NCERT Solutions for Class 12

Maths

Chapter 3 – Matrices

Exercise 3.1
 2 5 19 7 
 
5
1. In the matrix A   35 2 12  , write
 2 
 
 3 1 5 17 
i. The order of the matrix.
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. Therefore, here the order is 3  4 .

ii. The number of elements.

Ans: Since the order of the given matrix is 3  4 therefore, the number of
elements in it is 3  4  12 .

iii. Write the elements a13 ,a 21 ,a 33 ,a 24 ,a 23

Ans: The elements are given as a mn . Therefore, here a13  19 , a 21  35 ,
5
a 33  5 , a 24  12 , a 23  .
2

2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What
if it has 13 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 24 .
1 24  ,  24  1 ,  2 12  , 12  2  ,  3  8 , 8  3 ,  4  6  ,  6  4  are all the

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possible ordered pairs here.
If the matrix had 13 elements, then the ordered pairs would be 1 13 and

13  1 .

3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
What if it has 5 elements?
Ans: The order of a matrix is m  n where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns. To find the possible orders of a matrix, we have to find all
the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 18 .
1 18 , 18 1 ,  2  9  , 9  2  , 3  6  ,  6  3 are all the possible ordered pairs
here.
If the matrix had 5 elements, then the ordered pairs would be 1 5 and  5  1

4. Construct a 3  4 matrix, whose elements are given by

1
i. aij  3i  j
2
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
Ans: A 3  4 matrix is given by A  a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 
 
 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 

1
Given that a ij  3i  j ,
2
1
 a11  3  1  1  1
2
1 5
a 21  3  2  1 
2 2
1
a 31  3  3  1  4
2

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 1 1
a12  3  1  2 
2 2
1
a 22  3  2  2  2
2
1 7
a 32  3  3  2 
2 2
1
a13  3  1  3  0
2
1 3
a 23  3  2  3 
2 2
1
a 33  3  3  3  3
2
1 1
a14  3  1  4 
2 2
1
a 24  3  2  4  1
2
1 5
a 34  3  3  4 
2 2
 1 1
1 2
0
2
 
Thus, the required matrix is A   1 .
5 3
2
2 2 
 7 5
4 3 
 2 2 

ii. aij  2i  j

 a11 a12 a13 a14 

Ans: A 3  4 matrix is given by A  a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 

 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 34 
Given that a ij  2i  j ,

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 a11  2  1  1  1
a 21  2  2  1  3
a 31  2  3  1  5
a12  2  1  2  0
a 22  2  2  2  4
a 32  2  3  2  4
a13  2  1  3  1
a 23  2  2  3  1
a 33  2  3  3  3
a14  2  1  4  2
a 24  2  2  4  0
a 34  2  3  4  2

1 0 1 2 
Thus, the required matrix is A  3 2 1 0  .
 
5 4 3 2 

5. Find the value of x,y,z from the following equation:

 4 3  y z 
i.   
 x 5  1 5
 4 3  y z 
Ans: Given     1 5
 x 5   
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
x  1, y  4,z  3

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  x  y 2   6 2
ii. 
   5 8
 5 z xy   
 x  y 2  6 2
Ans: Given   
 5  z xy  5 8 
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
x  y  6, xy  8,5  z  5
Now, 5 z 5
z0
We know that,  x  y    x  y   4xy
2 2

  x  y   36  32
2

  x  y   2

When  x  y   2 and  x  y   6 ,

We get x  4, y  2
When  x  y   2 and  x  y   6 ,
We get x  2, y  4
 x  4, y  2,z  0 or  x  2, y  4,z  0

 x  y  z   9
iii.  x  z    5 
 y  z   7 

 x  y  z  9 
Ans: Given  x  z    5 
   
 y  z  7 

Comparing the corresponding elements we get,

xyz9 …(1)

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xz5 …(2)
yz7 …(3)
From equation (1) and (2),
y59
y4
From equation (3) we have,
4z 7
z3
xz5
x2
 x  2, y  4,z  3

6. Find the value of a,b,c,d from the equation:

 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
 2a  b 3c  d    0 13 
   
 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
Ans: Given   
 2a  b 3c  d   0 13
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
a  b  1 …(1)
2a  b  0 …(2)
2a  c  5 …(3)
3c  d  13 …(4)
From equation (2),
b  2a
From equation (1),
a  2a  1

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 a 1
b2
From equation (3),
2 1  c  5
c3
From equation (4),
3  3  d  13
d 4
a  1,b  2,c  3,d  4

7. A  ay  is a square matrix, if

mn

A. m  n
B. m  n
C. m  n
D. None of these
Ans: A given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal
to the number of columns.
 A  a y  is a square matrix if, m  n .
mn

Thus, option (C) is correct.

8. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices
equal
 3x  7 5  0 y  2
 y  1 2  3x    8 4 
  
1
A. x  ,y  7
3
B. Not possible to find

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 2
C. y  7,x 
3
1 2
D. x  ,y 
3 3
3x  7 5  0 y  2 
Ans: Given   4 
 y  1 2  3x  8
Comparing the corresponding elements we get,
3x  7  0
7
x
3
y25
y7
y 1  8
y7
2  3x  4
2
x
3
Since we get two different values of x ,which is not possible. It is not possible to
find the values of x and y for which the given matrices are equal.
Thus, the correct option is (B).

9. The number of all possible matrices of order 3  3 with each entry 0 or 1

is:
A. 27
B. 18
C. 81
D. 512

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Ans: Given matrix is of the order 3  3 has nine elements and each of these
elements can be either 0 or 1 .
Now, each of the nine elements can be filled in two possible ways.
Therefore, the required number of possible matrices is 29  512 .

Exercise 3.2

 2 4  1 3  2 5 
1. Let A    ,B   2 5  ,C   3 4
 3 2    
Find each of the following
i. A  B
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   
3 2  2 5

 2 4   1 3
A  B    
 3 2   2 5

 2  1 4  3
AB 
3  2 2  5 

3 7 
AB 
1 7 

ii. A  B
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 2 4   1 3
A  B      2 5
 3 2   

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  2  1 4  3
AB 
3  2 2  5 

1 1 
AB 
5 3

iii. 3A  C
2 4  2 5 
Ans: Given A    ,C   3 4
3 2  

 2 4   2 5 
 3A  C  3     3 4
 3 2   
6 12   2 5 
 3A  C    
9 6   3 4 

6  2 12  5
 3A  C   
9  3 6  4 

8 7 
 3A  C   
6 2 

iv. AB
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 2 4   1 3
 AB    
 3 2   2 5
 2 1  4  2  2  3  4  5 
 AB   
 31  2  2  3  3  2  5  
 6 26 
 AB   
 1 19 

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v. BA
2 4  1 3
Ans: Given A    ,B   2 5
3 2  

 1 3  2 4 
 BA    
 2 5  3 2 

 1 2   3 3 1 4   3  2  
 BA   
 2  2   5  3 2  4   5  2  
11 10 
 BA   
11 2 

2. Compute the following:

 a b a b
i. 
   b a 
 b a   
 a b a b
Ans: We have to find   
 b a   b a 

 a b a b  a  a b  b 
    b a    b  b a  a 
  b a     

 a b   a b   2a 2b 
   b a    0
  b a     2a 

a2  b2 b2  c2   2ab 2bc 

ii.  2 2 2
 
    2ac 2ab 
2
 a c a b

a 2  b 2 b 2  c2   2ab 2bc 
Ans: we have to find  2 2  
a  c a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab 

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 a 2  b 2 b 2  c2   2ab 2bc  a 2  b 2  2ab b 2  c2  2bc 
 2   
a  c
2
a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab   a 2  c2  2ac a 2  b 2  2ab 

b 2  c2   2ab 2bc   a  b   b  c 
2 2
a 2  b 2
 2 2   
a  c a 2  b 2   2ac 2ab    a  c 2  a  b  
2


 1 4 6  12 7 6 
iii.  8 5 16    8 0 5 
 2 8 5   3 2 4 

 1 4 6  12 7 6 
Ans: we have to find  8 5 16    8 0 5 
   
 2 8 5   3 2 4 

 1 4 6 12 7 6   1  12 4  7 6  6 
  8 5 16    8 0 5    8  8 5  0 16  5 
     
 2 8 5   3 2 4   2  3 8  2 5  4 

 1 4 6  12 7 6  11 11 0 
  8 5 16    8 0 5   16 5 21
     
 2 8 5   3 2 4   5 10 9 

cos2 x sin2 x   sin2 x cos 2 x 

iv.  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x 
Ans: we have to find  2 2 
 2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x 
cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
 2 2 
 2  2 2 
 sin x cos x  cos x sin x  sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 
2 2 2

cos 2 x sin 2 x   sin 2 x cos 2 x  1 1

 2 2 
 2 2  
 sin x cos x   cos x sin x  1 1

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3. Compute the indicated products
 a b   a b 
i.   
 b a  b a 
 a b   a b 
Ans: we have to find   
 b a   b a 

 a b   a b   a  a   b  b  a  b   b  a  
   
 b a   b a   b  a   a  b  b  b   a  a  

 a b   a b  a 2  b 2 0 
   
 b a   b a   0 a 2  b2 

1
ii.  2   2 3 4
 3 

1 
Ans: We have to find  2   2 3 4
 
 3 

1  1 2  1 3 1 4  
   
 2  2 3 4   2  2  2  3 2  4  
 
 3  3 2  3 3 3 4  

1  2 3 4 
 
 2  2 3 4   4 6 8 
   
 3  6 9 12 

 1 2   1 2 3 
iii.   
2 3  2 3 1
1 2  1 2 3
Ans: we have to find   
 2 3   2 3 1

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 1 2 1 2 3 11  2  2  1 2   2  3 1 3  2 1 
   2 3 1   2 1  3 2 2 2  3 3 2 3  3 1 
 2 3               

1 2  1 2 3  3 4 1 
   2 3 1   8 13 9 
 2 3    

 2 3 4   1 3 5 
iv.  3 4 5   0 2 4 
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 3 4  1 3 5 
Ans: we have to find  3 4 5  0 2 4 
  
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 3 4  1 3 5 
  3 4 5  0 2 4  
  
 4 5 6   3 0 5 

 2 1  3 0   4  3 2  3  3  2   4  0  2  5   3  4   4  5  
 
31  4  0   5  3 3  3  4  2   5  0  3  5   4  4   5  5  
 4 1  5  0   5  3 4  3  5  2   6  0  4  5   5  4   6 5  

 2 3 4  1 3 5  14 0 42 
  3 4 5  0 2 4   18 1 56 
    
 4 5 6  3 0 5   22 2 70 

 2 1
 1 0 1
v.  3 2  
 1 2 1
 1 1 

 2 1
 1 0 1
Ans: we have to find  3 2  
   1 2 1
 1 1 

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  2 1  2 1  1 1 2  0   1 2  2 1  11 
   1 0 1  
 3 2     31  2  1 3 0   2  2  3 1  2 1 
  1 2 1
 1 1    11  1 1 1 0   1 2  11  11

 2 1  1 2 3
   1 0 1 
 3 2    1 4 5
  1 2 1  
 1 1    2 2 0 

 2 3 
 3 1 3   
vi.   1 0
 1 0 2   

 3 1

 2 3
 3 1 3  
Ans: we have to find   1 0
 1 0 2   3 1 
 
 2 3
 3 1 3  
    3  2   11  3  3 3  3  1 0   3 1 
 1 0  
 1 0 2  3 1   1 2   0 1  2  3 1 3  0  0   2 1 
 
 2 3
 3 1 3   14 6 
  1 0  
 1 0 2  3 1   4 5 
 

 1 2 3   3 1 2  4 1 2
4. If A   5 0 2  ,B   4 2 5  ,C   0 3 2  ,then
 1 1 1   2 0 3   1 2 3 

Compute  A  B  and  B  C  .Also, verify that A   B  C    A  B   C .

1 2 3  3 1 2  4 1 2
Ans: Given A  5 0 2  ,B   4 2 5  ,C  0 3 2 
1 1 1   2 0 3  1 2 3 

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 1 2 3  3 1 2 
 A  B  5 0 2    4 2 5 
   
1 1 1   2 0 3 

 1  3 2  1 3  2 
 A  B  5  4 0  2 2  5 
 
1  2 1  0 1  3 

 4 1 1
 A  B  9 2 7 
 
 3 1 4 

 3 1 2   4 1 2 
And B  C   4 2 5    0 3 2 
   
 2 0 3  1 2 3 

3  4 1  1 2  2 
 B  C  4  0 2  3 5  2 
 
 2  1 0  2 3  3 

 1 2 0 
 B  C   4 1 3
 
 1 2 0 

Now,
1 2 3  1 2 0 
A   B  C   5 0 2    4 1 3
   
1 1 1   1 2 0 

 1  1 2  2 3  0 
 A   B  C   5  4 0  1 2  3 
 
 1  1 1  2 1  0 

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  0 0 3
 A   B  C   9 1 5  …(1)
 
 2 1 1 

 4 1 1  4 1 2 
And  A  B   C  9 2 7    0 3 2 
   
 3 1 4  1 2 3 

 4  4 1  1 1  2 
  A  B  C  9  0 2  3 7  2 
 
 3  1 1  2 4  3 

 0 0 3
  A  B   C  9 1 5  …(2)
 
 2 1 1 
Thus, from equation (1) and (2),
A   B  C    A  B  C
Hence proved.

2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
5. If A  
4
and B  
1 2 1 2 4
then compute 3A  5B .
3 3 3 5 5 5
   
7 2
2 7 6 2
 3 3   5 5 5 

2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
Ans: Given that A  
4
and B  
1 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2  7 6 2 
 2 
 3 3   5 5 5 

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 2 5 2 3 
3 1  5 1
3 5
   
 3A  5B  3 
4
 5
1 2 1 2 4
3 3 3 5 5 5
7 2  7 6 2 
 2 
 3 3   5 5 5 

2 3 5 2 3 5
 3A  5B  1 2 4  1 2 4
   
7 6 2 7 6 2

0 0 0
 3A  5B  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

 cos  sin    sin   cos  

6. Simplify cos     sin    .
  sin  cos    cos  sin  
 cos  sin    sin   cos 
Ans: we have to simplify cos     sin  cos  sin  
  sin  cos   

 cos  sin    sin   cos 

 cos     sin  cos  sin   
  sin  cos   
 cos 2  cos  sin   sin 2   sin  cos  
    
  cos  sin  cos 2   sin  cos  sin 2  

 cos  sin    sin   cos 

 cos     sin  cos  sin   
  sin  cos    
 cos 2   sin 2  cos  sin   cos  sin  
 
  cos  sin   cos  sin  cos 2   sin 2  
 cos  sin    sin   cos  1 0 
 cos     sin     0 1 
  sin  cos    cos  sin    

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7. Find X and Y ,if
7 0  3 0
i. X  Y    and X  Y   
 2 5  0 3
Ans: Given:
7 0
XY  …(1)
2 5

3 0
XY  …(2)
0 3
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get,
7 0 3 0 
2X     0 3
 2 5   
10 0 
 2X   
 2 8

1 10 0 
X 
2  2 8 

5 0 
X   
1 4 

7 0
Now, since X  Y   
2 5

5 0  7 0 
   Y  2 5
1 4   

 7 0  5 0 
Y   1 4 
 2 5   

2 0
Y   
1 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 19

 5 0  2 0
X    ,Y   
1 4  1 1 

 2 3  2 2 
ii. 2X  3Y    and 3X  2Y   
4 0  1 5 
Ans: Given:
 2 3
2X  3Y    …(1)
 4 0
 2 2 
3X  2Y    …(2)
 1 5 
Multiplying equation (1) with two we get,
 2 3
2  2X  3Y   2  
4 0

4 6
  4X  6Y     …(3)
8 0
Multiplying equation (2) with three we get,
 2 2 
3  3X  2Y   3  
 1 5 

 6 6 
  9X  6Y     …(4)
 3 15 
From equation (3) and (4),
 4 6   6 6 
 4X  6Y    9X  6Y     
8 0   3 15 

 2 12 
 5X   
 11 15

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 1  2 12 
X
5  11 15

 2 12 
 5 5 
X   
 11 3 
 5 

 2 3
Now, since 2X  3Y   
 4 0
 2 12 
 5 5   2 3
2    3Y  
 11   4 0 
3
 5 

 4 24 
 5 5   2 3
   3Y  
 22   4 0 
6
 5 

 4 24 
 2 3  5 5 
 3Y    
 4 0  22 6 
 5 

6 39 
5 5
 3Y   
 42 6 
 5 

 2 13 
5 5
Y   
14 2 
 5 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 21

  2 12   2 13 
 5 5  5 5
X    ,Y   
 11 3   14
2
 5   5 

 3 2  1 0
8. Find X ,if Y    and 2X  Y   3 2  .
1 4  
3 2 
Ans: Given Y   
1 4 

 1 0
And 2X  Y   
 3 2 

3 2   1 0 
 2X    
1 4   3 2 
 1 0  3 2 
 2X     1 4 
 3 2   

 2 2 
 2X   
 4 2 

1  2 2 
X 
2  4 2 

 1 1
X   
 2 1

1 3   y 0  5 6
9. Find X and Y ,if 2     1 2  1 8
 0 x     
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
Ans: Given: 2    
0 x   1 2  1 8 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 22

  2 6   y 0  5 6 
    1 2   1 8 
 0 2x     

 2  y 6  0  5 6 
  
 0  1 2x  2  1 8 
2  y 6  5 6 
 
 1 2x  2  1 8 

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

2 y5
 y3
2x  2  8
x 3
 x  3, y  3

10. Solve the equation for X,Y,Z and t if

x z 1 1  3 5
2   3 0 2   3  4 6
y t     
x z 1 1 3 5
Ans: Given: 2    3   3 
y t  0 2   4 6

 2x 2z   3 3  9 15
   
 2y 2t  0 6  12 18

 2x  3 2z  3  9 15
 
 2y 2t  6  12 18

Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:

2x  3  9
x 3
2y  12

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 23

y6
2z  3  15
z9
2t  6  18
t 6
 x  3, y  6,z  9, t  6

 2  1 10
11. If x    y      ,find values of x and y .
 3 1 5
2  1 10 
Ans: Given: x    y     
3 1 5

 2x    y  10 
   
 3x   y   5 

 2x  y  10
 5
 3x  y   
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
2x  y  10 and
3x  y  5
Adding these two equations, we get:
5x  15
x 3
Now, since 3x  y  5
 y  5  3x
 y 59
 y  4
 x  3, y  4

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 24

 x y   x 6   4 xy 
12. Given 3       ,find the values of x,y,z
 z w    1 2w   z  w 2w  3 
and w .
x y   x 6   4 xy 
Ans: Given: 3  
  
  
 z w   1 2w   z  w 2w  3

3x 3y   x  4 6  x  y
   
 3z 3w   1  z  w 2w  3 
Equating the corresponding elements of these two matrices, we get:
3x  x  4
x2
3y  6  x  y
y4
3w  2w  3
w 3
3z  1  z  w
 z 1
 x  2, y  4,z  1, w  3

cos x  sin x 0 
13. If F  x    sin x cos x 0  , show that F  x  F  y   F  x  y  .
 0 0 1 

cos x  sin x 0 
Ans: Here, F  x    sin x cos x 0 
 
 0 0 1 

cos y  sin y 0 
F  y    sin y cos y 0 
 
 0 0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 25

 cos x  sin x 0  cos y  sin y 0 
 F  x  F  y    sin x cos x 0   sin y cos y 0 
  
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

cos x cos y  sin x sin y  0  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  0 0 

 F  x  F  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y  0  sin x sin y  cos x cos y  0 0 
 
 0 0 1 

cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0 
 
 F  x  F  y    sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0  …(1)
 0 0 1 

cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0 
 
And F  x  y    sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0  …(2)
 0 0 1 

From equation (1) and (2),

F x  F y   F x  y 
Hence proved.

14. Show that

 5 1  2 1   2 1   5 1
i.     
 6 7   3 4  3 4  6 7 

5 1  2 1   5  2   1 3 5 1  1 4  
Ans: LHS:    3 4   6 2  7 3 6 1  7 4 
 6 7           

5 1  2 1   7 1 
   3 4   33 34  …(1)
 6 7    

 2 1  5 1  2  5   1 6  2  1  1 7  
RHS:   6 7   3 5  4 6 3 1  4 7 
 3 4           

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 26

  2 1  5 1 16 5 
  6 7   39 25 …(2)
 3 4    
From equation (1) and (2),
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

 1 2 3   1 1 0   1 1 0   1 2 3 
ii.  0 1 0   0 1 1    0 1 1   0 1 0 
 1 1 0   2 3 4   2 3 4  1 1 0 

Ans: LHS:
1 2 3  1 1 0 
0 1 0   0 1 1  
  
1 1 0   2 3 4 

1 1  2  0   3 2  11  2  1  3  3 1 0   2 1  3  4  

 
 0  1  1 0   0  2  0 1  1 1  0  3  0  0   11  0  4  
1 1  1 0   0  2  11  1 1  0  3 1 0   11  0  4  

1 2 3  1 1 0  5 8 14 
 0 1 0  0 1 1    0 1 1  …(1)
    
1 1 0  2 3 4   2 3 4 

RHS:
 1 1 0  1 2 3
 0 1 1  0 1 0  
  
 2 3 4  1 1 0 

 11  1 0   0 1 1 2   11  0 1 1 3  1 0   0  0  

 
 0 1  1 0   11 0  2   1 1  11  0  3   1 0   1 0  
 2 1  3 0   4 1 2  2   3 1  4 1 2  3  3  0   4  0  

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 27

  1 1 0  1 2 3  1 1 3
  0 1 1  0 1 0    1 0 0  …(2)
    
 2 3 4 1 1 0   6 11 6 
From equation (1) and (2),
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

2 0 1
15. Find A 2  5A  6I if A   2 1 3  .
 1 1 0 

2 0 1
Ans: Given: A   2 1 3
 
1 1 0 

A2  AA
2 0 1 2 0 1
 A 2   2 1 3  2 1 3
  
1 1 0 1 1 0

 2  2   0  2   11 2  0   0 1  1 1 2 1  0  3  1 0  

 
 A 2   2  2   1 2   3 1 2  0   11  3  1 2 1  1 3  3  0  
1 2   1 2   0 1 1 0   11  0  1 11  1 3  0  0  

5 1 2 
 A 2  9 2 5 
 
0 1 2 

5 1 2  2 0 1 1 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9 2 5   5 2 1 3   6 0 1 0 
     
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 28

 5 1 2  10 0 5  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9 2 5   10 5 15  0 6 0 
     
0 1 2   5 5 0  0 0 6 

5  10 1  0 2  5  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I  9  10 2  5 5  15   0 6 0 
   
 0  5 1  5 2  0  0 0 6 

 5 1 3  6 0 0 
 A 2  5A  6I   1 7 10   0 6 0 
   
 5 4 2  0 0 6 

 1 1 3 
 A  5A  6I   1 1 10 
2
 
 5 4 4 

1 0 2
16. If A   0 2 1  , prove that A3  6A2  7A  21  0 .
 2 0 3 

1 0 2 
Ans: Given: A   0 2 1 
 
 2 0 3 

A2  AA
1 0 2  1 0 2 
 A  0 2 1  0 2 1 
2
  
 2 0 3   2 0 3 

1  0  4 0  0  0 2  0  6 
 A 2  0  0  2 0  4  0 0  2  3 
 
 2  0  6 0  0  0 4  0  9 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 29

 5 0 8 
 A2  2 4 5 
 
8 0 13

Now, A3  A2  A
 5 0 8  1 0 2 
 A3   2 4 5   0 2 1 
  
8 0 13  2 0 3 

 5  0  16 0  0  0 10  0  24 
 A   2  0  10 0  8  0 4  4  15 
3
 
8  0  26 0  0  0 16  0  39 

 21 0 34 
 A3  12 8 23
 
34 0 55

 A3  6A2  7A  21 
 21 0 34  5 0 8  1 0 2  1 0 0 
12 8 23  6  2 4 5   7 0 2 1   2 0 1 0 
       
34 0 55 8 0 13  2 0 3  0 0 1 

 A3  6A2  7A  21 
 21 0 34  30 0 48  7 0 14  2 0 0 
12 8 23  12 24 30    0 14 7   0 2 0 
       
34 0 55  48 0 78  14 0 21 0 0 2 

 21  30  7  2 0  0  0  0 34  48  14  0 
 A3  6A 2  7A  21   12  12  0  0 8  24  14  2 23  30  7  0 
 
34  48  14  0 0  0  0  0 55  78  21  2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 30

 0 0 0
 A3  6A 2  7A  21  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0

 A3  6A2  7A  21  0
Hence proved.

 3 2  1 0
17. If A    and I    , find k so that A2  kA  21 .
 4 2  0 1
 3 2 
Ans: Given: A   
 4 2 
A2  AA
 3 2   3 2 
 A2    
 4 2   4 2 

 9  8 6  4 
 A2   
12  8 8  4 
1 2 
 A2   
 4 4 
Now, A2  kA  21
1 2   3 2  1 0 
   k  4 2   2 0 1 
 4 4     

1 2   3k 2k   2 0 
    4k 2k   0 2 
 4 4     

1 2  3k  2 2k 
 
 
 4 4   4k 2k  2 

Equating the corresponding elements, we have:

3k  2  1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 31

 k 1
Thus, the value of k is 1 .

 
 0  tan 
2
18. If A    and I is the identity matrix of order 2 , show
 tan  0 
 2 
that
cos   sin  
I  A  I  A  
 sin  cos  
 
 0  tan 
Ans: Given: A   2

 tan  0 
 2 

 
0  tan 
 1 0   2
LHS: I  A     
 0 1   tan 0 
 2 

 
 1  tan 
2
IA  …(1)
 tan  1 
 2 

  
 0  tan  
cos   sin   1 0  2  cos   sin  
RHS:  I  A       
 sin  cos    0 1   tan     sin  cos  
 
0
 
 2
 
1 tan 
cos   sin    2 cos   sin  
 I  A   
 sin  cos     tan    sin  cos  
1
 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 32

   
 cos   sin  tan  sin   cos  tan 
cos   sin  
 I  A 
2 2
  
 sin  cos     cos  tan   sin  sin  tan   cos  
 2 2 

cos   sin  
 I  A  
 sin  cos  

 2          
 1  2sin  2sin  cos tan 2sin cos   2cos 2  1 tan 
2 2 2 2 2 2  2  2
 
  2          
   2cos 2  1 tan 2  2sin 2 cos 2 2sin cos tan  1  2sin 2
2 
   2 2 2

cos   sin  
 I  A  
 sin  cos  
 2  2      
 1  2sin  2sin 2sin cos  2sin cos  tan 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
  sin  cos   tan   2sin  cos  2sin 2 
 1  2sin 2  
 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

 
1  tan 
 cos   sin   
 I  A 
2
  …(2)
 sin  cos    tan  1 
 2 
Thus, from equation (1) and (2).
LHS  RHS
Hence proved.

19. A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types
of bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond
pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how
to divide Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund must
obtain an annual total interest of:
i. Rs 1,800

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 33

Ans: Let Rs x be invested in the first round.
Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond pays Rs  30000  x 
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays
7% interest per year.
We know that,
principle  rate
Simple interest for one year is .
100
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1,800 ,

 5 
100 
 x  30000  x      1800
 7 
100 

5x 7  30000  x 
   1800
100 100
 210000  2x  180000
 x  15000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 1,800 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 15000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 15000 in the second bond.

ii. Rs 2,000
Ans: Let Rs x be invested in the first round.
Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond pays Rs  30000  x 
It is given that the first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays
7% interest per year.
We know that,
principle  rate
Simple interest for one year is .
100
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 ,

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 34

  5 
100 
 x  30000  x      2000
 7 
100 

5x 7  30000  x 
   2000
100 100
 210000  2x  200000
 x  5000
Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of Rs 2,000 , the trust fund should
invest Rs 5000 in the first bond and the remaining Rs 25000 in the second bond.

20. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8

dozen physics books, 10 dozen economics books. Their selling prices are
Rs 80 , Rs 60 and Rs 40 each respectively. Find the total amount the
bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.
Ans: The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all these
books can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
80 
12 10 8 10 60 
 
 40 

 1210  80  8  60  10  40

 121680
 20160
Therefore, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale.

21. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are the matrices of order 2  n,3  k,2  p,n  3
and p  k respectively. The restriction on n,k,p so that PY  WY will
be defined are:
A. k  3,p  n

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 35

B. k is arbitrary, p  2
C. p is arbitrary, k  3
D. k  2,p  3
Ans: Matrices P and Y are of the orders p  k and 3  k respectively.
Therefore, matrix PY will be defined if k  3 .
Also, PY will be of order p  k .
Since the number of columns in matrix W is equal to the number of rows in
matrix Y .
Therefore, matrix WY is well-defined and is of the order n  k .
Moreover, Matrices PY and WY can be added only when their orders are the
same.
But PY is of the order p  k and WY is of the order n  k .
Therefore, we must have p  n .
 p  n,k  3 are the restrictions on n,k,p so that PY  WY will be defined.
Thus, option (A) is correct.

22. Assume X,Y,Z,W and P are matrices of order 2  n,3  k,2  p,n  3
and p  k respectively. If p  n , then the order of the matrix 7X  5Z is:
A. p  2
B. 2  n
C. n  3
D. p  n
Ans: Matrix X is of the order 2  n .
Thus, matrix 7X is also of the same order.
Since, p  n
Matrix Z is of the order 2  p or 2  n .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 36

Thus, matrix 5Z is also of the same order.
Since, both the matrices 7X and 5Z are of the same order 2  n .
Therefore, 7X  5Z is well defined and is of the order 2  n .
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Exercise 3.3

1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

5
1
i.  
2
  1
 
Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
5
1
  , then A T  5 
1
Thus, if A   1
2 2 
 1
 

 1  1
ii.  
2 3 
Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
 1 1  1 2
Thus, if A    , then A T
  1 3 
2 3   

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 37

  1 5 6
 
iii.  3 5 6
 2 3 1

Ans: The transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing its rows into columns and
its columns into rows.
 1 5 6   1 3 2
   
Thus, if A   3 5 6  , then A T   5 5 3
 2 3 1 6 6 1
  

 1 2 3   4 1 5 
2. If A   5 7 9  and B   1 2 0  , then verify that
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

i.  A  B  '  A' B'

 1 2 3  4 1 5
Ans: Given that: A  5 7 9 and B   1 2 0 
 
   
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
Thus, we have A '   2 7 1  and B'   1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 A  B   5 7 9   1 2 0 
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 5 3 2 
 A  B   6 9 9 
 
 1 4 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 38

  5 6 1
  A  B '   3 9 4  …(1)
 
 2 9 2 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
And A ' B'   2 7 1    1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 5 6 1
 A ' B'   3 9 4  …(2)
 
 2 9 2 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

ii.  A  B  '  A' B'

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 
Ans: Given that: A  5 7 9 and B   1 2 0 
   
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
Thus, we have A '   2 7 1  and B'   1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

 1 2 3  4 1 5
 A  B   5 7 9   1 2 0 
 2 1 1   1 3 1 

 3 1 8
 A  B   4 5 9
 
 3 2 0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 39

 3 4 3
  A  B  '  1 5 2  …(1)
 
8 9 0 

 1 5 2   4 1 1
And A ' B'   2 7 1    1 2 3
   
 3 9 1   5 0 1

3 4 3
 A ' B'  1 5 2  …(2)
 
8 9 0 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

 3 4
 1 2 1 
3. If A'   1 2  and B  
1 2 3
, then verify that
 0 1  

i.  A  B  '  A' B'

Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 3 1 0 
Thus, we have: A   
4 2 1
 1 1 
And B'   2 2 
 
 1 3 

 3 1 0   1 2 1
A  B    
 4 2 1   1 2 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 40

 2 1 1
AB 
5 4 4
2 5
  A  B  '  1 4  …(1)
 
1 4 

 3 4   1 1 
A ' B'   1 2    2 2 
   
 0 1   1 3

2 5
 A ' B'  1 4  …(2)
 
1 4 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

ii.  A  B  '  A' B'

Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 3 1 0 
Thus, we have: A   
4 2 1
 1 1 
And B'   2 2 
 
 1 3 

 3 1 0   1 2 1
A  B    
 4 2 1   1 2 3

 4 3 1
AB 
 3 0 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 41

 4 3
  A  B  '   3 0  …(1)
 
 1 2 

 3 4   1 1 
A ' B'   1 2    2 2 
   
 0 1   1 3

4 3
 A ' B'   3 0  …(2)
 
 1 2 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 A  B '  A' B'
Hence proved.

 2 3   1 0 
4. If A'    and B   1 2  , then  A  2B  ' .
 1 2  
Ans: We know that, A   A ' '

 2 1 
A   
 3 2

 2 1   1 0 
 A  2B     2 
 3 2  1 2

 2 1   2 0 
 A  2B    
 3 2  2 4

 4 1 
 A  2B   
 5 6

 4 5 
  A  2B  '   
 1 6

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 42

5. For the matrices A and B , verify that  AB  '  B'A' where

1
i. A   4  ,B   1 2 1
 3 

1
Ans: LHS: AB   4  1 2 1
 
 3 

 1 2 1 
 AB   4 8 4 
 
 3 6 3 

 1 4 3
  AB  '   2 8 6  …(1)
 
 1 4 3 

Now, A'  1 4 3

 1
And B'   2 
 
 1 

 1
RHS:  B'A '   2  1 4 3
 
 1 

 1 4 3
 B'A'   2 8 6  …(2)
 
 1 4 3 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 AB '  B'A'
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 43

 0
ii. A   1  ,B  1 5 7 
 2 

0
Ans: LHS: AB  1  1 5 7 
 
 2 

0 1 2 
 AB  0 5 10 
 
0 7 14 

0 1 2 
  AB  '  0 5 10  …(1)
 
0 7 14 

Now, A'  0 1 2

1 
And B'   5 
 
7 

1 
RHS:  B'A '  5  0 1 2
 
7 

0 1 2 
 B'A '  0 5 10  …(2)
 
0 7 14 

Thus, from equation (1) and (2),

 AB '  B'A'
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 44

6. If
 cos  sin  
i. A  
    , then verify that A'A  I
 sin cos 
cos   sin  
Ans: Here, A '   
 sin  cos  

cos   sin    cos  sin  

 A 'A    
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  
 A 'A   
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
 A 'A   
0 1 
A'A  I
Hence proved.

 sin  cos  
ii. A  
    , then verify that A'A  I
 cos sin 
 sin   cos  
Ans: Here, A '   
cos  sin  

 sin   cos    sin  cos  

 A 'A    
cos  sin     cos  sin  
 cos 2   sin 2  sin  cos   sin  cos  
 A 'A   
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  
1 0 
 A 'A   
0 1 
A'A  I
Hence proved.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 45

7. Show that
 1 1 5 
i. The matrix A   1 2 1  is a symmetric matrix.
 5 1 3 

 1 1 5
Ans: Given A   1 2 1
 
 5 1 3

 1 1 5
 A '   1 2 1
 
 5 1 3

Here, we have A'  A

Thus, A is a symmetric matrix.

 0 1  1
ii. The matrix A   1 0 1  is a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1
Ans: Given A   1 0 1 
 
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1 
 A'   1 0 1
 
 1 1 0 

 0 1 1
 A '    1 0 1 
 
 1 1 0 

Here, we have A'  A

Thus, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 46

 1 5
8. For the matrix A    , verify that
 6 7 
i.  A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
1 5 
Ans: Given A   
6 7 

1 6 
A '   
5 7 

1 5  1 6 
A  A'     5 7 
 6 7   

 2 11
 A  A'   
11 14 

 2 11
 A  A ' '   
11 14 
Here, we have A  A'   A  A' '
Thus, A  A' is a symmetric matrix.

ii.  A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.

1 5 
Ans: Given A   
6 7 

1 6 
A '   
5 7 
1 5  1 6 
A  A'    
 6 7  5 7 

0 1
 A  A'   
1 0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 47

  0 1
 A  A ' '   
 1 0 

0 1
  A  A ' '    
1 0 
Here, we have A  A'    A  A' '
Thus, A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.

0 a b
9. Find  A  A' and  A  A' , when A   a 0 c  .
1 1
2 2
 b c 0 

 0 a b
Ans: Given A   a 0 c 
 
 b c 0 

 0 a  b 
 A '   a 0 c 
 
 b c 0 

 0 a b   0 a  b 
A  A '   a 0 c    a 0 c 
   
 b c 0   b c 0 

0 0 0 
 A  A '  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

0 0 0 
  A  A '  0 0 0 
1
2  
0 0 0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 48

  0 a b   0 a  b 
Now, A  A '   a 0 c    a 0 c 
   
 b c 0   b c 0 

 0 2a 2b 
 A  A '   2a 0 2c 
 2b 2c 0 

 0 a b
  A  A '    a 0 c 
1
2  
 b c 0 

10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix:
3 5 
i.  
 1  1
3 5  3 1 
Ans: Let A    and A '  5 1
1 1  

3 5   3 1 
Now, A  A '    
1 1 5 1

6 6 
 A  A'   
6 2 
1
Let P   A  A'
2
1 6 6 
P
2 6 2 

3 3 
P 
3 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 49

 3 3 
Now, P '   
3 1
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
3 5   3 1 
Now, A  A '    
1 1 5 1

 0 4
 A  A'   
 4 0 
1
Let Q   A  A'
2
1  0 4
Q
2  4 0 

 0 2
Q 
 2 0 
 0 2
Now, Q'   
 2 0 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
3 3   0 2
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P    and Q    .
 3  1  2 0 

 6 2 2 
ii.  2 3 1
 2 1 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 50

  6 2 2   6 2 2 
Ans: Let A   2 3 1 and A '   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

 6 2 2   6 2 2 
Now, A  A '   2 3 1   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

12 4 4 
 A  A '   4 6 2 
 
 4 2 6 

1
Let P   A  A'
2
12 4 4 
 P  4 6 2 
1
2 
 4 2 6 

 6 2 2 
 P   2 3 1
 
 2 1 3 

 6 2 2 
Now, P '   2 3 1
 
 2 1 3 
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 6 2 2   6 2 2 
Now, A  A '   2 3 1   2 3 1
   
 2 1 3   2 1 3 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 51

 0 0 0 
 A  A '  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

1
Let Q   A  A'
2
0 0 0
 Q  0 0 0
1
2 
0 0 0 

0 0 0
 Q  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0

0 0 0 
Now, Q'  0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 

Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 6 2 2  0 0 0

Thus, A is the sum of matrices P  2 3 1 and Q  0 0 0 .

   
 2 1 3  0 0 0

3 3  1
iii.  2 2 1 

 4 5 2 

 3 3 1  3 2 4 
Ans: Let A   2 2 1  and A '   3 2 5 
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 52

  3 3 1  3 2 4 
Now, A  A '   2 2 1    3 2 5 
   
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

 6 1 5
 A  A '   1 4 4 
 
 5 4 4 

1
Let P   A  A'
2
 6 1 5
1
P 1 4 4 
2 
 5 4 4 

 1 5 
3 2 2
 
P  1
2 2 
2 
 5 
 2 2 
 2 

 1 5 
3 2 2
 
Now, P'   1
2 2 
2 
 5 
 2 2 
 2 
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 3 3 1  3 2 4 
Now, A  A '   2 2 1    3 2 5 
 4 5 2   1 1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 53

  0 5 3
 A  A '   5 0 6 
 
 3 6 0 

1
Let Q   A  A'
2
 0 5 3
 Q  5 0 6 
1
2 
 3 6 0 

 5 3
0 2 2
 
5
Q 0 3
2 
 3 
 3 0
 2 

 5 3
0   
2 2
 
Now, Q'   3 
5
0
2 
3 
 3 0 
 2 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 1 5   5 3
3 2 2   0
2 2
   
5
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P   2 2  and Q   3 .
1
0
2  2 
 5   3 
 2 2   3 0
 2   2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 54

  1 5
iv.  
 1 2 
 1 5 1 1
Ans: Let A    and A '  5 2 
 1 2   

 1 5  1 1
Now, A  A '     5 2 
 1 2   

2 4
 A  A'   
4 4
1
Let P   A  A'
2
1 2 4
P 
2  4 4 

1 2 
P 
2 2

1 2
Now, P '   
2 2
Here, P  P'
1
P   A  A' is a symmetric matrix.
2
 1 5  1 1
Now, A  A '     5 2 
 1 2   

 0 6
 A  A'   
 6 0 
1
Let Q   A  A'
2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 55

 1  0 6
Q
2  6 0 

 0 3
Q 
 3 0 
 0 3 
Now, Q '   
3 0 
Here, Q  Q'
1
Q   A  A' is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
1 2   0 3
Thus, A is the sum of matrices P    and Q   3 0  .
2 2  

11. If A,B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB  BA is a:

A. Skew symmetric matrix
B. Symmetric matrix
C. Zero matrix
D. Identity matrix
Ans: A and B are symmetric matrix, therefore, we have:
A'  A and B'  B …(1)
Here,  AB  BA  '   AB '  BA  '

  AB  BA  '  B'A' A'B'

From (1),
  AB  BA  '  BA  AB

  AB  BA  '    AB  BA  …(2)
From equation (2),
AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 56
 cos   sin  
12. If A  
   , then A  A'  I , if the value of  is
 sin cos 

A.
6

B.
3
C. n
3
D.
2
cos   sin  
Ans: Given A   
 sin  cos  

 cos  sin  
 A'   
  sin  cos  
Now, A  A'  I
cos   sin    cos  sin   1 0
     sin  cos    0 1 
 sin  cos      

 2cos  0  1 0 
 
 0 2cos   0 1 

Equating the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:

1
cos  
2
1
   cos 1  
2


3
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 57

Exercise 3.4

1. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 1  1
2 3 
 
 1 1
Ans: Let A   
2 3 
Since A  IA
1 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 0 5   
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 1  1 0 
  A
0 5   2 1 
1
Applying R 2  R 2
5
1 0
1 1 
   2 1A
0 5   
5 5
Applying R1  R1  R 2

3 1
1 1  5 5
    2 A
 0 5   1
 5 5 
3 1
5 5
 A 1   
 2 1
 5 5 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 58

2. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 2 1
 1 1
 
 2 1
Ans: Let A   
 1 1
Since A  IA
 2 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 1 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0  1 1
  A
0 1  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

1 1  1 1
    1 2  A
 0 5   
 1 1
 A 1   
 1 2 

3. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

1 3
2 7
 
1 3 
Ans: Let A   
2 7
Since A  IA
 1 3  1 0 
  A
 2 7  0 1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 59

Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

 1 3  1 0 
  A
0 1  2 1 
Applying R1  R1  3R 2

1 0   7 3
    2 1  A
 0 1   

 7 3
 A 1   
 2 1 

4. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 2 3
5 7
 
2 3
Ans: Let A   
5 7 
Since A  IA
 2 3  1 0 
  A
 5 7  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

 2 3  1 0 
    2 1  A
 1 1   
Applying R1  R 2

1 1  2 1 
  A
 2 3  1 0 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 60

 1 1  2 1 
    5 2  A
 0 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   7 3 
  A
0 1   5 2 

7 3 
 A 1   
 5 2 

5. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

2 1
7 4
 
2 1
Ans: Let A   
7 4 
Since A  IA
 2 1  1 0 
   0 1  A
 7 4   
Applying R 2  R 2  3R1

 2 1  1 0 
  A
1 1  3 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   4 1
    7 2  A
 0 1   

 4 1
 A 1   
 7 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 61

6. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 2 5
1 3
 
 2 5
Ans: Let A   
 1 3
Since A  IA
 2 5 1 0 
   0 1  A
 1 3   
1
Applying R1  R1
2
 5 1 
 1   0
 2  2 A
   
0 3   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

 5  1 
 1 0
2  2 
  A
0 1   1 1 
 2   2 
Applying R1  R1  5R 2

1 0   3 5
 1    1 A
0   1
 2  2 
Applying R 2  2R 2

1 0   3 5
  A
0 1   1 2 

 3 5 
 A 1   
 1 2 

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7. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
3 1
 5 2
 
3 1 
Ans: Let A   
5 2 
Since A  IA
3 1  1 0 
   0 1  A
 5 2   
Applying R1  2R1

6 2   2 0 
  A
5 2   0 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   2 1
   0 1  A
 5 2   
Applying R 2  R 2  5R1

1 0   2 1
  A
0 2   10 6 
1
Applying R 2  R 2
2
1 0   2 1
    5 3  A
 0 1   

 2 1
 A 1   
 5 3 

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8. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 4 5
 3 4
 
4 5
Ans: Let A   
3 4
Since A  IA
 4 5  1 0 
   0 1  A
 3 4   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 1  1 1
  A
3 4   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  3R1

1 1  4 5
    3 4  A
 0 1  
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   4 5
  A
0 1   3 4 

 4 5
 A 1   
 3 4 

9. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 3 10 
2 7 
 
 3 10 
Ans: Let A   
2 7 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 64

Since A  IA
 3 10  1 0 
   0 1  A
 2 7   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 3  1 1
  A
 2 7  0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 3  1 1
    2 3  A
 0 1   
Applying R1  R1  3R 2

1 0   7 10 
  A
0 1   2 3 

 7 10 
 A 1   
 2 3 

10. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 3  1
 4 2 
 
 3 1
Ans: Let A   
 4 2 
Since A  IA
 3 1 1 0 
   0 1  A
 4 2   
Applying R1  R1  R 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 65

  1 1 1 1
   0 1 A
 4 2   
Applying R 1   R 1

1 1  1 1
  A
0 2   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  4R1

1 1  1 1
    4 3 A
 0 2   
1
Applying R 2   R 2
2
 1 1
1 1  
    2 3 A
 0 1 
 2
Applying R1  R1  R 2

 1
 1
1 0  2
 
  A
 0 1  2 3 
 2 
 1
 1
2
 A 1   
2 3 
 2 

11. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 2 6 
 1 2 
 

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  2 6 
Ans: Let A   
1 2 
Since A  IA
 2 6  1 0 
  A
1 2  0 1 
Applying R1  R 2

1 2  0 1 
   1 0  A
 2 6   
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 2  0 1 
  A
0 2  1 2 
1
Applying R 2   R 2
2
 0 1
1 2 
   1  A
0 1   1
2 
Applying R1  R1  2R 2

 1 3
1 0  
   1  A
0 1   1
2 
 1 3
 A   1 
1
 1
2 

12. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 6 3 
 2 1 
 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 67

  6 3
Ans: Let A   
 2 1 
Since A  IA
 6 3 1 0 
  A
 2 1  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1
6
 1  1 
1 0
 2   6 A
   
 2 1   0 1 
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1

1 
 1  3
 1   6 
 2  A
  1 
0 0   1
 3 
Since, we can see all the zeros in the second row of the matrix on the L.H.S,  A1
does not exist.

13. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 2 3 
 1 2 
 
 2 3
Ans: Let A   
 1 2 
Since A  IA
 2 3 1 0 
  A
 1 2  0 1 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 68

  1 1 1 1
   0 1 A
 1 2   
Applying R 2  R 2  R1

1 1 1 1 
  A
0 1  1 2 
Applying R1  R1  R 2

1 0   2 3 
   1 2  A
 0 1   
2 3
 A 1   
1 2

14. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

2 1
 4 2
 
2 1
Ans: Let A   
4 2
Since A  IA
 2 1  1 0 
  A
 4 2  0 1 
1
Applying R1  R1  R 2
2
 1
 0 0  1
   2 A
 4 2 0 1 
 
Since, we can see all the zeros in the first row of the matrix on the L.H.S,  A1
does not exist.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 69

15. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.
 1 3 2 
 3 0 5 
 
 2 5 0 

 1 3 2 
Ans: Let A   3 0 5
 
 2 5 0 
Since A  IA
 1 3 2  1 0 0 
  3 0 5  0 1 0  A
   
 2 5 0  0 0 1 

Applying R 2  R 2  3R1 and R 3  R 3  2R1

1 3 2   1 0 0 
 0 9 11   3 1 0  A
   
0 1 4   2 0 1 

Applying R1  R1  3R 3 and R 2  R 2  8R 3

1 0 10   5 0 3
 0 1 21   13 1 8 A
   
0 1 4   2 0 1

Applying R 3  R 3  R 2

1 0 10   5 0 3
 0 1 21   13 1 8  A
   
0 0 25  15 1 9

1
Applying R 3  R3
25

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 70

  
1 0 10   5 0 3
 
 0 1 21   13 1 8 A
 
0 0 1   3 1 9
 
 5 25 25 
Applying R1  R1  10R 3 and R 2  R 2  21R 3

 2 3
 1   
1 0 0   5 5

 0 1 0    
2 4 11 
A
   5 25 25 
0 0 1  
 3 1 9 
 5 25 25 

 2 3
 1   
5 5
 
 A  
1 2 4 11 
 5 25 25 
 3 1 9 

 5 25 25 

16. Find the inverse of each of the matrices, if it exists.

 2 0  1
5 1 0 
 
 0 1 3 

 2 0 1
Ans: Let A   5 1 0 
 
 0 1 3 

Since A  IA

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 71

  2 0 1 1 0 0 
  5 1 0   0 1 0  A
   
 0 1 3  0 0 1 

1
Applying R1  R1
2
 1 1 
 1 0  0 0
2 2 
   
 5 1 0    0 1 0  A
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R 2  R 2  5R1

 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2 
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
0 1 3   0 0 1 
   
   
Applying R 3  R 3  R 2

 1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
 1   5 
0 0   1 1 
 2   2 
Applying R 3  2R 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 72

  1  1 
 1 0  0 0
2  2
   

 0 1
5   5
  1 0 A
 2   2 
0 0 1   5 2 2 
   
   
1 5
Applying R1  R1  R 3 and R 2  R 2  R 3
2 2
1 0 0   3 1 1 
 0 1 0   15 6 5 A
   
0 0 1   5 2 2 

 3 1 1 
 A 1   15 6 5
 
 5 2 2 

17. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if

A. AB  BA
B. AB  0,BA  I
C. AB  BA  0
D. AB  BA  I
Ans: Since, if A is a square matrix of order m , and if there exists another square
matrix B of the same order m , such that AB  BA  I , then B is said to be the
inverse of A . In such case, it is clear that A is the inverse of B .
Thus, matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if AB  BA  I .
Thus, option (D) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 73

Miscellaneous Solutions

0 1
, show that  aI  bA   anI  nan1bA , where I is the
n
1. Let A   
0 0
identity matrix of order 2 and n  N .
0 1 
Ans: Given A   
0 0 
By using the principle of mathematical induction.
For n  1 ,

P 1 :  aI  bA   a1I  a 0bA

1

 P 1 :  aI  bA   aI  bA
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .

That is, P  k  :  aI  bA   a k I  ka k 1bA

k

Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .

 aI  bA    aI  bA   aI  bA 
k 1 k

  aI  bA    a k I  ka k 1bA   aI  bA 
k 1

  aI  bA   a k I   k  1 a k bA  ka k 1b 2A 2
k 1
…(1)
Now,
0 1  0 1 
A2    
0 0  0 0 

0 0
A2   
0 0
A2  0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 74

  aI  bA   a k I   k  1 a k bA
k 1

Thus, the result is true for n  k  1

Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
0 1 
 aI  bA   a n I  na n 1bA where A    , nN .
n

 0 0 

1 1 1  3n  1 3n  1 3n  1 
 
2. If A  1 1 1 , prove that A n   3n1 3n 1 3 n 1  , n  N .
1 1 1  3n  1 3n  1 3n 1 

1 1 1
Ans: Given A  1 1 1
 
1 1 1
By using the principles of mathematical induction.
For n  1 , we have
311 311 311 
 
P 1  311 311 311 
311 311 311 
 
30 30 30 
 
 P 1  30 30 30 
30 30 30 

1 1 1
 P 1  1 1 1
 
1 1 1

 P 1  A
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 75

 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
P  k  : A k  3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
Now, Ak1  A  Ak

1 1 1 3 3k 1 3k 1 
k 1

 
 A k 1  1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 
 
1 1 1 3k 1 3k 1 3k 1 

3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
 
 A k 1  3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
3  3k 1 3  3k 1 3  3k 1 
 
3 k 11 3 k 11 3 k 11 
 k 1 1  k 11  k 11 
 A k 1  3  3 3 
  k 11  k 11  k 11 
3 3 3 
Thus, the result is true for n  k  1
Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 
  0 1 
A n  3n 1 3n 1 3n 1  where A    , nN .
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1   0 0 
 

 3 4  1  2n 4n 
3. If A   
n
  n 1  2n 
, then prove A where n is any positive
 1 1  
integer.
 3 4 
Ans: Given A   
1  1 
By using the principle of mathematical induction.

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For n  1 ,
3 4 
P 1 : A   
1 1
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .
1  2k 4k 
That is, P  k  : A k   , nN
 k 1  2k 

Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .

Ak1  A  Ak
1  2k 4k  3 4 
 A k 1  
 k 1  2k  1 1

3  2k 4  4k 
 A k 1   
 1  k 1  2k 
1  2  k  1 4  k  1 
 A k 1   
 1 k 1  2  k  1 

Thus, the result is true for n  k  1

Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, we have:
1  2n 4n 
An   , nN .
 n 1  2n 

4. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB  BA is a skew

symmetric matrix.
Ans: A and B are symmetric matrix, therefore, we have:
A'  A and B'  B …(1)
Here,  AB  BA  '   AB '  BA  '

  AB  BA  '  B'A' A'B'

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From (1),
  AB  BA  '  BA  AB

  AB  BA  '    AB  BA  …(2)
From equation (2),
AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

5. Show that the matrix B'AB is symmetric or skew symmetric accordingly

as A is symmetric or skew symmetric.
Ans: Let A be a symmetric matrix, then A'  A …(1)
 B'AB '  B' AB'
  B'AB '   AB 'B'

  B'AB '  B'  A'B

From (1),
  B'AB '  B'  AB
Thus, if A is a symmetric matrix, then B'AB is a symmetric matrix.
Let A be a skew symmetric matrix, then A'  A …(2)
 B'AB '  B' AB'
  B'AB '   AB 'B'

  B'AB '  B'  A'B

From (2),
  B'AB '  B'  AB

  B'AB '  B'AB

Thus, if A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then B'AB is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Therefore, the matrix B'AB is symmetric or skew symmetric accordingly as A
is symmetric or skew symmetric.

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6. Solve the system of linear equations, using matrix method.
2x  y  2
3x  4y  3
Ans: The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B where,
 2 1 x   2 
A  ,X    ,B   
3 4   y 3
Now, A  8  3  11

A  0 ,therefore its inverse exists.

We know that,
1
A 1  adjA
A

1  4 1
 A 1 
11  3 2 
adj 

We can write X  A1B

1  4 1   2 
X 
11  3 2   3 

 x  1  5
   
 y  11 12 
 5 
 x   11 
  
 y   12 
 11 
5 12
Thus, x  and y  .
11 11

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 79

 1 2 0  0
7. For what values of x , 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   O ?
 1 0 2   x 

1 2 0   0 
Ans: Given 1 2 1  2 0 1   2   O
  
1 0 2   x 

0
 1  4  1 2  0  0 0  2  2  2   O
 
 x 

0
  6 2 4  2   O
 
 x 

 6  0  2  2  4  x   O

  4  4x   0
 4  4x  0
 x  1
Thus, the required value of x is 1 .

 3 1
8. If A    , show that A2  5A  7I  O .
 1 2 
 3 1
Ans: Given A   
 1 2 
A2  A  A
 3 1  3 1
 A2    
 1 2   1 2 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 80

  3  3  1 1 3 1  1 2  
 A2   
 1 3  2  1 11  2  2  
 9 1 3  2 
 A2   
 3  2 1  4 

 8 5
 A2   
 5 3
LHS: A2  5A  7I
 8 5  3 1 1 0 
   5   7 
 5 3  1 2  0 1

 8 5 15 5  7 0 
   
 5 3  5 10   0 7 

0 0 
 
0 0 
O
RHS:  O
LHS  RHS
 A2  5A  7I  O hence proved.

1 0 2  x 
9. Find X , if  x 5 1  0 2 1   4   O .
 2 0 3   1 

1 0 2   x 
Ans: Given  x 5 1 0 2 1   4   O
 2 0 3   1 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 81

 x 
  x  2 10 2x  8  4   O
 
 1 

  x  x  2  40  2x  8  O

  x 2  48   0

 x 2  48  0
 x  4 3
Thus, the required value of x is 4 3 .

10. A manufacture produces three products X,Y,Z which he sells in two

markets.
Annual sales are indicated below:

Market Products
I 10000 2000 18000
II 6000 20000 8000

a) If unit sale prices of X,Y,Z are Rs 2.50 , Rs 1.50 and Rs 1.00 ,

respectively, find the total revenue in each market with the help of matrix
algebra.
Ans: Here the total revenue in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix
as:
 2.50 
10000 2000 18000 1.50 
1.00 
 1000  2.50  2000 1.50  18000 1.00
 46000
And, the total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 82

  2.50
6000 20000 8000 1.50 
1.00 
 6000  2.50  20000 1.50  8000 1.00
 53000
Thus, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 and the same in market II is Rs
53000 .

b) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs 2.00 , Rs 1.00 and
50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
Ans: Here, the total cost prices of all the products in the market I can be
represented in the
form of a matrix as:
 2.00 
10000 2000 18000 1.00 
 0.50 
 1000  2.00  2000 1.00  18000  0.50
 31000
As, the total revenue in market I is Rs 46000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs46000  Rs31000  Rs15000 .
And, the total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:
 2.00
6000 20000 8000 1.00 
 0.50 
 6000  2.00  20000  1.00  8000  0.50
 36000
As, the total revenue in market II is Rs 53000 , the gross profit in this market is
Rs53000  Rs36000  Rs17000 .

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  1 2 3   7 8 9 
11. Find the matrix X so that X   2 4 6 .
 4 5 6   
1 2 3  7 8 9 
Ans: Given X   
4 5 6  2 4 6 
Here, X has to be a 2  2 matrix.
a c 
Now, let X   
b d 
Thus, we have:
 a c  1 2 3  7 8 9 
b d  4 5 6   2 4 6 
    

 a  4c 2a  5c 3a  6c   7 8 9 
  
 b  4d 2b  5d 3b  6d   2 4 6 
Comparing the corresponding elements of two matrices, we have:
a  4c  7
2a  5c  8
3a  6c  9
b  4d  2
2b  5d  4
3b  6d  6
Now, solving the above equations we get,
a  1,b  2,c  2,d  0
 1 2 
Thus, the required matrix X is   .
 2 0 

12. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA
, then prove by induction that ABn  Bn A . Further, prove that
 AB   Bn An for all n  N .
n

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 84

Ans: Given, A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB  BA
For n  1 , we have:
P 1 : AB  BA (Given)

 AB1  B1A
Therefore, the result is true for n  1 .
Let the result be true for n  k .
P  k  : ABk  Bk A …(1)
Now, we have to prove that the result is true for n  k  1 .
ABk1  ABk  B
 ABk 1   Bk A  B

 ABk 1  Bk  AB 

 ABk 1  Bk  BA 

 ABk 1   Bk B  A

 ABk 1  Bk 1A
Therefore, the result is true for n  k  1 .
By the principle of mathematical induction, we have ABn  Bn A , n  N .

13. Choose the correct answer in the following questions:

  
If A    is such that A2  I then
   
A. 1  2    0

B. 1  2    0

C. 1  2    0

D. 1  2    0

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 85

   
Ans: Given A   
   
A2  A  A
     
 A2    
       
  2      
A 2
2 
      
Now, A2  I
 2   0  1 0 
 2
 
 0     0 1 
Equating the corresponding elements, we get:
  2  1
 2    1  0
 1  2    0

14. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then

A. A is a diagonal matrix
B. A is a zero matrix
C. A is a square matrix
D. None of these
Ans: If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then
A'  A and A'  A
 A  A
AAO
AO
Thus, option (B) is correct.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 86

15. If A is a square matrix such that A2  A , then  I  A   7A is equal to
3

A. A
B. I  A
C. I
D. 3A
Ans:  I  A   7A  I3  A3  3A  3A 2  7A
3

  I  A   7A  I  A3  3A  3A 2  7A
3

Given that A2  A ,

  I  A   7A  I  A 2  A  3A  3A 2  7A
3

  I  A   7A  I  A  A  A
3

  I  A   7A  I
3

Thus, option (C) is correct.

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