Year 2022-23.

Submitted By

 Durvesh Rajesh pathak

 Sagar Subhash jayakar
 Vinayak Santosh Sonawane
 Rohan Subhash lad
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, JALGAON

(0018)

Course Name and Code : Mobile And Wireless Communication

Academic Year : 2022-23
Semester : Fifth
A MICRO PROJECT
On
Section of Mobile Phone And Make Model Of it
Identification Various
Submitted in 2022 by the group of 4 Students
Sr. Roll Enrollment
Name of student Seat No.
No. No. No.
1 52 Durvesh Rajesh Pathak 2000180080
2 53 Sagar Subhash Jayakar 2000180081
3 55 Vinayak Santosh 2000180088
Sonawane
4 56 Rohan Subhash Lad 2000180093

Project Guide

Prof.V. B. Patil
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Master /Ms. ………………………………………………………….

Roll No. ……... of ……. Semester of Diploma in ……………………………………........

of Institute, Government Polytechnic, Jalgaon (Code:0018) has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in the Subject –for the Academic Year 2020- 2021 as prescribed in
the curriculum.

Place Enrollment No:

Date: …………………….. Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of Institutio n
 GOVTERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
JALGAON

-SUBMISSION-

I (Full Name)..........................................................................................................Roll
No./Seat No. …………………… as a student of …………. Sem/Year of the Programme
…………………………………………….. humbly submit that I have completed from
time to time the Practical/Micro-Project work as described in this report by my own skills
and study between the period from ……………………… to …………………….. as per
instructions/guidance of Prof. Vijaya B.Patil
And that following students were associated with me for this work, however,
quantum of my contribution has been approved by the Lecturer.
And that I have not copied the report on its any appreciable part from any other
literature in contravention of the academic ethics.

Date Signature of Student

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Definition of Cellular/Mobile phone 1

1.2 Telecom Industry in India 2

1.3 History of Indian Telecommunications 2
1.4 The Key players in the Mobile Market in India 2

2. Information of various sections 8

2.1 Memory Card Section

2.2 MIC Interface Section

2.3 MIC Interface Section

2.4 Ear Speaker Section

2.5 Speaker / Ringer Section

2.6 Key Backlight Section

2.7 LCD Backlight Section

2.8 Network Section

2.9 Battery Charging Section

2.10 Fm Radio Section

 2.11 Battery Charging Section

2.12 Set power On

2.13 Hands-free / Earphone Section

3. Diagram of Components Inside Mobile phone

3.1 Diagram 10

3.2 Information 12
4 Conclusion

4.1conclusion 12

5
Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEFINITION OF CELLULAR/MOBILE PHONE

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, and a hand phone) is a device that
can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic
area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator,
allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only
within the short range of a single, private base station.

In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such
as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and
more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.

The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of
Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC
8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone
subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global
population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.

The Cellular telephone (commonly "mobile phone" or "cell phone” or “handphone”) is a long-
range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication. In addition to the standard
voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones can support many additional services such
as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for
sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular
network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones. Cellular telephone is also defined as
a type of short- wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a subscriber has a wireless
connection from a
 mobile telephone to a relatively nearby transmitter. The transmitter’s span of coverage is called a
cell. Generally, cellular telephone service is available in urban areas and along major highways.

As the cellular telephone user moves from one cell or area of coverage to another, the telephone
is effectively passed on to the local cell transmitter. A cellular telephone is not to be confused
with a cordless telephone (which is simply a phone with a very short wireless connection to a
local phone outlet). A newer service similar to cellular is personal communications services
(PCS).

1.2 TELECOM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

 India is the second most populous country in the world with the Overall GDP of $1.85
trillion (10th overall)
 World's largest democracy system with multi party model at its core

Indian telecom is the second largest in the world (behind china) on

the basis of telephone users (Both fixed and wireless).

 The Industry grew over 30 times from 37 million users in 2001 to960.09 million (Both fixed
and wireless) in 2012.

 Fixed lines stood at 31.53 million in May 2012.

 Total mobile phone active were at 929.37 million in 2012

 .
 Total Wireless Teledensity was at 79.37% in 2012.

 Total monthly additions were at 8.35 million by May 2012. (Both

fixed and wireless).

 Fixed line rural density is at 33 % as of May 2012 Projected

Wireless Teledensity is at 84%

 The Industry in India is rapidly transforming into Next Gen Network

through various telephone exchange, mobile switching centers and

media gateways using optical fiber or microwave radios

 1.18% of household in India have broadband access. There were

14.31 million internet users in India as of May 2012.

 Total ARPU for 2012 stood at $2.36 as compared to $46.50 in US

Lowest mobile tariffs in India due to high competition. ▸ Total revenue generated in 2012 by
telecom sector to be estimated

upward of US$50 billion.

1.3 HISTORY OF INDIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

 Well Postal means of communication was the only mean communication until the year 1850, In
1850 experimental electric telegraph started for first time in India between Calcutta (Kolkata)
and Diamond Harbor (southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the banks of the Hooghly River).

 In 1851, it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. Subsequently construction
of telegraph started throughout India. A separate department was opened to the public in 1854.
Dr.William O’Shaughnessy. Who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to
the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom. Calcutta or the-
then Kolkata was chosen as it was the capital of British India.

 In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England opened telephone exchanges at

Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and Ahmedabad. On the 28 th January
1882 the first formal telephone service was established with a total of 93 subscribers.

 From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable telegraph to wireless telegraph, radio
telegraph, radio telephone, trunk dialing. Trunk dialing used in India for more than a decade,
were system allowed subscribers to dial calls with operator assistance. Later it moved to digital
microwave, optical fiber, satellite earth station. During British period all major cities and towns in
India were linked with telephones.

 In the year 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was responsible for telecom services in entire
country after separation from Indian Post & Telecommunication. Decade later Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was chipped out of DOT to run the telecom services of
Delhi and Mumbai.
 In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment. In
1995 TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was setup.

.
 Mobile Communication: First mobile telephone service on non commercial basis started in
India on 48th Independence Day at country’s capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in
India on July 31st, 1995 over Modi Telstra’s MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later
mobile telephone services are divided into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has
caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world.

Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent
players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under
800Mhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via
USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom sector is hit by severe spectrum
crunch, corruption by India Govt. officials and financial troubles.

In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services
by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operator’s
started to launch their services.

 Broadband communication: After US, Japan, India stands in third

Largest Internet users of which 40% of Internet used via mobile phones.India ranks one of
the lowest providers of broadband speed asCompared countries such as Japan, India and
Norway. MinimumBroadband speed of 256kbit/s but speed above 2Mbits is still in Nascent
stage.

Year 2007 had been declared as “Year of Broadband in India. Telco’s based on ADSL/VDSL
in India generally have speeds up to 24Mbit max while those based on newer Optical Fiber
technology offer up to 100Mbits in some plans Fiber-optic communication (FTTX).

tariff structure, metered billing, High charges for right of way. LackOpen domestic content,
non-implementation of Local-loop unbundling have all resulted in hindrance to the growth of
broadband.

Many experts think future of broadband is on the hands of wireless factor. BWA auction
winners are expected to roll out LTE and
 Next Generation Network (NGN): Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks
can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access networks
include fiber optics or coaxial cable networks connected to fixed locations or customers
connected through Wi-Fi as well as to 3G networks connected to mobile users.

As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify whether the next generation
network is a fixed or mobile network and the wireless access broadband would be used both
for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to differentiate between fixed and mobile
networks both fixed and mobile users will access services through a single core network.
Cloud based data services are expected to come.

 Indian Satellites: India has launched more than 50 satellites of various types, since its first
attempt in 1975. The organization responsible for Indian satellites is the Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO). Most Satellites have been launched from various vehicles,
including American, Russian, European satellite-launch rockets, and the U.S. Space
Shuttle. First Indian satellite Aryabhata on 19th April 1975, later Bhaskara, Rohini, INSAT,
Edusat, IRS, GSAT, Kalpana, Cartosat, IMS, Chandrayaan, ResourceSat, RiSat, AnuSat,
etc.

2.0 Information of various sections

 Memory Card Section

Now mostly Micro SD Card is connected in most mobile cell phones which is connected with
micro card section through a 8 pin socket. Memory card section is made inside the CPU.
Description of these 8 pins are as follows:

MMC-Data-2

MMC Data

MMC CMD (Command)

VMMC / VSD (Positive Supply Pin)

MMC-CLK

GND
MMC-Dta0

MMC Data-1

2.8 Volt Power is supplied to Pin Number 4 from Power Supply for functioning of the MMC Card
and connection the 50 tp 100 Kilo Ohms resistance in this power supply. This power supply is
given to Pin Numbers – 1,2,3,7,8 of MMC Socket. One MMC detector switch or pin is made in
MMC socket at which, if there is no MMC Card then 1.8 V power is continuously received and
after the MMC is connected, it becomes zero.

 2.. MIC Interface Section

MIC interface section is directly connected with the CPU in most mobile phones. Working
voltage (MIC Bios) (1.8 to 2.8 V) is supplied from the CPU or the Power Supply Section for
functioning of the MIC and MIC Positive and Negative Volt are input through two SMD
Capacitors.
 5. MIC Interface Section

MIC interface section is directly connected with the CPU in most mobile phones. Working
voltage (MIC Bios) (1.8 to 2.8 V) is supplied from the CPU or the Power Supply Section for
functioning of the MIC and MIC Positive and Negative Volt are input through two SMD
Capacitors.

 6. Ear Speaker Section

In most modern mobile cell phones, in which there is a separate ear speaker, it is directly related
to the CPU. It receives sound via signals directly from the CPU or from the audio section inbuilt
within the CPU. In some mobile phones, these sound signals are received via SMD Coil / SMD
Resistance. Some mobile phones have audio IC in the audio section. Some mobile phones have
audio amplifier.
 7. Speaker / Ringer Section

Ringer, Buzzer or Speaker in most mobile phones are connected with the audio amplifier IC to
obtain loud sound. The amplifier IC amplifies the sound or audio signal received from the CPU of
the audio section.

 8. Key Backlight Section

LED Lights are connected according to the parallel circuit in the key backlight section. Anode
ends of all the LEDs are connected to each other and all the cathode ends are connected to each
other. 3 to 3.3 V is supplied for the functioning of these Key LED Lights. This power supply is
given to the cathode ends of LEDs from the ground ends. Power supply to the anode ends of LED
Lights is controlled bu using LED-Driver easily

 9. LCD Backlight Section

LCD Backlight in mobile cell phones is made according to the series circuit. A Boost Voltage
Generator Section is built for the supply of high voltage (10 to 18V) for the functioning of
the LCD LED. Boost coil, Boost Volt Driver IC, Rectifier Diode etc are present in this
section.
 11. Network Section

Antenna, External Antenna Socket, RX-Band Pass Filter, RF Crystal, FEM, PFO, TX-Band Pass
Filter, RF IC, CPU are connected in the Network Section. Signal received at the antenna during
the RX is given to the antenna switch or FEM through the antenna socket where the next
processing is completed by selecting a frequency of proper band and is passed on to the RF IC
through RX-Band Pass Filter. RF Signal out from the RF IC during TX is given to the FEM or
PFO to amplify the signal. After the Band Selection Process the signal is passed through the
antenna.

12. Battery Charging Section

Charger and system interface connector is made together in most modern mobile cell phones.
Regulator section is made separately for the battery charging section. In some mobile phones, the
battery charging section is made inside the Power IC.scientists. Other sophisticated instruments
enable scientists to detect evBackground radiation consists of cosmic radiation emitted from
radioactive substances present
13. FM Radio Section

FM Radio Driver IC, FM Antenna, Signal and Supply Components are made in the FM Radio
Section.

14. Battery Charging Section

Bluetooth Antenna, Bluetooth RF Signal Filter, Bluetooth Driver IC, Supply and Signal
Components are made in this section. The Bluetooth sections functions like the Network Section.
RF-CLK signal is given to the Bluetooth driver IC during signal processing

15. Set Power ON

Power IC, CPU (UCP), Flash IC, RF-CLK, Crystal, RF-IF, PWR Ket etc components are present
this section. Battery positive supply is given to the power IC and connecting the battery (3.7V)
from 2.87 to 3.0 Power ON Volts are received at one tip of the Power Key. Supply is given to the
CPU, Flash IC, RF-CLK, Generator Section (RF Crystal, RF IC) by which the mobile phone gets
switched ON.

16. Hands-free / Earphone Section

Mainly hands free jack, hands free MIC, speaker signal component and hands free audio amplifier
are present in this section. Hands free symbol is displayed after connection the Handsfree jack.

Antenna Switch

It is found in the Network Section of a mobile phone and is made up non-metal. In GSM sets it is
found in white color and in CDMA sets it is found in golden metal.
 Diagram of Components Inside a Mobile Phone

Cell phones have such tiny speakers and microphones that it is incredible how well most of them
reproduce sound. As you can see in the picture above, the speaker is about the size of a dime and
the microphone is no larger than the watch battery beside it. Speaking of the watch battery, this
is used by the cell phone’s internal clock chip.

The first word tells you what the access method is. The second word, “division,” lets you
know that it splits calls based on that access method.

FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency.

TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency.

CDMA gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies.

The last part of each name is “multiple access.” This simply means that more than one user can
use each cell.

FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of
bandwidth. To better understand FDMA, think of radio stations: Each station sends its signal at a
different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission.
While it is certainly capable of carrying digital information, FDMA is not considered to be an
efficient method for digital transmission.

TDMA is the access method used by the Electronics Industry Alliance and the
Telecommunications Industry Association for Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) and Interim Standard
136 (IS-136). Using TDMA, a narrow band that is 30 kHz wide and 6.7 milliseconds long is split
time-wise into three time slots.

Narrow band means “channels” in the traditional sense. Each conversation gets the radio for one-
third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital
information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space.

TDMA is also used as the access technology for Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM). However, GSM implements TDMA in a somewhat different and incompatible way from
IS-136. Think of GSM and IS-136 as two different operating systems that work on the same
processor, like Windows and Linux both working on an Intel Pentium III. GSM systems use
encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz
bands in Europe and Asia and in the 850-MHz and 1900-MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9-
GHz) band in the United States. It is used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems. GSM is also
the basis for Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN), a popular system introduced by
Motorola and used by Nextel. AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM.

CDMA takes an entirely different approach from TDMA. CDMA, after digitizing data, spreads it
out over the entire available bandwidth. Multiple calls are overlaid on each other on the channel,
with each assigned a unique sequence code. CDMA is a form of spread spectrum, which simply
means that data is sent in small pieces over a number of the discrete frequencies available for use
at any time in the specified range. Verizon, Sprint and most other U.S. carriers use CDMA, which
means no SIM card.

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All of the users transmit in the same wide-band chunk of spectrum. Each user’s signal is spread
over the entire bandwidth by a unique spreading code. At the receiver, that same unique code is
used to recover the signal. Because CDMA systems need to put an accurate time-stamp on each
piece of a signal, it references the GPS system for this information. Between eight and 10 separate
calls can be carried in the same channel space as one analog AMPS call. CDMA technology is the
basis for Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) and operates in both the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz frequency
bands.

Ideally, TDMA and CDMA are transparent to each other. In practice, high-power CDMA signals
raise the noise floor for TDMA receivers, and high-power TDMA signals can cause overloading
and jamming of CDMA receivers.

2G is a cell phone network protocol. Click here to learn about network protocols for smartphones.

Next, we’ll look at 3G.

3G technology came along to support increased data needs. 3G stands for “third generation” – this
makes analog cellular technology generation one and digital/PCS generation two. 3G technology
is intended for the true multimedia cell phone – typically called smartphones – and features
increased bandwidth and transfer rates to accommodate Web-based applications and phone-based
audio and video files.

3G comprises several cellular access technologies. Common ones include:

The “4G” cell phone has been around for years – at least since 2006, if you go by Sprint’s
definition of 4G [source: Segan]. That original 4G network used a technology called WiMAX,
one of several approaches to 4G implementation. Like previous generations, 4G is not a
standardized designation. It’s simply the next step up in speed.

LTE is being developed as the 4G standard, which is why you sometimes see “4G LTE” as
opposed to simply “4G.” 4G could mean support for any speed above 3G; 4G LTE means support
for up to 86 Mbps based on specific technology and software infrastructures

4G LTE
For decades, the mobile world has pushed for industry-wide standards to sync up the technology
and allow for definable advances. Many see LTE, or Long Term Evolution, as the first real
chance at standardization, as many top carriers have signed on to adopt the technology [source:
4G Americas].

LTE is being developed as the 4G standard, which is why you sometimes see “4G LTE” as
opposed to simply “4G.” 4G could mean support for any speed above 3G; 4G LTE means support
for up to 86 Mbps based on specific technology and software infrastructures [source: 4G
Americas].

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The LTE network is based on Internet Protocol (IP) standards, the kind that delivers Web pages
to your computer, and adds voice data to the transmission streams [source: 4G Americas]. It uses
a schematic called OFDMA, or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, which is similar
to the OFDM approach in WiMAX. OFDMA also separates the bits in a single data transmission
into multiple subcarriers to increase speed, reassembling it at the destination. The LTE protocol,
though, has the added ability to assign particular data paths to particular users on the fly,
optimizing the bandwidth available at any given time [source: 4G Americas].

LTE can operate on a wide range of radio frequency bands, which will allow many mobile
carriers to switch over to LTE without starting from scratch [source: 4G Americas]. The
migration has already begun: 4G LTE is operating in many U.S. and European cities in 2013
[source: Osborne]. It doesn’t require a new phone. LTE can operate alongside 2G and 3G
networks, and multi-mode phones can access any of them, using LTE where it’s available and,
say, HSPA where it’s not [source: 4G Americas].

Having a multi-mode phone, then, is a huge benefit as LTE towers start popping up around the
country and around the world.
 Some phones store certain information, such as the SID and MIN codes, in internal Flash memory,
while others use external cards that are similar to SmartMedia cards.

Cell phones have such tiny speakers and microphones that it is incredible how well most of them
reproduce sound. As you can see in the picture above, the speaker is about the size of a dime and the
microphone is no larger than the watch battery beside it. Speaking of the watch battery, this is used by the
cell phone’s internal clock chip.
What is amazing is that all of that functionality – which only 30 years ago would have filled an entire
floor of an office building – now fits into a package that sits comfortably in the palm of your

1
On a “complexity per cubic inch” scale, cell phones are some of the most intricate devices
people use on a daily basis. Modern digital cell phones can process millions of calculations per
second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream.

If you take a basic digital cell phone apart, you find that it contains just a few individual parts:

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A circuit board containing the brains of the phone

An antenna
A liquid crystal display (LCD)
A keyboard (not unlike the one you find in a TV remote control)
A microphone
A speaker
A battery
Inside a digital cell phone, youll find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more. Look inside a
digital cell phone with photos and explanations of each part.
Inside a digital cell phone, youll find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more. Look inside a
digital cell phone with photos and explanations of each part.
HOWSTUFFWORKS

The circuit board is the heart of the system. The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
conversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming
signal from digital back to analog. You can learn more about A-to-D and D-to-A conversion and
its importance to digital audio in How Compact Discs Work. The digital signal processor (DSP) is a
highly customized processor designed to perform signal-manipulation calculations at high speed.
The microprocessor handles all of the housekeeping chores for the keyboard and display, deals
with command and control signaling with the base station and also coordinates the rest of the
functions on the board.

The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and
customizable features, such as the phone directory. The radio frequency (RF) and power section
handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels.
Finally, the RF amplifiers handle signals traveling to and from the antenna.

The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features in cell phones has
increased. Most current phones offer built-in phone directories, calculators, games, calendars,
notes, Web browsers, and cameras, as well as countless other applications, or apps, to serve
practically any need or want.

 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)

 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Cell Phone Network Technologies: 2G

In FDMA, each phone uses a different frequency.

In FDMA, each phone uses a different frequency.

HOWSTUFFWORKS

Cell phone networks fall into three categories: 2G, 3G and 4G. In 2G networks, there are three common
technologies used for transmitting information:

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Although these technologies sound very intimidating, you can get a good sense of how they work just by
breaking down the title of each one.

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The first word tells you what the access method is. The second word, “division,” lets you know that it
splits calls based on that access method.

FDMA puts each call on a separate frequency.

TDMA assigns each call a certain portion of time on a designated frequency.

CDMA gives a unique code to each call and spreads it over the available frequencies.

The last part of each name is “multiple access.” This simply means that more than one user can use each
cell.

FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of
bandwidth. To better understand FDMA, think of radio stations: Each station sends its signal at a different
frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission. While it is certainly
capable of carrying digital information, FDMA is not considered to be an efficient method for digital
transmission.

TDMA is the access method used by the Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications
Industry Association for Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) and Interim Standard 136 (IS-136). Using TDMA, a
narrow band that is 30 kHz wide and 6.7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots.

Narrow band means “channels” in the traditional sense. Each conversation gets the radio for one-third of
the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed
so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of
an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800-MHz (IS-
54) or 1900-MHz (IS-136) frequency bands.
 Digital phones convert your voice into binary information (1s and 0s) and then compress it (see
How Analog-Digital Recording Works for details on the conversion process). This
compression allows between three and 10 digital cell phone calls to occupy the space of a
single analog call.

Many digital cellular systems rely on frequency-shift keying (FSK) to send data back and forth
over AMPS. FSK uses two frequencies, one for 1s and the other for 0s, alternating rapidly
between the two to send digital information between the cell tower and the phone. Clever
modulation and encoding schemes are required to convert the analog information to digital,
compress it and convert it back again while maintaining an acceptable level of voice quality. All
of this means that digital cell phones have to contain a lot of processing power.

3 Inside a Digital Cell Phone

4 On a “complexity per cubic inch” scale, cell phones are some of the most intricate devices people
use on a daily basis. Modern digital cell phones can process millions of calculations per second in
order to compress and decompress the voice stream.

If you take a basic digital cell phone apart, you find that it contains just a few individual parts:

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Phones
Cell Phones

How Cell Phones Work

By: Marshall Brain, Jeff Tyson & Julia

Layton Inside a Digital Cell Phone

On a “complexity per cubic inch” scale, cell phones are some of the most intricate devices people
use on a daily basis. Modern digital cell phones can process millions of calculations per second
in order to compress and decompress the voice stream.

If you take a basic digital cell phone apart, you find that it contains just a few individual parts:

A circuit board containing the brains of the phone

An antenna

A liquid crystal display (LCD)

A keyboard (not unlike the one you find in a TV remote control)

A microphone

A speaker

A battery

Inside a digital cell phone, youll find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more. Look inside
a digital cell phone with photos and explanations of each part.

Inside a digital cell phone, youll find a circuit board, battery, speaker and more. Look inside
a digital cell phone with photos and explanations of each part.

HOWSTUFFWORKS

The circuit board is the heart of the system. The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion
chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from
digital back to analog. You can learn more about A-to-D and D-to-A conversion and its
importance to digital audio in How Compact Discs Work. The digital signal processor (DSP) is a
highly customized processor designed to perform signal-manipulation calculations at high speed.
 The microprocessor handles all of the housekeeping chores for the keyboard and display, deals
with command and control signaling with the base station and also coordinates the rest of the
functions on the board

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION

Cell phones have brought on a whole new age of technology and they do make life more
convenient in terms of communication

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCED