.3 shows the analysis of variance of the stem height of sample plants
irrigated by the robot and manually. The P value, level of observed significance, is
the lowest significance value where the null hypothesis H0, hypothesis considered
to be true initially, would be rejected or that there is no difference between the irri-
gation performed by the robot and the manual for the variable stem height; for this
the P value found is compared with the adopted α significance, in this case a value
of 0.05 or 5%, and if the P value is less than or equal to α, it implies the rejection of
hypothesis H0, and if the value P is greater than α, the hypothesis H0 at level α
should be considered. From Table  20.3, it is possible to compare the P value of
0.100, with the value of α, and conclude the hypothesis, with no significant differ-
ence between treatments.
358 D. D. Patil et al.

Table 20.2  Descriptive statistics of stem height (robot)

Manual stem height

Number of samples 50
Average 22.670
Standard deviation 1.028
Variance 1.507
Variation coefficient (%) 4.54
Maximum 25.00
Minimum 20.00
Symmetry −0.01
Kurtosis 0.06

Table 20.3  Stem height analysis of variance

GL SQ QM F P
Factor 1 2.499 2.75 2.75 0.100
Error 98 90.029 0.9291
Total 99 92.528

Comparing the stem height frequency histograms, Figs. 20.9 and 20.10, it is pos-
sible to see that the measurements of the samples treated by the robot present a
predictability of data by the normal curve, and it is also visible that there is less
variation in the robot samples.
Among the advantages of using robots when applied to a work environment is
that they can replace manual work in dangerous tasks, thus reducing contact with
the activity; robots are often used on production lines as a fundamental element of
the assembly process of the most diverse products, for the ability to perform repeti-
tive activities and for the precision and speed of execution. As a good example,
automobile assemblers that employ robotic manipulators in the assembly of their
vehicles are available, as this removes operators from repetitive activities, such as
the assembly process.

20.6 Conclusion and Future Scope

In this study, a microcontroller-based intelligent agricultural robot was developed,

and the main areas of machine learning and artificial intelligence were applied. The
microcontroller circuit consists of several components, and this circuit is quite reli-
able. This circuit consists of an Arduino UNO, a relay, a soil moisture sensor, a
motor (12V), a temperature sensor, self-made custom PCB prototype circuit to
make a control processing board, motor controller, image recognizing signal pro-
cessing program and code for each of sensors merged to perform and execute
20  IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot 359

Fig. 20.9  Leaf number frequency histogram (robot)

Fig. 20.10  Leaf number frequency histogram (manual)

various tasks, BT module, and ESP8266 Module for starting and linking communi-
cation between mobile devices (operator/controller) to connect with agriculture
farming robot and battery.
360 D. D. Patil et al.

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Chapter 21
Role of the Internet of Things (IoT)
in Digital Financial Inclusion

Jitender Kumar and Anjali

21.1 Introduction

Digital finance can provide vulnerable communities in developed nations with

accessible, easy, and safe banking services [1]. Almost 50% of people in the devel-
oping world already own mobile phones. “Digital finance can contribute to financial
inclusion, the extension of banking services to the non-banking sectors and the
expansion of basic services to individuals” [2]. Customers use a variety of smart
gadgets to access a variety of services and data all over the world. Banks and other
financial service providers have also employed technology to provide users with
real-time access to and views of their accounts. The confluence of technology and
information has enabled the development of IoT [3–8] in the financial sector.
Payments are initiated and processed over IoT objects on the Internet of the pay-
ments system [9]. IoT is being used by a huge number of fintech companies to col-
lect data and conduct big-scale financial services. Smart features are used by users
all around the world for safety, security, and convenience.
The Internet of Things has the potential to dramatically transform the financial
products and services sectors [10]. The banking business deals with large amounts
of data transfer, collection, and analysis; the Internet of Things has a significant
impact on it, benefiting both financial services and customers. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is the most significant technological advancement, heralding the sec-
ond great digital revolution [10, 11]. IoT technology is employed in the financial
services industry to help users save time, work smarter, and live a more active life-
style. IoT in the banking and financial industry is still in the planning stages, but it
has a lot of room for innovation. The objective of this chapter is to examine the
factors that affect the role of IoT in digital financial inclusion.

J. Kumar · Anjali (*)

Department of Management, DCRUST Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 363
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_21
364 J. Kumar and Anjali

The remainder of the chapter structures is as follows: Sect. 21.2 represents the
literature review. Section 21.3 describes the research methodology. Section 21.4
explains the results and findings. Section 21.5 defines the conclusions of the study.

21.2 Review of Literature

There are numerous national and international review literature in IoT, digital
finance, and financial inclusion. Information communication technology has been
recognized as a key factor in promoting economic success [12–16]. Previous litera-
ture study explained the effect of smartphones on economic growth from 1998 to
2007 in African countries. To determine the effect of smartphones on expansion, the
authors examined mobile penetration rates as well as the cost of mobile local calls.
The conventional growth model and generalized methods of moments (GMM) esti-
mator method were applied to evaluate the outcomes. The results suggested that
smartphone production is leading to economic development in Africa [17]. Digital
finance refers to the modern business model of the use of IoT to carry out a wide
variety of financial operations, for example, payment by third parties, online lend-
ing, and direct sales of money, crowdfunding, online insurance, and banking. The
Internet has the potential to reduce transaction costs and asymmetry of information,
improve the efficacy of risk-based pricing and risk management, and expand the
number of transactions that are possible [18]. The authors studied the moderating
effect of social systems in the connection between IoT payments and inclusion in
Africa. The study showed that perceived networks had a favorable moderating effect
on the link between the use of IoT payments and financial inclusion. The authors
suggested that the existence of strong and weak social networks among users of
digital money promotes financial inclusion in Africa [19]. The study found a causal
relationship between the Internet, digital payments, and financial inclusion in
Africa. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016. The facts showed that the IoT has a
favorable impact on financial inclusion, which means that increased financial inclu-
sion is linked with increasing levels of IoT [20]. An exploratory study on 200 indi-
viduals in India measures the relationship between telecommunications and
financial inclusion. The two dimensions, i.e., financial Inclusion and telecom, were
taken into account. Structural equation modelling was used with Smart PLS to test
and develop the model. The study demonstrated the positive effect of telecommuni-
cations on financial inclusion [21]. The study pointed out the effects of digital
finance on financial inclusion and its stability. The convenience of digital finance
for low- and variable-income individuals is often more valuable than the higher cost
they would also pay to obtain such services from conventionally regulated banks.
Fintech-based digital finance has a significant positive impact on developed and
emerging economies’ financial inclusion [22]. Similarly, the literature highlighted
the effects of digital product growth on financial inclusion in countries of the South
Asian Association of Regional Cooperation. Data were collected from 2004 to 2014
to create a financial inclusion index using primary component analysis. The study
21  Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion 365

found a positive connection between digital product growth and financial inclusion
[23]. The study emphasized the impact of ICT diffusion on financial inclusion. The
study was related to 9 years from 2007 to 2015 (across 16 states). Dynamic panel
data analysis has shown a positive significant effect of the ICT on the financial
inclusion index [24]. Additionally, the authors conducted a study on digital pay-
ments and their contribution to promoting financial inclusion and development. The
authors analyzed how mobile technology could contribute to the practice and theory
of economic development and financial inclusion. The study also proposed the
future scope of work for IoT and financial inclusion, the sustainability of digital
payments and conventional finance, and the regulatory frameworks for institutions
to provide digital payment services [25]. Contextually, the authors explained the
role of IoT for improvised digital financial inclusion. The study found that fintech
enhances digital financial inclusion. The authors concluded that financial inclusion
would help to promote digital services and IoT service providers. The study high-
lighted the positive, negative, and dual dimensions that exist between IoT and digi-
tal financial inclusion [26]. Internet of Things is a promising disruptive technology
with enormous growth, impact, and promise. The parametric analysis is used to
explain the IoT security issues and solutions [27]. Indeed, the authors described the
five technical and managerial challenges of IoT.  The study used the net present
value and real options method for IoT investment and concluded that IoT is one of
the most important areas of future technology [28]. Additionally, various previous
literatures are available on the introduction of IoT [29–33] and digital financial
inclusion [34–38].

21.3 Research Methodology

To identify factors affecting IoT in digital financial inclusion, a descriptive study

was conducted. The data was gathered from both primary and secondary sources as
shown in Table 21.1.
The convenience sampling techniques method is used to collect the data for
exploratory study. These are non-probability techniques of sampling [39–41]. This
method was employed with a sample size of 120 customers from diverse segments
to ensure valid and accurate results. The information gathered from the respondents
was coded and collated in MS Excel, and conclusions were derived. To compress
the data and find major elements affecting the role of IoT in digital financial inclu-
sion, principal component analysis was employed.

Table 21.1  Data collection method

Primary data collection
method Secondary data collection method
Self-designed questionnaire Journals, newspapers, web, and other relevant manuals/
publications
366 J. Kumar and Anjali

21.4 Results and Findings

21.4.1 Demographic Analysis of Respondents

Let the analysis of the respondents as follows. The age of respondents is shown in
Table 21.2 and Fig. 21.1. The genderwise respondents are shown in Table 21.3 and
Fig. 21.2. The marital status of the respondents is shown in Table 21.4 and Fig. 21.3.
The education of the respondents is shown in Table 21.5 and Fig. 21.4. The occupa-
tion of the respondents is shown in Table 21.6 and Fig. 21.5. The monthly income
of the respondents is shown in Table 21.7 and Fig. 21.6.

Table 21.2  Age of respondents

Age N = 120 % percentage

18–25 23 19.2
26–35 31 25.8
35–45 22 18.3
45–55 24 20
55–65 12 10
65 above 8 6.67

Fig. 21.1  Age of respondents

Table 21.3  Gender of respondents

Gender N = 120 % percentage

Male 77 60.5
Female 43 39.5
21  Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion 367

Fig. 21.2  Gender of respondents

Table 21.4  Marital status of respondents

Marital status N = 120 % percentage

Married 53 44.2
Unmarried 46 38.3
Others 21 17.5

Fig. 21.3  Marital status of respondents

Table 21.5  Education of respondents

Education N = 120 % percentage

Up to 12th 22 18.3
Graduation 54 45
Post-graduation 36 30
Doctorate 8 6.67

21.4.2 Reliability Analysis

The major objective of this chapter is to examine the factors that influence the role
of IoT in digital financial inclusion. Cronbach’s alpha for 20 items is 0.795, as
shown in Table 21.8. Cronbach’s alpha is greater than 0.70, indicating that the scales
368 J. Kumar and Anjali

Fig. 21.4  Education of respondents

Table 21.6  Occupation of respondents

Occupation N = 120 % percentage

Self-employed/business 46 38.3
Govt. sector employees 23 15.7
Private sector employees 19 19.3
Homemaker 20 16.7
Any other 12 10

Fig. 21.5  Occupations of respondents

Table 21.7  Monthly income of respondents

Monthly income N = 120 % percentage

Below 10,000 8 6.67
10001–30000 17 14.2
30001–60000 52 43.3
60000 above 67 55.8
21  Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion 369

Fig. 21.6  Monthly income of respondents

Table 21.8  Reliability statistics

Cronbach’s alpha N of items

.795 20

are internally consistent. As a result, the instrument used in this study has a high
level of reliability.

21.4.3 Factor Analysis

The new elements determining the role of IoT in digital financial inclusion were
constructed using principal component analysis. Both the KMO index of sampling
adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity can be used to establish the factorability of
the matrix as a whole.
Table 21.9 represents the significance of Bartlett’s sphericity test (p<0.001,
p = 0.000). Furthermore, the KMO index is 0.642, which is higher than 0.6. As a
result, the principal component analysis should be used to examine factors that can
affect the role of IoT in digital financial inclusion.
Table 21.10 shows the total variance explained for factors affecting the role of
IoT in digital financial inclusion at seven phases. Eigenvalues were greater than one;
seven variables were identified, representing 77.00% of the variance.
The rotated factor matrix for the questionnaire is shown in Table 21.11. Factor 1
consisted of four elements with factor loadings ranging from 0.826 to 0.596 after
varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Factor 2 is composed of four elements,
each with a factor loading of 0.829 to 0.550. Factor 3 is composed of three elements,
each with a factor loading of 0.933 to 0.561. Factor 4 is composed of three elements,
each with a factor loading of 0.949 to 0.592. Factor 5 is composed of two elements,
each with a factor loading of 0.833 to 0.803. Factor 6 has two elements that range
from 0.902 to 0.887, whereas factor 7 has two elements that range from 0.885
to 0.827.
370 J. Kumar and Anjali

Table 21.9  KMO and Bartlett’s test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy .642
Bartlett’s test of sphericity Approx. chi-square 1513.56
Df 190
P-value .000

Table 21.10  Total variance explained (rotation sum of squared loadings)

Components Total % of variance Cumulative %
1 2.507 12.535 12.535
2 2.479 12.394 24.929
3 2.311 11.555 36.485
4 2.288 11.438 47.923
5 2.164 10.821 58.744
6 1.983 9.913 68.657
7 1.669 8.343 77.000

Table 21.11  Rotated component matrix

Component
Statements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IoT awareness
Aware of the functionality of IoT .826
Aware about online banking .796
Aware about OTP .724
Aware about SMS .596
Financial service awareness
Knowledge of different types of accounts .829
Knowledge of online, mobile banking services .819
Knowledge of debit card and credit card .649
Knowledge of insurance and loans .550
Usability
I use the Internet for all money transactions .933
I carry little cash because I use Internet banking .869
I always use Internet banking because of its reliability .561
Benefits
Online services are simple to use .949
Comfortable to use services 24/7 everywhere .949
Complaints can be easily resolved .592
Trust
Online services are trustworthy .833
I have no fear about IoT service provider .803
Security and privacy
Online transactions are secured .902
Satisfied with privacy provided .887
Accessibility
Ease access to digital banking services .885
Access to online banking speeds my transactions .827
21  Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion 371

Table 21.12  Factors affecting the role of IoT in digital financial inclusion

Factors Name % of variance

1 IoT awareness 12.537
2 Financial service awareness 12.394
3 Usability 11.555
4 Benefits 11.438
5 Trust 10.821
6 Security and privacy 9.913
7 Accessibility 8.343

Using factor analysis, seven new factors were effectively developed and desig-
nated as factors affecting the role of IoT in digital financial inclusion. The names of
the new factors are listed in Table  21.12, along with the percentage of variance
explained for each component. When the first factor was extracted, it showed the
largest percentage of variation explained. The variables are IoT awareness, financial
service awareness, usability, benefits, trust, security, and privacy, as well as
accessibility.

21.5 Conclusion

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new technology paradigm that envisions a global
network of interconnected equipment and objects. It is also known as the Internet of
Everything or the Industrial Internet [42]. The Internet of Things (IoT) is largely
regarded as one of the most important areas of future technology, and financial
institutions are showing a lot of interest in it. According to the survey, 25.8% of
respondents are between the ages of 26 and 35, 60.5% are men, 44.8% are married,
45% are graduates, 38.3% are self-employed, and 55.8% have an annual salary of
more than Rs 60000. The sample size for this study is 120 respondents, and we
identified seven major factors that affect the function of IoT in digital financial
inclusion. IoT awareness, financial service awareness, usability, benefits, trust,
security, and privacy, as well as accessibility, are all on the list. As a result, we can
conclude that the Internet of Things(IoT) plays an essential role in digital financial
inclusion.

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Chapter 22
Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy
IoT-Enabled System

Yogini Dilip Borole, Anurag Shrivastava, and M. Niranjanamurthy

22.1 Overview

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a comprehensive feature of connected logging strate-

gies and advanced and mechanical tools capable of transmitting information through
a token organization without human intervention at any stage. All of these examined
tools are associated with exceptionally identifiable statistics or software. The
Internet of Things is now stable and has shown innovative innovation that tran-
scends endless strategies, quick research, artificial intelligence theory, haptic ele-
ments, and more. Furthermore, in the day-to-day operation of the mill, IoT is
considered to be the utility of goods or machines that serve the real-life needs of
individuals in a variety of ways, for example, setting up home security, strobe light-
ing game plans, and many other things that can be effectively controlled in our day
using many speakers, cell phones, etc. [1, 2]. In the current epidemiological situa-
tion, all countries, including India, are struggling with COVID-19 and are looking
for a practical answer to tackle the problems that are emerging in many ways.
Scientists in physics and design try to deal with such difficulties, to develop new
hypotheses, to illustrate new test problems, to create client-centric illustrations, and
to enlighten ourselves and the general public in general. Basic, but better, protective
measures against the novel coronavirus, for example, social division and regular

Y. D. Borole
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, G H Raisoni Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
A. Shrivastava (*)
Department of ECE, Sushila Devi Bansal College, BGI, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
M. Niranjanamurthy
Department of Master of Computer Applications, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka), Bangalore, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 375
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications,
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0_22
376 Y. D. Borole et al.

hand washing, are also gradually changing our methods of protecting ourselves
from spreading. Some people try to sever contact with exposed objects/surfaces that
everyone has moved to keep a strategic distance from strangers or the possibility of
contamination. This small survey aims to focus on this creative innovation as well
as its recognizable applications to the COVID-19 epidemic.

22.2 Internet of Things for COVID-19 Epidemic

In plain English, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a set of interconnected tools/tasks

that are accepted for all parts of the setup, for example, equipment, programming,
network setup, and any other electronic/computer requirement. And it ultimately
provides feedback from over-the-counter help data and assortment. If we talk about
the Internet of Things (IoT), we are talking about a concept that establishes a broad
synthetic framework that will ultimately allow for the strong integration and
exchange of data between individuals and expert collaborators. In the current situa-
tion, there are a lot of concerns as a result of non-mandatory access to patients,
which is the second most important issue after concern about antibody development
[3, 4]. The use of the concept of the Internet of Things increases the accessibility of
patients, allowing them to care more in the hope of overcoming their illness.

22.3 Necessity for the Education of Internet of Things

In the current severe pandemic situation, the number of infected patients is steadily
increasing everywhere, and there is a need to recruit well-functioning and well-­
organized offices provided by the IoT method. In addition, IoT has already been
used to address unmet needs in a variety of areas related to IoT’s current challenges
to health and medicine. The number of cases resolved can be increased and improved
by following the rules and visiting health and medical offices.

22.4 Key Merits of Internet of Things

for COVID-19 Pandemic

The Internet of Things is a creative idea that seeks to isolate all those infected with
the disease. It is important to have a proper screening mechanism during isolation.
A web-based solution is used to accurately track all high-risk patients. This inven-
tion is used to calculate biometrics such as blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose
level [5, 6]. Figure 22.1 shows the main advantages of the Internet of Things for the
COVID-19 pandemic. If this innovation is successfully implemented, we can expect
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 377

Effective Investigation of
Healthiness statistics managing Ensuing up the
observing in isolated the information
(discussion acknowledged testimony
locality with achieved
with monitoring
message)

Fig. 22.1  The critical procedures utilized by IoT for COVID-19

an increase in the capacity of clinical staff as well as a reduced residual burden. As

costs and confusion are reduced, a comparator may be appropriate for the COVID-19
pandemic.

22.5 Processes Involved in IoT for COVID-19

The Internet of Things is an innovative creative phase to combat the COVID-19

pandemic and may face critical issues in lockdown situations. This discovery can be
used to obtain continuous information and other important data about the affected
patient [7–9]. Figure 22.1 shows the critical actions used by the Internet of Things
for COVID-19. Initially, the IoT is used to capture wellness information from dif-
ferent areas of the affected patient and to manage all information using the default
management framework [10, 11]. This innovation helps to control the information
and track the achievement report.

22.5.1 The General Effect of IoT in Setting to COVID-19

Concerns (E.g., Contact Following, Group
Distinguishing Proof, and Consistence of Isolate)

As mentioned earlier, the concept of the content network uses an interconnected

network to facilitate the flow and exchange of information. It allows social workers,
patients, lay people, and others to communicate with management sponsors on any
topic, as well as collaborate with them. Using the IoT technology proposed in the
COVID-19 pandemic, identifying patients, as well as suspected cases, can be fully
guaranteed. Most of them, the general public, are already aware of the symptoms
associated with coronavirus. By assembling a well-informed group around a rele-
vant schema, a diverse directory of the whole group can be built. Some specific
mobile-based applications can also be developed so that the poor can benefit [12–
15]. The controller, for example, professionals, physicians, supervisors, etc., should
be aware of the side effects and recover quickly so that significant movement can be
stopped and total isolation time reduced.
378 Y. D. Borole et al.

22.6 Worldwide Mechanical Progressions to Determine

COVID-19 Cases Quickly

As a result, to further educate the general public about the survival of the COVID-19
pandemic, the Government of India has launched a cell phone app called eArogya-
Setu, which aims to establish a link between key potential social insurance segments
and the public of India. In addition, the Chinese government is promoting the mobile
application eClose Contact (English translation) to its residents. This application
indicates the applicant’s proximity to the Crown Builder’s person, aiming to be able
to think more while outdoors. At the end of April 2020, the US government will
launch a similar mobile application for its citizens. After China, the highest number
of COVID-19 cases was reported in Taiwan, which is predictable. Taiwan, on the
other hand, quickly assembled and established precise principles for each potential
coronavirus case, setting up assets for identifying, concealing, and monitoring net-
work wellness. Taiwan provided and coordinated its National Medical Coverage
database with the Movement Department, as well as a list to promote big data gen-
eration for research and generated continuous alerts during the clinical visit in the
light of the kinematic device and clinical indications to assist in the identifiable
evidence of the case; continuous alerts were issued during the clinical visit in the
light of movement effects and clinical indications to assist in establishing a detect-
able condition. They also used the latest invention, which includes QR code
scanning, transport history statements, etc., to obtain potential evidence of
­
­contamination [16].

22.7 Huge Uses of Internet of Things

for COVID-19 Pandemic

The Internet of Things (IoT) utilizes an extensive network of connected devices to

create an intelligent system to manage the integrity of the board. It warns and
records all types of diseases to improve patient safety and accurately records patient
information and data without the need for any human interaction. This knowledge
is also useful for good dynamic processing [17–21]. The main application is dis-
cussed in Table 22.1. Figure 22.2 shows the key benefits of using IoT to combat the
COVID-19 epidemic.
The Internet of Things is being used for a variety of purposes to meet the urgent
need to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has the ability to predict
future events by analyzing previously collected data. Its apps are used to find the
right CEOs to fight the epidemic. The patient can use IoT units to track their pulse,
blood pressure, glucose meter, and other exercises for more personalized care. IoT
units help to monitor the health of the elderly. The most important application of
this innovation in social insurance is the continuous field tracking of healthcare
equipment and tools for rapid and painless treatment. This invention can be used by
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 379

human service insurance companies to identify misrepresented insurance and to

provide transparency throughout the system. It helps the patient to have treatment
work procedures and productive execution and furthermore for accommodating
dynamic process during complex cases. There are hardly any things, for example,
switches and remote controls that everybody wind up contacting on numerous occa-
sions in a day, even in the midst of the well-being alarm we are right now seeing.

Table 22.1  Applications and its explanation

Sl.
No Application Explanation
1 unwired-attached clinic Emergency clinic sites require a full coordination system
to use the Internet of Things to help pandemics such as
COVID-19
2 Notify to concern medicinal This integrated system allows patients and staff to
team respond more quickly and efficiently at any time when
At the time of crisis needed.
3 See-throughCOVID-19 action This integrated system allows patients and staff to
respond more quickly and efficiently at any time when
needed.
4 Automatic therapy method The choice of treatment methods becomes profitable and
helps in the proper treatment of cases
5 Telemedicine discussion This will make treatment more accessible to the poor in
remote areas, especially through the use of frequently
linked remote services.
6 Unwired wellness program to Various original software can be installed on mobile
recognizeCOVID-19 sufferer phones, which makes the detected proof method work
more smoothly and efficiently.
7 Clever finding of diseased Various original software can be installed on the phones,
sufferer which makes the selectable proof method smoother and
more efficient.
8 Actual in float the time of extent Because devices, regions, channels, and other
of this contagion components are all highly educated and connected,
real-time data exchange should be possible and manage
situations precisely.
9 Speedy COVID-19 showing Since the case originated / found from the initial
example, one can try to identify as best as possible using
the most relevant processing hardware. As a result, the
wider screening system is becoming more and more
popular.
10 Recognize inventive The most serious goal is the general feature of
clarification management. This can be done easily by bringing
beneficial innovations to the grassroots.
11 Link all medicinal apparatus During COVID-19 treatment, the Internet of Things
esplus procedures concluded (IoT) connected every clinical device and device to the
through inter web Web, transmitting continuous data during operation.
12 Truthful predicting of disease Based on the available data, the use of a measurable
approach may also help in predicting the situation in the
future. It also helps prepare management, professionals,
educators and others for a superior office.
380 Y. D. Borole et al.

Minimize
Higher risks of
Therapy faults

Internet of Things
Determination Reduced
Fruitful (Covid- 19) Spending
controlling

Improved
analysis

Fig. 22.2  Significant key benefits of utilizing IoT for battling the COVID-19 pandemic

A knowledge that is able to support reduce the necessity of emotive such things
is the Internet of Things. IoT provides benefit to avoid infections similar to
COVID-19 by removing the necessity to sense things to function them in several
situations, be it at household, a lodging house, and workplaces.

22.7.1 Savvy Household Devices

Flexible GPS tracking aside, there are a lot of extra innovative utility cases and
cases that show the bright side of the story. Smart video input phones, smart and
discreet cameras, cool locks, smart lighting, smart TVs, and smart force air systems
are just some of the smart home IoT devices available. In addition to improving the
comfort of mortgage holders and residents, each of these devices can prevent deliv-
ery personnel from having direct physical contact with the milkmaid, Internet deliv-
ery operator etc. All of these devices are provided by contactless voice assistants.
There are countless examples of how these innovative home appliances can help
prevent physical contact and thus prevent disease. Take, for example, the video
entrance telephone, which allows users to check in without having to contact visi-
tors directly at their homes or appear at the front door.
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 381

22.7.2 Canny Household

There is a plenty of IoT gadgets, for example, keen video entryway telephones, bril-
liant locker, shrewd illuminations, savvy Television, and savvy climate control sys-
tems, among others, that can include a great deal of accommodation for shrewd
home-use cases. These gadgets can be controlled without contact by utilization of
voice partners, for example, Google Assistant, Alexa, and Siri, or through your cell
phone. For instance, video entryway telephones can assist clients with checking
guests at their home. With two-path sound of the video entryway telephone, clients
can associate with guests through portable applications and can thoroughly take out
undesired and less-significant guests. Especially, it tends to be exceptionally helpful
when you are managing food and web-based business conveyances. Moreover,
monitoring illuminations, blower, air conditioner, and other home machines is
effectively conceivable without contacting the switches or utilizing remotes. Clients
can likewise plan on and off occasions of these apparatuses, further diminishing the
physical get in touch with one needs to do to turn on and off the machine.

22.7.3 Savvy Office

Major use instances of IoT in an office domain are smart water and refreshment
distributors, keen access controls, and brilliant office of the executives that incorpo-
rates control of illumination and air conditioner utilizing IoT. Brilliant allocators
can be controlled through motions, versatile application, and voice orders, ruling
out any physical contact with normal assets, for example, water containers and
espresso machines. Keen access controls that are non-biometric and depend on mix
of radiofrequency identification tokens or arbitrarily tokens on portable applications
additionally empower representatives at the working environment to gain admit-
tance to explicit territories without having any need to contact any entrance control
framework, which are in any case utilized by various representatives every day.
Brilliant office of the executive decreases vitality utilization, yet in addition wipes
out the need to control lighting and high voltage and air conditioning (warming,
ventilation, and cooling) at work environments through switches. Utilizing a con-
centrated cloud open dashboard, office directors can set calendars, situations, and
rules for controlling and setting proper modes for assets, for example, lights and
heating ventilation and air conditioning.
382 Y. D. Borole et al.

22.8 Brilliant Workstation Devices

As isolation is gradually being lifted far and wide and individuals are gradually
beginning to come out in the city, and numerous workplaces are opening with a bit
of their worker quality, there is a dread that the infectious cases out of nowhere deto-
nate if the individuals begin getting rid of the social removing standards. All things
considered, working environments continuing their work in the post isolation period
can be generally powerless against the episode. Utilizing savvy contactless IoT
arrangements in the workplace situations, for example, the smart water and drink
gadgets, brilliant registration frameworks, shrewd access controls, and keen office,
the executives can limit the individual presentation to physical contact in working
environments. For example, keen distributors that can be controlled through signals
or versatile application controls or voice orders can decrease the chance of physical
contact to a base. The equivalent can be said about keen espresso machines. Internet
of Things for lever Patients Precaution Controlling Web of Things isn’t simply con-
strained to shrewd homes or savvy working environments; however they as of now
assume a significant job in current clinical and medicinal services foundations
around the globe. During this pandemic, the clinical Internet of Things biological
system is viewed as the correct innovation to meet the enormous scope persistent
consideration needs. The versatility of Internet of Things frameworks is significant
now for observing an enormous number of high-hazard patients. Regardless of
whether in isolate or seclusion offices or in medicinal services offices or indepen-
dent COVID-19 emergency clinics, the Internet of Things-empowered checking
frameworks can truly ponder by delivering constant patient following information
to guarantee quicker dynamic which is critical for containing an infection episode
of such length and gravity. Such brilliant frameworks can really get rid of the need
of the human services suppliers to go entryway to entryway for doing tests and for
following the cases in thickly populated urban settlements. Internet of Things can
likewise assist numerous patients with checking their internal heat levels and trans-
fer the data on the cloud bolstered application for the specialists to complete inves-
tigation and take proper measures as appropriate. Such mechanized and keen
frameworks help human services suppliers accumulate colossal information in sub-
stantially less time and use the information to follow the contacts and contain the
infection as quickly as time permits. Above all, such robotization and smoothed out
procedure of following and assembling information can truly diminish the outstand-
ing task at hand of the clinical staff so they can work with less pressure and focus
better on persistent consideration and treatment.

22.9 Pathway to Trace Isolator

A basic advance to check the spread of COVID-19 is the successful isolate of con-
taminated or seen to be tainted individuals. Yet, in a worldwide world, this is actu-
ally quite difficult. Thus, nations all through the world went to Internet of Things- and
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 383

Global Positioning System-empowered applications to follow and, when vital, limit

such individuals’ developments. Many countries are a couple of nations that are
going this course. These countries began its isolate endeavors from the air terminal.
Showing up travelers were given wrist-groups alongside an exceptional Quick
Response Code to follow their developments. Travelers downloaded an application
called “Stay at Home Safe” on their cell phones and examined the Quick Response.
On arriving at home, the individual needed to stroll around the loft to adjust the
gadget. The fundamental innovation is Geofencing, where a virtual border is made
utilizing Global Positioning System, radio frequency identification, wireless net-
working, Bluetooth signal, and cell arrange.

22.10 Pre-screening or Analysis

While emergency clinics and clinical focuses rushed to begin telemedicine admin-
istrations to analyze and respond to inquiries concerning COVID-19, the quantity of
calls was overpowering. As per healthcare, the normal hold-up time on their hotline
topped to 30 minutes, and numerous guests even dropped out inside this time. To
counter this issue, programming organizations teamed up with clinics and clinical
focuses to set up talkbots on their site and versatile applications. These talkbots pose
a progression of inquiries to screen guests as indicated by the seriousness of their
conditions. Along these lines, the specialists and clinical staff don’t need to address
similar inquiries again and again. They can rather utilize this opportunity to treat
patients.

22.10.1 Dusting and Sanitizing

Dusting, disinfecting, and sanitizing of clinical offices are crucial, and the irresist-
ible idea of COVID-19 further underlines this progression. Because of organiza-
tions’ disinfection services, self-driving robots are utilized for this undertaking.
They purify the surfaces by transmitting high-force bright light, which wrecks the
infection by destroying their deoxyribonucleic acid. They are wireless networking
based and can be controlled through applications.

22.10.2 Imaginative Usages of Drones

With social-separating turning into the new typical, drones have discovered some
inventive employments:
1 . To screen and implement the stay-at-home requests
2. To sanitize the exceptionally tainted hotspot
384 Y. D. Borole et al.

3 . To fly clinical examples and isolate materials

4. To check temperatures of those in isolate through infrared thermometers mounted
on drones while the patients remain on their overhang

22.10.3 Keen Hotel

COVID-19 has had the most impact on the hospitality industry. IoT can help the
company with zero contact registration, which is consistent and reduces the time
guests spend in the inn’s hall. IoT technology is also suitable for incorporating per-
sonalized interaction with visiting environments. They may interact with room
administrators and the front desk using voice partners installed in rooms. Flipping
through channels or film collections on your voice-controlled smart TV, manipulat-
ing window decorations in the room with voice commands, regulating room light-
ing, and setting appealing temperature/mode on ACs all contribute to the visitor’s
comprehension and provide a no-contact experience.

22.10.4 Diminishing In-Household Contaminations

There is an expanding mindfulness among individuals to abstain from contacting

powerless surfaces like door handles, light switches, and so on especially in the
wake of contacting sends or bundles. Rather, they use IoT-empowered shrewd
speakers, lights, security frameworks, and so forth to open entryways and switch on
lights. Truth be told, this individual as of late utilized his shrewd security framework
to demand the conveyance fellow to go out while he opened the entryway from his
telephone.

22.10.5 Versatile Tracking Applications to Prevent COVID-19

As a rule, the principal bunch of cases tainted by the coronavirus has some move-
ment history. This is the reason it is critical to follow the areas and developments of
individuals and test their well-being in time. Such following endeavors frequently
face mishaps; the same number of individuals disregarding sharpening about the
genuine effect of the infection simply decreases to coordinate and even attempt to
get away from the tests. While following these individuals can be troublesome by
utilizing a customary carefulness and reconnaissance framework, versatile follow-
ing applications can assume an extremely helpful job in this. Versatile applications
can undoubtedly follow the enlisted people by utilizing the GPS trackers permitting
specialists to tell about individual areas IoT is getting even more a need than extrav-
agance for homes, workplaces, and lodgings. In view of social removing and to stay
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 385

away from numerous touch focuses, versatile applications and voice control are the
best approach forward. Then again, with the stay at home requests set up, Internet
of Things gives us the adaptability of video conferencing and furthermore for all
intents and purposes meeting our friends and family with a basic voice order.

22.11 Simulated Intelligence with IOT Initiatives Is

Already Emerging

A few governments and emergency clinic frameworks around the globe have uti-
lized artificial intelligence-fueled sensors to help triage in complex manners.
Innovation organization designs a no-contact infrared sensor framework to rapidly
single out people with a fever, even in swarms. Railroad station is furnished with
this framework to distinguish possibly infectious people, supplanting an awkward
manual screening process. So also, hospital sent an artificial intelligence framework
in a joint effort with care at its passageways to capture people with potential
COVID-19 manifestations from visiting patients. Through cameras situated at pas-
sageways, the innovation leads a facial warm sweep and gets on different side
effects, including sweat and staining, to avoid guests with fever. Past screening,
artificial intelligence is being utilized to screen COVID-19 side effects, give choice
help to computed tomography examines, and mechanize emergency clinic tasks.
The Hospital utilizes an Artificial Intelligence driven Computed Tomography check
translator that distinguishes Covid-19 when radiologists aren’t accessible. Some
hospital built up a brilliant field medical clinic staffed to a great extent by robots.
Essential signs were checked utilizing associated thermometers and wristband-like
gadgets. Canny robots conveyed medication and food to patients, lightening doctor
introduction to the infection and facilitating the remaining task at hand of social
insurance laborers encountering depletion. Furthermore, in South Korea, the legis-
lature discharged an application permitting clients to self-report manifestations,
alarming them on the off chance that they leave an “isolate zone” so as to check the
effect of “super-spreaders” who might somehow proceed to contaminate enormous
populaces. Also Internet of Things and simulated intelligence tools and innovations
help strategists, the clinical network, and the community’s efforts to combat each
stage of an emergency and its consequences everywhere: identifying, anticipating,
responding, recovering, and expediting research as shown in Fig. 22.3.

22.12 Utilizing AI with Internet of Things to Help Identify,

Analyze, and Forestall the Spread of the Coronavirus

Computer-assisted intelligence may also be used to identify, diagnose, and prevent

disease transmission. Algorithms that detect instances and symptoms are now iden-
tifying and evaluating COVID-19, while image recognition frameworks are
386 Y. D. Borole et al.

Fig. 22.3  Instances of AI applications at various phases of the COVID-19 emergency

speeding up clinical analysis. Computer-controlled early warning frameworks, for

example, aid in the detection of infectious conditions by standardized mining news,
online content, and other data sources in a variety of dialects to provide early warn-
ings that can complement syndromic surveillance, other human service systems,
and information streams (e.g., the WHO Early Warning System and Blue Dot.) AI
devises aid in the identification of illness transmission networks as well as the elu-
cidation of larger economic ramifications. Advances in artificial intelligence have
shown the capacity to analyze epidemiological data quicker than conventional ways
of capturing health data in certain circumstances. Organizations like Johns Hopkins
University and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(oecd.ai) have also developed user-friendly dashboards that follow the progression
of infection through live news and confirmed coronavirus cases, recoveries, and
continuing statistics on mortality. Rapid diagnosis is critical for controlling the
infection and understanding how the illness spreads. COVID-19, when applied to
AI, pictures, and display data, may aid in the speedy analysis of situations. To guar-
antee uniformity and accuracy, data from the whole population must be gathered.
Disease control is critical in all nations, and artificial intelligence technologies may
help limit the spread of illness. Population monitoring is used in several nations to
identify COVID-19 instances (e.g., accounts in Korea use geolocation information,
survey camera film, and visa records to track coronavirus patients). By configuring
the phone in China, each individual at risk of infection is given a risk level (shading
symbol, red, yellow, or green). While AI algorithms anticipate the location of the
next episode and propose border checks based on travel, payment, and correspon-
dence data, online and web-based life indicators are also valuable for continuous
illness monitoring. Many nations, including Austria, China, Israel, Poland,
Singapore, and Korea, have implemented contact monitoring systems to identify
illness development. Geolocation data, for example, has been utilized in Israel to
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 387

identify persons who are closely affiliated with known disease vectors and to send
instant messages to them requesting quick departure. Robots and semi-autonomous
mechanisms are sent to emergency clinics to answer to urgent needs such as food
and medication delivery, cleaning and sterilization, supporting doctors and mid-
wives, and moving equipment.

22.13 How Artificial Intelligence with IoT Can Help

the Reaction to the Emergency and the Recuperation
to Follow

Conversational and intuitive AI frameworks assist in responding to a wellness emer-

gency by providing tailored data. Guidance, therapy, and education are all accessi-
ble. To fight phishing, the “source of information” for COVID-19, commercial
organizations and web crawlers use artificial intelligence algorithms devoted to
detecting and eliminating accounts, data, and problematic items based on them.
Small help and chatbots have been provided to human service groups in Canada,
France, Finland, Italy, the United States, and the American Red Cross. These tools
aid in the classification of persons based on the closeness of attributes. The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States and Microsoft have collabo-
rated to create a coronavirus self-testing unit to assist consumers in self-assessing
COVID-19 and recommending a strategy. Individuals that are vulnerable or at high
risk should be identified, identified, and contacted. For example, the Medical Home
Network, a Chicago-based non-profit, has used AI to identify Medicaid patients
who are at high risk of COVID-19 infection based on their respiratory difficulties
and risk of community isolation. In the long term, artificial intelligence will help to
accelerate medical professional preparation and training. Finally, AI devices can
assist in monitoring and recovering from a financial crisis, such as the use of satel-
lites, unlawful long-distance communications, and other data (such as Google
Community Mobility Reports), as well as learning from occurrences and generating
early warnings.

22.14 Key Proposals with Internet of Things

and Artificial Intelligence

Governments and different partners are urged to the following:

AI group of individuals, designers and issue identifiers, differentiators of impor-
tant information, strategists for open data sets, and tool sharing, promoting and
training models for big and worldwide interdisciplinary, multi-partnership joint
ventures and communications trading. It should be noted that AI does not always
have a silver lining. Man-made and AI-based intelligence frameworks function by
breaking down designs into information, and a large amount of data is required to
388 Y. D. Borole et al.

uncover these instances. The results are only compared to the prep information and,
at times, cast doubt on the analytical instances, and some chatbots have responded
differently to inquiries regarding adverse effects. Ensure that AI frameworks are
effectively disseminated and that the OECD artificial intelligence principles are fol-
lowed. This is particularly true for permanent population monitoring and control
ratios, where some AI frameworks raise issues about causal details and the danger
of misusing personal information in ways that violate numerous safeguards and
rights. Action is meant to study AI breakthroughs that may benefit from controlled
data, such as that provided by patients with certain diseases. The Data Science
Group and Artificial Intelligence (ML) are working to develop metrics for epide-
miological models, reconstruct data flow via Twitter to promote system executives,
and review the success of strategies to prevent its spread. As a result, various data
sets are instantly posted to the public population. However, as COVID-19 becomes
more widely used [15, 16], more data must be retrieved, created, and analyzed. The
epic coronavirus is having an economic effect. Because of the ease of transmission,
which occurs mostly by saliva capsules or discharges from the nose when an infected
individual inhales or inhales, populous nations must be especially cautious [17]. We
present a machine learning model that can apply non-NU to determine how
COVID-19 impacts the global ­population and to predict the number of COVID-19
cases and epidemic end dates in various nations. Stop for a correct evaluation of the
spread by legislators and citizens, as well as proactive optimization of the main
response (cloud data centers).

22.14.1 Cloud System

The ML models with IoT are worked to make a decent propelled expectation of the
quantity. New cases and epidemic end dates. To provide a quick poll of advance
calculations and information, we propose a system for transferring these models to
cloud data centers as shown in Fig. 22.4. In a cloud-based situation, administrative
emergency clinics and non-private welfare places send out. Stop their positive
patient tally. Populace thickness, normal and middle age, climate conditions, well-­
being offices, and so on are additionally to be incorporated for improving the preci-
sion of the forecasts.

22.14.2 Different Issues and Future Extent

of the Examination

The main reason for concern when using the Internet of Things in the current
COVID-19 epidemic situation is the privacy and preservation of the data obtained,
which is unique and crucial from a long-term health perspective. The next thing to
check is the precautions to be taken when integrating the information organization
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 389

Cloud initiative

Artificail Guessing Guessing

Intelligence Machines machines
Analysis
Customers

Privatized
Access
Sufferer Clinics
gadgets Authority Offices
and tools

Fig. 22.4  A system to convey models on cloud datacenters

between the relevant tools and conferences. Figure 22.3 illustrates the synthesis of
concerns and challenges in using IoT for the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore,
future efforts should focus on database and executives. Additional research will also
look at how to submit financially reasonable selection applications. The COVID-19
pandemic has prompted researchers to explore some new areas for current and
future infections. In Fig. 22.5, the most prominent research fields are shown.
1. Consolidating different pointers: Important boundaries like populace thickness,
conveyance old enough, individual and community developments, level of social
insurance offices accessible, strain type and harmfulness of the infection, and so
forth should be remembered for the relapse model to additionally improve the
expectation exactness.
390 Y. D. Borole et al.

(Internet of Things
:Covid-19)

Numerous problems and

forthcoming features

Protection,
safety and Trials in link
secrecy of incorporation
information

Mistreatment of
Replicated Procedure of
sufferer
misconduct information
information
circumstances accumulation

Fig. 22.5  The overall view on concerns and challenges in using IoT for the COVID-19 pandemic

2. Coordinating with other time arrangement models:

Models like autoregressive integrated moving average can be incorporated
with Weibull work for additional time arrangement investigation and expectations.
3. Anticipating protein structure of CoV-2:
Artificial intelligence can be used to foresee the structure and capacity of dif-
ferent proteins associated with CoV-2 and their association with the host human
proteins and cell condition. The commitment of different financial factors that
decide the powerlessness, spread, and movement of the scourge can be predicted
by creating reasonable calculations. This can help productively choose asset por-
tion in enormous nations with constrained medicinal service assets.
4. Dissecting online networking information utilizing artificial intelligence:
We can likewise investigate and examine Internet-based life information for
continuous assortment of epidemiological information identified with
COVID-19 [15].
5. Contactless therapy and robotic drug transfer:
AI-based robots can be used to remotely treat patients to make contactless
deliveries and reduce the involvement of medical personnel in contaminated
individuals. Furthermore, there have been significant improvements in air qual-
ity worldwide due to the implementation of COVID-19 lockdowns.
22  Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System 391

6. Climate change: There have been significant improvements in air quality world-
wide due to the COVID-19 positive lockdowns. In any case, there is a general
speculation about retaliatory pollution after this closure. Large-scale research
that considers age allocations and the socioeconomics of different traits is
focused as part of future work.
7. Risk assessment: The risk of serious infection associated with COVID-19  in
people of different ages can be estimated using artificial intelligence. Using
these accounts, precautions can be taken to prevent the spread of infection to
sensitive public meetings.
8. Sensors and continuous visual imaging: Sensitive meetings in the general

public can take precautionary measures based on artificial intelligence to prevent
the spread of infection. Continuous sensors can be used, for example, during
rush hour or on a surveillance camera, to track COVID-19 indicators based on
visual imaging and the following applications, illuminating administrative pro-
fessionals for specific clinics and correctional activities. The following require-
ments cover all stages, from departmental outlets to open spots and emergency
clinics.
The examination information with experiments exist which are brief in Fig. 22.6.

Threat Weather
Calculation variation

Investigating
Non-contact treatment societal
and medication broadcasting
conveyance utilizing Investigation information ( AI
mechanical autonomy openings with with IoT)
developing
tendencies
Calculating with IoT and AI Mixing through
enzyme additional
configuration of period sequence
Cov-2 replica

Ongoing sensing
Combining
device and
supplementary
graphical nuclear
displays
medicine

Fig. 22.6  The examination information with experiments exist

392 Y. D. Borole et al.

22.15 Conclusion

To combat the COVID-19 epidemic, the Internet of Things provides a comprehen-

sive and coordinated mechanism for social insurance. Each clinical device is con-
nected to the Internet and sends a message to the medical staff in case of an
emergency. Contaminated cases can be adequately handled in a remote location
with all the necessary remote equipment. He carefully examines all cases to provide
better services to human services and patients in the long run. The Internet of Things
seems to be an excellent way to test an infected patient. This innovation is important
in human services to maintain quality control using real-time data. The Internet of
Things is convenient for predicting the future and future status of this disease using
a measurable strategy. Properly covered, it will withstand a great deal of adverse
conditions.

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Index

A UV sensors, 284
Accelerometers, 223 vision-based scheme, 286
ADAPCITY, 299 wireless sensors, 284
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system working of IoT, 280
(ANFIS), 235 WSANs, 285
Agriculture domain, IoT, 58 Agro-robot
Agriculture, IoT Arduino Uno board, 352
applications, 280, 281 descriptive statistics, 357
forecasting/predicting, 282 fixed Robot, 349
innovative greenhouses, 281 leaf number frequency histogram, 359
livestock maintenance, 281 liquid crystal display, 353
precision farming, 280 literature review, 347–349
remote sensing, 281 mobile Robot, 349
weather and climatic conditions mobile robotics, 347
monitoring, 282 moisture sensor, 353
deep learning, 278 pesticides, 345
generalized model, agricultural problems, relay module, 355
288, 289 robotic manipulators, 347
green agriculture, 286 SAFAR, 350
humidity sensor, 284 sensor, 351
information system, 285 smart agriculture, 346
IoT-based agriculture research smart farms concept, 346
application, 288 stem height analysis, 358
light sensor, 284 technological and social context, 349
machine learning for precision agriculture, AI-based networks, 221
286, 289 Air quality estimation, 101
map-based navigation, 286 Air quality management, 200, 212
mobile applications for, 287 Alexa, 166
need of IoT, 279 Alexa bulb, 166
PH sensors, 284 AlexNet, 311, 314
RMS, 285 Allowable depletion, 156
satellites, 285 Amalgamated users, 232
soil moisture sensor, 282 “Amazon Key”, 45
temperature sensor, 284 Ambient-assisted living (AAL), 42

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to 395
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
N. Sindhwani et al. (eds.), IoT Based Smart Applications, EAI/Springer
Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04524-0
396 Index

Amplitude shift keying (ASK), 76 B

Analog-to-digital converters, 232 Big data, 47, 73, 132, 139–141
Android, 71 analytics, 66
Anti-attack tactics, 230 integration of, 144, 145
API interface, 24 Bilinear pairing, 234
Application software, 116 Bio-data, 208
AR-based learning, 254, 255 Biometrics, 208
AR-based mobile games, 245 domain, IoT in, 58
Architecture, IoT Biosensors, 39
Smart City, 63 BioStack 4 Microplate Stacker, 50
Smart Home, 63, 64 BIoT, 32
Arduino, 202, 205 Bitcoin, 15, 17, 297
Arduino Uno (Arduino), 236 BLE device, 226, 227
Arduino Uno board Blockchain in IoT, 202, 208, 235
architecture, 354 architecture
interface block diagram, 353 API interface, 24
LCD 16/2 display module, 355 application layer, 24
working principles, 352 big data analytics, 24
Artificial intelligence (AI), 137 connectivity layer, 23
cloud-based situation, 388 event management, 24
COVID-19 and recommending, 387 IoT layer, 23
cultivation techniques, 310 physical layer, 23
legislators and citizens, 388 smart contract, 24
OECD, 388 challenges in IoT
source of information, 387 authentication, 24
AR within IoT authorization, 24
head-mounted displays, 248 availability, 24
higher-level education, 247 confidentiality, 25
interactive media, 245 integrity, 25
literature review, 246 privacy, 25
marker-based mobile AR applications, 245 trust, 25
marker-based technology, 245 challenges of blockchain
middle-level education, 247 autonomy and enforcement, 26
mobile AR (MAR), 245 bandwidth, 26
mobile games, 245 block size, 26
preprimary education, 246, 247 energy efficiency, 26
research methodology, 248, 249 multichain management, 26
retelling and recalling skills, 246 privacy, 25
technologies, 246–248 security, 26
triggers, 245 throughput and latency, 26
virtual objects, 245 challenges of blockchain in IoT
Asymmetrical and linear attacks, 231 lack of skills, 27
Augmented reality (AR) legal and compliance issues, 27
concept of, 254 processing time and power, 27
within IoT (see AR within IoT) scalability, 27
Automated traffic control system, 107 storage, 27
Automatic lighting, 212 decentralization, 16, 21
Automatic light system, 269 difference between IoT and, 18
Automation, 137, 151 energy sector, 20
Automobile and unmanned aerial vehicle expandability, 21
communication, 227 financial revolution, 28
Autonomous cars, 96 future directions
Available (usable) water, 156 data for digital currency, 31
Index 397

edge computing, 31 Cloud/server infrastructure, 73

IoT intrusion detection, 32 Cognitive computing, 325
peer-to-peer-based data transactions, 32 Bonsai algorithm, 334, 340
real-time video delivery, 32 BRAINE, 330
security, 32 cloud computing vs. edge computing, 326
smart devices becoming smarter, 30 data privacy, 327
technical challenges of deep learning, 333
decentralization, 31 deep reinforcement learning, 333
voting transparency, 31 ECC-based smart healthcare system, 335
future of, 29 Edge Intelligence, 327, 332
immutability, 16 hyperparameter tuning, 334
industrial IoT, 21 improved security, 327
maintenance and equipment operations, 21 machine learning, 332
merits MLP, 334
better security of IoT systems, 19 network softwarization technologies, 335
cost reduction, 19 performance evaluation metrics, 335
interoperability, 18 personalized applications, 328
reliability, 18 Q-learning algorithm, 334
scalability, 18 reduced latency, 327
supply chains, 18 resource allocation, 330
tolerance of fault, 19 using MLPs, 336
pattern for numerous IoT fields, 20 using Q-learning, 338
research gaps, 21 scalability, 328
smart contract, 21 smart city, 329
traceability, 17 smart healthcare system, 330
transparency, 17 smart industry, 329
Bluetooth module, 75, 78 smart multimedia, 329
Bluetooth wireless communication smart transportation, 329
protocol, 71, 73 versatility and reliability, 328
Bonsai algorithm, 341 Commercialization, 209
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), 39 Communication protocol, 73
BRAINE, 331 Communication services, 204
Brute-force attack, 136 Computed tomography (CT) scan, 7
Business and industrial domain Computer-assisted intelligence, 386
IoT in, 58 Computer-generated data, 245
Business layer, 169–170 Computing methods
B814 virus, 1 embedded system, on IoT, 121, 122
Congestion, 99, 103, 106, 107
Connectivity, 90
C Construction, 231
Camera calibration, 245 Contagious disease, 3, 11
Canny household, 381 CONTIKI, 94
Canon EOS 800D, 316 Convolutional neural networks (CNN), 7, 311,
Cell phone, 199 313, 317
Clear client requirements, 228 Coronavirus, 246
Client-mentioned activity, 207 COVID-19, 27, 28
Climatic conditions, 282 diagnosis
Cloud-based intelligent home automation, 232 AI applications, 386
Cloud-based organization, 206 applications, 376
Cloud-based systems, 206 IoT, 376
Cloud computing, 121, 167, 175, 176, 231, 325 long-term health perspective, 389
Cloud datacenters, 389 sensors and continuous visual
Cloud server, 135 imaging, 391
398 Index

COVID-19 (cont.) demographic analysis of

epidemic, 392 respondents, 366–367
IoT education of respondents, 368
application in health care, 6 factor analysis, 369–371
CT scan images, 8 gender of respondents, 367
dataset of normal and COVID 19 KMO, 370
persons, 9 marital status of respondents, 367
detection of presence of, 9 monthly income of respondents, 369
proposed framework to predict, 7 occupations of respondents, 368
origin, 3 reliability analysis, 367–369
pandemic, 390 review literature, 364
person-to-person transmission, 3 role of IoT, 371
preventive measures, 5 rotated component matrix, 370
real-time PCR, 2 DMA controller, 115
remote screening magnitude, 9, 10 Doorbells, 220
statewise caseload, 5 Dry bulk density, 156
Critical response reasoning instance Dynamic nature, 91
(CRRI), 301
Crop disease, 277, 280
Crop monitoring, 279 E
Crop yield, 281, 282, 286 EDF scheduling, 120
Cryptocurrency-focused IoT Edge computing, 31, 121
botnets, 137 Edge detection, 237, 238
Cryptographic procedures, 208 Education sector
CSMs, 235 advantages of AR, 249
CUDA, 314 analysis of AR
Customized services, 204, 205 AR-based learning, 254, 255
daily life, 254
familiarity of people, 253
D opinion of users, 255
Darknet architecture-53, 313 preferences, 256
Data acquisition systems (DAS), 135 role and awareness, 253
Data control language (DCL), 161 usage, 254, 255
Data definition language (DDL), 161 analysis of IoT
Data exchanging gatherings, 207 awareness and comfort, 256, 257
Data gathering, 133 future and use in daily life, 257
Data management, 140 challenges of AR, 250
Data manipulation language (DML), 161 engineering design, 249
Data mining, 38 higher-level education, 247
Data security, 202 IoTs
DC4Cities, 302 advantages, 251
Decentralization, 16, 21, 31 challenges, 253
Decision-making process, 232 monitoring attendance
Deep learning approach, 237 automatically, 252
Deep machine learning, 231 in physical fitness, 252
Dempster-Shafer strategy, 203 project-based learning, 252
Denial of service, 207 special education for disable students,
Devices, 116 252, 253
DHT11 sensor, 265–267, 270 teaching foreign languages, 251, 252
Digital currency, 31 uses, 251
Digital financial inclusion, 363 learning vowel, 250
age of respondents, 366 manufacturing, 249
Bartlett’s test, 370 medicine, 249
data collection method, 365 mental treatments, 249
Index 399

middle-level education, 247 Fire detection IoT systems, 233

military, 249 Firmware, 116
patron design, 249 Fitness trackers, 44, 46
preprimary education, 246, 247 Five-layered architecture, 117
pronunciation skills, 250 FIWARE, 93
protection, 249 Flex module, 75, 76, 84
restore applications, 249 Flex sensor, 78–80
robotic, 249 Fog computing, 121, 166
telerobotic, 249 Food consumption, 277
EDZL scheduling, 120 Fully Convolutional Network (FCN), 311
Electronic gadgets, 230
Electronic health records (EHRs), 39, 133
Electronic long cane, 235 G
Electronic voting methods, 31 Garage Door Opener, 212
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), 234 Geofencing, 383
Embedded system, on IoT, 113, 114 Geriatric healthcare applications, 233
architecture, 116–118, 124, 125 Gesture-based smart-assistive device
computing methods, 121, 122 architecture, 74, 75
contribution, 115 bluetooth module, 78
IoT platforms, 122–124 flex module, 75, 76
motivation, 115 flex sensor, 78–80
processor, 122, 123 RF transmitter and receiver, 76–78
scheduling of, 118 flex module, 84
EDF, 120 local application, 81, 82
EDZL, 120 main module, 84, 86
least laxity, 120 methodology, 73
rate adaptive task, 118, 119 server application, 82–83
with rhythmic tasks, 119 working model, 83
survey papers, comparison of, 114, 115 Global navigation satellite services
Emergency services, 96 (GNSS), 278
End nodes, 121 Global Positioning System, 383
End-user mobile apps, 73 Google, 212
Energy, 231 Google Fit, 45
Energy domain, IoT in, 57 GoogleNet, 311
Energy-saving, 210 GPS trackers, 385
Enhanced customer engagement, 221 GPS tracking, 380
Enhanced marketing, 229 Greenhouse gases, 200
Enormous scale, 91 Greenhouses, 281
Enterprise architecture, 300 Greenlight phase time (GLPT), 106
Environmental issue arrangement, 101
Environmental management, 200, 212, 231
Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria, 43 H
Ethereum, 15, 17, 297 Hadoop Autonomy Vertica Enterprise
Ethernet link, 206 (HAVEn) security, 144
The Evolution of Smart Homes, 200 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), 144
Extract-transform-load (ETL), 133 Hadoop framework, 133
Eye-catching graphics, 248 Handheld devices, 248
Hardware accelerations, 331
Hardware security, 235
F Head-mounted displays, 248
Facial recognition, 210 Health care, IoT, 144, 231
Farming, 171, 278, 279, 282, 285, 286, AI-assisted surgery and treatment, 43
288, 289 challenges
Field capacity, 156 big data and handling, 47, 48
400 Index

Health care, IoT (cont.) advantages, 174, 221, 222

privacy, 48 with amalgamated users, 232
security, 48 applications, 57, 58, 170–172
disease diagnosis, 42 AR (see Augmented reality (AR))
domain, 58 architecture, 134, 135, 167, 168, 219,
fitness and nutrition, 44, 45 220, 234
m-health care, 42 authentication mechanisms, 231
patent classifications, 50 benefits, 379, 380
in pharmaceuticals, 45, 47 brilliant frameworks, 382
sensors and monitoring devices challenges, 65–67
ambient-assisted living, 42 business, 173
remote patient monitoring, 42 compatibility, 173
wearable devices and sensors, 42 expectation, 173
wearable IoT devices and fitness limited bandwidth, 173
trackers, 46 security issue, 173
Heme-sensitive probiotic biosensor, 43 clinical device, 392
Herbicides, 309 and cloud computing, 231
Heterogeneity, 90 compilation of information
Higher-level education, AR, 247 adaptation, 225
H-IoT, 168, 175 analytics in real time, 224, 225
Home adoption programs, 209 enhancement, 225
Home automation, 71, 201, 202, 212, 230, machine-to-machine networks, 224
232, 272 real-time, 224
Huge data, 304 supports integration, 224
Human value, 221 concepts, 55, 376
COVID-19 pandemic, 377
data collection, 199
I decision framework, 223, 224
iControl, 202 description, 232
IND-CCA, 234 disadvantages, 174, 222
Industrial 4.0, 175 in education sector (see Education sector)
Industrial automation, 230, 239 features, 220, 221
Industry, 231 fog computing, 166
Information-driven strategies, 208 geriatric healthcare applications, 233
Information management, 132 hardware and software, 222–224
Information mix, 207 health and medical offices, 376
Infrared sensors, 210 implementation, 391
Ingestible sensors, 43 industrial 4.0 with, 175
Innovations, 248 infrastructure, 234
Innovative ingestible micro-bio-electronic interconnections, 231
device (IMBED), 43 lightweight block ciphers, 231
Intelligence, 90, 137 linked vehicles, 167
Intelligent systems, 304 mobile application, 378
Intelligent traffic lights, 95 motivation, 56
Intelligent waste alert system, 236 practical experiences, 64, 65
Intel RealSense D435, 316 procedures, 377
International Conference on Intelligent proposed work, 237–239
Computing and Communication real and virtual worlds, 220
Technologies (ICICCT), 50 screening mechanism, 377
Internet-enabled devices, 220 sensor-based smart farming, 151–153
Internet Gateway, 270 applications, 161, 162
Internet of Energy (IoE), 231 challenges in, 162, 163
Internet of Sensors (IoS), 231 requirement of, 153, 154
Internet of Things (IoTs), 55, 71, 165, 375, sensors and devices, 155–158
376, 378 SQL server, 159, 160
Index 401

structure for, 154, 155 information, 138

smart applications (see Smart applications) integrity and confidentiality, 137
in Smart Cities, 58, 60–63 intelligence and robotics, 137
in Smart Homes, 60–64, 220 malware, for IoT devices and extortion,
smart water, 381 136, 137
social insurance, 380 small-scale IoT assaults, 137
software advancements, 219 IoT fitness apps, 44
solutions, 219 IoT framework, 236
symptoms, 378 IoT furnace control system malfunction, 229
taxonomy, 232 IoT gadgets, 213
technology, 384 IoT gateways, 73
threat (see Threat of IoT) IoT infrastructure, 236
Internet of Vehicles (IoV), 231 IoT innovators, 236
Interoperability, 106 IoT networks, 221, 224, 231
IoT analytics, 224, 225 IoT platform, 236
IoT-based frameworks, 208 IoT services, 202
IoT-based Smart Home Systems, 206 IoT technologies
IoT-based Water Quality Monitoring BLE device, 226, 227
System, 205 LTE-A, 227
IoT-enabled intelligent traffic management NFC, 225
system, 89, 90 protocols, 226
advantages, 91, 92, 96, 97 radio technologies, 226
application, 92 RFID, 225
challenges, 103, 104 Wi-Fi-Direct, 227
characteristics, 90, 91 wireless low-energy system, 226
disadvantages, 91, 92, 97, 98 IPv6, 73
open-source platforms, 92
CONTIKI, 94
FIWARE, 93 K
ОM2M6, 94 Keep-in-touch (KIT), 42
ОСEАN, 93 K-nearest neighbours (KNN), 311
practical experience, 101–103 Kоrea Electronics Teсhnоlоgy Institute
research challenges, 104 (KETI), 93
interoperability, 106
limitations, 108
M2M communication and L
communication protocols, 105 Lactococcus lactis, 43
monitoring and sensing, 105 Language of web ontology
privacy and security, 104, 105 (OWL), 203
processing, analysis, and management Least laxity scheduling, 120
of data, 105 Lightweight block ciphers, 231
smart traffic management-based Lightweight encryption methods, 231
IoT, 98–101 Linked vehicles, 167
traffic management, role of, 94–96 Livestock, 162, 281
IoT environment Location-based AR, 247
big data integration, 144, 145 LTE, 204
data processing, 141–144 LTE Advanced (LTE-A), 227
security challenges in, 136
attack of the home, 138
automobile approach, 138 M
brute-force attack and preset Machine learning (ML), 133, 232, 233
credentials, use of, 136 Machine-to-machine (M2M), 231
checking and upgrading, 136 communication and protocols, 105
cryptocurrency-focused IoT Magnetometers, 223
botnets, 137 Malicious hackers, 200
402 Index

Malware for IoT devices and extortion, N

136, 137 Nanotechnology, 153
MapReduce programming, 144 Natural language generation (NLG), 301
Marker-based AR, 247, 248 NDVI-32, 313
Marker-based mobile AR applications, 245 Near-field communication, 62
Marker-based technology, 245 Networking, 66
Markerless AR, 247 Network interconnection, 90
Marker position calculation, 245 Network layer, 169
Marker recognition, 245 Network security, 202
MATLAB-based simulation, 235 NFC, 225
Medicaid, 387 Nidovirales, 2
Medical gadgets, 229 Non-convex issues, 232
Medical science NOOBS configuration, 271
advantages of IoMT devices, 38 Normalized vegetation index (NDVI), 311,
AI, 39 313, 316, 317, 320
data mining, 38 Northern Arizona University (NAU), 50
forecast end-user spending on IoT
solutions, 40
history of IoT in, 36, 37 O
sensors and monitoring devices, 39 Object detection sensor, 267
trends of IoT, 40 OCEAN (Open Alliаnce for IoT standard), 93
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), 36 ОM2M6, 94
Microfabrication, 39 Orthocoronavirinae, 2
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), 2
Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 3 P
Middle-level education, AR, 247 Packet loss ratio (PLR), 107
Middleware, 116 Paramyxoviruses, 1
Mist computing, 121 Parking Guidance Information System
Mobile applications, 199, 232 (PGIS), 303
Mobile AR (MAR), 245, 247 Patent cooperation treaties (PCTs), 50
Mobile health care (m-health care), 42 Pathway to trace isolator, 383
Monitor-based displays, 247 Peer-to-peer- based data transactions, 32
Moteiv’s Tmote Sky sensors, 233 Perception layer, 169
Motion-activated cameras, 233 Permanent wilting point, 156
Multiclass weed classification, YOLOv5 Personalized medicines (PM), 47
comparative analysis, 314 Pharma industry, 45
confusion matrix graph, 319 Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE, 43
dataset, 317 Physical education, 252
detection of multiclass, 315 PI camera, 272
F1 score vs. recall graph, 319 PIC microcontroller, 74, 84
image selection and labelling, 312 Piezoelectric sensors, 232
plot of training and validation Pink Market, 49
precision, 320 Pre-assembled RDF data, 203
precision vs. confidence graph, 318 Precision agriculture (PA), 309, 310
precision vs. recall graph, 318 Precision farming, 280
pre-processing, 313, 314 Preprimary education
proposed framework, 312 AR, 246–248
weed percentage estimation task, 312 PR, 247
YOLO procedure on input image, 314 Pre-screening/analysis
YOLOv5+NDVI, 315, 320 dusting, 383
Multipath Load Balancing (MLB) healthcare, 383
Routing, 234 social-separating turning, 384
Myxoviruses, 1 Privacy, 104, 105
Index 403

Processing layer, 169 S

Project-based learning, 252 Satellite communication, 204
Proxy sign-encryption security, 234 Saturation, 156
Public transportation, 100, 211 Save energy, 210
Python, 262, 269, 270, 272, 313, 315, 316 Savvy household devices, 380
PyTorch, 313, 317 SCIB, 233
SCI system, 231
Security, 66, 90, 104, 105, 230, 231, 240
Q alarms, 220
Q-learning algorithm, 340 analysis and comparisons, 234
QR code scanning, 378 enhancement, 236
and privacy, 200, 209, 210, 235
risk, 222
R systems, 212
Radio frequency identification weaknesses, 229
(RFID), 62, 99, 165, 208, 225, Self-driven cars, 167, 171
231, 296 Self-enforcing agreement, 235
-based IoT system, 252 Semantic-rule processing, 133
tags, 153 Semantic web technology, 203
transmitters, 212 SEN2SOC, 301
Radio technologies, 226 Sensing, 90
Radiowaves, 226 Sensor-actuator network overlay state
Railroad station, 385 management (SANOSM), 301
Rain sensor, 158 Sensor-based smart farming, IoT, 151–153
Random forest confirmation algorithm, 234 applications, 161, 162
Ransomware program, 136 challenges in, 162, 163
Raspberry Pi, 202, 232, 262, 264, 265, 267, requirement of, 153, 154
269, 270, 273 sensors and devices, 155–158
Raspbian Jessie pixel, 262 SQL server, 159, 160
Raspbian magic mirror, 262 structure for, 154, 155
Real-time interaction, 251 Sensor networking, 231
Real-time video delivery, 32 Sensor node architecture, 62
Received signal strength indicator (RSSI), 233 Sensors, 62, 72
Recurrent neural network (RNN), 7 Sensor values, 235
Regional Convolutional Neural Networks Sensory data, 208
(RCNN), 311 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 2
Regulator, 206 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Reinforcement learning principles (SARS-CoV), 3
for smart city, 232 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
Remote monitoring system (SFTS), 2
(RMS), 285 SHM platform, 232
Remote patient monitoring, 42 SHSec-based architecture, 234
Remote screening, 9 Single-antenna users, 232
Remote sensing stations, 282 Small devices, 221
Reprogramming human skin cells, 50 Small-scale IoT assaults, 137
ResNet, 311, 314 Smart agriculture, 36, 236
Resource Description Framework Smart and digital education, 246
(RDF), 203 Smart appliances, 212
RF transmitter and receiver, 76–78 Smart applications
Robotics, 137–138 ANFIS, 235
Robots and semi-autonomous blockchain technology, 235
mechanisms, 387 city planning, 227
RSA, 234 cloud-based intelligent home
RTOS, 115, 123 automation, 232
404 Index

Smart applications (cont.) traceability, 297

content marketing and distribution, 229 transparency, 297
CSMs, 235 applications, 211–213
deep machine learning, 231 architecture, 204, 205
defense, 227 for events, 300
economics, 227 IoT architecture, 300
electronic gadgets, 230 layers, 299
electronic long cane, 235 with service orientation, 300
engineering, 228 associated with cloud, 206, 207
enhanced marketing, 229 benefits
government, 228 infrastructure, 211
graphical representation, 233 public transportation, 211
home automation, 230 smart parking, 211
IND-CCA, 234 traffic and street lights, 211
industrial, 228 weather forecast, 211
infrastructural, 228 challenges, 303, 304
intelligent waste alert system, 236 Denial of service, 207
of IoT, 227, 228 heterogeneity issues, 207
law enforcement, 227 security issues, 207, 208
lightweight encryption methods, 231 collected data, 206
MATLAB-based simulation, 235 concepts, 200
medicine and health, 229 construction, 201
ML, 232 contribution to, 297
MLB Routing, 234 developing, 199
motion-activated cameras, 232–233 development/transformation, 200
NUX, 231 energy management, 301
official and domestic, 228 food management, 301
previous research vs. proposed work, greenhouse gases, 200
236, 237 IoT, 58, 60–63
proxy sign-encryption security, 234 applications, 304
quality of life, 230 gadgets, 200
random forest confirmation algorithm, 234 technology, 201
reinforcement learning principles, 232 Water Quality Monitoring System, 205
RSSI, 233 lives of citizens, 200
safety, 228 regulator, 206
SCIB, 233 smart gadgets, 206
SCI system, 231 smart parking system, 201
security analysis and comparisons, 234 transport management, 302
sensor values, 235 web application, 206
SHM platform, 232 Wi-Fi module, 206
SHSec-based architecture, 234 wireless network, 206
simulation Smart Cities Domain, IoT, 57
size of image frames, 238, 240 Smart City idea, 204
space consumption during IoT Smart city infrastructure, 211
operations, 238 Smart City System, 213
single-antenna users, 232 Smart contract, 24
three-tier data management model, 233 Smart e-meter, 212
web technologies, 235 Smart energy, 213
Smart assistance, 104 Smart energy conservation, 210
Smart Cities, 171, 231 Smart gadgets, 206
AI application Smart Government, 212, 213
decentralization, 296 Smart greenhouse, 162
immutability, 296 Smart grids, 212, 236
Index 405

Smart Health, 204, 212, 213 output, 272, 273

Smart Homes, 170, 212, 220 PI Camera, 272
applications, 201, 211–213 Raspbian magic mirror, 272
benefits simple home automation system, 265
customize as per your convenience, 210 software specifications
easy to lock and open doors, 210 NOOBS configuration, 270
save energy with smart energy virtual network computing, 270
conservation, 210 Smart mobility, 213
cell phone, 199 Smart parking, 99, 103–104, 200, 201, 211,
challenges 212, 214
commercialization, 209 Smart pills, 46
cost, 209 Smart retail and education, 212–213
failure to respond to invalid Smart security system, 201
programs, 209 Smart sensors, 66, 135
relevancy of extracted data, 208, 209 Smart supply-chain management, 172
security and privacy measures, 209, 210 Smart traffic management-based IoT, 98–101
user acceptance, 209 Smart Travel, 212
comfortable and secure, 200 Smart waste management, 200
communication services, 204 Smartwatch, 35, 44, 46
customized services, 204, 205 Smoke detectors, 220
data gathering, 202 SOFIA, 300
data integration and consultation, 203 Software advancements, 219
deployment, 201 Soil moisture sensor, 155–158
developing, 199 Soil porosity, 156
device control and warning, 204 Soil water monitoring, 157, 158
domain, IoT, 58 Solar batteries, 235
executing the data, 203 Sony W800, 316
home automation, 202 Space consumption during image frames,
iControl, 202 238, 241
IoT, 60–62, 201 SPARQL, 203
mobile app, 199 Special education for disable students,
open equipment and open-source 252, 253
programming frameworks, 202 SPO2 level, 6
principle, 202 Sprinkler systems, 212
program, 212 Storage monitoring, 279
security system, 200, 209 Street lightning, 100
wired and wireless communication Street lights, 211
methods, 230 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 42
Smart Home System, 202, 212 Superbug test, 50
Smart manufacturing, 236 Support vector machine technique, 233
Smart mirror, 265 Surveillance camera, 237
architecture overview, 265 Sustainable energy microsystem
system to hold information, 265 (SEM), 302
future scope, 274
hardware components, 266
camera, 267 T
fan system, 267 Technology architecture, 72
IR sensor, 267, 268 Telecommunications, 231
power supply, 267 Telematics, 96
Raspberry Pi, 269–270 Temperature sensors, 223
relay, 267 Theft of personal information, 230
working of light, 268 Thermostats, 220
home automation, 270 Thread, 226
406 Index

Threat of IoT power usage, 193

attack and data theft, 229 privacy, 194–195
attacks vs. computer systems, 230 security, 194
device malfunction, 229 wearability, 193
fault in equipment, 229 well-being, 193
security weaknesses, 229 Fitbit, 183
theft of personal information, 230 fitness band, 184
3D lidars, 310 following and localization, 188–189
3G, 204 Google Glasses, 182–183
Three-layered architecture, 116 health, 185–187
Three-tier data management model, 233 IoT for health companies, 186
Time arrangement models, 390 IoT for hospitals, 186
Time-consuming task, 252 IoT for patients, 185
T lymphocytes, 3 IoT for physicians, 186
Tonna bytes, 141 laborer well-being, 189–190
Tracking farm products, 279 medical care, 191
Traffic lights, 103, 211 planning and training, 190–191
Traffic management, role of, 94–96 safety, 189
Translational Genomics Research Institute sensible watch, 184
(TGen), 50 smartwatch, 181
Transportation domain, IoT, 58 standalone gadgets, 180
Twelve-layered architecture, 117 Weather forecast, 211
Twitter, 263 Weather monitoring, 279
Web application, 206
Web technologies, 235
U Weed infestation, 309
Urban IoT systems, 201 Wi-Fi, 10, 204, 206, 213, 232
User acceptance, 209 Wi-Fi-Direct, 227
User-interaction model, 236 WiMAX, 204
The US Federal Trade Commission Wind geographic software (WGS), 301
(FTC), 207 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), 49
USPS Handwritten Digits dataset, 340 Wireless communication, 81
Wireless low-energy system, 226
Wireless network, 206
V Wireless personal area networks (WPANs), 62
Variability, 141 Wireless sensor networks
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), 302 (WSN), 62, 107, 233
Video-based displays, 247 Wireless sensors and actuators network
Virtual connections, 252 (WSANs), 285
Virtual Network Computing (VNC), 270 Working module, 83
Virtual object-orientation, 245 Wuhan Municipal Health Commission
Voting transparency, 31 (WMHC), 2
Vuforia framework, 248 Wаste management, 100

W X
Waste reduction, 162 X-rays of chest, 6, 8
Water irrigation, 162
Wearable devices, 42
Wearable gadgets, 223 Y
Wearable technology, 179 YOLOv5, 311, 313, 314, 316, 317
activity sports, 187–188
analytics, 191
challenges, 192–195 Z
goal of sensors, 192 ZigBee, 204, 206, 226, 234
guidelines, 194 Z-Wave, 206, 226