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Module 3

The document discusses space vector modulation (SVM) which is a technique used in pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. It involves representing the inverter states as space vectors and modulating the switching times to synthesize the desired output waveform. Specifically: - SVM treats a three-phase inverter as having eight possible switching states, represented by six active and two zero states in a hexagonal pattern. - The reference voltage vector is compared to the space vectors to determine the switching times needed to approximate the reference signal. - By varying the dwell times of the active states using SVM algorithms, any desired three-phase output waveform can be generated to drive an AC motor.

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25Krishnapriya S S
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43 views

Module 3

The document discusses space vector modulation (SVM) which is a technique used in pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters. It involves representing the inverter states as space vectors and modulating the switching times to synthesize the desired output waveform. Specifically: - SVM treats a three-phase inverter as having eight possible switching states, represented by six active and two zero states in a hexagonal pattern. - The reference voltage vector is compared to the space vectors to determine the switching times needed to approximate the reference signal. - By varying the dwell times of the active states using SVM algorithms, any desired three-phase output waveform can be generated to drive an AC motor.

Uploaded by

25Krishnapriya S S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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•

• power electronic device that converts power in DC form to AC form at the


required frequency and voltage output.
• Its also called as DC-AC converters.

• Based on the type of input, inverters are classified into two types
• Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)
• Current Source Inverters (CSI)
•
•
•
•
• •

•
•
•
Case 1 : T1 and T2 turned ON at same
•The thyristors T1 & T2 are triggered
time simultaneously for a time T/2

•Therefore the load current flows through


path (+)Vs – SCR T1 – load – SCR T2 –
Vs(-).

•The load current and


load voltage becomes positive during this
period therefore the power flows from
supply to load.

•As soon as the gate signal (ig1 & ig2)


are removed, T1 and T2 gest turned OFF.
Case 2 : T3 and T4 turned ON at same time

•
PWM & SPACE VECTOR MODULATION
Introduction:

Pulse width modulation (PWM) has been studied extensively during the past
decades. Many different PWM methods have been developed to achieve the
following aims: wide linear modulation range; less switching loss; less total
harmonic distortion (THD) in the spectrum of switching waveform; and easy
implementation and less computation time. The most widely used techniques for
implementing the pulse with modulation (PWM) strategy for multilevel inverters
are Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and space vector PWM (SPWM). The SVPWM is
considered as a better technique of PWM implementation as it has advantages
over SPWM in terms of good utilization of dc bus voltage, reduced switching
frequency and low current ripple.
PWM Principle:
The dc input to the inverter is “chopped” by switching devices in the inverter
(bipolar transistors, thyristors, Mosfet, IGBT …etc). The amplitude and harmonic
contents of the ac waveform are controlled by controlling the duty cycle of the
switches. This is the basic of the pulse width modulation PWM techniques. There
are several PWM techniques each has its own advantages and also
disadvantages.The considered PWM techniques are: 1) Sinusoidal PWM (most
common) 2) Space-Vector PWM
Space Vector Modulation:
Space vector pulse width modulation SVPWM is a technique used in the final step
of field oriented control to determine the pulse width modulated signals for the
inverter switches in order to generate the desired 3-phase voltages to the motor.
Space Vector Modulation:

The reference voltage is fed to a PWM generator.PWM output is fed to a voltage


source inverter(VSI). VSI gives the sufficient input to the motor.

The input to VSI is a dc voltage and its output is ac value and this ac is used to
drive the motor.

Space vector modulation is an algorithm for the control of pulse width


modulation. It is mainly used for the creation of alternating current waveform.

Alternating current waveform is created to drive the 3-phase ac powered motor


at varying speeds.
Consider a 3-phase balanced voltage applied to a 3-phase induction motor and
since it is a 3-phase system, it is a sinusoidally varying function displaced at an
angle of 120 degree.
The 3-phase space vector add up to give the resultant space vector which will be
having a constant amplitude and rotating in space at a constant angular
speed.This is the basic concept associated with space vector modulation.

PWM is used to get sinusoidal current distribution.

SVM calculates the duty cycle of switches.


Construction:
The topology of a three-leg voltage source inverter is shown.Eight possible
switching combinations are generated by the switching network shown in the
figure. Six out of these eight topologies producing a nonzero output voltage are
known as the non-zero switching states or active states and the remaining two
topologies producing zero output voltage are known as zero switching states.
Eight Switching State Topologies of Three-Phase Inverter
:
Resultant vector is obtained from the hexagon structure. Consider a
3-phase sinusoidal quantity: vm sin wt
Therefore, we can write the equations for three phases as:
Va=Vm sin wt
Vb=Vm sin(wt-120)
Vc=Vm sin(wt-240)

In the case of a balanced 3-phase system,


ia+ib+ic=0 always.
Therefore, va+vb+vc=0 also.
Taking the above case into consideration, the resultant vectors of all the
eight states are found and all the eight vectors are put together to form a
hexagon.
There are six sectors in total and each sector is displaced by an
angle of 60 degree.
Since it takes six steps to complete one revolution , it is called six
step inverter.
Average variation of the voltage space vector will move along a
circle with uniform velocity and the maximum radii possible for the
circle is given by: Vdc cos 30=Vdc*√3/2
Modulation index is given by:
m=Vref/Vdc =(Vdc*cos 30)/Vdc =√3/2=0.866
Therefore the linear modulation range possible is:
0<_m<_0.866.
To make the analysis easier, the 3-phase system is converted to 2-phase
system.
But the power remains the same in both the systems.
In 3-phase system:
P3ɸ=3*V3ɸ*I3ɸ
In 2-phase system:
P2ɸ=2*V2ɸ*I2ɸ
Therefore, P2ɸ=3/2*V3ɸ*I3ɸ
Current in the 2-phase system is given by:
Along horizontal 𝞪 direction-
i𝞪=ia*cos0+ib*cos120+ic*cos240
=ia+ib*cos(90+30)+ic*cos(180+60)
=ia-ib*sin30-ic*cos60
=ia-½ ib-½ ic
For a balanced 3-phase system, ia+ib+ic=0
Therefore, ib+ic=-ia
So, i𝞪=ia-½ (ib+ic)
i𝞪=ia-½ (-ia) =3/2 ia
Therefore, v𝞪=3/2 va
This is called voltage boosting.
If we take the maximum voltage values,
v𝞪(max)=Vdc*cos30=3/2*va(max)
va(max)=⅔*Vdc*√3/2
va(max)=Vdc/√3=0.577*Vdc.
Generation of pulses:

Consider sector 1:

To generate pulses corresponding to sector1,consider the sampling vector Vs


where Vs=Vref(in figure) and Vs makes an angle 𝞪 with the horizontal.
Total sampling time Ts=T1+T2+T0 where T0
corresponds to 000 and 111 states.
Consider horizontal(𝞪) axis;
V1*T1+V2*cos60*T2=|Vs|*Ts*cos𝞪
Consider vertical(𝛃) axis;
0+V2*sin60*T2=|Vs|*Ts*sin𝞪
Let |V1|=|V2|=Vdc
On solving, we get the switching periods T1 and T2 as:
T1=(|Vs|*Ts/Vdc)*(sin(60-𝞪)/sin60)
T2=(|Vs|*Ts/Vdc)*(sin𝞪/sin60).
For sector1,
VA0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2+T1+T2+T0/2}
VA0(avg)=Vdc/2[(T1+T2)/Ts]

VB0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2-T1+T2+T0/2}
VB0(avg)=Vdc/2[(-T1+T2)/Ts]

VC0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2-T1-T2+T0/2}
VC0(avg)=Vdc/2[(-T1-T2)/Ts]=-VA0(avg)

For sector2,
VA0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2-T1+T2+T0/2}
VA0(avg)=Vdc/2[(-T1+T2)/Ts]
VB0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2+T1+T2+T0/2}
VB0(avg)=Vdc/2[(T1+T2)/Ts]

VC0(avg)*Ts=Vdc/2{-T0/2-T1-T2+T0/2}
VC0(avg)=Vdc/2[(-T1-T2)/Ts]=-VA0(avg)
Conclusion:

The SVPWM scheme can drive the inverter gating signals from the sampled
amplitudes of the reference phase voltages. The switching vectors for the
inverter are derived using a simple digital logic which does not involve any
complex computations and hence reduces the implementation time. SVPWM
drive treats the inverter as a single unit with eight possible switching states, each
state can be represented by a state vector in the two-axis space, the eight state
vectors formed a hexagon shape with six sectors. The modulation procedure is
accomplished by switching the state vectors in each sector by appropriate time
intervals which are calculated in a certain sampling time (Ts).
Questions:
● Explain the concept of space vector modulation?(8) (Dec 2017)
● Explain the space vector modulation in three phase inverters.(10)(April 2018)
● Explain the principle of space vector modulation in three phase inverter
circuits?(6)(Dec 2018)
● Explain the working principle of a space vector PWM inverter.(9)(Dec 2019)

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