1.

A solution manual to Assembly language Programming and the organization of the IBM PC Chapter 6
Flow control instructions BY:- Ytha Yu & Charles Marut prepared by : Warda Aziz
[email protected]

2. Question 1: Write assembly code for each of the following decision structures. A) IF AX<0 THEN PUT -1
IN BX END_IF SOLUTION: ;this is just an instruction, editing is required while implementing CMP AX,
0 ;condition if(ax<0) JL loop_ ;goto loop JMP end_if Loop_: ;loop: MOV BX,-1 ;loop body end_if: ;else
{} ;DOS EXIT ;return 0 B) IF AL<0 THEN Put FFh in AH ELSE Put 0 in AH END_IF SOLUTION: ;this is just an
instruction, editing is required while implementing CMP AL,0 JL loop_ JMP loop1 Loop_: MOV AH, 0FFh
JMP end_if Loop1: MOV AH, 0 JMP end_if end_if: ;DOS EXIT C) Suppose DL contains the ASCII code of a
character. (IF DL>= “A”) AND (DL<= “Z”) THEN Display DL END_IF Solution: No editing required, just add
the format of assembly MOV AH,1 INT 21h MOV dl, al

3. CMP dl,"A" JGE jump JMP exit jump: CMP DL, 'Z' JLE jumpe JMP exit jumpe: MOV AH,2 INT 21H JMP
exit exit: ;DOS exit D) if AX<BX THEN IF BX<CX THEN PUT 0 IN AX ELSE Put 0 in BX End_ifEnd_if Solution:
MOV AX,5 MOV BX,6 MOV CX,7 CMP AX,BX ;if ax is less then bx , then check another condition JB label
JMP end_if MOV AX, 0 Label: CMP BX, CX ;if BX<CX satisfies then mov 0 in ax and terminate the code JB
label2 MOV BX,0 JMP end_if Label2: MOV AX,0 JMP end_if end_if: MOV ah,4ch INT 21h E) if(AX<BX) OR
(BX<CX) Then Put 0 in DX Else Put 1in DX End_if

4. Solution: No editing required MOV AX,7 MOV BX,6 MOV CX,5 CMP AX,BX ;if ax is less then bx , mov 0
in dx JB label CMP BX, CX ; OR if BX<CX satisfies then mov 0 in dx JB label MOV DX,1 ;else mov 1 in dx
JMP end_if Label: MOV DX,0 JMP end_if end_if: MOV AH,4ch INT 21h F) if AX<BX THEN Put 0 in AX Else
If(BX<CX) Then Put 0 in BX Else Put 0 in cx end_if End_if Solution: MOV AX,7 MOV BX,6 MOV CX,5 CMP
AX,BX ;if ax is less then bx , mov 0 in ax JB label CMP BX, CX ;else if ax is greater then bx then perform
this section JB label2 ;if bx<cx , mov 0 in bx MOV CX,0 ;else mov 0 in cx JMP end_if label: ;label MOV AX ,
0

5. JMP end_if Label2: ;label 2 MOV BX,0 JMP end_if end_if: MOV AH,4Ch INT 21h Question 2: Use a
CASE structure to code the following:  Read a chracter.  If it’s ‘A’, then execute carriage return  If it’s
‘B’, then execute line feed  If it’s any other chracter , then return to DOS ANS: MOV AH, 1 INT 21h MOV
BL,AL ;reading a character and storing in another register CMP Bl, 'A' ;IF character = A JE carriage ;jump
carriage CMP Bl,'B' ;else if character=B JE line ;jump to line JMP exit ;else exit carriage: MOV AH,2 MOV
DL, 0Dh INT 21h MOV DL, BL INT 21H JMP exit line: MOV AH,2 MOV DL, 0Ah INT 21H MOV DL, BL INT
21H exit: MOV AH,4ch INT 21h Question 3: Write a sequence of instruction to code each of the following
A) Put the sum 1+4+7+…+148 in AX B) Put the sum 100+95+90+…+5 in AX Solution: A)

6. ;Put the sum 1+4+7+...+148 in AX main endp MOV CX, 49;counter for FOR LOOP MOV AX,1 ;adds the
sum of series and store the result MOV BX,1 ;used to move the series 3 steps forward forward Label:
ADD AX,BX ADD BX,3 LOOP Label ;DOS exit INT 21H MOV AH,4CH INT 21H B) Put the sum 100+95+90+…
+5 in AX MOV CX, 19;counter for FOR LOOP MOV AX,100 ;adds the sum of series and store the result
MOV BX,100 ;used to move the series 3 steps forward forward Label: ADD AX,BX SUB BX,3 LOOP
Label ;DOS exit INT 21H MOV AH,4CH INT 21H Question 4: Employee LOOP to do the following:  Put the
sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic sequence 1,5,9,13,… in DX  Read a character and display it
80 times on the next line  Read a five character password and overprint it by executing a carriage
return and display five X’s. you need not store the input characters anywhere. Put the sum of the first 50
terms of the arithmetic sequence 1,5,9,13,… in DX MOV CX,50 MOV BX,1 MOV DX,1 label: ADD DX,BX
ADD BX, 4 LOOP label Read a character and display it 80 times on the next line MOV CX, 80 MOV AH,1

7. INT 21h MOV AH,2 MOV DL,AL label: INT 21H LOOP label Read a five character password and
overprint it by executing a carriage return and display five X’s. you need not store the input characters
anywhere. MOV AH,7 INT 21H INT 21H INT 21H INT 21H INT 21H MOV AH,2 MOV DL,0DH INT 21H MOV
CX,5 LABEL: MOV DL,'X' INT 21H LOOP LABEL Question 5: The following algorithm may be used to carry
out division of two non-negative numbers by repeated subtraction ;let AX contains the quotient ;BX
contains dividend ;DX contains divisor then MOV AX,0 LABEL: CMP BX,DX JGE label2 JMP end LABEL2:
INC AX SUB DX,BX JMP label EXIT: ;DOS exit Question 6: The following algorithm may be used to carry
out multiplication of two positive numbers M and N by repeated addition: Initialize product to 0 Repeat
Add m to product Decrement N Untill n=0

8. Write a sequence of instructions to multiplay AX by BX and put the product in CX. You may ignore the
possibility of overflow Let ax contains the product MOV CX,0 LABEL: ADD CX,AX DEC BX CMP BX,0 JNE
label Question 7: It is possible to setup a count controlled loop that will continue to execute as long as
some condition is satisfied. Using LOOPE, LOOPZ, LOOPNE, LOOPNZ do the following : a) Write
instructions to read characters until either a non blank character is typed , or 80 characters have been
typed. Use LOOPE b) Write instructions to read characters until either a carriage return is typed , or 80
characters have been typed. Use LOOPNE Write instructions to read characters until either a non blank
character is typed , or 80 characters have been typed. Use LOOPE MOV CX,80 MOV AH,1 Label: INT 21h
CMP AL, 20h LOOPE EXIT LOOP LABEL EXIT: MOV AH,4CH INT 21H Write instructions to read characters
until either a carriage return is typed , or 80 characters have been typed. Use LOOPNE MOV CX,80 MOV
AH,1 Label: INT 21h CMP AL, 0Dh LOOPNE LABEL EXIT: MOV AH,4CH INT 21H Question 8: Write a
program to display a “?”, read two capital letters, and display them on the next line in alphabetical
order.

9. CODE: .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .DATA ms db 'Enter two letters $' ch1 DB ? ch2 DB ? .CODE MAIN
PROC MOV AX,@data MOV DS, AX ;prompt the user MOV AH, 9 LEA DX, ms INT 21h ; read two
characters MOV AH, 1 INT 21h MOV ch1,AL INT 21h MOV ch2, AL ;comparing the values CMP ch1, AL JB
ascending JA descending JMP exit ascending: MOV AH,2 MOV DL, ch1 INT 21h MOV DL, ch2 INT 21H JMP
exit descending: MOV AH,2 MOV DL, ch2 INT 21h MOV DL, ch1 INT 21H JMP exit exit: MOV ah,4ch INT
21h MAIN ENDP END MAIN

10. Output: Question 9: Write a program to display the extended ASCII characters (ASCII codes 80h to
FFh). display 10 characters per line, separated by blanks. Stop after the extended characters have been
displayed once. Solution: .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .DATA .CODE MAIN PROC ;prompt the user MOV
AH, 2 MOV CL, 0 ;for space MOV DL, 80H ;initializing dl and bl to character at address 80h MOV BL,80h
WHILE_: MOV DL,BL ;restoring in dl for displaying INT 21H CMP DL, 0FFh JE exit INC Dl MOV
BL,DL ;temporarily storing dl MOV DL,20h ;for space INT 21h INC CL ;incrementing in char for space CMP
cl, 10 JE line MOV DL,BL JMP WHILE_ line: MOV dl,0ah INT 21h MOV dl,0dh INT 21h MOV cl,0 JMP
while_ exit: MOV ah,4ch

11. INT 21h MAIN ENDP END MAIN Output Question 10: Write a program that will prompt the user to
enter a hex digit character (“0”, … , “9” or “A”, … , “”F”), display it on the next line in decimal and ask the
user if he want to do it again. If the user types “y” or “Y”, the program repeats; if the user types anything
else, the program terminates, if the user enters an illegal character, prompt the user to try again.
Solution: CODE: .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .DATA msg DB 0AH,0DH,'Enter a hex character from ‘0’,…,
‘9’ or ‘A’,…, ‘F’$' ch1 DB ? ch2 DB ? msg1 DB 0AH,0DH,"in decimal it is " ch3 DB ?, "$" msg2 DB
0AH,0DH,"In decimal it is: 1" C2 DB ?,'$ ' msg3 DB 0AH,0DH,"do you want to check more
results?",0ah,0dh,"type y for yes , n for no " c3 DB ?, "$" msg4 DB 0AH,0DH,"invlaid input try again
$" .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS, AX again: ;prompt the user

12. MOV AH, 9 LEA dx, msg INT 21h ; read a character MOV AH, 1 INT 21h MOV ch1,AL ;CHECKING the
hex character CMP ch1, 39h ;39h=9 JBE dig CMP ch1, 46h ;46H=F JBE character MOV AH,9 LEA DX, msg4
INT 21h JMP again input: ;if user want to take next input MOV AH,9 LEA DX,msg3 INT 21h MOV AH,1 INT
21h MOV c3, AL CMP c3, 'y' JE again CMP c3, 'Y' JE again JMP exit character: ;CALCULATION for hex
character SUB AL, 11h MOV C2,AL MOV AH,9 LEA DX, msg2 INT 21H JMP input dig: MOV AH,9 LEA DX,
msg1 INT 21h

13. MOV AH,2 MOV DL, ch1 INT 21H JMP input exit: MOV ah,4ch INT 21h MAIN ENDP END MAIN
OUTPUT: Question 11: Do programming exercise 10, except that if the user fails to enter a hex-digit
character in three tries, display a message and terminates the program. CODE: .MODEL SMALL .STACK
100h .DATA msg DB 0AH,0DH,'Enter a hex character $' ch1 DB ? ch2 DB ? msg1 DB 0AH,0DH,"in decimal
it is " ch3 DB ?, "$" msg2 DB 0AH,0DH,"In decimal it is: 1" C2 DB ?,'$ ' msg3 DB 0AH,0DH,"do you want to
check more results?",0ah,0dh,"type y for yes , n for no " c3 DB ?, "$"

14. msg4 DB 0AH,0DH,"invalid input! $" msg5 DB 0AH,0DH ,"Entered invalid input for three times!
$" .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS, AX MOV BL,0 again: ;prompt the user MOV AH, 9 LEA
DX, msg INT 21h ; read a character MOV AH, 1 INT 21h MOV ch1,AL ;CHECKING the hex character CMP
ch1, 39h ;39h=9 JBE dig CMP ch1, 46h ;46H=F JBE character MOV AH,9 LEA DX, msg4 ;invalid input try
again INT 21h INC bl CMP BL,3 JE DISP JMP again DISP: MOV AH,9 LEA DX, msg5 INT 21h JMP exit
input: ;if user want to take next input MOV AH,9 LEA DX,msg3 INT 21h MOV AH,1 INT 21h MOV c3, AL
CMP c3, 'y' JE again CMP c3, 'Y' JE again

15. JMP exit character: ;CALCULATION for hex character SUB AL, 11h MOV C2,AL MOV AH,9 LEA DX,
msg2 INT 21H JMP input dig: MOV AH,9 LEA DX, msg1 INT 21h MOV AH,2 MOV DL, ch1 INT 21H JMP
input exit: MOV ah,4ch INT 21h MAIN ENDP END MAIN OUTPUT: Question 12: Write a program that
reads a string of capital letters , ending with carriage return and display the longest sequence of
consecutive alphabetically increasing capital letters read. CODE: #copied from internet .STACK
100h .MODEL small .DATA inputmsg DB 'Enter a string of capital etters: $' outputmsg DB 0dh, 0Ah, 'The
longest consecutive increasing string is: $ ' .CODE

16. MAIN PROC MOV AX, @DATA MOV DS,AX MOV CH,0 ;ch MOV AH,9 ;dislaying input message LEA
DX,inputmsg INT 21H INPUT_1: MOV AH,1 INT 21H CMP AL, 0DH JE end_ MOV CL,1 MOV BL,AL MOV
DH, AL INPUT_2: INT 21H CMP AL,0dh JE END_ INC bl CMP BL,AL JNE init INC cl JMP input_2 INIT: CMP
CH, CL JL update MOV CL,1 MOV BL,AL MOV DH,AL JMP input_2 update: MOV ch,cl MOV bh,dh MOV
cl,1 MOV bl,al MOV dh,al MOV input_2 end_: CMP CH,CL JL Reupdate JMP end_2 reupdate: MOV CH,CL
MOV BH,DH JMP end_2 end_2: MOV ah,9

17. Lea dx, outputmsg INT 21h MOV ah,2 MOV dl, bh output: CMP ch, 0 JE finish DEC ch INT 21h INC dl
JMP output finish: MOV ah,4ch INT 21h main endp end main Output: