PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(Transformers)

(SESSION: 2022-2023)

Velammal Bodhi Campus

(ANUPPANADI)

Under the Supervision of Submitted By:

Mrs.Latha Rani Manikandan.S
Class:XII-A2
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MANIKANDAN.S, student of
Class XII-A2, Velammal Bodhi Campus,
Anuppanandi has completed the project titled
Transformers during the academic year 2022-2023
towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics
practical evaluation of CBSE 2023, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following
pages, under my supervision.

Principal Physics lecturer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
physics mentor MRS.LATHA RANI MAM for her
vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to
the other staff of the Department of Physics for their
support during the making of this project.

(MANIKANDAN)
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN
TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is

called a “Step up transformer.’

A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is

called a “Step down transformer”
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary

voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is designed to

reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the

secondary winding. This kind of transformer “step down”

the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer convert high-

voltage, low- current power into low-voltage, high-

current power.
OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between the ratio of -

1. Input and Output voltage

2. Number of turnings in the primary and secondary

coil of a self made transformer

PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual

induction. According to this principle, ‘When the

amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil

changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring

coil.’
CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core

made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one

another. Two coils P1 & P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the

same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note

that the both the coils are insulated from the core. The

source of alternating e.m.f. is connected to P1P2, the

primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to

S1S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus

there can be no current through the secondary coil as

long as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance

of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.

Further, the energy loses due to the magnetic iron core

is also negligible.
THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary

coil P1P2, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The

alternating current in the primary coil produces a

changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage

in the primary as well as in the secondary coil. In a good

transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with

primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil, then

the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary

coil is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary

coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of

the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil and the

secondary coil and Np and Ns are the number of turns

of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer

and

dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the

coil

At this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt--------------(i)
 Es = -Ns dфь/dt---------------(ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so

by dividing (ii) by (i), we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np-----------(iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced

in the primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in

primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p ) in the

instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.

Further if Rp is the resistance of P1P2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = (E – Ep) / Rp

(E – Ep) = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected so therefore
 E – Ep = 0 or Ep =

E Thus, Back e.m.f =

Input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step-down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is=value of sec. current at this instant,

then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip

And Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power or

Ep Ip = Es I s orr

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step-up transformer:-

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, K>1, so Ip>Is

i. e current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage

is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in

the same ratio

Similarly it can be shown that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the

same ratio

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current and a step down transformer steps up the current

ILLUSTRATION
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many

power losses, therefore the efficiency of transformer is

less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in

the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule

heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in

the iron core of the transformer. This is due to

formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is

minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic

flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate

of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of

P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core

when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a

transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-

1· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding

purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining

large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases

voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long

distance through wires. Wires have resistance and so

dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the

square of the current through the wire. By transforming

electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-

current) form for transmission and back again

afterward, transformers enable economical transmission

of power over long distance. Consequently, transformers

have shaped the electrical supply industry, permitting

generation to be located remotely from points of

demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s electrical

power has passed through a series of transforms by the

time it reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic

products to step down the supply voltage to a level

suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end

user from contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized

coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to

huge unit weighing hundreds of tons used in power

stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids. All

operate on the same basic principles, although the range

of designs is wide. While new technologies have

eliminated

the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,

transformers are still found in nearly all electronic

devices designed for household (“mains”) voltage.

Transformer are essential for high-voltage electrical

power transmission, which makes long-distance

transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages

of amplifier and to match devices such as microphones

and record players to the input of the amplifiers. Audio

transformer allowed telephone circuit to carry on a two-

way conservation over a single pair of wires. A balun

transformer converts a single that is referenced to

ground to a signal that has balanced voltage to ground,

such as between external cables and internal circuits.

PRECAUTIONS
 2
1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I R,

where I is strength of current and R is the resistance

of wires. To reduce the power loss, a.c. is

transmitted over long distance at extremely high

voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio. Therefore,

2
I R becomes negligibly low.

2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core

must be high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as

cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize

loss of energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edition NCERT

(2007).

2.Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition,

Bharti Bhawan(1993).

3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday, Rober

Resnick and Jearl walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-

India(2004)

4.Practical physics for class XII, J.S.Jaiswaland

Dr.Rajendra Singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi Publications(2009).