2

Before you proceed, read carefully through the whole of Question 1 and Question 2.

Plan the use of the two hours to make sure that you finish the whole of Question 1 and Question 2.

1 Energy drinks contain a high concentration of carbohydrates, such as glucose, as a source of

energy.

Glucose is a monosaccharide which can be quickly metabolised by body cells, releasing energy
during exercise.

Glucose changes the colour of potassium manganate(VII) solution, P, from purple to colourless.
The end-point is when P is completely colourless.

You will need to:

• prepare different concentrations of glucose solution
• record the time taken to reach the end-point for the known glucose concentrations
• use your results to estimate the concentration of glucose in an energy drink, U.

You are provided with the materials shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

labelled contents risk volume / cm3

G 20% glucose solution none 50

W distilled water none 20

A dilute sulfuric acid irritant 20

P potassium manganate(VII) solution low risk irritant 20

U energy drink none 10

It is recommended that you wear suitable eye protection.

If A or P come into contact with your skin, wash off immediately under cold water.
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(a) You will need to prepare different concentrations of glucose solution.

The lowest concentration you will prepare is 12%.

You will need to prepare 10 cm3 of each concentration, using G and W.

Table 1.2 shows how to make up two of the concentrations of glucose solution you will use.

Decide which other concentrations of glucose solution you will use.

(i) Complete Table 1.2 to show how you will prepare the concentrations of glucose you will
use.

Table 1.2

percentage concentration volume of G / cm3 volume of W / cm3

of glucose

20 10 0

12 6 4
[2]

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Carry out step 1 to step 8.

1. Prepare the concentrations of glucose solution, as shown in Table 1.2, in the beakers
provided.

2. Label test-tubes with the concentrations of glucose prepared in step 1.

3. Put 1 cm3 of 20% glucose solution into the appropriately labelled test-tube.

4. Repeat step 3 with each of the other concentrations of glucose.

5. Put 1 cm3 of A into each of the test-tubes. Shake gently to mix.

The reaction will start as soon as you put P into the test-tubes (step 6).

Do not stop the timer – keep it running continuously.

6. Put 1 cm3 of P into each of the test-tubes and start timing. Shake gently to mix.

7. Measure the time taken for each test-tube to reach the end-point. As each end-point is
reached, record the time taken in the space provided for raw results. Do not stop the timer.

8. Record in (a)(ii) the time taken for each test-tube to reach the end-point.

If the end-point has not been reached after 600 seconds (10 minutes) record the time as
‘more than 600’.

Use this space for raw results.

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(ii) Record your results in an appropriate table.

[5]
9. Label a test-tube U and put 1 cm3 of U into this test-tube.

10. Repeat step 5 to step 7 using the test-tube labelled U.

(iii) Record the time taken to reach the end-point for U.

time for U = ....................................................... s [1]

(iv) Estimate the percentage concentration of glucose in U.

concentration in U = ..................................................... % [1]

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(v) Describe how you would modify this procedure to give a more accurate estimate of U.

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(vi) State two significant sources of error when carrying out step 7.

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(vii) Describe how you would modify this procedure to reduce one source of error as stated
in (a)(vi).

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(b) An investigation was carried out into the effect of drinking an energy drink on blood glucose
concentration over a period of 3 hours.

The results are shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3

time / hours glucose concentration

/ mmol dm–3
0.0 5.2
0.5 7.5
1.0 9.1
2.0 8.4
3.0 7.9

Plot a graph of the data in Table 1.3 on the grid in Fig. 1.1.

Use a sharp pencil for drawing graphs.

Fig. 1.1
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[Total: 19]
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2 K1 is a slide of a stained transverse section through a plant root.

You are not expected to be familiar with this specimen.

Use a sharp pencil for drawing.

You are expected to draw the correct shape and proportions of the different tissues.

(a) (i) Draw a large plan diagram of the whole root.

Use one ruled label line and label to identify the endodermis.

[5]
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(ii) Observe the xylem vessel elements in the centre of the root on K1.

Select one large xylem vessel element and three adjacent, touching, smaller cells.

Each smaller cell must touch the xylem vessel element and at least one of the other
smaller cells.

Make a large drawing of this group of four cells.

Use one ruled label line and label to identify a cell wall of one cell.

[5]

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(b) Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph of a stained transverse section through a root of a different
plant species. You are not expected to be familiar with this specimen.

Fig. 2.1

Prepare an appropriate table so that it is suitable for you to record the observable differences
between the root on K1 and the root in Fig. 2.1.

Record the observable differences in your table.

[4]
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(c) Fig. 2.2 is a photomicrograph of the same root section as in Fig. 2.1, with the central area
enlarged.

cell T

cell Q

Fig. 2.2

(i) Measure line q and line t to find the diameter of cell Q and cell T as shown in Fig. 2.2.

diameter of cell Q = ................................................................

diameter of cell T = ...............................................................

[2]

(ii) Calculate the percentage difference in diameter between cell Q and cell T.

Show all the steps in your working.

percentage difference = ..................................................... % [3]

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(iii) Using your knowledge of adhesion and cohesion, suggest why the difference in diameter
of cell Q and cell T may affect the movement of water in xylem.

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[Total: 21]