Class 12 - Maths - Matrices
Class 12 - Maths - Matrices
Maths
Chapter 3 – Matrices
Exercise 3.1
2 5 19 7
5
1. In the matrix A 35 2 12 , write
2
3 1 5 17
i. The order of the matrix.
Ans: The order of a matrix is m n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. Therefore, here the order is 3 4 .
2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What
if it has 13 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 24 .
1 24 , 24 1 , 2 12 , 12 2 , 3 8 , 8 3 , 4 6 , 6 4 are all the
13 1 .
3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
What if it has 5 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 18 .
1 18 , 18 1 , 2 9 , 9 2 , 3 6 , 6 3 are all the possible ordered pairs
here.
If the matrix had 5 elements, then the ordered pairs would be 1 5 and 5 1
1
Given that a ij 3i j ,
2
1
a11 3 1 1 1
2
1 5
a 21 3 2 1
2 2
1
a 31 3 3 1 4
2
ii. aij 2i j
1 0 1 2
Thus, the required matrix is A 3 2 1 0 .
5 4 3 2
4 3 y z
i.
x 5 1 5
4 3 y z
Ans: Given 1 5
x 5
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
x 1, y 4,z 3
x y 36 32
2
x y 2
When x y 2 and x y 6 ,
We get x 4, y 2
When x y 2 and x y 6 ,
We get x 2, y 4
x 4, y 2,z 0 or x 2, y 4,z 0
x y z 9
iii. x z 5
y z 7
x y z 9
Ans: Given x z 5
y z 7
a b 2a c 1 5
2a b 3c d 0 13
a b 2a c 1 5
Ans: Given
2a b 3c d 0 13
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
a b 1 …(1)
2a b 0 …(2)
2a c 5 …(3)
3c d 13 …(4)
From equation (2),
b 2a
From equation (1),
a 2a 1
A. m n
B. m n
C. m n
D. None of these
Ans: A given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal
to the number of columns.
A a y is a square matrix if, m n .
mn
8. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices
equal
3x 7 5 0 y 2
y 1 2 3x 8 4
1
A. x ,y 7
3
B. Not possible to find
Exercise 3.2
2 4 1 3 2 5
1. Let A ,B 2 5 ,C 3 4
3 2
Find each of the following
i. A B
2 4 1 3
Ans: Given A ,B
3 2 2 5
2 4 1 3
A B
3 2 2 5
2 1 4 3
AB
3 2 2 5
3 7
AB
1 7
ii. A B
2 4 1 3
Ans: Given A ,B 2 5
3 2
2 4 1 3
A B 2 5
3 2
1 1
AB
5 3
iii. 3A C
2 4 2 5
Ans: Given A ,C 3 4
3 2
2 4 2 5
3A C 3 3 4
3 2
6 12 2 5
3A C
9 6 3 4
6 2 12 5
3A C
9 3 6 4
8 7
3A C
6 2
iv. AB
2 4 1 3
Ans: Given A ,B 2 5
3 2
2 4 1 3
AB
3 2 2 5
2 1 4 2 2 3 4 5
AB
31 2 2 3 3 2 5
6 26
AB
1 19
1 3 2 4
BA
2 5 3 2
1 2 3 3 1 4 3 2
BA
2 2 5 3 2 4 5 2
11 10
BA
11 2
a b a b a a b b
b a b b a a
b a
a b a b 2a 2b
b a 0
b a 2a
a 2 b 2 b 2 c2 2ab 2bc
Ans: we have to find 2 2
a c a 2 b 2 2ac 2ab
b 2 c2 2ab 2bc a b b c
2 2
a 2 b 2
2 2
a c a 2 b 2 2ac 2ab a c 2 a b
2
1 4 6 12 7 6
iii. 8 5 16 8 0 5
2 8 5 3 2 4
1 4 6 12 7 6
Ans: we have to find 8 5 16 8 0 5
2 8 5 3 2 4
1 4 6 12 7 6 1 12 4 7 6 6
8 5 16 8 0 5 8 8 5 0 16 5
2 8 5 3 2 4 2 3 8 2 5 4
1 4 6 12 7 6 11 11 0
8 5 16 8 0 5 16 5 21
2 8 5 3 2 4 5 10 9
a b a b a a b b a b b a
b a b a b a a b b b a a
a b a b a 2 b 2 0
b a b a 0 a 2 b2
1
ii. 2 2 3 4
3
1
Ans: We have to find 2 2 3 4
3
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 4
3 3 2 3 3 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 2 3 4 4 6 8
3 6 9 12
1 2 1 2 3
iii.
2 3 2 3 1
1 2 1 2 3
Ans: we have to find
2 3 2 3 1
1 2 1 2 3 3 4 1
2 3 1 8 13 9
2 3
2 3 4 1 3 5
iv. 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
2 3 4 1 3 5
Ans: we have to find 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
2 3 4 1 3 5
3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
2 1 3 0 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 0 2 5 3 4 4 5
31 4 0 5 3 3 3 4 2 5 0 3 5 4 4 5 5
4 1 5 0 5 3 4 3 5 2 6 0 4 5 5 4 6 5
2 3 4 1 3 5 14 0 42
3 4 5 0 2 4 18 1 56
4 5 6 3 0 5 22 2 70
2 1
1 0 1
v. 3 2
1 2 1
1 1
2 1
1 0 1
Ans: we have to find 3 2
1 2 1
1 1
2 1 1 2 3
1 0 1
3 2 1 4 5
1 2 1
1 1 2 2 0
2 3
3 1 3
vi. 1 0
1 0 2
3 1
2 3
3 1 3
Ans: we have to find 1 0
1 0 2 3 1
2 3
3 1 3
3 2 11 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 1
1 0
1 0 2 3 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 1 3 0 0 2 1
2 3
3 1 3 14 6
1 0
1 0 2 3 1 4 5
1 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 2
4. If A 5 0 2 ,B 4 2 5 ,C 0 3 2 ,then
1 1 1 2 0 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 2
Ans: Given A 5 0 2 ,B 4 2 5 ,C 0 3 2
1 1 1 2 0 3 1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2
A B 5 4 0 2 2 5
1 2 1 0 1 3
4 1 1
A B 9 2 7
3 1 4
3 1 2 4 1 2
And B C 4 2 5 0 3 2
2 0 3 1 2 3
3 4 1 1 2 2
B C 4 0 2 3 5 2
2 1 0 2 3 3
1 2 0
B C 4 1 3
1 2 0
Now,
1 2 3 1 2 0
A B C 5 0 2 4 1 3
1 1 1 1 2 0
1 1 2 2 3 0
A B C 5 4 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 1 0
4 1 1 4 1 2
And A B C 9 2 7 0 3 2
3 1 4 1 2 3
4 4 1 1 1 2
A B C 9 0 2 3 7 2
3 1 1 2 4 3
0 0 3
A B C 9 1 5 …(2)
2 1 1
Thus, from equation (1) and (2),
A B C A B C
Hence proved.
2 5 2 3
3 1 5 1
3 5
5. If A
4
and B
1 2 1 2 4
then compute 3A 5B .
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2
2 7 6 2
3 3 5 5 5
2 5 2 3
3 1 5 1
3 5
Ans: Given that A
4
and B
1 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2 7 6 2
2
3 3 5 5 5
2 3 5 2 3 5
3A 5B 1 2 4 1 2 4
7 6 2 7 6 2
0 0 0
3A 5B 0 0 0
0 0 0
3 0
XY …(2)
0 3
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get,
7 0 3 0
2X 0 3
2 5
10 0
2X
2 8
1 10 0
X
2 2 8
5 0
X
1 4
7 0
Now, since X Y
2 5
5 0 7 0
Y 2 5
1 4
7 0 5 0
Y 1 4
2 5
2 0
Y
1 1
2 3 2 2
ii. 2X 3Y and 3X 2Y
4 0 1 5
Ans: Given:
2 3
2X 3Y …(1)
4 0
2 2
3X 2Y …(2)
1 5
Multiplying equation (1) with two we get,
2 3
2 2X 3Y 2
4 0
4 6
4X 6Y …(3)
8 0
Multiplying equation (2) with three we get,
2 2
3 3X 2Y 3
1 5
6 6
9X 6Y …(4)
3 15
From equation (3) and (4),
4 6 6 6
4X 6Y 9X 6Y
8 0 3 15
2 12
5X
11 15
2 12
5 5
X
11 3
5
2 3
Now, since 2X 3Y
4 0
2 12
5 5 2 3
2 3Y
11 4 0
3
5
4 24
5 5 2 3
3Y
22 4 0
6
5
4 24
2 3 5 5
3Y
4 0 22 6
5
6 39
5 5
3Y
42 6
5
2 13
5 5
Y
14 2
5
3 2 1 0
8. Find X ,if Y and 2X Y 3 2 .
1 4
3 2
Ans: Given Y
1 4
1 0
And 2X Y
3 2
3 2 1 0
2X
1 4 3 2
1 0 3 2
2X 1 4
3 2
2 2
2X
4 2
1 2 2
X
2 4 2
1 1
X
2 1
1 3 y 0 5 6
9. Find X and Y ,if 2 1 2 1 8
0 x
1 3 y 0 5 6
Ans: Given: 2
0 x 1 2 1 8
2 y 6 0 5 6
0 1 2x 2 1 8
2 y 6 5 6
1 2x 2 1 8
x z 1 1 3 5
2 3 0 2 3 4 6
y t
x z 1 1 3 5
Ans: Given: 2 3 3
y t 0 2 4 6
2x 2z 3 3 9 15
2y 2t 0 6 12 18
2x 3 2z 3 9 15
2y 2t 6 12 18
2 1 10
11. If x y ,find values of x and y .
3 1 5
2 1 10
Ans: Given: x y
3 1 5
2x y 10
3x y 5
2x y 10
5
3x y
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
2x y 10 and
3x y 5
Adding these two equations, we get:
5x 15
x 3
Now, since 3x y 5
y 5 3x
y 59
y 4
x 3, y 4
3x 3y x 4 6 x y
3z 3w 1 z w 2w 3
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
3x x 4
x2
3y 6 x y
y4
3w 2w 3
w 3
3z 1 z w
z 1
x 2, y 4,z 1, w 3
cos x sin x 0
13. If F x sin x cos x 0 , show that F x F y F x y .
0 0 1
cos x sin x 0
Ans: Here, F x sin x cos x 0
0 0 1
cos y sin y 0
F y sin y cos y 0
0 0 1
cos x y sin x y 0
F x F y sin x y cos x y 0 …(1)
0 0 1
cos x y sin x y 0
And F x y sin x y cos x y 0 …(2)
0 0 1
5 1 2 1 5 2 1 3 5 1 1 4
Ans: LHS: 3 4 6 2 7 3 6 1 7 4
6 7
5 1 2 1 7 1
3 4 33 34 …(1)
6 7
2 1 5 1 2 5 1 6 2 1 1 7
RHS: 6 7 3 5 4 6 3 1 4 7
3 4
1 2 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 3
ii. 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 0
Ans: LHS:
1 2 3 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 2 3 4
1 2 3 1 1 0 5 8 14
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 …(1)
1 1 0 2 3 4 2 3 4
RHS:
1 1 0 1 2 3
0 1 1 0 1 0
2 3 4 1 1 0
2 0 1
15. Find A 2 5A 6I if A 2 1 3 .
1 1 0
2 0 1
Ans: Given: A 2 1 3
1 1 0
A2 AA
2 0 1 2 0 1
A 2 2 1 3 2 1 3
1 1 0 1 1 0
5 1 2
A 2 9 2 5
0 1 2
5 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
A 2 5A 6I 9 2 5 5 2 1 3 6 0 1 0
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1
5 10 1 0 2 5 6 0 0
A 2 5A 6I 9 10 2 5 5 15 0 6 0
0 5 1 5 2 0 0 0 6
5 1 3 6 0 0
A 2 5A 6I 1 7 10 0 6 0
5 4 2 0 0 6
1 1 3
A 5A 6I 1 1 10
2
5 4 4
1 0 2
16. If A 0 2 1 , prove that A3 6A2 7A 21 0 .
2 0 3
1 0 2
Ans: Given: A 0 2 1
2 0 3
A2 AA
1 0 2 1 0 2
A 0 2 1 0 2 1
2
2 0 3 2 0 3
1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 6
A 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 2 3
2 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 9
Now, A3 A2 A
5 0 8 1 0 2
A3 2 4 5 0 2 1
8 0 13 2 0 3
5 0 16 0 0 0 10 0 24
A 2 0 10 0 8 0 4 4 15
3
8 0 26 0 0 0 16 0 39
21 0 34
A3 12 8 23
34 0 55
A3 6A2 7A 21
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0
12 8 23 6 2 4 5 7 0 2 1 2 0 1 0
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 1
A3 6A2 7A 21
21 0 34 30 0 48 7 0 14 2 0 0
12 8 23 12 24 30 0 14 7 0 2 0
34 0 55 48 0 78 14 0 21 0 0 2
21 30 7 2 0 0 0 0 34 48 14 0
A3 6A 2 7A 21 12 12 0 0 8 24 14 2 23 30 7 0
34 48 14 0 0 0 0 0 55 78 21 2
A3 6A2 7A 21 0
Hence proved.
3 2 1 0
17. If A and I , find k so that A2 kA 21 .
4 2 0 1
3 2
Ans: Given: A
4 2
A2 AA
3 2 3 2
A2
4 2 4 2
9 8 6 4
A2
12 8 8 4
1 2
A2
4 4
Now, A2 kA 21
1 2 3 2 1 0
k 4 2 2 0 1
4 4
1 2 3k 2k 2 0
4k 2k 0 2
4 4
1 2 3k 2 2k
4 4 4k 2k 2
0 tan
2
18. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2 , show
tan 0
2
that
cos sin
I A I A
sin cos
0 tan
Ans: Given: A 2
tan 0
2
0 tan
1 0 2
LHS: I A
0 1 tan 0
2
1 tan
2
IA …(1)
tan 1
2
0 tan
cos sin 1 0 2 cos sin
RHS: I A
sin cos 0 1 tan sin cos
0
2
1 tan
cos sin 2 cos sin
I A
sin cos tan sin cos
1
2
cos sin
I A
sin cos
2
1 2sin 2sin cos tan 2sin cos 2cos 2 1 tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2cos 2 1 tan 2 2sin 2 cos 2 2sin cos tan 1 2sin 2
2
2 2 2
cos sin
I A
sin cos
2 2
1 2sin 2sin 2sin cos 2sin cos tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos tan 2sin cos 2sin 2
1 2sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 tan
cos sin
I A
2
…(2)
sin cos tan 1
2
Thus, from equation (1) and (2).
LHS RHS
Hence proved.
19. A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types
of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond
pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how
to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund must
obtain an annual total interest of:
i. Rs 1,800
5
100
x 30000 x 1800
7
100
5x 7 30000 x
1800
100 100
210000 2x 180000
x 15000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1,800 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 15000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 15000 in the second bond.
ii. Rs 2,000
Ans: Let Rs x be invested in the first round.
Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond pays Rs 30000 x
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays
7% interest per year.
We know that,
principle rate
Simple interest for one year is .
100
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 ,
5x 7 30000 x
2000
100 100
210000 2x 200000
x 5000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 5000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 25000 in the second bond.
1210 80 8 60 10 40
121680
20160
Therefore, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale.
21. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are the matrices of order 2 n,3 k,2 p,n 3
and p k respectively. The restriction on n,k,p so that PY WY will
be defined are:
A. k 3,p n
22. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are matrices of order 2 n,3 k,2 p,n 3
and p k respectively. If p n , then the order of the matrix 7X 5Z is:
A. p 2
B. 2 n
C. n 3
D. p n
Ans: Matrix X is of the order 2 n .
Thus, matrix 7X is also of the same order.
Since, p n
Matrix Z is of the order 2 p or 2 n .
Exercise 3.3
1 1
ii.
2 3
Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
1 1 1 2
Thus, if A , then A T
1 3
2 3
1 2 3 4 1 5
2. If A 5 7 9 and B 1 2 0 , then verify that
2 1 1 1 3 1
1 5 2 4 1 1
Thus, we have A ' 2 7 1 and B' 1 2 3
3 9 1 5 0 1
1 2 3 4 1 5
A B 5 7 9 1 2 0
2 1 1 1 3 1
5 3 2
A B 6 9 9
1 4 2
1 5 2 4 1 1
And A ' B' 2 7 1 1 2 3
3 9 1 5 0 1
5 6 1
A ' B' 3 9 4 …(2)
2 9 2
1 2 3 4 1 5
Ans: Given that: A 5 7 9 and B 1 2 0
2 1 1 1 3 1
1 5 2 4 1 1
Thus, we have A ' 2 7 1 and B' 1 2 3
3 9 1 5 0 1
1 2 3 4 1 5
A B 5 7 9 1 2 0
2 1 1 1 3 1
3 1 8
A B 4 5 9
3 2 0
1 5 2 4 1 1
And A ' B' 2 7 1 1 2 3
3 9 1 5 0 1
3 4 3
A ' B' 1 5 2 …(2)
8 9 0
3 4
1 2 1
3. If A' 1 2 and B
1 2 3
, then verify that
0 1
3 1 0
Thus, we have: A
4 2 1
1 1
And B' 2 2
1 3
3 1 0 1 2 1
A B
4 2 1 1 2 3
3 4 1 1
A ' B' 1 2 2 2
0 1 1 3
2 5
A ' B' 1 4 …(2)
1 4
3 1 0
Thus, we have: A
4 2 1
1 1
And B' 2 2
1 3
3 1 0 1 2 1
A B
4 2 1 1 2 3
4 3 1
AB
3 0 2
3 4 1 1
A ' B' 1 2 2 2
0 1 1 3
4 3
A ' B' 3 0 …(2)
1 2
2 3 1 0
4. If A' and B 1 2 , then A 2B ' .
1 2
Ans: We know that, A A ' '
2 1
A
3 2
2 1 1 0
A 2B 2
3 2 1 2
2 1 2 0
A 2B
3 2 2 4
4 1
A 2B
5 6
4 5
A 2B '
1 6
1
i. A 4 ,B 1 2 1
3
1
Ans: LHS: AB 4 1 2 1
3
1 2 1
AB 4 8 4
3 6 3
1 4 3
AB ' 2 8 6 …(1)
1 4 3
Now, A' 1 4 3
1
And B' 2
1
1
RHS: B'A ' 2 1 4 3
1
1 4 3
B'A' 2 8 6 …(2)
1 4 3
0
Ans: LHS: AB 1 1 5 7
2
0 1 2
AB 0 5 10
0 7 14
0 1 2
AB ' 0 5 10 …(1)
0 7 14
Now, A' 0 1 2
1
And B' 5
7
1
RHS: B'A ' 5 0 1 2
7
0 1 2
B'A ' 0 5 10 …(2)
0 7 14
sin cos
ii. A
, then verify that A'A I
cos sin
sin cos
Ans: Here, A '
cos sin
1 1 5
Ans: Given A 1 2 1
5 1 3
1 1 5
A ' 1 2 1
5 1 3
0 1 1
ii. The matrix A 1 0 1 is a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1 0
0 1 1
Ans: Given A 1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
A' 1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
A ' 1 0 1
1 1 0
1 6
A '
5 7
1 5 1 6
A A' 5 7
6 7
2 11
A A'
11 14
2 11
A A ' '
11 14
Here, we have A A' A A' '
Thus, A A' is a symmetric matrix.
1 5
Ans: Given A
6 7
1 6
A '
5 7
1 5 1 6
A A'
6 7 5 7
0 1
A A'
1 0
0 1
A A ' '
1 0
Here, we have A A' A A' '
Thus, A A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
0 a b
9. Find A A' and A A' , when A a 0 c .
1 1
2 2
b c 0
0 a b
Ans: Given A a 0 c
b c 0
0 a b
A ' a 0 c
b c 0
0 a b 0 a b
A A ' a 0 c a 0 c
b c 0 b c 0
0 0 0
A A ' 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A A ' 0 0 0
1
2
0 0 0
0 2a 2b
A A ' 2a 0 2c
2b 2c 0
0 a b
A A ' a 0 c
1
2
b c 0
10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix:
3 5
i.
1 1
3 5 3 1
Ans: Let A and A ' 5 1
1 1
3 5 3 1
Now, A A '
1 1 5 1
6 6
A A'
6 2
1
Let P A A'
2
1 6 6
P
2 6 2
3 3
P
3 1
0 4
A A'
4 0
1
Let Q A A'
2
1 0 4
Q
2 4 0
0 2
Q
2 0
0 2
Now, Q'
2 0
Here, Q Q'
1
Q A A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
3 3 0 2
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P and Q .
3 1 2 0
6 2 2
ii. 2 3 1
2 1 3
6 2 2 6 2 2
Now, A A ' 2 3 1 2 3 1
2 1 3 2 1 3
12 4 4
A A ' 4 6 2
4 2 6
1
Let P A A'
2
12 4 4
P 4 6 2
1
2
4 2 6
6 2 2
P 2 3 1
2 1 3
6 2 2
Now, P ' 2 3 1
2 1 3
Here, P P'
1
P A A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
6 2 2 6 2 2
Now, A A ' 2 3 1 2 3 1
2 1 3 2 1 3
1
Let Q A A'
2
0 0 0
Q 0 0 0
1
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
Q 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Now, Q' 0 0 0
0 0 0
Here, Q Q'
1
Q A A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
6 2 2 0 0 0
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P 2 3 1 and Q 0 0 0 .
2 1 3 0 0 0
3 3 1
iii. 2 2 1
4 5 2
3 3 1 3 2 4
Ans: Let A 2 2 1 and A ' 3 2 5
4 5 2 1 1 2
6 1 5
A A ' 1 4 4
5 4 4
1
Let P A A'
2
6 1 5
1
P 1 4 4
2
5 4 4
1 5
3 2 2
P 1
2 2
2
5
2 2
2
1 5
3 2 2
Now, P' 1
2 2
2
5
2 2
2
Here, P P'
1
P A A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
3 3 1 3 2 4
Now, A A ' 2 2 1 3 2 5
4 5 2 1 1 2
1
Let Q A A'
2
0 5 3
Q 5 0 6
1
2
3 6 0
5 3
0 2 2
5
Q 0 3
2
3
3 0
2
5 3
0
2 2
Now, Q' 3
5
0
2
3
3 0
2
Here, Q Q'
1
Q A A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
1 5 5 3
3 2 2 0
2 2
5
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P 2 2 and Q 3 .
1
0
2 2
5 3
2 2 3 0
2 2
1 5 1 1
Now, A A ' 5 2
1 2
2 4
A A'
4 4
1
Let P A A'
2
1 2 4
P
2 4 4
1 2
P
2 2
1 2
Now, P '
2 2
Here, P P'
1
P A A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
1 5 1 1
Now, A A ' 5 2
1 2
0 6
A A'
6 0
1
Let Q A A'
2
0 3
Q
3 0
0 3
Now, Q '
3 0
Here, Q Q'
1
Q A A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
1 2 0 3
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P and Q 3 0 .
2 2
AB BA ' AB BA …(2)
From equation (2),
AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 56
cos sin
12. If A
, then A A' I , if the value of is
sin cos
A.
6
B.
3
C. n
3
D.
2
cos sin
Ans: Given A
sin cos
cos sin
A'
sin cos
Now, A A' I
cos sin cos sin 1 0
sin cos 0 1
sin cos
2cos 0 1 0
0 2cos 0 1
1 1 1 0
A
0 5 2 1
1
Applying R 2 R 2
5
1 0
1 1
2 1A
0 5
5 5
Applying R1 R1 R 2
3 1
1 1 5 5
2 A
0 5 1
5 5
3 1
5 5
A 1
2 1
5 5
1 0 1 1
A
0 1 0 1
Applying R 2 R 2 R1
1 1 1 1
1 2 A
0 5
1 1
A 1
1 2
1 3 1 0
A
0 1 2 1
Applying R1 R1 3R 2
1 0 7 3
2 1 A
0 1
7 3
A 1
2 1
2 3 1 0
2 1 A
1 1
Applying R1 R 2
1 1 2 1
A
2 3 1 0
Applying R 2 R 2 2R1
1 0 7 3
A
0 1 5 2
7 3
A 1
5 2
2 1 1 0
A
1 1 3 1
Applying R1 R1 R 2
1 0 4 1
7 2 A
0 1
4 1
A 1
7 2
5 1
1 0
2 2
A
0 1 1 1
2 2
Applying R1 R1 5R 2
1 0 3 5
1 1 A
0 1
2 2
Applying R 2 2R 2
1 0 3 5
A
0 1 1 2
3 5
A 1
1 2
6 2 2 0
A
5 2 0 1
Applying R1 R1 R 2
1 0 2 1
0 1 A
5 2
Applying R 2 R 2 5R1
1 0 2 1
A
0 2 10 6
1
Applying R 2 R 2
2
1 0 2 1
5 3 A
0 1
2 1
A 1
5 3
1 1 1 1
A
3 4 0 1
Applying R 2 R 2 3R1
1 1 4 5
3 4 A
0 1
Applying R1 R1 R 2
1 0 4 5
A
0 1 3 4
4 5
A 1
3 4
1 3 1 1
A
2 7 0 1
Applying R 2 R 2 2R1
1 3 1 1
2 3 A
0 1
Applying R1 R1 3R 2
1 0 7 10
A
0 1 2 3
7 10
A 1
2 3
1 1 1 1
A
0 2 0 1
Applying R 2 R 2 4R1
1 1 1 1
4 3 A
0 2
1
Applying R 2 R 2
2
1 1
1 1
2 3 A
0 1
2
Applying R1 R1 R 2
1
1
1 0 2
A
0 1 2 3
2
1
1
2
A 1
2 3
2
1 2 0 1
1 0 A
2 6
Applying R 2 R 2 2R1
1 2 0 1
A
0 2 1 2
1
Applying R 2 R 2
2
0 1
1 2
1 A
0 1 1
2
Applying R1 R1 2R 2
1 3
1 0
1 A
0 1 1
2
1 3
A 1
1
1
2
1
1 3
1 6
2 A
1
0 0 1
3
Since, we can see all the zeros in the second row of the matrix on the L.H.S, A1
does not exist.
1 1 1 1
A
0 1 1 2
Applying R1 R1 R 2
1 0 2 3
1 2 A
0 1
2 3
A 1
1 2
1 3 2
Ans: Let A 3 0 5
2 5 0
Since A IA
1 3 2 1 0 0
3 0 5 0 1 0 A
2 5 0 0 0 1
1 3 2 1 0 0
0 9 11 3 1 0 A
0 1 4 2 0 1
Applying R1 R1 3R 3 and R 2 R 2 8R 3
1 0 10 5 0 3
0 1 21 13 1 8 A
0 1 4 2 0 1
Applying R 3 R 3 R 2
1 0 10 5 0 3
0 1 21 13 1 8 A
0 0 25 15 1 9
1
Applying R 3 R3
25
2 3
1
1 0 0 5 5
0 1 0
2 4 11
A
5 25 25
0 0 1
3 1 9
5 25 25
2 3
1
5 5
A
1 2 4 11
5 25 25
3 1 9
5 25 25
2 0 1
Ans: Let A 5 1 0
0 1 3
Since A IA
1
Applying R1 R1
2
1 1
1 0 0 0
2 2
5 1 0 0 1 0 A
0 1 3 0 0 1
Applying R 2 R 2 5R1
1 1
1 0 0 0
2 2
0 1
5 5
1 0 A
2 2
0 1 3 0 0 1
Applying R 3 R 3 R 2
1 1
1 0 0 0
2 2
0 1
5 5
1 0 A
2 2
1 5
0 0 1 1
2 2
Applying R 3 2R 3
3 1 1
A 1 15 6 5
5 2 2
0 1
, show that aI bA anI nan1bA , where I is the
n
1. Let A
0 0
identity matrix of order 2 and n N .
0 1
Ans: Given A
0 0
By using the principle of mathematical induction.
For n 1 ,
P 1 : aI bA aI bA
Therefore, the result is true for n 1 .
Let the result be true for n k .
aI bA aI bA aI bA
k 1 k
aI bA a k I ka k 1bA aI bA
k 1
aI bA a k I k 1 a k bA ka k 1b 2A 2
k 1
…(1)
Now,
0 1 0 1
A2
0 0 0 0
0 0
A2
0 0
A2 0
0 0
1 1 1 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1
2. If A 1 1 1 , prove that A n 3n1 3n 1 3 n 1 , n N .
1 1 1 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1
1 1 1
Ans: Given A 1 1 1
1 1 1
By using the principles of mathematical induction.
For n 1 , we have
311 311 311
P 1 311 311 311
311 311 311
30 30 30
P 1 30 30 30
30 30 30
1 1 1
P 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
P 1 A
Therefore, the result is true for n 1 .
Let the result be true for n k .
1 1 1 3 3k 1 3k 1
k 1
A k 1 1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1
1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1
3 3k 1 3 3k 1 3 3k 1
A k 1 3 3k 1 3 3k 1 3 3k 1
3 3k 1 3 3k 1 3 3k 1
3 k 11 3 k 11 3 k 11
k 1 1 k 11 k 11
A k 1 3 3 3
k 11 k 11 k 11
3 3 3
Thus, the result is true for n k 1
Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1
0 1
A n 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 where A , nN .
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 0 0
3 4 1 2n 4n
3. If A
n
n 1 2n
, then prove A where n is any positive
1 1
integer.
3 4
Ans: Given A
1 1
By using the principle of mathematical induction.
3 2k 4 4k
A k 1
1 k 1 2k
1 2 k 1 4 k 1
A k 1
1 k 1 2 k 1
AB BA ' AB BA …(2)
From equation (2),
AB BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
1 4 1
A 1
11 3 2
adj
x 1 5
y 11 12
5
x 11
y 12
11
5 12
Thus, x and y .
11 11
1 2 0 0
Ans: Given 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 O
1 0 2 x
0
1 4 1 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 O
x
0
6 2 4 2 O
x
6 0 2 2 4 x O
4 4x 0
4 4x 0
x 1
Thus, the required value of x is 1 .
3 1
8. If A , show that A2 5A 7I O .
1 2
3 1
Ans: Given A
1 2
A2 A A
3 1 3 1
A2
1 2 1 2
8 5
A2
5 3
LHS: A2 5A 7I
8 5 3 1 1 0
5 7
5 3 1 2 0 1
8 5 15 5 7 0
5 3 5 10 0 7
0 0
0 0
O
RHS: O
LHS RHS
A2 5A 7I O hence proved.
1 0 2 x
9. Find X , if x 5 1 0 2 1 4 O .
2 0 3 1
1 0 2 x
Ans: Given x 5 1 0 2 1 4 O
2 0 3 1
x x 2 40 2x 8 O
x 2 48 0
x 2 48 0
x 4 3
Thus, the required value of x is 4 3 .
Market Products
I 10000 2000 18000
II 6000 20000 8000
b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00 , Rs 1.00 and
50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
Ans: Here, the total cost prices of all the products in the market I can be
represented in the
form of a matrix as:
2.00
10000 2000 18000 1.00
0.50
1000 2.00 2000 1.00 18000 0.50
31000
As, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs46000 Rs31000 Rs15000 .
And, the total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
2.00
6000 20000 8000 1.00
0.50
6000 2.00 20000 1.00 8000 0.50
36000
As, the total revenue in market II is Rs 53000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs53000 Rs36000 Rs17000 .
a 4c 2a 5c 3a 6c 7 8 9
b 4d 2b 5d 3b 6d 2 4 6
Comparing the corresponding elements of two matrices, we have:
a 4c 7
2a 5c 8
3a 6c 9
b 4d 2
2b 5d 4
3b 6d 6
Now, solving the above equations we get,
a 1,b 2,c 2,d 0
1 2
Thus, the required matrix X is .
2 0
12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB BA
, then prove by induction that ABn Bn A . Further, prove that
AB Bn An for all n N .
n
AB1 B1A
Therefore, the result is true for n 1 .
Let the result be true for n k .
P k : ABk Bk A …(1)
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n k 1 .
ABk1 ABk B
ABk 1 Bk A B
ABk 1 Bk AB
ABk 1 Bk BA
ABk 1 Bk B A
ABk 1 Bk 1A
Therefore, the result is true for n k 1 .
By the principle of mathematical induction, we have ABn Bn A , n N .
B. 1 2 0
C. 1 2 0
D. 1 2 0
A. A
B. I A
C. I
D. 3A
Ans: I A 7A I3 A3 3A 3A 2 7A
3
I A 7A I A3 3A 3A 2 7A
3
Given that A2 A ,
I A 7A I A 2 A 3A 3A 2 7A
3
I A 7A I A A A
3
I A 7A I
3