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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME (SIWES)
1.1 The Students’ Industrial Work-Experience Scheme
There are different forms of Cooperative Education around the World, all emanating from
the innovation of Herman Schneider in 1906.
In Nigeria, the current form of Cooperative Education is known as the Students’ Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES).
Often, Student mistakenly and commonly refers to “SIWES” AS “IT”; whereas industrial
training is generic while SIWES is a specific form of Cooperative Education or industrial
training as practiced or implemented in Nigeria.
1.1.1 Ascendance of SIWES
Following the discontinuation of the system of sponsorship of students by employers at
the Yaba Technical Institute and emergence of other higher institutions offering science,
engineering and technology programs, there was no organized industrial training in Nigeria.
Only those students who engaged in holiday jobs in areas relevant to their courses of study
could be said to have had some form of work-experience or industrial training while others did
not.
The situation led to a spate of criticisms of Set graduates from Nigerian institutions as
lacking practical skills in general and, in particular, the relevant production skills needed by
industry. Consequently, some higher institution introduced the Student Work-Experience
Program (SWEP) to enrich the curricula of engineering courses.
However, SWEP was not suitable for real industrial training.
1.1.2 Advent of SIWES
In recognition of the shortcomings and weaknesses in the formation of Set graduates,
particularly with respect to acquisition of relevant production skills (RPSs), the industrial
Training Fund (which was itself established in 1971 by Decree 47) initiated the Students’
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973. The main reason behind the
embarkment of students in the SIWES was to expose them to the industrial environment and
enable them to develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their
quota to the national economy and technological development after graduation.

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Consequently, SIWES is a planned and structured program based on stated and specific
career objectives which are geared towards developing the occupational competencies of
participants
1.2 Overview of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
SIWES which stands for Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme was initiated by
the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 so as to complement the theoretical knowledge
acquired in higher institutions with practical experience.
Since its induction, the Scheme has gone through series of reforms, it’s management for
instance has changed hands from the ITF to the various regulatory Agencies such as National
Universities Commission (NUC), National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and
National Commission for College of Education (NCCE) and now back to Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) again. These are the major stakeholders in (SIWES)
Consequently, SIWES Programme was introduced into the curriculum of tertiary
institutions in the country as far back as 1974 with 748 students from 11 institutions of higher
learning.
However, the scheme has over the years contributed immensely to the personal
development and motivation of students to be able to understand the important connection
between the taught and learnt content of their academic programmes and what knowledge and
skill will be expected of them on professional practice after graduation.
Meanwhile, the need for students to possess adequate information on (SIWES) is
further underlined by the fact that (SIWES) is a course of study that attract two, four and six
credit units in Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Universities respectively, depending on
the need attached to it by the institutions.
The availability of required information therefore, enhances the capacity of students to
work for and earn the credit units allotted for SIWES, rather than wobbling through the
training intervention because of lack of pertinent information.

1.2.1 Objectives of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

The Industrial Training Funds (ITF) policy document no. 1 of 1973, which established SIWES
outline the objectives of the scheme. [4]
The objectives are to
1. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience during their course of study.

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2. Prepare students for industrial work situation that they are likely to meet after
graduation.
3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make the transition from school to the world of work career and enhances students
contacts for later job placements.
5. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real
work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practical.

1.2.2 Benefits of Industrial Training to Students

The major benefits accruing to students who participate conscientiously in industrial training
are the skills and competencies they acquire. This is because the knowledge and skill acquired
through training by students are internalized, and it becomes relevant, during job performances
or functions.

Several other benefits include:

1. Opportunity for students to blend theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom with
practical hand-on application of knowledge required to perform work in industry.
2. Exposes students to the working environment, i.e. to enable them see how their
professions are organized in practice.
3. Prepares students to contribute to the productivity of their employers and nation’s
economy.
4. Provision of an enabling environment where students can develop and enhance personal
attributes such as critical thinking, creativity, initiative, resourcefulness leadership, time
management, presentation of skills and interpersonal skills.
5. Prepares students for employment and makes transition from school to the work
environment easier after graduation.
6. Enables Students Bridge the gap between the acquired skills in the institutions and the
relevant production skill required in the work organization.
7. Enhances students contact with potential employers while on training.

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CHAPTER 2
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ATTACHMENT
2.1 About Coquitech NG

Coquitech NG, which stands for Coqui Technologies Nigeria  is a premium design agency
that focuses on quality, innovation, & speed. We utilized technology to bring results to grow
our clients businesses. We pride ourselves in great work ethic, integrity, and end-results.
Throughout the years Coqui Tech has been able to create stunning, designs in multiple
verticals while allowing our clients to obtain an overall better web presence.
Our company strives for corporate integrity, honesty, and servant leadership. Our team
members all strive to be servant-leaders in the workforce. Coquitech doesn’t just focus on
great websites; we personally serve every single customer we come in contact with. It does not
matter if it is a corporate conference over the phone or causal meeting at Starbucks we are here
and in business for you. Because of that we believe personal attention to every customer isn’t
just good business it is a judgment of character as well. Coqui Technologies is making large
strides in the web development and design industry. Coquitech’s has desires to provide
affordable, high-quality website to individuals and companies. Coquitech prides itself with
user-friendly & professional websites that are valuable to any audience that visits.
2.1.1 Core Services at Coquitech NG
• Web Design
• Web Development
• Web Hosting
• Domain Name Registration
• SEO
• CMS

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIT

WEB DESIGN DEPARTMENT
This department was where my SIWES took place where I was grounded
and expose to the website world especially the creation of websites taking me step by step
with practical all through the process.

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2.2 Company’s Organization Structure

Lead Developer

Backend UI
Developer Designer

Database Graphics
Manager Designer

Coder Frontend
Developer

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CHAPTER 3
ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT DURING THE COURSE OF THE SIWES
PROGRAMME
3.0 WEB DEVELOPMENT
Web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide
Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing a simple
single static page of plain text to complex web-based internet applications (web
apps), electronic businesses, and social network services.
Web development usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sites:
writing mark-up and coding. Web development may use content management systems (CMS)
to make content changes easier and available with basic technical skills.

3.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are terms that were made use of, in this department
WEBSITE:
A website is a set of related webpages containing content such as texts, images, videos, audios,
etc. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the
internet or a private LAN through an internet address known as a URL (Universal Resource
Locator). A publicly accessible websites collectively constitutes the World Wide Web
(WWW).
WEBPAGE:
A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting
instructions of hypertext nark up language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate
elements from other websites with suitable anchors. Webpages are accessed and transported
with the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), which may occasionally employ encryption
(HTTP secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the use of the webpage content.
The user’s application often a web browser renders the page content according to its HTML
mark-up instructions into a display terminal.
HTTP:
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol which is the set of rules for transferring files
(text, graphic, images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
URL:
This stands for Uniform Resource Locator and as the name suggests, it provides a way to
locate a resource on the web, the hypertext system that operates over the internet.

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3.2 HTML AND ITS PROPERTIES

HTML stands for Hypertext Mark-up Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it
to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available
in HTML language.
3.2.1 HTML TAGS:
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of
the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html>has its closing
tag</html>and <body>tag has its closing tag </body>tag etc.
The following are the names of tags and their description.
Tag Description
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly
comprises of document header which is represented by
<html>
<head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other
<head> HTML tags like <title>, <link>, <script language =”javascript”>
etc.
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
<title>
document title.
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML
<body>
tags like <h1>, <div>, <p>, <table> etc.

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<h1> This tag represents a heading

<p> This tag represents a paragraph.

<b>, <i>, <li>, <ul> Bold, italic, list, unordered list

3.2.2 HTML TABLE:

The HTML table model allows web designers to arrange data –text, preformatted text, images,
links, forms, form fields, other tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells. It is defined with the
<table> tag.
Table are divided into table rows with the <tr> tag. Table rows are divided into table data with
the <td> tag. A table row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag. Table data
<td> are the data containers of the table. They can contain all sorts of HTML elements like
text, images, lists, other tables.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Basic HTML Table</h2>
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>

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<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>Doe</td>
<td>80</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:

Basic HTML Table

Firstname Lastname Age
Jill Smith 50
Eve Jackson 94
John Doe 80
3.3 CSS AND ITS PROPERTIES
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet used for formatting html document. It is a style sheet
language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a mark-up language.
Note: CSS code is not written the same way as HTML code is. This makes sense because css
is not HTML, but rather a way of manipulating existing HTML.

3.3.1 REASONS FOR CSS

The following are reasons why CSS is better
 It saves time
 It eradicate the idea of using repeating codes
 It provides efficiency in design and updates: with css, we are able to create rules, and
apply those rules to many elements within the website.
 It can lead to faster page downloads: since rules are only downloaded once by the
browser, then are the cached and used for each page load, the use of css can lead to
lighter page loads, and improved performance. This contributes to lighter server loads
and lower requirements, which overall saves money for our clients.
 It creates external file (server side) for managing html content.

3.3.2 METHOD USED BY CSS IN FORMATTING HTML DOCUMENT

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1. Inline Style: It is used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element. An inline
CSS uses the style attribute of an HTML element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a Blue Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
2. Embedded / Internal Style: It is used if one single page has a unique style. Internal
styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: powderblue;}
h1 {color: blue;}
p {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
3. External Style: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire
website by changing just one file. Each page must include a reference to the external
style sheet file inside the <link> element. The <link> element goes inside the <head>
section. Also when using external css it is preferable to keep the css separate from
your HTML. Placing CSS in a separate file allows the web designer to completely

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differentiate between content (HTML) and design (CSS). External CSS is a file that
contains only CSS code and is saved with a “.css” file extension. This CSS is then
referenced in your HTML using the <link> instead of <style> as earlier stated.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any HTML
code, and must be saved with a .css extension.

Here is how the "styles.css" looks:

body {
  background-color: powderblue;
}
h1 {
  color: blue;
}
p {
  color: red;
}
3.3.3 CSS SELECTORS AND HOW THEY CAN BE USED
CSS selectors are used to find or select HTML elements based on their element name, id or
class
1. Element Selector: The element selector selects elements based on the element name.
2. Id Selector: The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a
specific element. The id of an element should be unique within a page, so the id selector is
used to select one unique element. e.g. id=”hello” css #hello {color;red;}

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3. Class Selector: The class selector selects elements with specific class attribute. To
select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character followed by the name of the
class. e.g. .center {text-align:center;}

3.3.4 CSS RULES OVERRIDING

1. Any inline style sheet takes the highest priority, so it will override any rule defined in
<style>……</style> tags.
2. Any rule defined in <style>………</style> tags will override the rules defined in any
external style sheet file.

3.3.5 CSS COMMENTS

To simply put comment inside a style sheet you use /*………..*/, you can use it to comment
multi-line blocks in similar way as you do in c and c++ programming language.
Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a later
date. Comments are ignored by browsers.

/* This is a single-line comment */

/* This is

a multi-line
comment */

3.3.6 BACKGROUND AND FONT OF VARIOUS HTML ELEMENTS

You can set the following background properties of an element.
1. The background-color: Is a property used to set the color background of an element.
2. The background-image property: is used to set the background image of an element.
3. The background repeat: Is used to control the repetition of an image in the
background.
4. The background position: Is used to control the position of an image in the
background.
5. The background attachment: Is used to control the scrolling of an image in the
background.
6. The background property: Is used as a short hand to specify a number of other
background properties.
body {

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background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-color:#ff00ff;
background-position: right top;
margin-right: 200px;
background-attachment: scroll;
}
FONT WHICH ARE;
1. The Font-family property: This is used to change the face of a font
2. The Font-style property: This is used to make a font italic or oblique.
3. The Font-weight property: This is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a
font appears.
4. The Font-size property: This is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
p{
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-style: italic;
font-size: 30px;
font-weight: bold;
}

3.3.7 TEXT DECORATION:

This demonstrate how to decorate a text in css, the values are none, underline, over line, line
through and blink.
p{
text-decoration: overline;
text-decoration: line-through;
text-decoration: underline;
}
3.3.8 PROPERTIES OF HYPERLINK USING CSS
1. The link signifies unvisited hyperlinks
2. The link visited signifies visited hyperlinks
3. The link hovered signifies an element that currently has the user’s mouse pointer
hovering over it.
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4. The link active signifies an element on which the user is currently clicking.
<style>
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: red;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: green;
}
/* mouse over link */
a:hover {
color: hotpink;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: blue;
}
</style>

3.4 PHP AND ITS PROPERTIES

PHP was originally called PHP/FI which means Personal Home Page/Form Interpreter in
1995 by Ramus Leardof. It was a collection of Perl Script for handling form submission but
lack many useful language features such as for loop.
PHP/F2 was written in 1997 by Ramus yet with some lacking feature and poor execution style.
e.g. the while loop.
PHP 3 which means PHP Hypertext Pre-processor was later written by Ramus, Zeave
Audraski and Andi Gutman in 1998 with improvement and added feature like database access.
PHP 4 was written with the sluggard “Compare First and execute Later” Style in late 1998.
The compile code will be use to execute the object code using the Zend Engine.
PHP 5 contain improve object oriented feature.
3.4.1 COMMON USES OF PHP

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PHP performs system functions i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read, write, and
close them. The other uses of PHP are:
 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, through email.
 You add, delete, and modify elements within your database through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.

3.4.2 PHP EMBEDDED IN HTML

Once you have PHP in your HTML do not save it with .html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
echo "My first PHP script!";
?>

</body>
</html>

3.4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETUP

In order to develop and run my PHP web pages, three (3) vital components were installed on
my computer system.
 Web Server: PHP will work with virtually all web server software, including Microsoft
Internet Information Server (IIS), wamp server and xampp.
 Database: PHP will work with virtually all database software, including MySQL,
Oracle.
 PHP Parser: In order to process PHP script instructions, a parser must be installed to
generate HTML output that can be sent to the Web Browser.
3.4.4 COMMENTING PHP CODE
A comment is the portion of a program that exists only for the human reader and stripped out
before displaying the programs result. There are two commenting formats in PHP:
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 Single-line comments: They are generally used for short explanations or notes relevant
to the local code. e.g. #,//
 Multi-lines comments: They are generally used to provide pseudocode algorithms and
more detailed explanations when necessary. The multiline style of commenting is the
same as in C. e.g. /*……….*/
3.4.5 VARIABLE TYPES
The main way to store information in the middle of a PHP program is by using a variable. The
important thing to know about variable in PHP includes:
 All variable in PHP are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).
 The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.
 Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left hand side and
the expression to be evaluated on the right.
 Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.
 Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types – a variable does not know in advance
whether it will be used to store a number or a string of characters.
 Variables used before they are assigned have default values.
 PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another when
necessary.
3.4.6 DATA TYPES
PHP has a total of eight (8) data types which we use to construct our variables.
 Integers: They are whole numbers, without a decimal point e.g. 4196
 Doubles: They are floating-point numbers e.g. 3.14159 or 49.1
 Booleans: They have only two possible values either true or false.
 NULL: Is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
 Strings: They are sequences of characters, like ‘PHP supports strings operations’.
 Arrays: They are named and indexed collections of other values.
 Objects: They are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both
other kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
 Resources: They are instances variables that hold references to resources external to
PHP (such as database connections).
3.4.7 VARIABLE NAMING
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Rules for naming a variable are:

 Variable names must begin with a letter or underscore character.
 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores but you cannot use
character like +, -, %, (,), &, etc.
Note: There is no size limit for variables.
3.4.8 VARAIABLES
Scope can be defined as the range of availability a variable has to program in which it is
declared. PHP variables can be one of four scope types.
 Local Variables: A variable declared in a function is considered local, i.e. it can be
referenced solely in that function. Note that any assignment outside of that function will
be considered to be entirely different variable from the one contained in the function.
 Global Variables: In contrast to local variables, a global variable can be accessed in
any part of the program. However, in order to be modified, a global variable must be
explicitly declared to be global in the function in which it is to be modified. This is
accomplished, conveniently enough, by placing the keyword GLOBAL in front of the
variable that should be recognized as global.
3.4.9 ARRAYS
An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar type of values in a single value. For
example, if you want to store 100 numbers, then instead of defining 100 variables, it is easy to
define an array of 100 lengths. An array consists of two (2) basic elements.
o Key
o Value
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
</body>
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</html>
3.4.10 GET AND POST METHODS
There are two ways the browser client can send information to the web server.
 The GET Method: It sends the encoded user information appended to the page request.
The page and the encoded information are separated by the ? character.
 The POST Method: This method transfers information via HTTP headers.
Note: Before the browser sends the information, it encodes it using a scheme called URL
encoding. In this scheme, name/value pairs are joined with equal signs and different pairs are
separated by the ampersand. e.g. name1=value1&name2=value&name3=value3. Spaces are
removed and replaced with the + character and any other non-alphanumeric characters are
replaced with a hexadecimal values. After the information is encoded, it is sent to the browser.
3.5 DATABASE AND ITS PROPETIES
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to manipulate database object. Database is a tabular
representation of data with specific attribute.
3.5.1 DATABASE STRUCTURE
DATABASE
All the rows in a given table are related in a way that describes the database function. A row of
data in a table is a called a record.
Data in a table can be linked with another record in a table which is done by a primary key.
A primary key uniquely identify record in the entire database. The primary key cannot be
duplicated in a table. Unique id behaves in the same way it is use to prevent duplicate in a
table.
Note: For me to work (insert) and update record into a database will be done through an
interface called PHPMYADMIN.

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PhpMyAdmin is a web based interface to a MYSQL server. This interface is written in PHP
language. Which is frequently used for web based interactive programs.
PhpMyAdmin translates what I enter into the web browser, sends queries to the MySQL
database, and translates the returned information back to web format.
3.5.2 DATABASE CREATION
A database was created for my project, so that the form created can be submitted.

3.5.3 SQL STATEMENTS

1. INSERT: It is use to add record to database tables
2. UPDATE: It is use to change existing records data in tables
3. SELECT: It query or view record data in tables.
4. DELETE: It is use to delete record from database tables

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3.6 SAMPLED PROJECT

HOMEPAGE

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REGISTER PAGE

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LOGIN PAGE

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USER DASHBOARD

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CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
4.1 CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Content Management System (CMS) can be defined as a tool or software program containing a
set of interrelated programs used for creating and managing different digital or online content.
Some famous examples of CMS software are Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, TYPO3, etc. The
typical use of CMSes are in two areas:
1. Enterprise Content Management (ECM) and
2. Web Content Management (WCM)
In the majority of the cases, it can support many users, letting them work in the association.
For example, WordPress makes it possible in creating many administrative users, where each
one has different privileges hence making the work progress in parallel. Content management
systems also comprise of text as well as the layout and design feature like the facility to upload
multimedia content like photos, videos, audio, maps, or even any source code.
4.1.1 COMPONENT OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A content management system is composed of 2 major components. These are:
 A content management application (CMA) is a graphical user interface that allows its user
to create, delete, modify, and publish content even without the knowledge of HTML or
other programming languages that are necessary to create web pages.
 A content delivery application (CDA) is responsible for the back-end services. It manages
as well as delivers content after framed in the CMA.

4.1.2 FEATURES OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 User Management: This permits the management of user information like the roles of
different users allotted to work simultaneously, such as creating or deleting the user,
change the username, password, and other related information.
 Theme System: This allows us to modify the site view as well as functionality using
stylesheets, images, and templates.
 Extending Plugins: Different plugins are offered, which gives custom functionalities and
features to create the CMS site.
 Search Engine Optimization: It is embedded with a lot of search engine optimization
(SEO) tools making content SEO more straightforward.
 Media Management: is used for managing the media files and folder, with uploading
media contents easy and effortless.
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 Multilingual: Translation of the language, as preferred by the user, is possible through

CMS.

4.1.3 ADVANTAGES OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 Most of the CMS is open source and is available for free.
 Easy and quick uploading of media files can be done.
 Several SEO tools make on-site SEO simpler.
 Easy customization is possible as per the need of the user.
 It can modify CSS files as per the design needed by the user.
 Many templates and plugins are available for free. Customization of plugins is also
possible.
 Content editing is also more comfortable as it uses the WYSIWYG editor.

4.1.4 DISADVANTAGES OF CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 CMS software needs a time-to-time update, and hence the user needs to look out for
updated version.
 The use of different plugins can make your website heavy and challenging to run.
 CMS hosting is quite expansive.
 PHP knowledge is required to modify or change the WordPress website.

4.2 WORDPRESS
WordPress provides the most amazing way of creating websites and blogs. More than 34% of
the websites are built using WordPress. So, it can be said that this popular content management
system is famous for developing blogging sites and websites. Today, WordPress has proudly
brought the most supportive and useful blogging community on the web. Thousands of sites
(news, updates, resources, training, tutorials— the list is endless) exists which inherit and
make use of WordPress
WordPress is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which allows the
users to build dynamic websites and blogs. Wordpress is the most popular blogging system on
the web and allows updating, customizing and managing the website from its back-end CMS
and components.
WordPress was initially released on 27th May, 2003 by Matt Mullenweg and
Mike Little. WordPress was announced as open source in October 2009.

4.2.1 FEATURES

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WordPress is considered to be the most popular content management system due to its
characteristics.
 The most important features of WordPress are that you can create a dynamic website
without any programming and design knowledge.
 WordPress is theme-based, which provides you options for various open-source and
premium design themes, which can be integrated easily without any designing knowledge.
 Plugins extend the functionality of WordPress, which can be used to add new required
modules.
 WordPress sites are search engine optimization (SEO) friendly, and it means sites built-in
WordPress can be easily optimized for search engine listings.
 WordPress is Multilingual, which allows users to translate content in their language.
 WordPress has an inbuilt Media Management System, which is used to manage images,
music, documents, etc. and can be used with text content.
4.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF WORDPRESS
 WordPress is free and an open-source platform under the GNU General Public License
(GPL).
 Design themes customization in WordPress is straightforward.
 It allows you to manage users with different roles and permissions.
 WordPress media management is quick and easy to use.
 WordPress provides WYSIWYG editor to manage your text content, which is very useful
for manipulating the layout of the document.

4.3 WORDPRESS INSTALLATION

System Requirement for Wordpress Installation
 If you are using Windows, then you require installing WAMP (Windows, Apache,
MySQL, and PHP).
 If you are using Linux, then you require installing LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and
PHP).
 If you are using MAC, then you require installing MAMP (Macintosh, Apache, MySQL,
and PHP).
 Or you can also install XAMPP, which is Multi-platform and came with (Apache,
MariaDB, PHP, and Perl).
 WordPress is compatible with PHP 5.2+ and MySQL 5.0 +
4.3.1 DOWNLOAD WORDPRESS
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WordPress is free and an open-source platform under the GNU General Public License (GPL),
and you can download it directly from WordPress official website. You can also open
the https://wordpress.org/download/ link directly to download WordPress.

4.3.2 INSTALLING WORDPRESS

 First, you required extracting downloaded WordPress and upload into your localhost or
web server project folder.
 You required to open your web browser and navigate the URL of WordPress folder path
(In case of localhost URL will be http://localhost/wordpress_project_folder_name).
 WordPress installation requires an empty MySQL database, so you needed to create it
before.
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 WordPress Setup wizard will ask you initial information about the website, which is
mentioned below.
Step 1: The WordPress installation setup will ask you about the language preference on the
first step. Here you have to choose the language of your choice and press Continue.

Step 2: Installation second stage provides info about required information before proceeding.
Step 3: In this installation steps, you have to provide MySQL database connection credentials.
It will ask for entering the information related to the MySQL database. Here is the list of fields
that the screen will be asking you to insert:
1. Database Name: This will be the name of the database that you have already created in
the MySQL database to use WordPress.
2. Username: It will be the user name data for your database.
3. Password: Here, you have to enter the password for your MySQL database.
4. Database Host: is where you have to insert the hostname which will be by default as
"localhost".
5. Table Prefix: is implemented to add prefixes in the database tables which help in
running multiple sites on the same database.

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Once you provide all the information, press the Submit button.
Step 4: The installation setup checks the authentication of database credentials and provides
you with a confirmation.

If you have provided the correct MySQL credentials, a new screen will come up with the
option "Run the Install".
Click that "Run the Install" button.
Step 5: This is the final step, where you have to provide site admin information.
Enter the administrative information which will be having the following the field:

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1. Title of the site

2. Username
3. Password
4. Your Email address
5. Check-box to allow search engines to index the site.

Once you fill the data, click the "Install WordPress".

Step 6: Now, the admin panel will come up with a login screen. Enter the username and
password you have chosen in the previous screen and login.

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That's it; you have successfully installed WordPress.

4.4 WORDPRESS DASHBOARD

WordPress Dashboard is the first screen of the WordPress admin control panel after the login.
It provides website information at a glance, it's easily customizable and offers quick access to
other pages.
For handling all the different utilities of WordPress, you need a control panel from where you
can control and manage your entire WordPress Website. The admin dashboard of WordPress is
also called WP Admin Panel. It acts as a control unit, which consists of a collection of gadgets
that can help build your website with a customized look and theme and therefore it is essential
to understand what features it has and how you can use it as a user.

4.4.1 FEATURES ON WORDPRESS DASHBOARD

 Top Admin Bar
 Screen Options
 Welcome to WordPress
 At a Glance
 Activity
 Quick Draft
 WordPress News
 Admin Sidebar Menu
Top Admin Bar
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WordPress Top Admin Bar provides some shortcuts links which include notifications about
plugins updates, user comments, write or edit the post, user options, etc. You can see that it
will be available on all pages of WordPress after login, for your convenience.
Screen Options
The WordPress screen option is related to the current page customization, and it may contain
some checkboxes to show and hide some screen options.
Screen Option is a collection of different widgets that can be toggled for showing and hiding
on some screens using checkboxes. This feature of the dashboard allows you to customize the
admin screen or panel.
Welcome
It provides some useful links and steps for the first time to start working with WordPress.
At a Glance
It provides a quick overview of some published posts and pages and also provides the current
WordPress version and current active theme information.
Activity
The activity widget provides quick access to the latest posts and comments. It instantly offers
the option of accepting, declining, answering, editing, deleting, and marking a comment as
spam.
Quick Draft
Quick Drafts allows you quick access to write and save content from the dashboard. You can
draft or publish new content from here that came to your mind.
It provides a tiny post editor that will allow users to write, save, and publish a post from the
admin panel. It also has the provision for adding draft title, added notes about the draft as well
as a saving option as a Draft.
WordPress News
The WordPress News widget gets information from the official WordPress blog, which
contains information about the latest software releases, updates, news, and alerts.
Admin Sidebar Menu
WordPress Admin Sidebar Menu provides main admin options which include links such as
Posts, Media, Pages, Comments, Appearance, Plugins, Users, Tools, Settings, etc., used to
handle your entire website components.

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 Posts: talks about the entries as contents in reverse chronological order on the posts page.
Also, posts get displayed in the RSS feed of your blog. You can control the number of
posts you want to show at a time from the Reading Settings.
 Pages: is static website content element and is not listed according to date. Also, pages do
not make use of tags. An About page is the typical example of pages.
 Media Library: is an essential repository for media files (such as images, audio, videos,
and other documents) that can be used on your site. It allows you to upload as well as
manage media files, in your posts and pages easily and quickly.
 Comments: show your website's visitors' comments as they wanted to communicate with
you and you can see the list of all comments made by your readers.
 Appearances: used to customize your website's look and appearance.
 Plugins: is a section from where you can incorporate other additional programs for your
website, which can extend the functionality and add new features for your site.
 User: is that section helps in defining what actions the different users of your site are
allowed to perform. These actions are called capabilities.
 Tools: contain a collection of programs for performing some non-routine management
tasks.
 Settings: are used to set the basic configuration of your site.
4.5 CREATING A WEBSITE OR BLOG IN WORDPRESS
Developing a website using WordPress is simple because all tools and programs are built in
such a way that you can easily interact with the various components of WordPress and
incorporate them into your site. This content management tool is designed in such a way that
even non-technical bloggers and content creators can create their website with much ease and
variations.
Benefits of Using WordPress from a Newbie's Perspective
Choosing WordPress becomes an added advantage because:
 It does not require any hardcore technical knowledge.
 It is flexible and scaled features.
 It is suited for all types of users.
 It has an easy integration mechanism.
 It creates a responsive site which can be compatible with devices with different screen size
such as mobile phone and tabs.

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Domain Names and Hosting for WordPress

Once you decide the platform you want to work on, the next thing you need is a domain name
and hosting space to bring your website. The domain name will enable your viewers to get to
your site with your website's unique name, and on the other hand, hosting gives a space where
your site resides on a server and make it sure that your website loads swiftly and smoothly
without going down for hours.
Website Template/Theme
Once you install WordPress, you will see a simple site. To make it more robust and smart, full
of content, you need to establish the most appropriate themes that fit your intentions. This
becomes helpful in adding a visually appealing look to the front and other pages of your
website.
To implement this, log in to your WordPress, and you will be able to see the first screen on
your dashboard. After logging in, you can access 150 free themes. You will find the theme
option under the Appearance menu.
Once you click on that theme option, it will take you to another screen where you can see
square-shaped boxes with individually installed themes. To add a new theme, click the "Add
New" button at the top of this page. It will navigate you to another page where you can see the
thumbnails of all the themes that are free to install.
Creating New Pages and Posts
Once you have chosen a theme, the next thing you need to do is add pages to your website. To
do this, you have to go to "Pages" > choose "Add New" option. There are various components
of this new Page, creating a screen that will be discussed separately in a further chapter.
Similarly, you can add content also by navigating to "Posts" > "Add New" option. Make sure
you refresh the website after every update from the WordPress dashboard so that the saved
changes get reflected on your website.
4.6 WORDPRESS POSTS
Adding posts in WordPress to insert content (text, multimedia, and other documents) is a
common activity of a WordPress admin user. Posts are also commonly termed as blog posts or
articles or blogs. Putting the content on your website is done using this feature of WordPress.
"Posts" is a component of WordPress that allows WordPress users to inscribe a blog as well as
post it on the associated site. These posts are listed in descending order on the front page of the
website or blog.

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4.6.1 How to Add a New Post in WordPress

Here are the steps to add new posts to WordPress:
1. To add a new Post on your website through WordPress, you have to log in to the
WordPress account.
2. There you will see Admin Sidebar Menu on the left.
3. Go to the Posts on the menu and choose Add New.
4. Now you will see a new screen where you will be given the option to add a title and
content for your web page.
5. There are two primary components of this screen:
 Title: where you can insert the title of your post
 Content: where you will inscribe the content for your post. It can be done in two
different ways:
o Visual mode is where you can write in a regular format by using WYSIWYG Editor.
o Text mode is where you can write in HTML format like you are writing in Windows
Notepad.

4.6.2 Publishing a New Post in Wordpress

Once you're creating content for your blog or site, and you've set up all the formats and other
tags, the next thing you need to do is publish the content.
For this, you have to click the Publish button for publishing your desired post. This button will
be available on the right side of the panel.
Here is the list of components that comes under the Publish section:
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1. Save Draft - is used for saving the post as a draft.

2. Preview - is used for previewing your post before publishing.
3. Move to Trash - is used for deleting the post.
4. Status - is used for changing the status of your post, whether it is published, pending, or
under reviewer draft.
5. Visibility - is used to modify the visibility of the post to public, private, or password
protected.
6. Published - is used for changing the published post date and time.
4.6.3 Edit Existing Post
To edit a post, you have to go to Posts> All Posts. There you will see the list of all created
posts. Hover your mouse on any of the posts; you will see an option for Edit and Quick Edit.
You can use any one of the options to make changes to your posts.
4.6.4 Delete Existing Post
To delete a post, you have to go the Posts > All Posts. There you will see the list of all created
posts. Hover your mouse on any of the posts; you will see a link of Trash. The trash option will
allow you to delete the respective post.
4.7 WORDPRESS PAGES
Adding a new page is essential because there are situations when you want to create new web
pages for your site, which may contain additional content, or you redirect a link to a new page
that contains information regarding that topic or link. As you all know, a website can have
multiple web pages; these pages can be created in WordPress using this feature.
Creating pages to your website is similar to that of incorporating Posts in WordPress. Pages
can be defined as a collective set of static content that does not change its display information
dynamically during the website run. Let us now get to know how to add or make a page in
WordPress.
4.7.1 How to Add a New Page in WordPress
Here are the steps to add new pages in WordPress, and this is similar to adding new posts:
1. To add a new Page on your website through WordPress, you have to log in to the
WordPress account.
2. You will now see the screen of the Dashboard.
3. On the left side of your Dashboard, you will see Admin Sidebar Menu.
4. Go to the Pages on the menu and choose Add New.

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5. Now you will see a new screen where you will be given the option to add a title and
content for your web page.
6. There are two primary components of this screen:
 Title: where you can insert the title of your post
 Content: where you will inscribe the content for your post. It can be done in two
different ways:
o Visual mode is where you can write in a regular format by using WYSIWYG Editor.
o Text mode is where you can write in HTML format like you are writing in Windows
Notepad.
4.7.2 What Is a WYSIWYG Editor?
WYSIWYG Editor has similar capabilities like that of a Word Processor, which is a primary
interface where you can draft and format your content. The different button it contains for
editing formatting are: Bold, Italics, Word strike, bullet-list, number-list, block-quote, left and
right alignment, justify, add-link, distraction-free writing toggle button, toggling toolbar, and
horizontal line.
4.7.3 Publishing a New Page in WordPress
Once, you are done writing your entire article or content; you can publish the page to the user
by clicking the Publish button from the right window screen.
Here is the list of components that comes under the Publish section:
1. Save Draft - is used for saving the page as a draft.
2. Preview - is used for previewing your page before publishing.
3. Move to Trash - is used for deleting the page.
4. Status - is used for changing the status of your page, whether it is published, pending, or
under reviewer draft.
5. Visibility - is used to modify the visibility of the page to public, private, or password
protected.
6. Published - is used for changing the published page date and time.
4.7.4 Edit Existing Page
To edit an existing page, you have to go to your WordPress dashboard.  From there, you have
to navigate to the Pages Menu > "All Pages". Under "All" or "Published", you will see the list
of pages you have published or already created. There you have to hover your mouse. There
the Edit and Quick Edit option will come in the form of a link.

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4.7.5 Delete Existing Page

For deleting a page, navigate to Pages > "All Pages". Here from the list of all published pages,
you have to hover your mouse on that page, which you want to delete. Then you will find a
Trash option in the form of a link for deleting the respective post.
4.8 WORDPRESS CATEGORIES
Grouping the content into different sections according to their genre is necessary for making
the readers and viewers comfortable with the selection of contents. WordPress provides a
popular tool that can help in sorting and grouping all of your website contents into different
sections.
WordPress categories is an essential tool that is used by the admins and users in dividing the
web site's content into various sections. You may have noticed that the various material you
write can be further divided into different categories. The categorization based on genres and
types tells readers about the post so that readers can quickly find any post from the post's
collection.
Categories are a convenient way to organize your written posts. There may also be multiple
subcategories, which makes the hierarchical arrangement of posts potential. Furthermore, a
single post can be positioned in more than one category, so that it can become available from
multiple dimensions. This gives you as well as readers a lot of flexibility in showing exactly
the posts you wish to as well as accurately the way you want within the site's widgets, menus,
or in your WordPress theme directly. In case there is no category added to your posts or
contents, then by default, the category is set to uncategorized.
4.8.1 How to Create Categories in WordPress
To create new categories in WordPress, you need to follow the steps mentioned below:
1. Go to your WordPress dashboard.
2. Navigate to the "Posts" menu > "Categories".
3. On the left window pane of your page, you will see a tab that will let you create
categories. There you have to fill in the category name, followed by the category description in
the text box, and when all the information is feed; you have to press the "Add New" Category
button.

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4.8.2 How to Assign Posts to Categories in Wordpress

As soon as you are down setting the category in structure, you can incorporate the different
posts into categories. There are two ways of doing this. To implement categorization in your
posts, you have first to open a particular post (or create a fresh one) and then place a checkbox
from the Categories section, which you will find from the rightmost corner down your screen
for assigning categories to your posts.
4.8.3 Components of Adding Categories
1. Name: is where you will name the category, which will be unique.
2. Slug: is implemented in your URL for displaying your category.
3. Parent: is where you can add sub-categories assigning your category or select none, this
selection is optional.
4. Description: are also optional. Here, you are given a text box to put a brief description
of your category.
4.8.4 Editing and Deleting a Category
For editing a category, you have to navigate to the "Posts" menu > "Categories". Now, hover
your mouse to the category for editing as well as deleting as per your wish.
4.9 WORDPRESS TAGS
Tagging your WordPress posts into specific keywords and terms will allow you to categorize
your contents and articles within your website. Hence tagging is an essential element of
WordPress, which makes SEO much more comfortable, and this feature is provided in the
form of a tool in WordPress, though it is optional.
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WordPress Tags can be defined as a set of information that you can attach to your WordPress
content for categorizing and better identify content. Each post can have many tags that can
allow the visitors to click on a tag for finding related posts that have the same tag. When you
mention a tag correctly, it not only helps readers easily find content but also helps in search
optimization.
4.9.1 How to Include Tags in Your WordPress Post
The steps to include tags in your posts are:
1. Log in to WordPress and go to your dashboard.
2. From there, you have to navigate to the Posts > Tags.
3. You will now see a new screen which will be the "Tags" page.
4. From that page, you have to fill all the required fields that are discussed below:
o Name: is where you will name the category, which will be unique.
o Slug: is implemented in your URL for displaying your category.
o Description: are also optional. Here, you are given a text box to put a brief description
of your category.
5. After inserting all the above information, you have to click the "Add New Tag" button.
6. This will bring the newly created tag on the right side of the page, which you can see on
your screen.

4.9.2 Editing Tags in Wordpress

Here is a list of simple steps that you can follow to edit tags in WordPress:
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1. From the dashboard, go to your Posts menu.

2. From there, choose the Tags option.
3. You can view the tags that you have created previously using the steps mentioned
above.
4. As you hover the mouse cursor on the Tags, you will be able to see a few options that
will be displayed below the Tag name.
5. From there, you can either choose the Edit or the Quick Edit option.
6. Now, edit any of the desired fields you want to modify and then click the Update button
to reflect the changes.
4.9.3 Deleting Tags in WordPress
If you want to remove the tag from your WordPress post altogether, then you need to follow
some specific steps or approaches to doing it.
1. From the dashboard, go to your Posts menu.
2. From there, choose the Tags option.
3. You can view the tags that you have created previously using the steps mentioned
above.
4. As you hover the mouse cursor on the Tags, you will be able to see a few options that
will be displayed below the Tag name.
5. From there, you can either choose the Delete option.
6. A pop-up dialog box will ask for confirmation. Click OK to delete the tag.
4.10 WORDPRESS USER
Every user has their roles in WordPress. Roles can be defined as the permissions provided to
any particular user for accessing the WordPress site. The admin is the one who can allot
different roles to the users. It is essential to have a user role management tool that can specify
what a user can or cannot perform.
WordPress uses the concept of roles that are assigned using the Users, which gives the site
owner the ability to control what users can or cannot perform within site. A site owner can
handle the user access to different roles such as Writing and Editing posts, Creating Posts and
Pages, manage categories, control comments, organizing plugins, managing themes, along
with administrating other users by merely assigning particular roles to each of the users.
4.10.1 WordPress User Roles
Admin assigns different roles to different types of users. WordPress allows the following types
of users:

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1. Administrator: is the one having complete authority over the website, right from adding
new posts to deleting existing posts. The administrator can change the current appearance and
look of the site, as well as passwords and other account details.
2. Editor: are those who deal with the content creation for a site. They are given adequate
right to add, delete, publish, or edit different posts and their associated comments.
3. Author: are those who deal with their posts such as creating, deleting, publishing,
editing, and uploading videos as well as files. They also have the right to delete their posts,
even when they are published. Categorizing their posts and adding tags can also be done by
them. But they are not permitted to add any page or modify them.
4. Contributor: does not have the right to make public their post, content, or page. They
usually send their post to the administrator for review. They even don't possess the right to
upload files like images or videos to their posts.
5. Subscriber: are subscribed to your site and can log in and update their profile as well as
read all public posts. Also, they can update their passwords and other subscriber details.
6. Followers: are not given any right and can only read or comment on different posts.
They are signed to receive site and post notifications.
7. Viewer: can only read or comment on a post.
4.10.2 WordPress User
For setting a role for your user, you as an admin have to do the following steps:
1. From your dashboard, go to the Users menu, from the left window pane.
2. Now choose the "Add User" option.
3. Fill the details that you can see on your screen and then click the "Add New User"
button.
4. Now, once you are done adding new users, you can see that the username you have
given is added to the list of users.
4.10.3 Editing and Deleting Users in WordPress
To edit the users, the steps are:
1. From the WordPress dashboard, go to the Users menu, from the left window pane.
2. Now choose the "All User" option.
3. Now, you will see a screen containing a list of all users.
4. Clicking any particular user will show you the option for Editing and Deleting.
5. Click the Edit | Delete option to either edit or delete that particular selected user.
6. In the case of Delete, you have to press the "Confirm Deletion" button.

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4.11 PROJECT DONE WITH WORDPRESS

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CONTACT US PAGE

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ABOUT US PAGE

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CHAPTER 5

5.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING SIWES

 Difficulty in seeking for IT attachment: Due to placement desperation we end up
begging some employers to take us before considering us.
 Lack of Transportation Fee: I wasn’t given transportation or feeding money during my
training period at the company, which means I had to feed and transport myself.
 Unavailability of Working Internet: Internet in computing has helped to make some
works and discovery quite easier and faster. The internet available in the company due
to mismanagement was kept private and not always released for easy access for
personal use other than organizational purpose. This poses as a problem which was
resolved by using personal mobile data which helped to some extent.
5.1 CONCLUSION
This report has been able to x-ray an account of the entire work – experience garnered by me
during my SIWES program at Coqui Technologies NG which is a core scheme in ITF and
which is saddled with the responsibility of strengthening the effective teaching and learning of
skill based course such as Computer Science. I therefore conclude that SIWES is of great
benefit to students in tertiary institutions. It therefore implies that the proper and effective
administration of SIWES will go a long way in boosting and enhancing the competencies of
the workforce of the country. My training here has given me a broader view to the importance
and relevance of Computer Science (Web Design Development) in the immediate society and
the world as a whole, as I now look forward to impacting it positively after graduation. I have
also been able to improve my communication and presentation skills and thereby developed
good relationship with my fellow colleagues at work. In summary, the activities that I had
learned during industrial training really are useful for me in future to face challenges in a
working environment.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
A comprehensive and detail information on Organizations who accept students for SIWES is
urgently required to facilitate placement of student in industry, as this has caused many
students with interest to learn during this period to use this period for unnecessary purposes.
Government should ensure a proper supervision of SIWES student so that the purpose of the
program will be achieved. Also there should be more funding of the scheme by the government
in order for it to be more effective.
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The companies should put in place all the necessary facilities needed to enhance the
knowledge of the student in industrial attachment and experience staff should always be made
to train the students on attachment.

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REFERENCES
 www.itf.gov.ng
 Logbook
 http://www.w3schools.com
 http://www.tutorialpoint.com
 http://www.tizag.com/CSS
 http://www.CSS/HTML/116583/article.com
 https://www.w3schools.in/wordpress-tutorial/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_development

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