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Class 12 - Maths - Matrices

The document provides solutions to exercises from Chapter 3 - Matrices from the NCERT Class 12 Maths textbook. It includes solutions to problems involving finding the order and elements of matrices, determining possible orders of matrices based on the number of elements, constructing matrices based on given conditions, solving systems of equations represented by matrices, and identifying when a matrix is a square matrix. The solutions find values for variables, determine matrix orders and elements, construct example matrices, and select the correct option to identify a square matrix.

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Aishwarya Mishra
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
126 views

Class 12 - Maths - Matrices

The document provides solutions to exercises from Chapter 3 - Matrices from the NCERT Class 12 Maths textbook. It includes solutions to problems involving finding the order and elements of matrices, determining possible orders of matrices based on the number of elements, constructing matrices based on given conditions, solving systems of equations represented by matrices, and identifying when a matrix is a square matrix. The solutions find values for variables, determine matrix orders and elements, construct example matrices, and select the correct option to identify a square matrix.

Uploaded by

Aishwarya Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12

Maths

Chapter 3 – Matrices

Exercise 3.1
 2 5 19 7 
 
5
1. In the matrix A   35 2 12  , write
 2 
 
 3 1 5 17 
i. The order of the matrix.
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. Therefore, here the order is 3  4 .

ii. The number of elements.


Ans: Since the order of the given matrix is 3  4 therefore, the number of
elements in it is 3  4  12 .

iii. Write the elements a13 ,a 21 ,a 33 ,a 24 ,a 23


Ans: The elements are given as a mn . Therefore, here a13  19 , a 21  35 ,
5
a 33  5 , a 24  12 , a 23  .
2

2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What
if it has 13 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 24 .
1 24  ,  24  1 ,  2 12  , 12  2  ,  3  8 , 8  3 ,  4  6  ,  6  4  are all the

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 1


possible ordered pairs here.
If the matrix had 13 elements, then the ordered pairs would be 1 13 and

13  1 .

3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
What if it has 5 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 18 .
1 18 , 18 1 ,  2  9  , 9  2  , 3  6  ,  6  3 are all the possible ordered pairs
here.
If the matrix had 5 elements, then the ordered pairs would be 1 5 and  5  1

4. Construct a 3  4 matrix, whose elements are given by


1
i. aij  3i  j
2
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
Ans: A 3  4 matrix is given by A  a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 
 
 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 

1
Given that a ij  3i  j ,
2
1
 a11  3  1  1  1
2
1 5
a 21  3  2  1 
2 2
1
a 31  3  3  1  4
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 2


1 1
a12  3  1  2 
2 2
1
a 22  3  2  2  2
2
1 7
a 32  3  3  2 
2 2
1
a13  3  1  3  0
2
1 3
a 23  3  2  3 
2 2
1
a 33  3  3  3  3
2
1 1
a14  3  1  4 
2 2
1
a 24  3  2  4  1
2
1 5
a 34  3  3  4 
2 2
 1 1
1 2
0
2
 
Thus, the required matrix is A   1 .
5 3
2
2 2 
 7 5
4 3 
 2 2 

ii. aij  2i  j

 a11 a12 a13 a14 


Ans: A 3  4 matrix is given by A  a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 

 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 
Given that a ij  2i  j ,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 3


 a11  2  1  1  1
a 21  2  2  1  3
a 31  2  3  1  5
a12  2  1  2  0
a 22  2  2  2  4
a 32  2  3  2  4
a13  2  1  3  1
a 23  2  2  3  1
a 33  2  3  3  3
a14  2  1  4  2
a 24  2  2  4  0
a 34  2  3  4  2

1 0 1 2 
Thus, the required matrix is A  3 2 1 0  .
 
5 4 3 2 

5. Find the value of x,y,z from the following equation:

 4 3  y z 
i.   
 x 5  1 5
 4 3  y z 
Ans: Given     1 5
 x 5   
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
x  1, y  4,z  3

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 x  y 2   6 2
ii. 
   5 8
 5 z xy   
 x  y 2  6 2
Ans: Given   
 5  z xy  5 8 
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
x  y  6, xy  8,5  z  5
Now, 5 z 5
z0
We know that,  x  y    x  y   4xy
2 2

  x  y   36  32
2

  x  y   2

When  x  y   2 and  x  y   6 ,

We get x  4, y  2
When  x  y   2 and  x  y   6 ,
We get x  2, y  4
 x  4, y  2,z  0 or  x  2, y  4,z  0

 x  y  z   9
iii.  x  z    5 
 y  z   7 

 x  y  z  9 
Ans: Given  x  z    5 
   
 y  z  7 

Comparing the corresponding elements we get,


xyz9 …(1)

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 5


xz5 …(2)
yz7 …(3)
From equation (1) and (2),
y59
y4
From equation (3) we have,
4z 7
z3
xz5
x2
 x  2, y  4,z  3

6. Find the value of a,b,c,d from the equation:

 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
 2a  b 3c  d    0 13 
   
 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
Ans: Given   
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
a  b  1 …(1)
2a  b  0 …(2)
2a  c  5 …(3)
3c  d  13 …(4)
From equation (2),
b  2a
From equation (1),
a  2a  1

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 a 1
b2
From equation (3),
2 1  c  5
c3
From equation (4),
3  3  d  13
d 4
a  1,b  2,c  3,d  4

7. A  ay  is a square matrix, if


mn

A. m  n
B. m  n
C. m  n
D. None of these
Ans: A given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal
to the number of columns.
 A  a y  is a square matrix if, m  n .
mn

Thus, option (C) is correct.

8. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices
equal
 3x  7 5  0 y  2
 y  1 2  3x    8 4 
  
1
A. x  ,y  7
3
B. Not possible to find

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 7


2
C. y  7,x 
3
1 2
D. x  ,y 
3 3
3x  7 5  0 y  2 
Ans: Given   4 
 y  1 2  3x  8
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
3x  7  0
7
x
3
y25
y7
y 1  8
y7
2  3x  4
2
x
3
Since we get two different values of x ,which is not possible. It is not possible to
find the values of x and y for which the given matrices are equal.
Thus, the correct option is (B).

9. The number of all possible matrices of order 3  3 with each entry 0 or 1


is:
A. 27
B. 18
C. 81
D. 512

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 8


Ans: Given matrix is of the order 3  3 has nine elements and each of these
elements can be either 0 or 1 .
Now, each of the nine elements can be filled in two possible ways.
Therefore, the required number of possible matrices is 29  512 .

Exercise 3.2

 2 4  1 3  2 5 
1. Let A    ,B   2 5  ,C   3 4
 3 2    
Find each of the following
i. A  B
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   
3 2  2 5

 2 4   1 3
A  B    
 3 2   2 5

 2  1 4  3
AB 
3  2 2  5 

3 7 
AB 
1 7 

ii. A  B
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 2 4   1 3
A  B      2 5
 3 2   

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 9


 2  1 4  3
AB 
3  2 2  5 

1 1 
AB 
5 3

iii. 3A  C
2 4  2 5 
Ans: Given A    ,C   3 4
3 2  

 2 4   2 5 
 3A  C  3     3 4
 3 2   
6 12   2 5 
 3A  C    
9 6   3 4 

6  2 12  5
 3A  C   
9  3 6  4 

8 7 
 3A  C   
6 2 

iv. AB
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 2 4   1 3
 AB    
 3 2   2 5
 2 1  4  2  2  3  4  5 
 AB   
 31  2  2  3  3  2  5  
 6 26 
 AB   
 1 19 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 10


v. BA
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 1 3  2 4 
 BA    
 2 5  3 2 

 1 2   3 3 1 4   3  2  
 BA   
 2  2   5  3 2  4   5  2  
11 10 
 BA   
11 2 

2. Compute the following:


 a b a b
i. 
   b a 
 b a   
 a b a b
Ans: We have to find   
 b a   b a 

 a b a b  a  a b  b 
    b a    b  b a  a 
  b a     

 a b   a b   2a 2b 
   b a    0
  b a     2a 

a2  b2 b2  c2   2ab 2bc 


ii.  2 2 2
 
    2ac 2ab 
2
 a c a b

a 2  b 2 b 2  c2   2ab 2bc 
Ans: we have to find  2 2  
a  c a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 11


a 2  b 2 b 2  c2   2ab 2bc  a 2  b 2  2ab b 2  c2  2bc 
 2   
a  c
2
a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab   a 2  c2  2ac a 2  b 2  2ab 

b 2  c2   2ab 2bc   a  b   b  c 
2 2
a 2  b 2
 2 2   
a  c a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab    a  c 2  a  b  
2

 1 4 6  12 7 6 
iii.  8 5 16    8 0 5 
 2 8 5   3 2 4 

 1 4 6  12 7 6 
Ans: we have to find  8 5 16    8 0 5 
   
 2 8 5   3 2 4 

 1 4 6 12 7 6   1  12 4  7 6  6 
  8 5 16    8 0 5    8  8 5  0 16  5 
     
 2 8 5   3 2 4   2  3 8  2 5  4 

 1 4 6  12 7 6  11 11 0 
  8 5 16    8 0 5   16 5 21
     
 2 8 5   3 2 4   5 10 9 

cos2 x sin2 x   sin2 x cos 2 x 


iv.  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x 
Ans: we have to find  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
 2 2 
 2  2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x  sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 
2 2 2

cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x  1 1


 2 2 
 2 2  
 sin x cos x   cos x sin x  1 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 12


3. Compute the indicated products
 a b   a b 
i.   
 b a  b a 
 a b   a b 
Ans: we have to find   
 b a   b a 

 a b   a b   a  a   b  b  a  b   b  a  
   
 b a   b a   b  a   a  b  b  b   a  a  

 a b   a b  a 2  b 2 0 
   
 b a   b a   0 a 2  b2 

1
ii.  2   2 3 4
 3 

1 
Ans: We have to find  2   2 3 4
 
 3 

1  1 2  1 3 1 4  
   
 2  2 3 4   2  2  2  3 2  4  
 
 3  3 2  3 3 3 4  

1  2 3 4 
 
 2  2 3 4   4 6 8 
   
 3  6 9 12 

 1 2   1 2 3 
iii.   
2 3  2 3 1
1 2  1 2 3
Ans: we have to find   
 2 3   2 3 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 13


1 2 1 2 3 11  2  2  1 2   2  3 1 3  2 1 
   2 3 1   2 1  3 2 2 2  3 3 2 3  3 1 
 2 3               

1 2  1 2 3  3 4 1 
   2 3 1   8 13 9 
 2 3    

 2 3 4   1 3 5 
iv.  3 4 5   0 2 4 
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 3 4  1 3 5 
Ans: we have to find  3 4 5  0 2 4 
  
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 3 4  1 3 5 
  3 4 5  0 2 4  
  
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 1  3 0   4  3 2  3  3  2   4  0  2  5   3  4   4  5  
 
31  4  0   5  3 3  3  4  2   5  0  3  5   4  4   5  5  
 4 1  5  0   5  3 4  3  5  2   6  0  4  5   5  4   6 5  

 2 3 4  1 3 5  14 0 42 
  3 4 5  0 2 4   18 1 56 
    
 4 5 6  3 0 5   22 2 70 

 2 1
 1 0 1
v.  3 2  
 1 2 1
 1 1 

 2 1
 1 0 1
Ans: we have to find  3 2  
   1 2 1
 1 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 14


 2 1  2 1  1 1 2  0   1 2  2 1  11 
   1 0 1  
 3 2     31  2  1 3 0   2  2  3 1  2 1 
  1 2 1
 1 1    11  1 1 1 0   1 2  11  11

 2 1  1 2 3
   1 0 1 
 3 2    1 4 5
  1 2 1  
 1 1    2 2 0 

 2 3 
 3 1 3   
vi.   1 0
 1 0 2   

 3 1

 2 3
 3 1 3  
Ans: we have to find   1 0
 1 0 2   3 1 
 
 2 3
 3 1 3  
    3  2   11  3  3 3  3  1 0   3 1 
 1 0  
 1 0 2  3 1   1 2   0 1  2  3 1 3  0  0   2 1 
 
 2 3
 3 1 3   14 6 
  1 0  
 1 0 2  3 1   4 5 
 

 1 2 3   3 1 2  4 1 2
4. If A   5 0 2  ,B   4 2 5  ,C   0 3 2  ,then
 1 1 1   2 0 3   1 2 3 

Compute  A  B  and  B  C  .Also, verify that A   B  C    A  B   C .

1 2 3  3 1 2  4 1 2
Ans: Given A  5 0 2  ,B   4 2 5  ,C  0 3 2 
1 1 1   2 0 3  1 2 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 15


1 2 3  3 1 2 
 A  B  5 0 2    4 2 5 
   
1 1 1   2 0 3 

 1  3 2  1 3  2 
 A  B  5  4 0  2 2  5 
 
1  2 1  0 1  3 

 4 1 1
 A  B  9 2 7 
 
 3 1 4 

 3 1 2   4 1 2 
And B  C   4 2 5    0 3 2 
   
 2 0 3  1 2 3 

3  4 1  1 2  2 
 B  C  4  0 2  3 5  2 
 
 2  1 0  2 3  3 

 1 2 0 
 B  C   4 1 3
 
 1 2 0 

Now,
1 2 3  1 2 0 
A   B  C   5 0 2    4 1 3
   
1 1 1   1 2 0 

 1  1 2  2 3  0 
 A   B  C   5  4 0  1 2  3 
 
 1  1 1  2 1  0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 16


 0 0 3
 A   B  C   9 1 5  …(1)
 
 2 1 1 

 4 1 1  4 1 2 
And  A  B   C  9 2 7    0 3 2 
   
 3 1 4  1 2 3 

 4  4 1  1 1  2 
  A  B  C  9  0 2  3 7  2 
 
 3  1 1  2 4  3 

 0 0 3
  A  B   C  9 1 5  …(2)
 
 2 1 1 
Thus, from equation (1) and (2),
A   B  C    A  B  C
Hence proved.

2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
5. If A  
4
and B  
1 2 1 2 4
then compute 3A  5B .
3 3 3 5 5 5
   
7 2
2 7 6 2
 3 3   5 5 5 

2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
Ans: Given that A  
4
and B  
1 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2  7 6 2 
 2 
 3 3   5 5 5 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 17


2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
 3A  5B  3 
4
 5
1 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2  7 6 2 
 2 
 3 3   5 5 5 

2 3 5 2 3 5
 3A  5B  1 2 4  1 2 4
   
7 6 2 7 6 2

0 0 0
 3A  5B  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

 cos  sin    sin   cos  


6. Simplify cos     sin    .
  sin  cos    cos  sin  
 cos  sin    sin   cos 
Ans: we have to simplify cos     sin  cos  sin  
  sin  cos   

 cos  sin    sin   cos 


 cos     sin  cos  sin   
  sin  cos   
 cos 2  cos  sin   sin 2   sin  cos  
    
  cos  sin  cos 2   sin  cos  sin 2  

 cos  sin    sin   cos 


 cos     sin  cos  sin   
  sin  cos    
 cos 2   sin 2  cos  sin   cos  sin  
 
  cos  sin   cos  sin  cos 2   sin 2  
 cos  sin    sin   cos  1 0 
 cos     sin     0 1 
  sin  cos    cos  sin    

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 18


7. Find X and Y ,if
7 0  3 0
i. X  Y    and X  Y   
 2 5  0 3
Ans: Given:
7 0
XY  …(1)
2 5

3 0
XY  …(2)
0 3
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get,
7 0 3 0 
2X     0 3
 2 5   
10 0 
 2X   
 2 8

1 10 0 
X 
2  2 8 

5 0 
X   
1 4 

7 0
Now, since X  Y   
2 5

5 0  7 0 
   Y  2 5
1 4   

 7 0  5 0 
Y   1 4 
 2 5   

2 0
Y   
1 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 19


5 0  2 0
X    ,Y   
1 4  1 1 

 2 3  2 2 
ii. 2X  3Y    and 3X  2Y   
4 0  1 5 
Ans: Given:
 2 3
2X  3Y    …(1)
 4 0
 2 2 
3X  2Y    …(2)
 1 5 
Multiplying equation (1) with two we get,
 2 3
2  2X  3Y   2  
4 0

4 6
  4X  6Y     …(3)
8 0
Multiplying equation (2) with three we get,
 2 2 
3  3X  2Y   3  
 1 5 

 6 6 
  9X  6Y     …(4)
 3 15 
From equation (3) and (4),
 4 6   6 6 
 4X  6Y    9X  6Y     
8 0   3 15 

 2 12 
 5X   
 11 15

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 20


1  2 12 
X
5  11 15

 2 12 
 5 5 
X   
 11 3 
 5 

 2 3
Now, since 2X  3Y   
 4 0
 2 12 
 5 5   2 3
2    3Y  
 11   4 0 
3
 5 

 4 24 
 5 5   2 3
   3Y  
 22   4 0 
6
 5 

 4 24 
 2 3  5 5 
 3Y    
 4 0  22 6 
 5 

6 39 
5 5
 3Y   
 42 6 
 5 

 2 13 
5 5
Y   
14 2 
 5 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 21


 2 12   2 13 
 5 5  5 5
X    ,Y   
 11 3   14
2
 5   5 

 3 2  1 0
8. Find X ,if Y    and 2X  Y   3 2  .
1 4  
3 2 
Ans: Given Y   
1 4 

 1 0
And 2X  Y   
 3 2 

3 2   1 0 
 2X    
1 4   3 2 
 1 0  3 2 
 2X     1 4 
 3 2   

 2 2 
 2X   
 4 2 

1  2 2 
X 
2  4 2 

 1 1
X   
 2 1

1 3   y 0  5 6
9. Find X and Y ,if 2     1 2  1 8
 0 x     
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
Ans: Given: 2    
0 x   1 2  1 8 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 22


 2 6   y 0  5 6 
    1 2   1 8 
 0 2x     

 2  y 6  0  5 6 
  
 0  1 2x  2  1 8 
2  y 6  5 6 
 
 1 2x  2  1 8 

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:


2 y5
 y3
2x  2  8
x 3
 x  3, y  3

10. Solve the equation for X,Y,Z and t if

x z 1 1  3 5
2   3 0 2   3  4 6
y t     
x z 1 1 3 5
Ans: Given: 2    3   3 
y t  0 2   4 6

 2x 2z   3 3  9 15
   
 2y 2t  0 6  12 18

 2x  3 2z  3  9 15
 
 2y 2t  6  12 18

Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:


2x  3  9
x 3
2y  12

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 23


y6
2z  3  15
z9
2t  6  18
t 6
 x  3, y  6,z  9, t  6

 2  1 10
11. If x    y      ,find values of x and y .
 3 1 5
2  1 10 
Ans: Given: x    y     
3 1 5

 2x    y  10 
   
 3x   y   5 

 2x  y  10
 5
 3x  y   
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
2x  y  10 and
3x  y  5
Adding these two equations, we get:
5x  15
x 3
Now, since 3x  y  5
 y  5  3x
 y 59
 y  4
 x  3, y  4

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 24


x y   x 6   4 xy 
12. Given 3       ,find the values of x,y,z
 z w    1 2w   z  w 2w  3 
and w .
x y   x 6   4 xy 
Ans: Given: 3  
  
  
 z w   1 2w   z  w 2w  3

3x 3y   x  4 6  x  y
   
 3z 3w   1  z  w 2w  3 
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
3x  x  4
x2
3y  6  x  y
y4
3w  2w  3
w 3
3z  1  z  w
 z 1
 x  2, y  4,z  1, w  3

cos x  sin x 0 
13. If F  x    sin x cos x 0  , show that F  x  F  y   F  x  y  .
 0 0 1 

cos x  sin x 0 
Ans: Here, F  x    sin x cos x 0 
 
 0 0 1 

cos y  sin y 0 
F  y    sin y cos y 0 
 
 0 0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 25


cos x  sin x 0  cos y  sin y 0 
 F  x  F  y    sin x cos x 0   sin y cos y 0 
  
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

cos x cos y  sin x sin y  0  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  0 0 


 F  x  F  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y  0  sin x sin y  cos x cos y  0 0 
 
 0 0 1 

cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0 
 
 F  x  F  y    sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0  …(1)
 0 0 1 

cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0 
 
And F  x  y    sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0  …(2)
 0 0 1 

From equation (1) and (2),


F x  F y   F x  y 
Hence proved.

14. Show that


 5 1  2 1   2 1   5 1
i.     
 6 7   3 4  3 4  6 7 

5 1  2 1   5  2   1 3 5 1  1 4  
Ans: LHS:    3 4   6 2  7 3 6 1  7 4 
 6 7           

5 1  2 1   7 1 
   3 4   33 34  …(1)
 6 7    

 2 1  5 1  2  5   1 6  2  1  1 7  
RHS:   6 7   3 5  4 6 3 1  4 7 
 3 4           

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 26


 2 1  5 1 16 5 
  6 7   39 25 …(2)
 3 4    
From equation (1) and (2),
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

 1 2 3   1 1 0   1 1 0   1 2 3 
ii.  0 1 0   0 1 1    0 1 1   0 1 0 
 1 1 0   2 3 4   2 3 4  1 1 0 

Ans: LHS:
1 2 3  1 1 0 
0 1 0   0 1 1  
  
1 1 0   2 3 4 

1 1  2  0   3 2  11  2  1  3  3 1 0   2 1  3  4  


 
 0  1  1 0   0  2  0 1  1 1  0  3  0  0   11  0  4  
1 1  1 0   0  2  11  1 1  0  3 1 0   11  0  4  

1 2 3  1 1 0  5 8 14 
 0 1 0  0 1 1    0 1 1  …(1)
    
1 1 0  2 3 4   2 3 4 

RHS:
 1 1 0  1 2 3
 0 1 1  0 1 0  
  
 2 3 4  1 1 0 

 11  1 0   0 1 1 2   11  0 1 1 3  1 0   0  0  


 
 0 1  1 0   11 0  2   1 1  11  0  3   1 0   1 0  
 2 1  3 0   4 1 2  2   3 1  4 1 2  3  3  0   4  0  

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 27


 1 1 0  1 2 3  1 1 3
  0 1 1  0 1 0    1 0 0  …(2)
    
 2 3 4 1 1 0   6 11 6 
From equation (1) and (2),
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

2 0 1
15. Find A 2  5A  6I if A   2 1 3  .
 1 1 0 

2 0 1
Ans: Given: A   2 1 3
 
1 1 0 

A2  AA
2 0 1 2 0 1
 A 2   2 1 3  2 1 3
  
1 1 0 1 1 0

 2  2   0  2   11 2  0   0 1  1 1 2 1  0  3  1 0  


 
 A 2   2  2   1 2   3 1 2  0   11  3  1 2 1  1 3  3  0  
1 2   1 2   0 1 1 0   11  0  1 11  1 3  0  0  

5 1 2 
 A 2  9 2 5 
 
0 1 2 

5 1 2  2 0 1 1 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9 2 5   5 2 1 3   6 0 1 0 
     
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 28


5 1 2  10 0 5  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9 2 5   10 5 15  0 6 0 
     
0 1 2   5 5 0  0 0 6 

5  10 1  0 2  5  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9  10 2  5 5  15   0 6 0 
   
 0  5 1  5 2  0  0 0 6 

 5 1 3  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I   1 7 10   0 6 0 
   
 5 4 2  0 0 6 

 1 1 3 
 A  5A  6I   1 1 10 
2
 
 5 4 4 

1 0 2
16. If A   0 2 1  , prove that A3  6A2  7A  21  0 .
 2 0 3 

1 0 2 
Ans: Given: A   0 2 1 
 
 2 0 3 

A2  AA
1 0 2  1 0 2 
 A  0 2 1  0 2 1 
2
  
 2 0 3   2 0 3 

1  0  4 0  0  0 2  0  6 
 A 2  0  0  2 0  4  0 0  2  3 
 
 2  0  6 0  0  0 4  0  9 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 29


5 0 8 
 A2  2 4 5 
 
8 0 13

Now, A3  A2  A
 5 0 8  1 0 2 
 A3   2 4 5   0 2 1 
  
8 0 13  2 0 3 

 5  0  16 0  0  0 10  0  24 
 A   2  0  10 0  8  0 4  4  15 
3
 
8  0  26 0  0  0 16  0  39 

 21 0 34 
 A3  12 8 23
 
34 0 55

 A3  6A2  7A  21 
 21 0 34  5 0 8  1 0 2  1 0 0 
12 8 23  6  2 4 5   7 0 2 1   2 0 1 0 
       
34 0 55 8 0 13  2 0 3  0 0 1 

 A3  6A2  7A  21 
 21 0 34  30 0 48  7 0 14  2 0 0 
12 8 23  12 24 30    0 14 7   0 2 0 
       
34 0 55  48 0 78  14 0 21 0 0 2 

 21  30  7  2 0  0  0  0 34  48  14  0 
 A3  6A 2  7A  21   12  12  0  0 8  24  14  2 23  30  7  0 
 
34  48  14  0 0  0  0  0 55  78  21  2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 30


0 0 0
 A3  6A 2  7A  21  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0

 A3  6A2  7A  21  0
Hence proved.

 3 2  1 0
17. If A    and I    , find k so that A2  kA  21 .
 4 2  0 1
 3 2 
Ans: Given: A   
 4 2 
A2  AA
 3 2   3 2 
 A2    
 4 2   4 2 

 9  8 6  4 
 A2   
12  8 8  4 
1 2 
 A2   
 4 4 
Now, A2  kA  21
1 2   3 2  1 0 
   k  4 2   2 0 1 
 4 4     

1 2   3k 2k   2 0 
    4k 2k   0 2 
 4 4     

1 2  3k  2 2k 
 
 
 4 4   4k 2k  2 

Equating the corresponding elements, we have:


3k  2  1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 31


 k 1
Thus, the value of k is 1 .

 
 0  tan 
2
18. If A    and I is the identity matrix of order 2 , show
 tan  0 
 2 
that
cos   sin  
I  A  I  A  
 sin  cos  
 
 0  tan 
Ans: Given: A   2

 tan  0 
 2 

 
0  tan 
 1 0   2
LHS: I  A     
 0 1   tan 0 
 2 

 
 1  tan 
2
IA  …(1)
 tan  1 
 2 

  
 0  tan  
cos   sin   1 0  2  cos   sin  
RHS:  I  A       
 sin  cos    0 1   tan     sin  cos  
 
0
 
 2
 
1 tan 
cos   sin    2 cos   sin  
 I  A   
 sin  cos     tan    sin  cos  
1
 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 32


  
 cos   sin  tan  sin   cos  tan 
cos   sin  
 I  A 
2 2
  
 sin  cos     cos  tan   sin  sin  tan   cos  
 2 2 

cos   sin  
 I  A  
 sin  cos  

 2          
 1  2sin  2sin  cos tan 2sin cos   2cos 2  1 tan 
2 2 2 2 2 2  2  2
 
  2          
   2cos 2  1 tan 2  2sin 2 cos 2 2sin cos tan  1  2sin 2
2 
   2 2 2

cos   sin  
 I  A  
 sin  cos  
 2  2      
 1  2sin  2sin 2sin cos  2sin cos  tan 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
  sin  cos   tan   2sin  cos  2sin 2 
 1  2sin 2  
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

 
1  tan 
 cos   sin   
 I  A 
2
  …(2)
 sin  cos    tan  1 
 2 
Thus, from equation (1) and (2).
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

19. A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types
of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond
pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how
to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund must
obtain an annual total interest of:
i. Rs 1,800

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 33


Ans: Let Rs x be invested in the first round.
Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond pays Rs  30000  x 
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays
7% interest per year.
We know that,
principle  rate
Simple interest for one year is .
100
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1,800 ,

 5 
100 
 x  30000  x      1800
 7 
100 

5x 7  30000  x 
   1800
100 100
 210000  2x  180000
 x  15000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1,800 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 15000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 15000 in the second bond.

ii. Rs 2,000
Ans: Let Rs x be invested in the first round.
Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond pays Rs  30000  x 
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays
7% interest per year.
We know that,
principle  rate
Simple interest for one year is .
100
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 ,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 34


 5 
100 
 x  30000  x      2000
 7 
100 

5x 7  30000  x 
   2000
100 100
 210000  2x  200000
 x  5000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 5000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 25000 in the second bond.

20. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8


dozen physics books, 10 dozen economics books. Their selling prices are
Rs 80 , Rs 60 and Rs 40 each respectively. Find the total amount the
bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.
Ans: The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all these
books can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
80 
12 10 8 10 60 
 
 40 

 1210  80  8  60  10  40

 121680
 20160
Therefore, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale.

21. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are the matrices of order 2  n,3  k,2  p,n  3
and p  k respectively. The restriction on n,k,p so that PY  WY will
be defined are:
A. k  3,p  n

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 35


B. k is arbitrary, p  2
C. p is arbitrary, k  3
D. k  2,p  3
Ans: Matrices P and Y are of the orders p  k and 3  k respectively.
Therefore, matrix PY will be defined if k  3 .
Also, PY will be of order p  k .
Since the number of columns in matrix W is equal to the number of rows in
matrix Y .
Therefore, matrix WY is well-defined and is of the order n  k .
Moreover, Matrices PY and WY can be added only when their orders are the
same.
But PY is of the order p  k and WY is of the order n  k .
Therefore, we must have p  n .
 p  n,k  3 are the restrictions on n,k,p so that PY  WY will be defined.
Thus, option (A) is correct.

22. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are matrices of order 2  n,3  k,2  p,n  3
and p  k respectively. If p  n , then the order of the matrix 7X  5Z is:
A. p  2
B. 2  n
C. n  3
D. p  n
Ans: Matrix X is of the order 2  n .
Thus, matrix 7X is also of the same order.
Since, p  n
Matrix Z is of the order 2  p or 2  n .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 36


Thus, matrix 5Z is also of the same order.
Since, both the matrices 7X and 5Z are of the same order 2  n .
Therefore, 7X  5Z is well defined and is of the order 2  n .
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Exercise 3.3

1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:


5
1
i.  
2
  1
 
Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
5
1
  , then A T  5 
1
Thus, if A   1
2 2 
 1
 

 1  1
ii.  
2 3 
Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
 1 1  1 2
Thus, if A    , then A T
  1 3 
2 3   

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 37


 1 5 6
 
iii.  3 5 6
 2 3 1

Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
 1 5 6   1 3 2
   
Thus, if A   3 5 6  , then A T   5 5 3
 2 3 1 6 6 1
  

 1 2 3   4 1 5 
2. If A   5 7 9  and B   1 2 0  , then verify that
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

i.  A  B  '  A' B'


 1 2 3  4 1 5
Ans: Given that: A  5 7 9 and B   1 2 0 
 
   
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
Thus, we have A '   2 7 1  and B'   1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 A  B   5 7 9   1 2 0 
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 5 3 2 
 A  B   6 9 9 
 
 1 4 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 38


 5 6 1
  A  B '   3 9 4  …(1)
 
 2 9 2 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
And A ' B'   2 7 1    1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 5 6 1
 A ' B'   3 9 4  …(2)
 
 2 9 2 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

ii.  A  B  '  A' B'

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 
Ans: Given that: A  5 7 9 and B   1 2 0 
   
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
Thus, we have A '   2 7 1  and B'   1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 A  B   5 7 9   1 2 0 
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 3 1 8
 A  B   4 5 9
 
 3 2 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 39


3 4 3
  A  B  '  1 5 2  …(1)
 
8 9 0 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
And A ' B'   2 7 1    1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

3 4 3
 A ' B'  1 5 2  …(2)
 
8 9 0 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

 3 4
 1 2 1 
3. If A'   1 2  and B  
1 2 3
, then verify that
 0 1  

i.  A  B  '  A' B'


Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 3 1 0 
Thus, we have: A   
4 2 1
 1 1 
And B'   2 2 
 
 1 3 

 3 1 0   1 2 1
A  B    
 4 2 1   1 2 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 40


2 1 1
AB 
5 4 4
2 5
  A  B  '  1 4  …(1)
 
1 4 

 3 4   1 1 
A ' B'   1 2    2 2 
   
 0 1   1 3

2 5
 A ' B'  1 4  …(2)
 
1 4 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

ii.  A  B  '  A' B'

Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 3 1 0 
Thus, we have: A   
4 2 1
 1 1 
And B'   2 2 
 
 1 3 

 3 1 0   1 2 1
A  B    
 4 2 1   1 2 3

 4 3 1
AB 
 3 0 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 41


4 3
  A  B  '   3 0  …(1)
 
 1 2 

 3 4   1 1 
A ' B'   1 2    2 2 
   
 0 1   1 3

4 3
 A ' B'   3 0  …(2)
 
 1 2 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

 2 3   1 0 
4. If A'    and B   1 2  , then  A  2B  ' .
 1 2  
Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 2 1 
A   
 3 2

 2 1   1 0 
 A  2B     2 
 3 2  1 2

 2 1   2 0 
 A  2B    
 3 2  2 4

 4 1 
 A  2B   
 5 6

 4 5 
  A  2B  '   
 1 6

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 42


5. For the matrices A and B , verify that  AB  '  B'A' where

1
i. A   4  ,B   1 2 1
 3 

1
Ans: LHS: AB   4  1 2 1
 
 3 

 1 2 1 
 AB   4 8 4 
 
 3 6 3 

 1 4 3
  AB  '   2 8 6  …(1)
 
 1 4 3 

Now, A'  1 4 3

 1
And B'   2 
 
 1 

 1
RHS:  B'A '   2  1 4 3
 
 1 

 1 4 3
 B'A'   2 8 6  …(2)
 
 1 4 3 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 AB '  B'A'
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 43


0
ii. A   1  ,B  1 5 7 
 2 

0
Ans: LHS: AB  1  1 5 7 
 
 2 

0 1 2 
 AB  0 5 10 
 
0 7 14 

0 1 2 
  AB  '  0 5 10  …(1)
 
0 7 14 

Now, A'  0 1 2

1 
And B'   5 
 
7 

1 
RHS:  B'A '  5  0 1 2
 
7 

0 1 2 
 B'A '  0 5 10  …(2)
 
0 7 14 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),


 AB '  B'A'
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 44


6. If
 cos  sin  
i. A  
    , then verify that A'A  I
 sin cos 
cos   sin  
Ans: Here, A '   
 sin  cos  

cos   sin    cos  sin  


 A 'A    
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  
 A 'A   
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
 A 'A   
0 1 
A'A  I
Hence proved.

 sin  cos  
ii. A  
    , then verify that A'A  I
 cos sin 
 sin   cos  
Ans: Here, A '   
cos  sin  

 sin   cos    sin  cos  


 A 'A    
cos  sin     cos  sin  
 cos 2   sin 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  
 A 'A   
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
 A 'A   
0 1 
A'A  I
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 45


7. Show that
 1 1 5 
i. The matrix A   1 2 1  is a symmetric matrix.
 5 1 3 

 1 1 5
Ans: Given A   1 2 1
 
 5 1 3

 1 1 5
 A '   1 2 1
 
 5 1 3

Here, we have A'  A


Thus, A is a symmetric matrix.

 0 1  1
ii. The matrix A   1 0 1  is a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1
Ans: Given A   1 0 1 
 
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1 
 A'   1 0 1
 
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1
 A '    1 0 1 
 
 1 1 0 

Here, we have A'  A


Thus, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 46


1 5
8. For the matrix A    , verify that
 6 7 
i.  A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
1 5 
Ans: Given A   
6 7 

1 6 
A '   
5 7 

1 5  1 6 
A  A'     5 7 
 6 7   

 2 11
 A  A'   
11 14 

 2 11
 A  A ' '   
11 14 
Here, we have A  A'   A  A' '
Thus, A  A' is a symmetric matrix.

ii.  A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.

1 5 
Ans: Given A   
6 7 

1 6 
A '   
5 7 
1 5  1 6 
A  A'    
 6 7  5 7 

0 1
 A  A'   
1 0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 47


 0 1
 A  A ' '   
 1 0 

0 1
  A  A ' '    
1 0 
Here, we have A  A'    A  A' '
Thus, A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.

0 a b
9. Find  A  A' and  A  A' , when A   a 0 c  .
1 1
2 2
 b c 0 

 0 a b
Ans: Given A   a 0 c 
 
 b c 0 

 0 a  b 
 A '   a 0 c 
 
 b c 0 

 0 a b   0 a  b 
A  A '   a 0 c    a 0 c 
   
 b c 0   b c 0 

0 0 0 
 A  A '  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

0 0 0 
  A  A '  0 0 0 
1
2  
0 0 0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 48


 0 a b   0 a  b 
Now, A  A '   a 0 c    a 0 c 
   
 b c 0   b c 0 

 0 2a 2b 
 A  A '   2a 0 2c 
 2b 2c 0 

 0 a b
  A  A '    a 0 c 
1
2  
 b c 0 

10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix:
3 5 
i.  
 1  1
3 5  3 1 
Ans: Let A    and A '  5 1
1 1  

3 5   3 1 
Now, A  A '    
1 1 5 1

6 6 
 A  A'   
6 2 
1
Let P   A  A'
2
1 6 6 
P
2 6 2 

3 3 
P 
3 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 49


3 3 
Now, P '   
3 1
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
3 5   3 1 
Now, A  A '    
1 1 5 1

 0 4
 A  A'   
 4 0 
1
Let Q   A  A'
2
1  0 4
Q
2  4 0 

 0 2
Q 
 2 0 
 0 2
Now, Q'   
 2 0 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
3 3   0 2
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P    and Q    .
 3  1  2 0 

 6 2 2 
ii.  2 3 1
 2 1 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 50


 6 2 2   6 2 2 
Ans: Let A   2 3 1 and A '   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

 6 2 2   6 2 2 
Now, A  A '   2 3 1   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

12 4 4 
 A  A '   4 6 2 
 
 4 2 6 

1
Let P   A  A'
2
12 4 4 
 P  4 6 2 
1
2 
 4 2 6 

 6 2 2 
 P   2 3 1
 
 2 1 3 

 6 2 2 
Now, P '   2 3 1
 
 2 1 3 
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 6 2 2   6 2 2 
Now, A  A '   2 3 1   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 51


0 0 0 
 A  A '  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

1
Let Q   A  A'
2
0 0 0
 Q  0 0 0
1
2 
0 0 0 

0 0 0
 Q  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0

0 0 0 
Now, Q'  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 6 2 2  0 0 0

Thus, A is the sum of matrices P  2 3 1 and Q  0 0 0 .

   
 2 1 3  0 0 0

3 3  1
iii.  2 2 1 

 4 5 2 

 3 3 1  3 2 4 
Ans: Let A   2 2 1  and A '   3 2 5 
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 52


 3 3 1  3 2 4 
Now, A  A '   2 2 1    3 2 5 
   
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

 6 1 5
 A  A '   1 4 4 
 
 5 4 4 

1
Let P   A  A'
2
 6 1 5
1
P 1 4 4 
2 
 5 4 4 

 1 5 
3 2 2
 
P  1
2 2 
2 
 5 
 2 2 
 2 

 1 5 
3 2 2
 
Now, P'   1
2 2 
2 
 5 
 2 2 
 2 
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 3 3 1  3 2 4 
Now, A  A '   2 2 1    3 2 5 
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 53


 0 5 3
 A  A '   5 0 6 
 
 3 6 0 

1
Let Q   A  A'
2
 0 5 3
 Q  5 0 6 
1
2 
 3 6 0 

 5 3
0 2 2
 
5
Q 0 3
2 
 3 
 3 0
 2 

 5 3
0   
2 2
 
Now, Q'   3 
5
0
2 
3 
 3 0 
 2 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 1 5   5 3
3 2 2   0
2 2
   
5
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P   2 2  and Q   3 .
1
0
2  2 
 5   3 
 2 2   3 0
 2   2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 54


 1 5
iv.  
 1 2 
 1 5 1 1
Ans: Let A    and A '  5 2 
 1 2   

 1 5  1 1
Now, A  A '     5 2 
 1 2   

2 4
 A  A'   
4 4
1
Let P   A  A'
2
1 2 4
P 
2  4 4 

1 2 
P 
2 2

1 2
Now, P '   
2 2
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 1 5  1 1
Now, A  A '     5 2 
 1 2   

 0 6
 A  A'   
 6 0 
1
Let Q   A  A'
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 55


1  0 6
Q
2  6 0 

 0 3
Q 
 3 0 
 0 3 
Now, Q '   
3 0 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
1 2   0 3
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P    and Q   3 0  .
2 2  

11. If A,B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB  BA is a:


A. Skew symmetric matrix
B. Symmetric matrix
C. Zero matrix
D. Identity matrix
Ans: A and B are symmetric matrix, therefore, we have:
A'  A and B'  B …(1)
Here,  AB  BA  '   AB '  BA  '

  AB  BA  '  B'A' A'B'


From (1),
  AB  BA  '  BA  AB

  AB  BA  '    AB  BA  …(2)
From equation (2),
AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 56
cos   sin  
12. If A  
   , then A  A'  I , if the value of  is
 sin cos 

A.
6

B.
3
C. n
3
D.
2
cos   sin  
Ans: Given A   
 sin  cos  

 cos  sin  
 A'   
  sin  cos  
Now, A  A'  I
cos   sin    cos  sin   1 0
     sin  cos    0 1 
 sin  cos      

 2cos  0  1 0 
 
 0 2cos   0 1 

Equating the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:


1
cos  
2
1
   cos 1  
2


3
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 57


Exercise 3.4

1. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 1  1
2 3 
 
 1 1
Ans: Let A   
2 3 
Since A  IA
1 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 0 5   
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 1  1 0 
  A
0 5   2 1 
1
Applying R 2  R 2
5
1 0
1 1 
   2 1A
0 5   
5 5
Applying R1  R1  R 2

3 1
1 1  5 5
    2 A
 0 5   1
 5 5 
3 1
5 5
 A 1   
 2 1
 5 5 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 58


2. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 2 1
 1 1
 
 2 1
Ans: Let A   
 1 1
Since A  IA
 2 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 1 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0  1 1
  A
0 1  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

1 1  1 1
    1 2  A
 0 5   
 1 1
 A 1   
 1 2 

3. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


1 3
2 7
 
1 3 
Ans: Let A   
2 7
Since A  IA
 1 3  1 0 
  A
 2 7  0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 59


Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

 1 3  1 0 
  A
0 1  2 1 
Applying R1  R1  3R 2

1 0   7 3
    2 1  A
 0 1   

 7 3
 A 1   
 2 1 

4. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 2 3
5 7
 
2 3
Ans: Let A   
5 7 
Since A  IA
 2 3  1 0 
  A
 5 7  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

 2 3  1 0 
    2 1  A
 1 1   
Applying R1  R 2

1 1  2 1 
  A
 2 3  1 0 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 60


1 1  2 1 
    5 2  A
 0 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   7 3 
  A
0 1   5 2 

7 3 
 A 1   
 5 2 

5. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


2 1
7 4
 
2 1
Ans: Let A   
7 4 
Since A  IA
 2 1  1 0 
   0 1  A
 7 4   
Applying R 2  R 2  3R1

 2 1  1 0 
  A
1 1  3 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   4 1
    7 2  A
 0 1   

 4 1
 A 1   
 7 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 61


6. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 2 5
1 3
 
 2 5
Ans: Let A   
 1 3
Since A  IA
 2 5 1 0 
   0 1  A
 1 3   
1
Applying R1  R1
2
 5 1 
 1   0
 2  2 A
   
0 3   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

 5  1 
 1 0
2  2 
  A
0 1   1 1 
 2   2 
Applying R1  R1  5R 2

1 0   3 5
 1    1 A
0   1
 2  2 
Applying R 2  2R 2

1 0   3 5
  A
0 1   1 2 

 3 5 
 A 1   
 1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 62


7. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
3 1
 5 2
 
3 1 
Ans: Let A   
5 2 
Since A  IA
3 1  1 0 
   0 1  A
 5 2   
Applying R1  2R1

6 2   2 0 
  A
5 2   0 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   2 1
   0 1  A
 5 2   
Applying R 2  R 2  5R1

1 0   2 1
  A
0 2   10 6 
1
Applying R 2  R 2
2
1 0   2 1
    5 3  A
 0 1   

 2 1
 A 1   
 5 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 63


8. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 4 5
 3 4
 
4 5
Ans: Let A   
3 4
Since A  IA
 4 5  1 0 
   0 1  A
 3 4   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 1  1 1
  A
3 4   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  3R1

1 1  4 5
    3 4  A
 0 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   4 5
  A
0 1   3 4 

 4 5
 A 1   
 3 4 

9. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 3 10 
2 7 
 
 3 10 
Ans: Let A   
2 7 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 64


Since A  IA
 3 10  1 0 
   0 1  A
 2 7   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 3  1 1
  A
 2 7  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 3  1 1
    2 3  A
 0 1   
Applying R1  R1  3R 2

1 0   7 10 
  A
0 1   2 3 

 7 10 
 A 1   
 2 3 

10. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 3  1
 4 2 
 
 3 1
Ans: Let A   
 4 2 
Since A  IA
 3 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 4 2   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 65


 1 1 1 1
   0 1 A
 4 2   
Applying R 1   R 1

1 1  1 1
  A
0 2   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  4R1

1 1  1 1
    4 3 A
 0 2   
1
Applying R 2   R 2
2
 1 1
1 1  
    2 3 A
 0 1 
 2
Applying R1  R1  R 2

 1
 1
1 0  2
 
  A
 0 1  2 3 
 2 
 1
 1
2
 A 1   
2 3 
 2 

11. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 2 6 
 1 2 
 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 66


 2 6 
Ans: Let A   
1 2 
Since A  IA
 2 6  1 0 
  A
1 2  0 1 
Applying R1  R 2

1 2  0 1 
   1 0  A
 2 6   
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 2  0 1 
  A
0 2  1 2 
1
Applying R 2   R 2
2
 0 1
1 2 
   1  A
0 1   1
2 
Applying R1  R1  2R 2

 1 3
1 0  
   1  A
0 1   1
2 
 1 3
 A   1 
1
 1
2 

12. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 6 3 
 2 1 
 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 67


 6 3
Ans: Let A   
 2 1 
Since A  IA
 6 3 1 0 
  A
 2 1  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1
6
 1  1 
1 0
 2   6 A
   
 2 1   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 
 1  3
 1   6 
 2  A
  1 
0 0   1
 3 
Since, we can see all the zeros in the second row of the matrix on the L.H.S,  A1
does not exist.

13. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 2 3 
 1 2 
 
 2 3
Ans: Let A   
 1 2 
Since A  IA
 2 3 1 0 
  A
 1 2  0 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 68


 1 1 1 1
   0 1 A
 1 2   
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

1 1 1 1 
  A
0 1  1 2 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   2 3 
   1 2  A
 0 1   
2 3
 A 1   
1 2

14. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


2 1
 4 2
 
2 1
Ans: Let A   
4 2
Since A  IA
 2 1  1 0 
  A
 4 2  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1  R 2
2
 1
 0 0  1
   2 A
 4 2 0 1 
 
Since, we can see all the zeros in the first row of the matrix on the L.H.S,  A1
does not exist.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 69


15. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 1 3 2 
 3 0 5 
 
 2 5 0 

 1 3 2 
Ans: Let A   3 0 5
 
 2 5 0 
Since A  IA
 1 3 2  1 0 0 
  3 0 5  0 1 0  A
   
 2 5 0  0 0 1 

Applying R 2  R 2  3R1 and R 3  R 3  2R1

1 3 2   1 0 0 
 0 9 11   3 1 0  A
   
0 1 4   2 0 1 

Applying R1  R1  3R 3 and R 2  R 2  8R 3

1 0 10   5 0 3
 0 1 21   13 1 8 A
   
0 1 4   2 0 1

Applying R 3  R 3  R 2

1 0 10   5 0 3
 0 1 21   13 1 8  A
   
0 0 25  15 1 9

1
Applying R 3  R3
25

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 70


 
1 0 10   5 0 3
 
 0 1 21   13 1 8 A
 
0 0 1   3 1 9
 
 5 25 25 
Applying R1  R1  10R 3 and R 2  R 2  21R 3

 2 3
 1   
1 0 0   5 5

 0 1 0    
2 4 11 
A
   5 25 25 
0 0 1  
 3 1 9 
 5 25 25 

 2 3
 1   
5 5
 
 A  
1 2 4 11 
 5 25 25 
 3 1 9 

 5 25 25 

16. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.


 2 0  1
5 1 0 
 
 0 1 3 

 2 0 1
Ans: Let A   5 1 0 
 
 0 1 3 

Since A  IA

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 71


 2 0 1 1 0 0 
  5 1 0   0 1 0  A
   
 0 1 3  0 0 1 

1
Applying R1  R1
2
 1 1 
 1 0  0 0
2 2 
   
 5 1 0    0 1 0  A
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R 2  R 2  5R1

 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2 
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R 3  R 3  R 2

 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
 1   5 
0 0   1 1 
 2   2 
Applying R 3  2R 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 72


 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
0 0 1   5 2 2 
   
   
1 5
Applying R1  R1  R 3 and R 2  R 2  R 3
2 2
1 0 0   3 1 1 
 0 1 0   15 6 5 A
   
0 0 1   5 2 2 

 3 1 1 
 A 1   15 6 5
 
 5 2 2 

17. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if


A. AB  BA
B. AB  0,BA  I
C. AB  BA  0
D. AB  BA  I
Ans: Since, if A is a square matrix of order m , and if there exists another square
matrix B of the same order m , such that AB  BA  I , then B is said to be the
inverse of A . In such case, it is clear that A is the inverse of B .
Thus, matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if AB  BA  I .
Thus, option (D) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 73


Miscellaneous Solutions

0 1
, show that  aI  bA   anI  nan1bA , where I is the
n
1. Let A   
0 0
identity matrix of order 2 and n  N .
0 1 
Ans: Given A   
0 0 
By using the principle of mathematical induction.
For n  1 ,

P 1 :  aI  bA   a1I  a 0bA


1

 P 1 :  aI  bA   aI  bA
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .

That is, P  k  :  aI  bA   a k I  ka k 1bA


k

Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .

 aI  bA    aI  bA   aI  bA 
k 1 k

  aI  bA    a k I  ka k 1bA   aI  bA 
k 1

  aI  bA   a k I   k  1 a k bA  ka k 1b 2A 2
k 1
…(1)
Now,
0 1  0 1 
A2    
0 0  0 0 

0 0
A2   
0 0
A2  0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 74


  aI  bA   a k I   k  1 a k bA
k 1

Thus, the result is true for n  k  1


Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
0 1 
 aI  bA   a n I  na n 1bA where A    , nN .
n

 0 0 

1 1 1  3n  1 3n  1 3n  1 
 
2. If A  1 1 1 , prove that A n   3n1 3n 1 3 n 1  , n  N .
1 1 1  3n  1 3n  1 3n 1 

1 1 1
Ans: Given A  1 1 1
 
1 1 1
By using the principles of mathematical induction.
For n  1 , we have
311 311 311 
 
P 1  311 311 311 
311 311 311 
 
30 30 30 
 
 P 1  30 30 30 
30 30 30 

1 1 1
 P 1  1 1 1
 
1 1 1

 P 1  A
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .

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3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
P  k  : A k  3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
Now, Ak1  A  Ak

1 1 1 3 3k 1 3k 1 
k 1

 
 A k 1  1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 

3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
 
 A k 1  3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
 
3 k 11 3 k 11 3 k 11 
 k 1 1  k 11  k 11 
 A k 1  3  3 3 
  k 11  k 11  k 11 
3 3 3 
Thus, the result is true for n  k  1
Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
  0 1 
A n  3n 1 3n 1 3n 1  where A    , nN .
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1   0 0 
 

 3 4  1  2n 4n 
3. If A   
n
  n 1  2n 
, then prove A where n is any positive
 1 1  
integer.
 3 4 
Ans: Given A   
1  1 
By using the principle of mathematical induction.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 76


For n  1 ,
3 4 
P 1 : A   
1 1
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .
1  2k 4k 
That is, P  k  : A k   , nN
 k 1  2k 

Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .


Ak1  A  Ak
1  2k 4k  3 4 
 A k 1  
 k 1  2k  1 1

3  2k 4  4k 
 A k 1   
 1  k 1  2k 
1  2  k  1 4  k  1 
 A k 1   
 1 k 1  2  k  1 

Thus, the result is true for n  k  1


Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
1  2n 4n 
An   , nN .
 n 1  2n 

4. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB  BA is a skew


symmetric matrix.
Ans: A and B are symmetric matrix, therefore, we have:
A'  A and B'  B …(1)
Here,  AB  BA  '   AB '  BA  '

  AB  BA  '  B'A' A'B'

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From (1),
  AB  BA  '  BA  AB

  AB  BA  '    AB  BA  …(2)
From equation (2),
AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

5. Show that the matrix B'AB is symmetric or skew symmetric accordingly


as A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
Ans: Let A be a symmetric matrix, then A'  A …(1)
 B'AB '  B' AB'
  B'AB '   AB 'B'

  B'AB '  B'  A'B


From (1),
  B'AB '  B'  AB
Thus, if A is a symmetric matrix, then B'AB is a symmetric matrix.
Let A be a skew symmetric matrix, then A'  A …(2)
 B'AB '  B' AB'
  B'AB '   AB 'B'

  B'AB '  B'  A'B


From (2),
  B'AB '  B'  AB

  B'AB '  B'AB


Thus, if A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then B'AB is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Therefore, the matrix B'AB is symmetric or skew symmetric accordingly as A
is symmetric or skew symmetric.

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6. Solve the system of linear equations, using matrix method.
2x  y  2
3x  4y  3
Ans: The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B where,
 2 1 x   2 
A  ,X    ,B   
3 4   y 3
Now, A  8  3  11

A  0 ,therefore its inverse exists.


We know that,
1
A 1  adjA
A

1  4 1
 A 1 
11  3 2 
adj 

We can write X  A1B


1  4 1   2 
X 
11  3 2   3 

 x  1  5
   
 y  11 12 
 5 
 x   11 
  
 y   12 
 11 
5 12
Thus, x  and y  .
11 11

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 79


1 2 0  0
7. For what values of x , 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   O ?
 1 0 2   x 

1 2 0   0 
Ans: Given 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   O
  
1 0 2   x 

0
 1  4  1 2  0  0 0  2  2  2   O
 
 x 

0
  6 2 4  2   O
 
 x 

 6  0  2  2  4  x   O

  4  4x   0
 4  4x  0
 x  1
Thus, the required value of x is 1 .

 3 1
8. If A    , show that A2  5A  7I  O .
 1 2 
 3 1
Ans: Given A   
 1 2 
A2  A  A
 3 1  3 1
 A2    
 1 2   1 2 

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 3  3  1 1 3 1  1 2  
 A2   
 1 3  2  1 11  2  2  
 9 1 3  2 
 A2   
 3  2 1  4 

 8 5
 A2   
 5 3
LHS: A2  5A  7I
 8 5  3 1 1 0 
   5   7 
 5 3  1 2  0 1

 8 5 15 5  7 0 
   
 5 3  5 10   0 7 

0 0 
 
0 0 
O
RHS:  O
LHS  RHS
 A2  5A  7I  O hence proved.

1 0 2  x 
9. Find X , if  x 5 1  0 2 1   4   O .
 2 0 3   1 

1 0 2   x 
Ans: Given  x 5 1 0 2 1   4   O
 2 0 3   1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 81


x 
  x  2 10 2x  8  4   O
 
 1 

  x  x  2  40  2x  8  O

  x 2  48   0

 x 2  48  0
 x  4 3
Thus, the required value of x is 4 3 .

10. A manufacture produces three products X,Y,Z which he sells in two


markets.
Annual sales are indicated below:

Market Products
I 10000 2000 18000
II 6000 20000 8000

a) If unit sale prices of X,Y,Z are Rs 2.50 , Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00 ,


respectively, find the total revenue in each market with the help of matrix
algebra.
Ans: Here the total revenue in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix
as:
 2.50 
10000 2000 18000 1.50 
1.00 
 1000  2.50  2000 1.50  18000 1.00
 46000
And, the total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 82


 2.50
6000 20000 8000 1.50 
1.00 
 6000  2.50  20000 1.50  8000 1.00
 53000
Thus, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 and the same in market II is Rs
53000 .

b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00 , Rs 1.00 and
50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
Ans: Here, the total cost prices of all the products in the market I can be
represented in the
form of a matrix as:
 2.00 
10000 2000 18000 1.00 
 0.50 
 1000  2.00  2000 1.00  18000  0.50
 31000
As, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs46000  Rs31000  Rs15000 .
And, the total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
 2.00
6000 20000 8000 1.00 
 0.50 
 6000  2.00  20000  1.00  8000  0.50
 36000
As, the total revenue in market II is Rs 53000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs53000  Rs36000  Rs17000 .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 83


 1 2 3   7 8 9 
11. Find the matrix X so that X   2 4 6 .
 4 5 6   
1 2 3  7 8 9 
Ans: Given X   
4 5 6  2 4 6 
Here, X has to be a 2  2 matrix.
a c 
Now, let X   
b d 
Thus, we have:
 a c  1 2 3  7 8 9 
b d  4 5 6   2 4 6 
    

 a  4c 2a  5c 3a  6c   7 8 9 
  
 b  4d 2b  5d 3b  6d   2 4 6 
Comparing the corresponding elements of two matrices, we have:
a  4c  7
2a  5c  8
3a  6c  9
b  4d  2
2b  5d  4
3b  6d  6
Now, solving the above equations we get,
a  1,b  2,c  2,d  0
 1 2 
Thus, the required matrix X is   .
 2 0 

12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA
, then prove by induction that ABn  Bn A . Further, prove that
 AB   Bn An for all n  N .
n

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 84


Ans: Given, A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA
For n  1 , we have:
P 1 : AB  BA (Given)

 AB1  B1A
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .
P  k  : ABk  Bk A …(1)
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
ABk1  ABk  B
 ABk 1   Bk A  B

 ABk 1  Bk  AB 

 ABk 1  Bk  BA 

 ABk 1   Bk B  A

 ABk 1  Bk 1A
Therefore, the result is true for n  k  1 .
By the principle of mathematical induction, we have ABn  Bn A , n  N .

13. Choose the correct answer in the following questions:


  
If A    is such that A2  I then
   
A. 1  2    0

B. 1  2    0

C. 1  2    0

D. 1  2    0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 85


  
Ans: Given A   
   
A2  A  A
     
 A2    
       
  2      
A 2
2 
      
Now, A2  I
 2   0  1 0 
 2
 
 0     0 1 
Equating the corresponding elements, we get:
  2  1
 2    1  0
 1  2    0

14. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then


A. A is a diagonal matrix
B. A is a zero matrix
C. A is a square matrix
D. None of these
Ans: If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
A'  A and A'  A
 A  A
AAO
AO
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 86


15. If A is a square matrix such that A2  A , then  I  A   7A is equal to
3

A. A
B. I  A
C. I
D. 3A
Ans:  I  A   7A  I3  A3  3A  3A 2  7A
3

  I  A   7A  I  A3  3A  3A 2  7A
3

Given that A2  A ,

  I  A   7A  I  A 2  A  3A  3A 2  7A
3

  I  A   7A  I  A  A  A
3

  I  A   7A  I
3

Thus, option (C) is correct.

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