1

UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

SL.NO. NAME OF THE PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT
1 Charge Q COULOMB
2 Electric Permittivity ε C2/(N m2)
3 Electric Field Intensity E N/C or Volt/meter
4 Electric flux ΦE N m2/C
5 Electric dipole moment p Coulomb-meter
6 Electrostatic potential V Volt or Joule/Coulomb
7 Capacitance of capacitor C Farad
8 Electric energy density uE Joule/meter3
9 Linear charge density Λ Coulomb/meter
10 Surface charge density σ Coulomb/meter2
11 Volume charge density ρ Coulomb/meter3
12 Resistance R Ohm
13 Current I Ampere
14 Current density j Ampere/meter2
15 Relaxation time Τ second
16 Conductance C Ohm-1 or mho
17 Specific resistance of resistivity ρ Ohm-meter
18 Conductivity or specific conductance σ mho/meter
19 Potential Gradient Volt/meter
20 Electromotive force ε Volt
21 Resistance gradient Ohm/meter
22 Magnetic field B Tesla
23 Magnetic Permeability µ Tesla-meter/Amp
24 Magnetic moment or Magnetic Dipole moment m Ampere-meter2
25 Magnetization M Ampere/meter
26 Magnetic flux ΦB Weber
27 Magnetic Intensity H Ampere/mete
28 Magnetic Pole strength m Ampere-meter
29 Magnetic Length l meter
30 Current Sensitivity Radian/Ampere
31 Voltage sensitivity Radian/Volt
32 Self Inductance (L) L Henry or Weber/Ampere
33 Mutual Inductance M Henry
33 Torsion Constant k N meter/radian
34 Angular frequency w Radian/second
35 Inductive reactance XL Ohm
36 Capacitative reactance Xc Ohm
 2

UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

SL.NO. NAME OF THE PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT
37 Power of a lens P Diopter
38 Electric Polarization P Coulomb/meter2
39 Electric Displacement D Coulomb/meter2
40 Mobility m2/(Volt – second)
41 Number density m-3
42 Impedance Z Ohm
43 Wave length meter
44 Intensity Joule/(meter2 second)
45 Fringe width Meter
46 Limit of resolution Radian
47 Resolving power (radian)-1
48 Rydberg constant R m-1
49 Activity Becquerel
50 Half life Second
51 Decay constant or disintegration constant (sec)-1

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES WHICH DO NOT HAVE UNITS

SL.NO NAME OF THE PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL
.
1 Dielectric constant K
2 Relative Permittivity µ
3 Relative permeability µ
4 Refractive Index N
5 Power factor P.F.
6 Magnifying power M.P.
7 Linear Magnification M
8 Angular Magnification
9 Electric susceptibility ΧE
10 Magnetic susceptibility ΧB
11 Quality factor Q.F.
12 Fine structure constant Α
13 Current gain
14 Voltage gain
15 Power gain
16 Modulation Index
 3

1. 1 Angstrom (1 A0) = 10-10 m

2. 1 Fermi (1fm) = 10-15 m

1 milli 10-3 6 Kilo 103

2 centi 10-2 7 Hector 102
3 micr 10-6 8 Mega 106
o
4 nano 10-9 9 Giga 109
5 pico 10-12

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
SL.NO. NAME OF THE PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL Value
1 Electric permittivity of free space or ε0 8.85 x 10-12 C2/ (N m2)
vacuum or air
2 Mass of electron me 9.1 x 10-31 kg
3 Charge of electron -1.6 x 10-19 C
4 Charge of proton + 1.6 x 10-19 C
5 Mass of proton 1.6 x 10-27 kg
6 Mass of neutron 1.6 x 10-27 kg
7 Charge of Alpha particle + 3.2 x 10-19 C
8 Mass of alpha particle 6.4 x 10-27 kg
9 Dielectric constant of water k 80
10 Magnetic permeability of air µ0 4π x 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere
11 Speed of light c 3 x 108m/s
12 Gyromagnetic ratio 8.8 x 1010 C/kg
13 Planck’s constant h 6.62 x 10-34 Joule-second
14 Boltzmann constant kB 1.38 x 10-23 Joule/Kelvin
15 Rydberg Constant R 1.097 x 107 m-1
16 Nuclear density 2.29 x 1017 kg/m3
17 Charge of positron + 1.6 x 10-19C
18 Gravitational Constant G 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2
19 Avagadro number NA 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
20 Universal Gas Constant 8.314 J /(mol Kelvin)
21 Faraday constant F 96500 Coulomb/mol
 4

IMPORTANT VALUES
1. 1/(4πεo) = 9 x 109 N m2/C2
2. µ0/ 4π = 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere
3. 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla
4. 1 electron Volt = 1 eV = 1.6 x10-19 J
5. Magnitude of fundamental charge = e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
6. 1 kilo Watt hour (I unit) = 3.6 x 106 J
7. 1 horse power = 746 Watt
8. Bohr Magnetron = 9.27 x 10-24 A m2
9. Least Distance of distant vision (D) = 25cm
10. Normal adjustment = Infinity
11. Bohr Radius = r0 = 0.53 A0 = 0.53 x 10-10 m
12. Fine structure constant = α = 1/137
13. 1 atomic mass unit (1amu) = 1 u =1.6605 x 10-27 kg
14. 1 atomic mass unit in terms of energy = 931.5 MeV /c 2 where c = speed of light
15. Mass of electron = 0.00055 u
16. Mass of proton = 1.00727 u
17. Mass of neutron = 1.00866 u
18. Mass of Hydrogen = 1.00783 u
19. Mass of Deuterium = 2.0141 u
20. Mass of Tritium = 3.0160 u
21. Mass of Helium = 4.00260 u
22. 1 Curie = 3.7 x 1010 Becquerel(Bq)
23. 1 Calorie = 4.2 Joule
24. Electron charge /mass of electron (e/m) = 1.76 x 1011C/kg
25. Electron rest mass energy = mc2 = 0.511 MeV
26. Energy equivalent of 1 u =1 u* c2 = 931.5 M eV
 5

FACTORS ON WHICH --------------------------DEPENDS:

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

SL. PHYSICAL FORMULA FACTORS

NO. QUANTITY
1 Capacitance of C = (є0A)/d Nature of Area Geometrical Distance
capacitor medium arrangement between two
of conductors plates
2 Resistance R = ( l)/A Nature of Area Length Temperature
substance
3 Resistivity Nature of Temperature
substance
4 Wire of meter Manganin or High Low
bridge constantan resistivity temperature
of coefficient
Magnetic field Concave Radial and Soft iron core
poles or uniform
cylindrical
poles
Spiral spring Flat spring Non Torsional High tensile
(The coil of of Quartz magnetic constant is strength
material of Phosphor substance, small
5 Galvanometer
wire) bronze Low TCR
No. of turns, Magnetic field Area
Current Torsional
constant
Sensitivity
No. of turns, Magnetic field Area
Voltage Torsional Resistance
constant
6 Electric heater Nichrome High High melting High
resistivity point malleability
7 Electric fuse Alloy of Low M.P. High
copper, tin and Resistance
lead
8 Emf of cell Nature of Electrolyte Internal Independent
electrodes resistance of size of
electrode
9 Internal resistance Nature of Electrolyte Area Distance
electrodes between
electrodes
 6

Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of the charged capacitor with:
Property Battery connected Battery disconnected
Charge K Q0 Q0
Potential difference V0 V0/K
Electric field E0 E0/K
Capacitance KC0 KC0
k∗1 2 1
ϵ E [Energy is supplied ∗1
Energy 2 0 k 2
ϵ0 E
By battery] 2

UNIT II MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT, MAGNETISM, EMI, AC CIRCUITS

Sl. Physical quantity Formula Factors

No.
1 Magnetic field due B = (μ0I)/(2πr) Current Distance
to straight
conductor
2 Circular coil B = (μ0I)/(2r) Nature of Current Distance No. of
medium turns
3 Solenoid B = = 0 n I Nature of Current Length No. of
=(0 i N)/l medium turns
4 Toroid B = = 0 n i Nature of Current Length No. of
= (0 i N)/( 2πr) medium turns
Time period Magnetic Mass & Independent
T =( 2m) / qB field charge of speed
Radius r= (mv)/(qB) Magnetic Mass & speed
5 Cyclotron
field charge
Angular frequency Magnetic Mass & Independent
w = (qB) / m field charge of speed
MAGENTISM
Sl. No. Physical quantity Uses Factors
Alloys are Alnico, Ticonal
Permanent used
1
magnets Material of it High coercivity High retentivity High permeability
( Wider histerisis loop
2 Steel High coercivity Too large area of
( Wider histerisis loop) histerisis loop
Ferromagnetic .Soft iron
materials are
used
3 Electromagnet
Soft iron High permeability Low retentivty Low
coercivity( Long
hysteris loop)
 7

4 Core of high Ferrites are High permeability Low eddy current

frequency coil used.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, AC CIRCUITS

SL. PHYSICAL FORMULA Factors

NO. QUANTITY
1 Induced emf e =-(dφ)/dt = No. of Magnetic Area Time
-N d(BA)/dt turns field
2 Magnetic flux Φ = N B. A No. of Magnetic Area Angle between
turns field area vector and
magnetic field
3 Motional emf e=Blv Magnetic Velocity Length
field
4 Self L = (μ0N2A)/l Nature of No. of Area Length
inductance =(μ0n2Al) medium turns
5 Mutual L = (μ0 N1N2A)/l Nature of No. of Area Length Geometrical
inductance =(μ0n1n2 Al) medium turns arrangement of
coils
6 Transformer Nature No. of Efficiency
turns
7 AC Generator  =NBA cos t No. of Magnetic Angular Area Angle between
=NBA sin t turns field frequenc area vector and
y magnetic field

WAVE OPTICS
SL.NO. IMPORTANT Formula Factors
POINT
1 Shape of wave Shape of
front source
of
disturbance
2 Angular width of θ=2λ/a Wavelength Slit Medium(RI) Independent
central width n=Refractive of D
maximum in index
diffraction
3 Width of central w=(2Dλ)/a Wavelength Slit Medium(RI) D
maximum width
3 Fringe width β0 = Dλ / d Wavelength Slit Medium(RI) D
width
β = β0 /n

4 Focal length of f α 1 / (n-1). Refractive Medium Wavelength

convex lens index
5 Angular width in θ= λ/d Wavelength Slit Medium(RI) Independent
 8

interference width of D

.
RAY OPTICS
SL.NO. PHYSICAL FORMULA FACTORS
QUANTITY
1 Refractive Wavelength Independent of the
Index angle of incidence
2 Critical angle n=1/sin C Colour of Wavelength Pair of
the light media
n  1/ 2 Sin C  2 C is max. for red
3 Angle of d=A(n-1) Angle of Material of prism Wavelength Angle of
deviation prism incidence
4 Dispersive δ v −δ r Nature of Independent of
power ω= prism angle of prism
δ
n2/ n1 = c/v= λ1/ λ2 = sin i/sin r

Physical Bends Refractive Wavelength Frequency Speed of Angle of

quantity index light deviation
Colour more Violet Violet Red Violet Red Violet
Colour less Red Red Violet More Violet Red

Astronomical telescope
Factor Magnifying power Resolving power Limit of
resolution
Formula M.P. = fo / fe d / 1.22 λ, d = diameter of objective 1.22 λ / d

Focal length of If fo increases, M.P. As focal length decreases, Decreases

objective lens increases wavelength decreases, so R.P.
increases
Focal length of Eye If fe increases, M.P.
piece decreases
Aperture of eye No effect as aperture
piece changes
Aperture of As aperture increases, R.P. also decreases
objective lens increases
Wavelength of light As wavelength increases, R.P. increases
decreases
Length As length increases.
MP Decreases
Diameter of the D increases, R.P. increases.
objective lens
 9

Compound Microscope
Factor Magnifying power
Formula M.P. = LD / f0fe

Focal length of objective lens If fo increases, M.P. decreases

Focal length of Eye piece If fe increases, M.P. decreases
Aperture of eye piece No effect as aperture changes
Aperture of objective lens

Wavelength of light

Length Decreases

Diameter of the objective lens

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
SL.NO. PHYSICAL FACTORS
QUANTITY
1 Photo Intensity of Potential Nature of Does not depend
current(No. of incident light Difference emitter on wavelength or
photo applied material Frequency of
electrons) between two incident radiation
applied
2 Kinetic energy Wavelength or Does not
of photo Frequency of depend on the
electrons incident light Intensity of
incident light
3 Stopping Frequency of Nature of K.E. of Does not depend Independent of
Potential incident light emitter photo on the Intensity the distance of
material electrons the source
4 Saturation Intensity of Does not
current incident light depend on the
frequency of
incident light
5 Work function Nature of Does not
substance depend on
intensity of
incident light
6 Distance of the Intensity of No. of photo Photo Does not effect
Incident light incident light electrons current the frequency of
source the light
7 Quantum of Frequency Wavelength
energy
8 Frequency of Kinetic energy Stopping Independent of
incident light potential no. of photo
 10

electrons

ELECTROSTATICS PART I
SL. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA
NO.
1 Quantization of charge Q = ne n=±1,±2, …… e = 1.6 * 10-19C
2 Electric Force(F) between 1 q1 q2 1/ 4 0 = 9 X 10 9 N m2/ C2
two charges in air F= Electric Permittivity 0 = 8.85 X 10 –12 C2/ N m2
4 π є O r2
3 Electric force(F) in terms F=qE
of electric field(E),
charge(q)
4 Electric Field(E) due to 1 q
charge q at a distance r E=
4 π єO r 2
5 Electric potential (V) due 1 q
to charge q at a distance r V=
4 π єO r
6 Electrostatic potential 1 q1 q2
energy (U) of a system U=
4 π єO r
consist of two charges
7 Electric potential in terms V = W/q
of work(W) and charge(q)
8 Electric potential in terms V=E*r
of potential and distance
9 Electrostatic potential U=qV
energy in terms of
potential and charge
10 Electric dipole moment (p) p =2a x q q=magnitude of either of charges, 2a= distance
between two charges,
Direction is from – ve charge to + charge
11 Electric field of a dipole at 1 p Direction is opposite to dipole moment.
a point on the equatorial E=
4 π єO r 3
plane
12 Dipole Electric field at a 1 2p Direction is along the dipole moment.
point on the dipole axis E=
4 π єO r 3

13 Electric potential at a 1 p cos ϴ

point due to a dipole V=
4 π єO r 2
14 Potential energy of a U =−pE cos ϴ
dipole
15 Torque Τ = pE sin ϴ
16 Linear charge density (λ) λ = charge /length
17 Surface Charge density (σ) σ = charge/Area
18 Volume charge density (ρ) ρ = charge/volume
 11

ELECTROSTATICS PART II
SL. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA
NO.
1 Electric flux in terms of electric field Φ = Electric field x Area X Cos ϴ
2 Electric flux in terms of charge q
φ=
є0
3 Electric field due to a thin infinitely long 1 λ
straight wire E=
2 π єO r
4 Electric field due to an infinite thin E = σ/(2є0)
plane sheet
5 Electric field due to a finite thin plane E = σ/є0
sheet
6 Electric field of a thin spherical shell of 1 q
uniform surface charge density of radius (i) Out side the spherical shell (r≥R) E=
4 π єO r 2
R
(ii) Inside the spherical shell (r<R) E =0
r is a distance of the point from the centre of the shell

7 Electric field due to two thin infinite − [ σ 1 +σ 2 ]

parallel sheets of charge (i)To the left of sheets E=
2 є0

(ii)In the middle of the sheets E=

[ σ 1−σ 2 ]
2 є0

(iii)To the right of the sheets E=

[ σ 1+ σ 2 ]
2 є0

If σ1 = -σ2 = σ,

(i)To the left of sheets E=0

σ
(ii)In the middle of the sheets E=
є0
(iii)To the right of the sheets E=0

8 Electric potential of a thin spherical 1 q

shell of uniform surface charge density (i) Out side the spherical shell (r≥R) V =
4 π єO r
of radius R
(ii) Inside the spherical shell (r<R) V =0
r is a distance of the point from the centre of the shell

9 Capacitance of a capacitor C C = charge /potential = q/V

10 Parallel plate capacitor with air as C0 = (є0A)/d
medium
 12

11 Capacitors in series 1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C 2 C3
12 Capacitors in parallel C = C1+ C2 + C3
13 Energy stored in capacitor q2 1CV2
U= or U =
2C 2
14 Energy density (uE) of electric field 1 єo E2
u E=
2
15 Capacitance of isolated spherical C = 4π є0 r
conductor
16 Capacitor with a conducting slab of є0 A
thickness t C=
d−t
17 Dielectric slab of thickness t є0 A
C=
d−t 1− [ ] 1
k
18 Dielectric constant (k) or relative F 0 E0 V 0 C U є
permittivity(єr) k= = = = = =
F E V C 0 U 0 є0
19 Contact potential C V +C V
V= 1 1 2 2
C1 +C 2
20 Loss in electrostatic energy 1 C 1 × C2 2
∆U= ( V −V 2 )
2 C1 +C 2 1

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA
1 Current I I = charge/time = q/t
2 Potential difference (v) V =IR
3 Resistance ρL
R=
A
4 Conductance C = 1/R
5 Conductivity σ =1/ρ
6 Current in terms of drift velocity I = neAvd
7 Drift velocity in terms of electric field Vd=(eEτ)/m
E
8 Resistivity in terms of relaxation time ρ=m/(ne2τ)
τ
9 Current density J=I/A = σ *E
Mobility μ = Drift velocity / Electric field = vd/E
10 Terminal potential difference V = є – Ir where є = emf

( Vє −1) R
11 Internal resistance (r)
r=
12 Resistors in parallel 1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R2 R3
 13

13 Resistors in series R = R1+ R2 + R3

14 Temperature coefficient of resistance R2 −R 1
α=
R1 ( T 2−T 1 )
15 Wheatstone Bridge P/Q =R/S
16 Meter Bridge R ( 100−L )
X=
L
17 Potentiometer (i)Compare the emfs: є1/є2 = l1/l2

(ii)Internal resistance r =
( )
l1
l2
−1 R

18 Identical cells in parallel Effective Internal resistance = r/n

Current I = (nE)/(r+nR)
19 Different Cells in parallel E 1 r 2 + E2 r 1
E=
r 1 +r 2
20 Power P P =i2R

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA
1 Magnetic field due to straight conductor B = (μ0I)/(2πr)
2 Circular coil (i)At the centre: B = (μ0I)/(2r)
(ii) at a point along the axial line
B= μ0Nir2/2(r2+x2)3/2
3 Magnetic moment m=current x area=IA
3 Solenoid B = 0 n I =(0 i N)/l
4 Toroid B = 0 n i = (0 i N)/( 2πr)
Time period T =( 2m) / qB
Radius r= (mv)/(qB)
5 Cyclotron
Ang. frequency w = (qB) / m
K.E. =(q2B2r2)/2m
6 Force per unit length between two parallel conductors μ0 I 1 I 2
F=
2 πr
7 Magnetic force experienced by a coil in uniform magnetic field F = q v B sin Ɵ (OR) I L B sin ϴ
Lorentz Electric force F = Qe
7 Lorentz magnetic force F = q v B sin Ɵ
Lorentz Force F =q(E + v B sin Ɵ)
Speed of electromagnetic wave in air c = 1/(√μ0 є0)
8 Speed of electromagnetic wave in terms of amplitudes of v =E/B
electric field and magnetic field
9 Galvanometer: Current sensitivity : Ɵ /I = NAB/k
Voltage sensitivity: Ɵ /V =NAB/(kR)
Resistance needed to convert
 14

galvanometer to Ammeter
R=G/(k-1) where k =I/Ig
Resistance needed to convert
galvanometer to Voltmeter
R = (V/Ig)-G
10 Magnetic moment m=NIA
11 Torque experienced by coil in uniform magnetic field Τ=m B sin Ɵ
Potential energy possessed by coil U = - m B cos Ɵ
Magnetic moment of an electron revolving around nucleus μl =(eL)/2m where L = angular
momentum
12
Bohr Magneton(smallest value of magnetic moment μ B μB = (eh)/(4πme)
Geomagnetic ratio μl/L = e/(2me) where L = (nh)/(2π)
Magnetic moment of electron M = (evr)/2

MAGNETISM
SL.NO PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA
.
1 Angle of Dip () Tan  = Bv/BH Bv = Vertical component of Earth’s
Magnetic field
BH = Horizontal component of Earth’s
Magnetic field
2 Magnetic susceptibility Χm =M/H M=Magnetisation, H = Magnetic
Intensity
3 Magnetic dipole m=mp *2l Mp = pole strength
moment(m)
Magnetic field of a bar Along axial line B = (0 2m)/ (4 r3)
magnet Along equatorial line
B = (0 m)/ (4 r3)
4 Magnetic permeability Μ =B/H where B = Magnetic field in
the material, H = Magnetic intensity

Sl. No Physical Quantity Symbol Formula Unit

1 Magnetic moment or M IA A – m2
Magnetic Dipole moment
2 Magnetic Field B F/(q v sin ϴ) Tesla
 15

3 Magnetization M m/Volume A /m
4 Magnetic Permeability of air µo B/M T m /A
5 Magnetic Permeability of substance µ µo µ r T m /A
6 Magnetic flux ΦB B * Area Weber
7 Magnetic Intensity H A/m
8 Magnetic Susceptibility Χm M/H No Unit
9 Relative Magnetic Permeability µr 1 + Χm No unit
Of substance
10 Magnetic Pole charge or Pole strength qm or m A-m
11 Magnetic Length 2l Distance between two poles Meter
12 Magnetic Dipole moment 2l * m A-m2

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

1 Induced emf Change in flux/change in current
2 Magnetic flux ΦB = N * B * A* cos Ɵ N = no. of turns,
B = Magnetic field,
A = Area , Ɵ = Angle
between magnetic field
and area vector
3 Motional emf (E) E=BLv L = length of coil,
v = velocity coil
Force F = (B2L2v)/R
4 Motional emf between entre and E = ½ B ω L2 ω = Angular velocity
far end of the rod which is rotating
in the magnetic field
5 Magnetic energy U = ½ Li2
6 Self Inductance L = φ/I
E = L(dI/dt)
L = (μ0N2A)/l =(μ0n2Al)
7 Mutual Inductance M = φ/I
E = M(dI/dt)
M = (μ0 N1 N2 A)/l =(μ0 n1 n2 Al)
8 Series combination of Inductors L = L1+L2
Parallel combination 1/L = (1/L1) + (1/L1)
9 AC generator V = Vm Sin ωt
Vm = N I A B ω
10 Transformer E1/E2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1

ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS PART I

GENERAL EQUATION MAXIMUM MEAN

CURRENT I = Io Sin wt ORIo I == IIr m s 2 Iav = 2 Io / 

VOLTAGE V = Vo Sin wt OR V = V0 Cos wt Vo = Vr m s 2 Vav = 2 Vo / 

 16

PHYSICA Resistance Reactance (X) Impedance (Z)

L
QUANTIY

SYMBOL R For inductor Inductive reactance XL = wL LR circuit Z =R2 + XL2

For capacitor,
Capacitative reactance XC = 1/ wC RC circuit Z =R2 + XC2

LRC circuit Z =R2 + (XL – XC)2

CURRENT I = V/R For inductor, I = V / XL , For capacitor I = V / XC I = V/Z for LR, RC, LCR circuit

RESISTANCE CAPACITOR INDUCTOR

VOLTAGE V = Vo Sin wt V = Vo Sin wt V = Vo Sin wt
CURRENT I = Io Sin wt I = Io Sin (wt + 900) I = Io Sin (wt -900)
PHASE RELATION Both current and voltage Current leads voltage Current lags voltage behind
are in phase with each other. by 900 by 900

Resistance R Capacitative reactance Inductive reactance XL = wL

Xc = 1/wc
CURRENT (MAX.) Io = V0 / R Io = V0 / Xc Io = V0 / XL
where Xc = 1/wc Where XL = wL
PHASE ANGLE =0  =900  = 900
POWER FACTOR Cos  = 1 Cos  = 0 Cos  = 0
POWER 0
(Vrms)2/R 0

LR SERIES CIRCUIT RC SERIES CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE V = Vo Sin wt V = Vo Sin wt
CURRENT I = Io Sin (wt –φ) I = Io Sin (wt + φ)
PHASE RELATION Voltage lags the current by φ Current leads voltage by angle φ
.
PHASE ANGLE Tan  = XL / R Tan  = XC / R
IMPEDENCE Z =  R 2 + XL 2 Z =  R 2 + X C2
CURRENT (MAX.) Io = V0 / Z Io = V0 / Z

POWER FACTOR Cos  =R/Z Cos  = R/Z

ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS PART II

LCR SERIES CIRCUIT
LCR SERIES LCR SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
 17

CIRCUIT(CAPACITATIVE) CIRCUIT(INDUCTIVE
XC  XL XL  XC XL =XC OR ω = 1/√LC
VOLTAGE V = Vo Sin wt V = Vo Sin wt V = Vo Sin wt
CURRENT I = Io Sin (wt –φ) I = Io Sin (wt + φ) I = Io Sin wt
PHASE RELATION Voltage lags the current by φ Current leads voltage by angle Current and voltage are in phase. Angle
. φ φ=00
PHASE ANGLE Tan  = (XC - XL) /R Tan  = (XL – XC) / R  = 00
IMPEDENCE Z =  R2 + (XC - XL)2 Z =  R2 + (XL – XC)2 Z=R

CURRENT (MAX.) Io = V0 / Z Io = V0 / Z Io = V0 / Z = V0 / R = MAXIMUM

POWER FACTOR Cos  =R/Z Cos  = R/Z Cos  = 1

POWER VRMS IRMS Cos  =( VRMS2 R)/Z2 VRMS IRMS Cos  =( VRMS2 R)/Z2 VRMS IRMS Cos  =( VRMS2 R)/Z2 = VRMS2 /R
POWER IS MAXIMUM

Power P = Vr m s I r m s cos  where  = phase angle, Cos  = Power factor

Quality Factor(Q.F.) =(ωrL)/R or (Voltage across L or C) at resonance/R

Energy across LC oscillations U = Q2/2C

Admittance = 1 / Impedance = 1/ Z

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
SL.NO PHYSICAL QUANTIY FORMULA
.
1 Displacement current d φE
Id = ϵ0
dt
2 General equation of electromagnetic wave E = E0 sin (kx-wt)
B = B0 sin (kx-wt)
2 Speed of electromagnetic wave V =Eo/B0
Speed of electromagnetic wave in air 1
c=
μ0 ϵ 0
Speed of electromagnetic wave in a medium 1 c
v= v=
μϵ μr ϵ r

WAVE OPTICS

SL.NO NAME OF THE PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

.
1 Refraction n2/ n1= v1/ v2= λ1/ λ2= sin i/sin r
2 Amplitude of resultant wave interference a2 = a12 + a22 + 2 a1 a2 cos θ
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y1 = a1 sin ϴ, y2 = a2 sin (wt+ ϴ)

3 Phase angle Tan φ =(a2 sin Ɵ)/(a1 + a2 sin Ɵ)
4 Intensity I =I1 + I2 + 2 cos Ɵ(√ I1 I2)
5 Relation between Path difference and Phase 2 π∗Path difference
difference Phase Difference =
λ
6 Constructive Interference Path difference = nλ where n = 0,1,2,..
Phase difference = n *2π

( 12 ) λ
Destructive interference
Path difference = n+ where n = 0,1,2,

Phase difference = (n+ 12 ) λ

7 Relation between Intensity, Amplitude and 2
I 1 a1 w 1
width of slits = =
I 2 a22 w2
Relation between Maximum and minimum IMAX/IMIN= (a1+a2)2/(a1-a2)2
intensities, Amplitude

8 Fringe width in interference β=(λD)/d

Fringe width in a medium other than air β =(β0/n)
Angular position in interference Δϴ = λ/d

Position of nth bright fringe yn =(nλD)/d

( 12 ) λDd
Position of nth dark fringe
Yn = n+

9 Condition for minima in Diffraction nλ

ϴ m= where n = 1,2,3,…
d

( 12 ) dλ
Condition for secondary maxima in
diffraction Yn = n+ where n =1,2,3,

Width of central maximum or Principal 2 λD

maximum 2 x=
d

RAY OPTICS PART I

SL.NO PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

.
1 Refractive index of medium 2 with respect to n21 =n2/n1
medium n21
2 Snell’s law n2 sin i
=
n1 sinr
3 Refractive index in terms of apparent depth and real n=(Real depth)/(Apparent depth)
depth
4 Principle of reversibility n21=1/n12
5 Lens formula 1 1 1
− =
v u f
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Magnification m=I/O =v/u or m = f/(f +u) or m = (f-v)/f

Power of lens P = 1/f where f is in meters
Combined lens system (d= Power: P =P1 + P2-d P1 P2
distance between two lenses) 1 1 1 d
Focal length = + −
f f1 f 2 f 1f2
Magnification m =m1 m2
Refraction through spherical surface −n1 n2 n2−n1
+ =
u v R
6

( )( )
Lens Maker’s Formula 1 n 1 1
= 2 −1 −
f n1 R 1 R2

( A +2 D )
Prism Refractive Index of material of Prism
sin
n2
=
sin ( )
n1 A
7 2
Angle of deviation for thin Prism D=A(n-1)
Dispersive Power δ v −δ r
ω=
δ
8 Total Internal Reflection n=1/sin C where C = critical Angle
Mirror Formula 1 1 1
+ =
9 v u f
Radius of Curvature and focal length R =2f
Magnification m=I/O = -v/u or m = f/(f-u) or m = (f-v)/f

RAY OPTICS PART II

MICROSCOPES & TELESCOPES

INSTRUMENT Magnifying power Length of tube Nature of

 20

At D At Infinity or At D At Infinity
normal image
adjustment

( )
Simple -(D/f) D Erect, virtual and
Microscope − 1+ magnified
F

( )
Compound −L D −LD Distance Virtual,
Microscope 1+ fof e between magnified and
fo fe
Objective an inverted
eye piece=v0
+ue

( )
Refracting −f o f −f 0 feD L = f0 +fe
Telescope 1+ e f 0+
fe D fe f e+ D
Reflecting −f 0
Telescope
fe

Resolving power and Limit of resolution

Instrument Limit of resolution Resolving power
Microscope λ / (2 μ Sin θ) (2 μ Sin θ) / λ μ = Refractive index of medium,
μ sin ϴ = Numerical aperture,
ϴ = Angle at the cone of light rays
entering the microscope
Telescope (1.22 λ) / d d / (1.22 λ) d=Diameter of objective lens

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

Plank’s constant h=6.62 *10-34 J-sec
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1 electron Volt 1 eV= 1.6 x10-19 J

1 Energy of photon E =hν or E =(hc)/ λ
2 Work Function Φ = hνo or φ =(hc)/ λo
3 Kinetic energy of photoelectron K.E. = ½ mv2 OR K.E. = qV
4 Einstein’s photo-electric effect Energy of incident photon =Work Function+ K.E.
equation E =φ + K.E.
or hν = hνo + ½ mv2 or hν = hνo + qV
5 Momentum p = mv =√ 2 m∗K . E . = √ 2 m∗K . E .
6 de-Broglie Wavelength λ =h/p =h/(mv)
= h/√ 2 m∗K . E .
= h/√ 2 m∗qV
de-Broglie wavelength for λ =h/p = h/ √ 2 m∗eV
electron λ = 12.27 A0/√ V
7 Plank’s constant h= e* slope of the graph between Potential difference
and Frequency
e∗dV
h=
dν
NUCLEI

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

1 Size of Nucleus R = R0 A1/3 R0 = 1.2 x10-15 m = 1.2 fm
2 Density of nucleus Mass/Volume = 2.3 *1017 kg/m3
3 1 atomic mass unit (1u) 1 u = 1.6609 * 10-27kg
1 atomic mass unit in terms of 1 u = 931.5 M eV/c2
energy
9 1atomic mass unit(1 u ) 1∗Mass of one atom of C−12
1 u=
12
4 Mass of electron 0.00055 u
Mass of proton 1.00727 u
Mass of neutron 1.00866 u
5 Einstein’s Mass –energy E =mc2
relation
6 Mass Defect ∆ m=[ Z m p+ ( A−Z ) mn ]
Binding energy B.E. = ∆ m∗c 2 or ∆ m∗931.5 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon Ebn Ebn = B.E./A

ATOMS

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

 22

Bohr Radius R0 = 0.53 A0 = 0.53 * 10-10 m

Fine structure constant α = 1/137
Rydberg constant R = 1.097 * 107 m-1
1 Distance of closest approach or Size or nucleus 1 2 Z e1
d=
4π ϵ0 K . E .
Impact Parameter 2 θ
Z e cot
b= 2
4 π ϵ 0( K . E .)
2 Potential energy of electron 2
−1 e
P . E .=
4 π ϵ0 r
Kinetic energy of electron 2
1 e
K . E .=
8π ϵ0 r
Total energy of electron 2
−1 e
P . E .=
8 π ϵ0 r
Total energy, P.E., K.E. P.E. = 2 * Total energy = |K . E|
3 Radius of Atom R = R0 * n2 where n =1,2,3..
Ratio of radii of different orbit 1:4:9: …
4 Velocity of electron cα
v n= where n = 1,2,3..
n
Ratio of the velocity 1:1/2:1/3: …..
5 Energy of electron −1 mc 2 α 2
En = -13.6 eV/n2 = 2
2 n
6 Bohr quantization condition L = (nh)/(2π) = mvr
Energy condition E=E1 –E2

hγ =−13.6

n2
[ 1 1
−
n21 n22 ]
where n1 <

[ ]
7 Wavelength of spectral line 1 1 1
=R 2 − 2 where n1 < n2
λ n1 n2
8 Excitation energy ( From Ground state to 1st excited state) E =E2 –E1
Ionisation energy( From Ground state to out of the atom E =Eα –E1

Sl. No. Name of the series Longest Wavelength Shortest Wavelength

1 Lyman 4/3R = 1215.4 A0 1/R =911 A0
2 Balmer 36/5R = 6559 A0 4/R = 3644 A0
3 Paschen 144/7R = 18742 A 0 9/R = 8199 A0
4 Brackett 400/9R = 40589 A 0 16/R = 14576 A 0
5 Pfund 900/11R = 74536 A 0 25/R = 22775 A 0
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
 23

SL.NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY FORMULA

1 Total Current in semi conductor I I = Ie + Ih
Current I =neAvd
2 Relation between ni, nh and ne ni2 = ne nh
3 Static resistance in Diode R = V/I
Dynamic resistance Rd = ΔV/ΔI