Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

Rules of Counting
Multiplication Rule : If there are two tasks A and B , to be completed in succession and there
exists m ways of doing first task A and n ways of doing the second task B , then Task A and
Task B together in succession, can be completed in mn ways.
Simply Speaking : Whenever you say AND, you MULTIPLY.

A
C
Example : B

If there are two persons A and B, one of whom can sing a song in 5 ways ,
while the other person who is a guitarist, can play the guitar tones in 3 ways each time,
then these two persons , A and B can hold the concert together on stage in : 5x3=15 ways.
Example : If you are travelling from A to C, but you have to travel through B,
then if there are 5 routes to travel from A to B
and 3 routes to travel from B to C, then you have to travel from A to B and from B to C :
5x3=15 ways.
Addition Rule : If there are two tasks A OR B , either to be performed in mutual exclusion of
the other, and there exists m ways of doing task A and n ways of doing the other task B, then
EITHER Task A OR Task B can be completed in : m+n ways
Simply Speaking : Whenever you say OR, you ADD.
Example :
If there are two persons , one of whom can sing a song in 5 ways ,
while the other person who is a guitarist, can play the guitar tones in 3 ways,
then these two artists can hold the concert in mutual exclusion of the other i.e.
Either the Singer OR the Guitarist can hold the concert in : 5+3= 8 ways.
Example : If you are to travel from A to either B OR C , for watching the same movie screened
in the theatres at both places, then if there are 5 routes to travel from A to B
and 3 routes to travel from A to C, you can move from A to B OR A to C in : 5+3=8 ways.

B C

A
Combination of Objects OR Selection of Objects :
𝑛!
The number of ways to select 𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 is 𝑛
𝑟𝐶 = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

Definition : Binomial Distribution :

Let us assume there are two bags, each containing two objects : 𝑎 & 𝑏
If you are asked to pick up one and only one object out of 𝑎 𝑂𝑅 𝑏 , from each bag and as such from
both the bags,
then at the end of every such pick up, you will have two objects in your hands :
𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑎 & 𝑎 )
𝑎 OR 𝑏 𝑎 OR 𝑏
AND 𝑜𝑟 (𝑎 & 𝑏 )
𝑜𝑟 ( 𝑏 & 𝑎 )
𝑜𝑟 ( 𝑏 & 𝑏 )
Thus (𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏) 𝑨𝑵𝑫 ( 𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 ) = (𝑎 & 𝑎) 𝑶𝑹 (𝑎 & 𝑏) 𝑶𝑹 (𝑏 & 𝑎) 𝑶𝑹 (𝑏 & 𝑏)
Remember : 𝑨𝑵𝑫 ⇒ 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 , 𝑶𝑹 ⇒ 𝑨𝒅𝒅
⇒ (𝑎 + 𝑏). (𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏2
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= 22𝐶 𝑎2 . 00𝐶 𝑏 0 + 2 1 1
1𝐶 . 𝑎 . 1𝐶 . 𝑏
1
+ 2 0 2
0𝐶 . 𝑎 . 2𝐶 . 𝑏
2

Here
2
2𝐶 𝑎2 . 00𝐶 𝑏0 =Selecting
𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑍𝐸𝑅𝑂 𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑍𝐸𝑅𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏
OR
2 1 1 1
1𝐶 . 𝑎 . 1𝐶 . 𝑏 = Selecting
𝑂𝑁𝐸 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑂𝑁𝐸 𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑁𝐸 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏
OR
2 0 2 2
0𝐶 . 𝑎 . 2𝐶 . 𝑏 =Selecting
𝑍𝐸𝑅𝑂 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑊𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏

0
Since 0𝐶 = 11𝐶 = 22𝐶 = 1 , so the above actitvity can be simply stated as :
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 22𝐶 𝑎2 . 𝑏 0 + 2 1 1
1𝐶 . 𝑎 . 𝑏 + 2 0 2
0𝐶 . 𝑎 . 𝑏

is a Binomial Expansion of Degree Two.

Here each term has total degree TWO, since there are TWO objects selected in each pick up.
Hence if there would have been 5 bags as such each containing an 𝑎 & 𝑏 then ,

The number of objects selected in each pick up would be 5 and

Hence total degree of each term would be 5.

and thus
(𝑎 + 𝑏)5 = 50𝐶 𝑎0 . 𝑏5 + 5 5 5
1𝐶 𝑎1 . 𝑏 4 + 2𝐶 𝑎2 . 𝑏 3 + 53𝐶 𝑎3 . 𝑏 2 + 45𝐶 𝑎4 . 𝑏1 + 5𝐶 𝑎5 . 𝑏 0

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Binomial Expansion for Positive Integral Index :
n
(a + b )n = n C0 a n b 0 + nC1a n−1b+ nC 2 a n−2 b 2 + + nC r a n−r b r + + nC n a 0 b n =  n C r b r a n−r
r =0

n
= 𝑛
𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛 . 𝑏 0 + 𝑛
𝑛−1𝐶 𝑎𝑛−1 . 𝑏1 + 𝑛
𝑛−2𝐶 𝑎𝑛−2 . 𝑏 2 + … + 𝑛
0𝐶 𝑎0 . 𝑏 𝑛 = 
r =0
n
C r a r b n−r

Hence if there are n bags as such each containing an 𝑎 & 𝑏 then ,

The number of objects selected in each pick up would be n and

Hence total degree of each term would be n.

In this nth degree Binomial Expansion of (a + b )n :

Let 𝑇1 = 𝑛0𝐶 𝑎0 . 𝑏 𝑛 ,

𝑇2 = 𝑛1𝐶 𝑎1 . 𝑏 𝑛−1 , …… 𝑻𝒓+𝟏 = 𝒏𝒓𝑪 𝒂𝒓 . 𝒃𝒏−𝒓 = (𝒓 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎.

ILLUSTRATION : Find the total number of terms in the expansion of

(𝑥 + 𝑎)100 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)100 after simplification.
SOLUTION: The even coefficients i.e 𝐶0100 , 𝐶2100 , 𝐶4100 , … , 𝐶100
100
are cancelled out.
In all there are 101 terms , of which 51 terms are cancelled out.
100
therefore number of terms = 2
= 101 − 51 = 50 .

1 13
ILLUSTRATION : Find the 7th term in the expansion of (4𝑎 − ) .
2√𝑎

SOLUTION: Seventh term

1 6 1
13
𝑇7 = 𝑇6+1 = 𝐶6 (4𝑎)13−6 (− 2 𝑎) = 13
𝐶6 47 𝑎7 26 𝑎3 = 13
𝐶6 28 𝑎4 = 439296𝑎4 .
√
3
ILLUSTRATION : Find the 4th term from the end in the expansion of (𝑎 ⁄2 − 2⁄ 2 )7 .f
𝑎
SOLUTION: 4th term from end = (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ = (8 − 4 + 1)𝑡ℎ term from
beginning in the given expansion.
3 7.6.5 𝑎 16 9
= 𝑇5 = 𝑇4+1 = 7
𝐶 4 (𝑎3 /2)7−4 (−2/𝑎2 )4 . = 7
𝐶 3 (𝑎 ⁄2)3 (−2⁄ 2 )4 = 1.2.3 . 8 . 𝑎8 = 70𝑎
𝑎
1 1
ILLUSTRATION : Find the number of irrational terms in the expansion of (78 + 36 )100 .
1
100
SOLUTION: 𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 (78 )100−𝑟 . (31/6 )𝑟
As 3 and 7 are co prime, 𝑡𝑟+1 will be rational if 100 – 𝑟 is a multiple of 8 and
𝑟 is a multiple of 6. Also 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 100
∴ 𝑟 = 0, 6, 12, … ,96 ∴ 100 − 𝑟 = 4,10,16,100
But 100 – 𝑟 is to be a multiple of 8 . So 100 – 𝑟 = 0, 8, 16, 24, … ,96
The common term in (i) and (ii) are 16, 40, 64, 88
∴ 𝑟 = 88, 64, 40, 16 give rational terms ∴ the number of irrational terms = 101 − 4 = 97

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Some Examples of Binomial Expansion with positive Integral Index :

(𝑎 + 𝑏)0 = 0
0𝐶 = 1

(𝑎 + 𝑏)1 = 1 0 1 1 1 0
0𝐶𝑎 . 𝑏 + 1𝐶𝑎 . 𝑏 = 𝑎+𝑏

2 2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 0 2
0𝐶. 𝑏 . 𝑎 + 1 1
1𝐶. 𝑏 . 𝑎 + 22𝐶. 𝑏 2 . 𝑎0 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

If the coefficients of Binomial Expansion are arranged in a triangular structure as follows :

(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 30𝐶. 𝑏 0 . 𝑎3 + 31𝐶. 𝑏1 . 𝑎2 + 32𝐶. 𝑏 2 . 𝑎1 + 33𝐶. 𝑏 3 . 𝑎0 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3

1= 00𝐶

……. 1= 10𝐶 1= 11𝐶

1= 20𝐶 2= 21𝐶 1= 22𝐶

1= 30𝐶 3= 31𝐶 3= 32𝐶 1= 33𝐶

1= 40𝐶 4= 41𝐶 6= 42𝐶 4= 43𝐶 1= 44𝐶

1= 50𝐶 5= 51𝐶 10= 52𝐶 10= 53𝐶 5= 54𝐶 1= 55𝐶

This is called the PASCAL’s Triangle . It is based on the property : n C r + nC r −1 = n+1C r

Basic Results
n
(a + x )n = n C0 a n + nC1a n−1 x + nC 2 a n−2 x 2 + + nC r a n−r x r + + nC n x n =  n C r x r a n−r
r =0
n
(a − x )n = n C0 a n − n C1a n−1 x + nC 2 a n−2 x 2 −  + (− 1)r n C r a n−r x r +  + (− 1)n n C n x n =  (− 1)r n C r x r a n−r
r =0

(a + x )n + (a − x )n =  n C r a n−r x r 1 + (− 1)r  = 2( n C0 a n + nC 2 a n−2 x 2 )

n

r =0

(a + x )n − (a − x )n =  n C r a n−r x r 1 − (− 1)r  = 2( n C1a n−1 x+ nC3 a n−3 x 3 )

n

r =0
ILLUSTRATION : If 7103 is divided by 25 then find the remainder.
SOLUTION: Since 7103 = 7(49)51 = 7(50 − 1)51 = 7(5051 − 51
𝐶 1 5050 + 51
𝐶 2 5049 − ⋯ − 1)
= 7(5051 − 51
𝐶 1 5050 + 51
𝐶 2 5049 − ⋯ ) − 7 + 18 − 18
= 7(5051 − 51
𝐶 1 5050 + 51
𝐶 2 5049 − ⋯ ) − 25 + 18 = 𝑘 + 18
𝑘 is divisible by 25, hence remainder is 18.

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Properties of Binomial Coefficient
For the sake of convenience the coefficients n C 0 , nC1 , , n C r , , n C n are usually denoted by

C0 , C1 ,, Cr ,, Cn respectively.

Now (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 . 𝑥 0 + 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛 ……. (A)

(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 . 𝑥 0 − 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 − 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛 ……. (B)

If in (A) , 𝑥 = 1, then C 0 + C1 + C 2 +  + C n = 2 n
------------ (C)
If in (B) ,
𝑥=1
then
C0 − C1 + C2 −  + Cn = 0 ------------- (D)

Now (C) + (D) gives : 2(C 0 + C 2 + C 4 + ) = 2 n and

(C) - (D) gives : 2(C1 + C 3 + C 5 + ) = 2 n

Hence
SumofEvenCoefficients = (C 0 + C 2 + C 4 + ) = (C1 + C3 + C5 + ) = SumofOddCoefficients = 2 n −1

n
Cr + nC r −1 = n+1C r
n
Cr n − r +1
n
=
C r −1 r
r nC r =n n−1C r −1
n n +1
Cr C r +1
= .
r +1 n +1

ILLUSTRATION : If 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 be any four consecutive co-efficient in the expansion of (1 + 𝑎)𝑛 .

𝑥 𝑧 𝑘𝑦
Then if 𝑥+𝑦
+ 𝑧+𝑤 = 𝑦+𝑧. Find 𝑘 =?

SOLUTION: Let 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 be the co-efficient of the

𝑟 𝑡ℎ ,(𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ (𝑟 + 2) and the (𝑟 + 3)𝑡ℎ
Terms respectively in the expansion of (1 + 𝑎)𝑛
𝑛
Then 𝑇𝑟 = 𝑇(𝑟−1)+1 = 𝐶𝑟−1 𝑎𝑟−1 ∴𝑥= 𝑛
𝐶𝑟−1 ….(i)
𝑛
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑟 ⇒𝑦= 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 ….. (ii)
𝑛
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+2 = 𝐶𝑟+1 𝑎𝑟+1 ⇒ 𝑧= 𝑛
𝐶𝑟+1 …(iii)
𝑛
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+3 = 𝐶𝑟+2 𝑎𝑟+2 ⇒𝑤= 𝑛
𝐶𝑟+2 …..(iv)
𝑦 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1
𝑟
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get 𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑟
…….(v)
𝑟−1

𝑧 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟
𝑟+1
Dividing (iii) by (ii), we get 𝑦 = 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑟+1
…..(vi)
𝑟

𝑤 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟−1
𝑟+2
Dividing (iv) by (iii) we get 𝑧
= 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑟+2
….(vii)
𝑟+1

𝑥 𝑧 1 1 1 1 𝑟 𝑟+2 𝑟+1
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑧+𝑤 = 1+(𝑦/𝑥) + 1+(𝑤/𝑧) = 𝑛−𝑟+1 + 𝑛−𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1 + 𝑛+1 = 2(𝑛+1)
1+( ) 1+( )
𝑟 𝑟+2

2 2 2 2 2𝑦
⇒ 𝑛+1 = 𝑛+1 = 𝑛−𝑟 ⇒ = = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 Thus 𝑘 = 2
( ) 1+ −1 1+ 1+𝑧/𝑦 𝑦+𝑧
𝑟+1 𝑟+1 𝑟+1

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
ILLUSTRATION : Evaluate 𝐶0 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶6 + 𝐶9 … … ….
SOLUTION: Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 in the expansion of
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛
𝐶0 𝑥 0 + 𝑛
𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛
𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛
𝐶3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ 𝑛
𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑛
𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
and then adding we get
(2𝑛 +(1+𝜔)𝑛 +(1+𝜔2 )𝑛 )
⇒ 𝐶0 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶6 + 𝐶9 + ⋯ = 3
2𝑛𝜋
2𝑛 +(−1)𝑛 𝜔2𝑛 +(−1)𝑛 𝜔𝑛 ̅̅̅̅̅
2𝑛 +(−1)𝑛 (𝜔𝑛 +𝜔 𝑛) 2𝑛 +(−1)𝑛 2𝑐𝑜𝑠
3
⇒ 𝐶0 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶6 + ⋯ = 3
= 3
= 𝟑
2𝑛+1
ILLUSTRATION : If R= (5 + 2√6 ) and 𝑓 = 𝑅 − [𝑅],
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 [𝑅]𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅(1 − 𝑓) =?
𝑛
SOLUTION: Let 𝑰 and 𝒇 are respectively the integral and fractional parts of (5 + 2√6 ) .
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
And let 𝐺 = (5 − 2√6 ) Now, 𝐼 + 𝒇 + 𝐺 = (5 + 2√6 ) + (5 − 2√6 )

= 2 [ 𝑛 𝐶0 5𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶2 5𝑛−2 (2√6)2 +𝑛 𝐶4 5𝑛−4 (2√6)4 + ⋯ + ] = an even integer = 𝜆(𝑠𝑎𝑦)

∵ 𝜆 𝜖 𝑍, 𝐼𝜖𝑍
⟹ 𝒇+𝐺 = 𝜆−𝑰 ⇒ 𝑓 + 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 [ ]
⇒𝜆−𝐼𝜖𝑍
𝑁𝑜𝑤 ∵ 0 < 𝑓 < 1, 0 < 𝐺 < 1 ⇒0<𝑓+𝐺 <2
⇒ 𝑓 + 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 ⇒𝑓+𝐺 =1
⇒ 𝐺 = 1 − 𝑓. 𝑁𝑜𝑤 ( 𝐼 + 𝑓)( 1 − 𝑓) = 𝑅. 𝐺 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑓) = ( 5 + 2√6)𝑛 ( 5 − 2√6)𝑛 = 1𝑛 = 1
ILLUSTRATION : Show that integral part of = (3 + √7 )𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
SOLUTION: We have 0 < 3 − √7 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 0 < (3 − √7 )𝑛 < 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛.
Let (3 + √7 )𝑛 = 𝐼 + 𝑓
Where I is the integral part and 𝑓 be the fractional part. i.e., 𝑜 < 𝑓 < 1.
(3 + √7 )𝑛 + (3 − √7 )𝑛 = 2[3𝑛 + 𝐶2𝑛 3𝑛−2 (√7)2 + ⋯ ] = 𝐸(𝑠𝑎𝑦) (𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
2 4
The RHS is an integer since (√7) , (√7) … 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠.
⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 𝐸 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝑓 < 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 ∵ 0 < 𝑓 < 1, 0 < 𝑓 ′ < 1 ⇒ 0 < 𝑓 + 𝑓′ < 2
⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 ⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓′ = 1
⇒𝐼+1=𝐸 ⇒ 𝐼 = 𝐸 − 1 ∴ 𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
2𝑛+1
ILLUSTRATION : If (6√6 + 14) = 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 𝑁 − [𝑁]
If 𝑁𝐹 = 𝑘 2𝑛+1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 [𝑁] 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 ≤ 𝑁 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑘 =?
SOLUTION: Here 𝐹 is the fractional part of the irrational number 𝑁.
2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
Consider (6√6 + 14) − (6√6 − 14)

= [𝐶12𝑛+1 (6√6)2𝑛 (14) + 𝐶32𝑛+1 (6√6)2𝑛−2 (14)3 + ⋯ ] which is an integer.= 𝑰

2𝑛+1
Now since 0 < 6√6 − 14 < 1 ⇒ 0 < (6√6 − 14) < 1 for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
⇒ 𝑁 = (6√6 + 14) = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑰 + (6√6 − 14) ⇒ 𝐹 = (6√6 − 14)
2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
∴ 𝑁𝐹 = (6√6 + 14) (6√6 − 14) = [(6√6)2 − (14)2 ] = 202𝑛+1 . 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘 = 20

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
n
Middle term of Binomial Expansion of (a + x)
There are (n + 1) terms in expansion.
Binomial coefficients of terms equidistant from beginning and end are equal.
𝑛 𝑛
Because 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟

The general term of the expansion is n C r a n −r x r , this is infact the (r + 1) th term from the beginning.
n n
n 
If n is even, there is only one middle term namely  + 1 th and is equal to n C n a 2 .x 2 .
2  2

 n +1  n + 3
If n is odd, there are two middle terms namely   th and   th
 2   2 
n +1 n −1 n −1 n +1
and are equal to n C n −1 a 2
.x 2
. and n C n+1 a 2
.x 2
respectively.
2 2

Binomial coefficient of middle term is the greatest binomial coefficient occurring in the expansion.

ILLUSTRATION : If in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)43 , the co-efficient of (2𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ term is equal to the
Co-efficient of (𝑟 + 2)𝑡ℎ term, find 𝑟.
SOLUTION: Given in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)43
Co-efficient of (2𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ term = co-efficient of (𝑟 + 2)𝑡ℎ term
43 43
∴ 𝐶2𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟+1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 2𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 + 1 = 43 − 𝑘
∴ 2𝑟 + 𝑟 + 1 = 43 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 14

𝑎
ILLUSTRATION : Find the middle term in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥)12 .
𝑎
SOLUTION: The number of terms in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥)12 is 13 (odd),
12
its middle term is ( 2 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 7𝑡ℎ term.
12
∴ Required term = 𝑇7 = 𝑇6+1 = 𝐶6 (𝑎/𝑥)12−6 (𝑏𝑥)6 =
6
12
𝐶6 (𝑎 ⁄ 6 ) 𝑏 6 𝑥 6 = 12
𝐶6 𝑎6 𝑏6 = 924𝑎6 𝑏6
𝑥

1 2𝑛
ILLUSTRATION : Find the middle term in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑥)
1.3.5…..(2𝑛−1) 1.3.5…..(2𝑛−1) 1.3.5…..(2𝑛−1)
a) . 2𝑛 b) . 2𝑛−1 c) . 2𝑛 d) None of these
𝑛! 𝑛! 2𝑛!
2𝑛
SOLUTION: Since 2𝑛 is even, therefore ( 2 + 1)𝑡ℎ i.e.., (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ term will be the middle term.

1 2𝑛
Now (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ term i.e.., middle term in (𝑥 + 𝑥) is given by
1
𝑡𝑛+1 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−𝑛 (1⁄𝑥 )𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
𝑥𝑛
(2𝑛)! 2𝑛(2𝑛−1)(2𝑛−2)(2𝑛−3)……4.3.2.1 [1.3.5…..(2𝑛−1)2𝑛 ][𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)…..2.1]
= 𝑛!𝑛!
= 𝑛!𝑛!
= 𝑛!𝑛!
1.3.5….(2𝑛−1)2𝑛 𝑛! 1.3.5…(2𝑛−1)2𝑛
= 𝑛!𝑛!
= 𝑛!

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

Greatest Term in the Expansion of (𝒂 + 𝒙)𝒏 :

For obtaining the greatest term in the expansion of (𝒂 + 𝒙)𝒏
Assume 𝑇𝑟+1 > 𝑇𝑟 and then obtain the value of 𝑟 as the greatest integer that fits the inequality so
obtained.

1
ILLUSTRATION : If 𝑥 = 3, find the greatest term of expansion of (1 + 4𝑥)8 .
8 4
SOLUTION: We have 𝑇𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1 (3)𝑟−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑟+1 = 8
𝐶𝑟 (4/3)𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 𝐶𝑟8 (4/3)𝑟 9−𝑟 4 9−𝑟 (4)𝑇𝑟
Now 𝑇𝑟
= 8𝐶 𝑟−1 = .3 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = . 3 …..(A)
𝑟−1 (4/3) 𝑟 𝑟
9−𝑟 4
Therefore, 𝑇𝑟+1 > 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑟
×3>1 ⇒ 36 > 7𝑟 ……(B)

The greatest value of ‘𝑟’ satisfying (B) is 5. Therefore 𝑟 = 5

and thus sixth term of the expansion is the greatest term.

5
ILLUSTRATION : Find the greatest term in the expansion of (3 + 2𝑥)15 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = .
2
2𝑥 15
SOLUTION: (3 + 2𝑥)15 = 315 (1 + )
3
2𝑥 15
It is as good to find the greatest term in the expansion of (1 + ) 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5/2
3
16−𝑟 5
Here 𝑇𝑟+1 = ( 𝑟
) . 3 𝑇𝑟 …….(A)
16−𝑟 5
Hence 𝑇𝑟+1 > 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑖𝑓𝑓 ( 𝑟
).3 > 1 ⇒ 80 > 8𝑟 ……(B)

Hence for all value up to 9, we have 𝑇𝑟+1 > 𝑇𝑟 but if 𝑟 = 10 if we have 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑇𝑟
and these are the greatest terms. Thus the 10th and 11th terms are numerically equal and
greater than any other term. The required answer is 𝑇10 = 𝑇11 = 315 15
𝐶10 (5/3)10.

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Binomial Expansion Series containing multiplication of binomial co-efficients :
∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝐶𝑟 2 = 𝐶0 2 + 𝐶1 2 + 𝐶2 2 + … … … … + 𝐶𝑛 2
∑𝑛−1
𝑟=0 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟+1 = 𝐶0 𝐶1 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 + … + 𝐶𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛

∑𝑛−1
𝑟=0 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟+2 = 𝐶0 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 + … + 𝐶𝑛−2 𝐶𝑛

.................... …………………. ………………….

∑𝑛−𝑘
𝑟=0 𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟+𝑘 = 𝐶0 𝐶𝑘 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑘−1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑘+2 + … + 𝐶𝑛−𝑘 𝐶𝑛

The above types of Summation of Series of Products of Binomial coefficients

can be obtained as follows :
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰: when each term of series is positive
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + … + 𝑪𝒏 𝒙𝒏 … … . (𝒊)
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 𝒙𝒏 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 … + 𝑪𝒏 𝒙𝟎 … … . (𝒊𝒊)
Multiply (i) and (ii), we get
(1 + 𝑥)2𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 [𝐶0 2 + 𝐶1 2 + 𝐶2 2 + … … … … + 𝐶𝑛 2 ]
+𝑥 𝑛−1 [ 𝐶0 𝐶1 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 + … … . 𝐶𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛 ]
+𝑥 𝑛−2 [ 𝐶0 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 + … + 𝐶𝑛−2 𝐶𝑛 ] … ….
+𝑥 𝑛−𝑘 [ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑘 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑘+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑘+2 + … + 𝐶𝑛−𝑘 𝐶𝑛 ]
(1 + 𝑥)2𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝐶0 𝑥 0 + 2𝑛 𝐶1 𝑥1 + 2𝑛 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + … + 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛−3 𝑥 𝑛−3 + 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝟐𝒏!
⟹ 𝑪𝟎 𝟐 + 𝑪𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝟐 … … . + 𝑪𝒏 𝟐 =𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒏 = 𝒏!𝒏!
………..Result (A)
𝟐𝒏!
⟹ 𝑪𝟎 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 + … … … … … . + 𝑪𝒏−𝟏 𝑪𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒏−𝟏 = (𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏−𝒌)! …… Result (B)
𝟐𝒏!
⟹ 𝑪𝟎 𝑪𝒌 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝒌+𝟏 + … … … + 𝑪𝒏−𝒌 𝑪𝒏 =𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒏−𝒌 = (𝒏+𝒌) ……….. Result (C)
! (𝒏−𝒌)!

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝑰: If the terms of the series are alternatively positive and negative.
(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 − 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝟐 … … . +(−𝟏)𝒏 𝑪𝒏 𝒙𝒏 … … . (𝒊)
(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 𝒙𝒏 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + … 𝑪𝒏 … . . (𝒊𝒊)
Multiply (i) and (ii) and get the co-efficient for the suitable power of x on both sides.
2
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 [𝐶0 2 − 𝐶1 2 + 𝐶2 2 − … … … … + (−1)𝑛 . 𝐶𝑛 ]
+𝑥 𝑛−1 [ 𝐶0 𝐶1 − 𝐶1 𝐶2 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 − … … . +(−1)𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛 ]
+𝑥 𝑛−2 [ 𝐶0 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 𝐶4 − … + (−1)𝑛−2 . 𝐶𝑛−2 𝐶𝑛 ] … ….
+𝑥 𝑛−𝑘 [ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑘 − 𝐶1 𝐶𝑘+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑘+2 − … + (−1)𝑛−𝑘 . 𝐶𝑛−𝑘 𝐶𝑛 ]
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐶0 𝑥 0 − 𝑛 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝑥 4 − … + (−1)𝑛−2 . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 2(𝑛−2) + (−1)𝑛−1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 2(𝑛−1) + (−1)𝑛 . 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝒏!
⟹ 𝑪𝟎 𝟐 − 𝑪𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝟐 − ⋯ … . + (−1)𝑛 . 𝑪𝒏 𝟐 = (−1) 2 𝒏 𝑪𝒏⁄ = (−1) 2 . 𝒏⁄ ! 𝒏⁄ ! ………..Result (D)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝒏!
𝑪𝟎 𝑪𝟏 − 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑 − … … . +(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝑪𝒏−𝟏 𝑪𝒏 = (−1) 2 .𝒏 𝑪𝒏−𝟏 = (−1) 2 . 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 …… Result (E)
𝟐 ( )!( )!
𝟐 𝟐

𝑛−𝑘 𝟐𝒏
𝑪𝟎 𝑪𝒌 − 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝒌−𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝒌+𝟐 − … + (−𝟏)𝒏−𝒌 . 𝑪𝒏−𝒌 𝑪𝒏 = (−1) 2 𝑪𝒏−𝒌
𝑛−𝑘
𝟐𝒏!
= (−1) 2 . (𝒏+𝒌) ! (𝒏−𝒌)! ……….. Result (F)

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Replacing x by 1/x in (i), we get :
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + … + 𝑪𝒏 𝒙𝒏 … … . (𝒊)
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑪𝒏
(𝟏 − 𝟏/𝒙)𝒏 = 𝑪𝟎 − 𝒙
+ 𝒙𝟐
− ……….+ 𝒙𝒏
… … . . (𝒊𝒊𝒊)

The above Result (D), Result (E), Result (F) can be obtained also by
Multiplying (i) and (iii) and equating the co-efficient on both sides of the Binomial Expansion.

ILLUSTRATION : Evaluate the sum 𝐶0𝑛 𝐶2𝑛 + 𝐶1𝑛 𝐶3𝑛 + 𝐶2𝑛 𝐶4𝑛 + 𝐶3𝑛 𝐶5𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−2
𝑛
𝐶𝑛𝑛
SOLUTION: Here 3 − 1 = 4 − 2 = 8 − 6 = ⋯ = 2
Since each term of series is positive consider
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + … + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 …..(1)
Interchanging 1 and x
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 …..(2)
Then multiply (1) and (2)
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 (𝑥 + 1)𝑛 = (𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + … + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ) × (𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 )
And equate the co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛−2 on both sides.
Thus the required sum is equal to co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛−2 in (1 + 𝑥)2𝑛
2𝑛
which is equal to 𝐶𝑛−2
ILLUSTRATION : Find the Sum : (𝐶02𝑛 )2 − (𝐶12𝑛 )2 − (𝐶22𝑛 )2 − ⋯ + (−1) 2𝑛 (𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛 2
) =?
SOLUTION: Consider :
(1 − 𝑥)2𝑛 = 𝐶02𝑛 − 𝐶12𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶22𝑛 𝑥 2 − ⋯ + (−1)2𝑛 . 𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑥 …….(1)
and (𝑥 + 1)2𝑛 = 𝐶02𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 + 𝐶12𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−1 + 𝐶22𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛
……(2)
Multiplying (1) and (2) we get
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑛 = (𝐶02𝑛 − 𝐶12𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶22𝑛 𝑥 2 − ⋯ + (−1)2𝑛 . 𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛 2𝑛 ).
𝑥 ( 𝐶02𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 + 𝐶12𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−1 + 𝐶22𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛
….(3)
Now , co-efficient of 𝑥 2𝑛 in RHS = (𝐶02𝑛 )2 − (𝐶12𝑛 )2 + (𝐶22𝑛 )2 − ⋯ + (−1)2𝑛 (𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛 2
) ,
∵ General term in L.H.S., 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟2𝑛 (𝑥 2 )𝑟 (−1)𝑟
∴ 𝑟 = 𝑛, 𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝐶𝑛2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 (−1)𝑛
Hence co-efficient of 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑜𝑛 L.H.S.= (−1)𝑛 𝐶𝑛2𝑛
but (3) is an identity , therefore co-efficient of 𝑥 2𝑛 in R.H.S = co-efficient of 𝑥 2𝑛 in L.H.S
⇒ (𝐶02𝑛 )2− (𝐶12𝑛 )2 + (𝐶22𝑛 )2 − ⋯ + (−1)2𝑛 (𝐶2𝑛
2𝑛 2
) = (−1)𝑛 . 𝐶𝑛2𝑛
ILLUSTRATION : Evaluate the sum
𝐶0 𝐶𝑛 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑛−1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛−2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛 𝐶0
SOLUTION: Here 0 + 𝑛 = +(𝑛 − 1) = 2 + (𝑛 − 2) = ⋯ = 𝑛 + 0 = 𝑛
Since each term of series is positive , consider
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + … + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ……..(1)
and (𝑥 + 1)𝑛 = 𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ……(2)
Then multiply (1) and (2)

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
2𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
(1 + 𝑥) =(𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + … + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 ). (𝐶0 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 )
And equate the co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 on both sides. Thus , the required sum is equal to
Co-efficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in (1 + 𝑥)2𝑛 which is equal to 𝐶𝑛2𝑛
2𝑛!
Thus 𝐶0 𝐶𝑛 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑛−1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛−2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛 𝐶0 = 𝑛!𝑛!

ILLUSTRATION : If (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + … + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
then show that the sum of the products of the 𝐶𝑖 ′𝑠 taken two at a time represented by
2𝑛!
∑0≤𝑖< ∑𝑗≤𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 = 22𝑛−1 − 2.𝑛!𝑛!

SOLUTION: since (𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + … + 𝐶𝑛−1 + 𝐶𝑛 )2

= (𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛−1
2
+ 𝐶𝑛2 ) +
2{(𝐶0 𝐶1 + 𝐶0 𝐶2 + 𝐶0 3 + ⋯ + 𝐶0 𝐶𝑛 ) +
(𝐶1 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑛 ) + (𝐶2 𝐶3 +𝐶2 𝐶4 + ⋯ + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 ) + ⋯ . +𝐶𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛 )}
⇒ (2𝑛 )2 = 𝐶𝑛2𝑛 + 2 ∑0≤𝑖< ∑𝑗≤𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗
2𝑛!
Hence ∑0≤𝑖< ∑𝑗≤𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 = 22𝑛−1 −
2.𝑛!𝑛!

ILLUSTRATION : Prove that

1
∑0≤𝑖<𝑗 ∑𝑗≤𝑛(𝑖 + 𝑗)𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 = 𝑛 (2𝑛−1 − 𝐶𝑛2𝑛 )
2

SOLUTION: Let P= ∑0≤𝑖<𝑗 ∑𝑗≤𝑛(𝑖 + 𝑗)𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗

Replacing 𝑖 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 – 𝑗 then we get,
𝑃 = ∑0≤𝑖<𝑗≤𝑛(𝑛 − 𝑖 + 𝑛 − 𝑗) 𝐶𝑛−𝑖 𝐶𝑛−𝑗
= ∑0≤𝑖<𝑗≤𝑛{2𝑛 − (𝑖 + 𝑗)} 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗

= ∑ {2𝑛. 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 − (𝑖 + 𝑗). 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 }
0≤𝑖<𝑗≤𝑛

𝐶𝑛2𝑛
⇒ 𝑃 = 2𝑛 (22𝑛−1 − 2
)−𝑃 ⇒ 2𝑃 = 𝑛. 22𝑛 − 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛2𝑛
1
∴ 𝑃 = 𝑛 (22𝑛−1 − 2 𝐶𝑛2𝑛 )
1
Hence ∑0≤𝑖< ∑𝑗≤𝑛(𝑖 + 𝑗)𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑗 = 𝑛 (22𝑛−1 − 𝐶𝑛2𝑛 )
2

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
Differentiation & Integration of Binomial Series with Positive Integral Index :

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 . 𝑥 0 + 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛 … (A)
(I). Differentiate (A) wrt 𝒙 :
𝑛(1 + 𝑥)𝑛−1 = 1. 𝐶1 . 𝑥 0 + 2. 𝐶2 . 𝑥 1 + 3. 𝐶3 . 𝑥 2 + 4. 𝐶4 . 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛−1 …. (B)
Now at 𝑥 = 1 : we get : 1. 𝐶1 + 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 + 4. 𝐶4 + ⋯ + 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛(2)𝑛−1 …….. Result (1)
Now at 𝑥 = −1 : we get : 1. 𝐶1 − 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 − 4. 𝐶4 + ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 . 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛 = 0 …….. Result (2)
Result(1) + Result(2) : we get :
2(1. 𝐶1 + 3. 𝐶3 + 5. 𝐶5 + ⋯ +. . ) = 𝑛(2)𝑛−1 ⇒ (1. 𝐶1 + 3. 𝐶3 + 5. 𝐶5 + ⋯ +. . ) = 𝑛(2)𝑛−2 …. Result (3)
Result(1) – Result(2) : we get :
2( 2. 𝐶2 + 4. 𝐶4 + 6𝐶6 + ⋯ +. . ) = 𝑛(2)𝑛−1 ⇒ ( 2. 𝐶2 + 4. 𝐶4 + 6𝐶6 + ⋯ +. . ) = 𝑛(2)𝑛−2 ….Result(4)

(II). Now Differentiate (B) wrt 𝒙 :

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(1 + 𝑥)𝑛−2 = 1.0. 𝐶1 . + 2.1. 𝐶2 . 𝑥 0 + 3.2. 𝐶3 . 𝑥 1 + 4. 3. 𝐶4 . 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛−2 ….. (C)
Now at 𝑥 = 1 : we get : 2.1. 𝐶2 + 3.2. 𝐶3 + 4. 3. 𝐶4 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2)𝑛−2 .… Result(5)
Now at 𝑥 = −1 : we get : 2.1. 𝐶2 − 3.2. 𝐶3 + 4. 3. 𝐶4 − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−2 . 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 = 0 …...Result(6)
Result(5) + Result(6) : we get :
2. (2.1. 𝐶2 + 4. 3. 𝐶4 + 6.5. 𝐶6 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2)𝑛−2
⇒ (2.1. 𝐶2 + 4. 3. 𝐶4 + 6.5. 𝐶6 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2)𝑛−3 …..Result(7)
Result(5) – Result(6) : we get :
2( 3.2. 𝐶3 + 5.4. 𝐶5 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2)𝑛−2
⇒ ( 3.2. 𝐶3 + 5.4. 𝐶5 + ⋯ + 𝑛. (𝑛 − 1)𝐶𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(2)𝑛−3
…….Result(8)

(III). Now Multiply (B) with 𝒙 : ( after first differentiation )

𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑥)𝑛−1 = 1. 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 2. 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 + 3. 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 4. 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛 ……. (D)
Now Differentiate (D) wrt 𝒙 :
𝑛[(1 + 𝑥)𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑥(1 + 𝑥)𝑛−2 ] = 12 . 𝐶1 . 𝑥 0 + 22 . 𝐶2 . 𝑥 1 + 32 . 𝐶3 . 𝑥 2 + 42 . 𝐶4 . 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 . 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛−1
Now at 𝑥 = 1 : we get :
12 . 𝐶1 + 22 . 𝐶2 + 32 . 𝐶3 + 42 . 𝐶4 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 . 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛[(2)𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1). (2)𝑛−2 ] ……..
Result(9)
Now at 𝑥 = −1 : we get :

12 . 𝐶1 − 22 . 𝐶2 + 32 . 𝐶3 − 42 . 𝐶4 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 . 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 0 ……. Result(10)

and likewise several such series can be created with direct successive differentiation
and /or multiplication by powers of 𝑥 and then differentiating the Binomial Series.

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN
(IV). Integrate (A) wrt 𝒙 :

∫(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝐶0 . 𝑥 0 + 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛 ] . 𝑑𝑥

(1+𝑥)𝑛+1 𝐶0 .𝑥 1 𝐶1 .𝑥 2 𝐶2 .𝑥 3 𝐶𝑛 .𝑥 𝑛+1 1 −1
𝑛+1
+𝑐 = 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ ⋯+ 𝑛+1
at 𝑥 = 0 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐=0 ⇒𝑐= 𝑛+1
(1+𝑥)𝑛+1 −1 𝐶0 .𝑥 1 𝐶1 .𝑥 2 𝐶2 .𝑥 3 𝐶𝑛 .𝑥 𝑛+1
Thus 𝑛+1
= 1
+ 2
+ 3
+ ⋯+ 𝑛+1
….(E)

Now at 𝑥 = 1 : we get :
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 (2)𝑛+1 −1
+ + + ⋯+ = … Result(11)
1 2 3 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

Now at 𝑥 = −1 : we get :
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 −1
− + − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛+1 = …. Result(12)
1 2 3 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

(V). Integrate (E) wrt 𝒙 :

(1 + 𝑥)𝑛+1 − 1 𝐶0 . 𝑥 1 𝐶1 . 𝑥 2 𝐶2 . 𝑥 3 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + + + ⋯+ ] . 𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1 1 2 3 𝑛+1
(1+𝑥)𝑛+2 𝑥 𝐶0 .𝑥 2 𝐶1 .𝑥 3 𝐶2 .𝑥 4 𝐶𝑛 .𝑥 𝑛+2
(𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
− (𝑛+1) + 𝑐= 1.2
+ 2.3
+ 3.4
+ ⋯+ (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
1 −1
at 𝑥 = 0 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 ∶ (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
+ 𝑐=0 ⇒𝑐= (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)

(1+𝑥)𝑛+2 − 1 𝑥 𝐶0 .𝑥 2 𝐶1 .𝑥 3 𝐶2 .𝑥 4 𝐶𝑛 .𝑥 𝑛+2
Thus (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
− (𝑛+1) = + + + ⋯+ (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
…. (F)
1.2 2.3 3.4

Now at 𝑥 = 1 : we get :
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶 𝐶𝑛 (2)𝑛+2 − 1 1
1.2
+ 2.3 + 3.42 +⋯+ (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
= (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2) − (𝑛+1)
….. Result(13)

Now at 𝑥 = −1 : we get :
𝐶0 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 1
− 1 + 2− ⋯ + (−1)𝑛+2 (𝑛+1).(𝑛+2)
𝑛
= (𝑛+2)
……Result(14)
1.2 2.3 3.4

and likewise several such series can be created with direct integration
and /or multiplication by powers of 𝑥 and then integrating the Binomial Series.
Things to be Noted :
1. In Result(7) : 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟. (𝑟 − 1)𝐶𝑟 : Here for two successive numbers to become part of the
coefficient, two successive differentiations are needed.
2. Thus multiplicands of 𝐶𝑟 can reveal what operations have been done to create this series from
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 of the basic series of Binomial Expansion.
𝐶
3. In Result(14) : 𝑇𝑟+1 = (−1)𝑟+2 (𝑟+1).(𝑟+2)
𝑟
: Here for two successive numbers to become part of the

denominator , two successive integrations are needed.

4. Thus denominators of 𝐶𝑟 can reveal what operations have been done to create this series from
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 of the basic series of Binomial Expansion.

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

Binomial Distribution for Negative Integral Index :

Here : (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝐶0 . 𝑥 0 + 𝐶1 . 𝑥 1 + 𝐶2 . 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 . 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 . 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 . 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛! 𝑛.(𝑛−1).(𝑛−2).(𝑛−3)…(𝑛−𝑟+1).(𝑛−𝑟)!
The coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 is = 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

𝑛. (𝑛 − 1). (𝑛 − 2). (𝑛 − 3) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)
coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 =
𝑟!
(I). Now for (𝟏 + 𝒙)−𝒏 ∶ 𝑳𝒆𝒕 − 𝒏 = 𝒌
𝑘.(𝑘−1).(𝑘−2).(𝑘−3)…(𝑘−𝑟+1)
Then coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑘 = 𝑟!
(−𝑛).(−𝑛−1).(−𝑛−2).(−𝑛−3)…(−𝑛−𝑟+1)
= 𝑟!
∵ 𝑘 = −𝑛
𝑛.(𝑛+1).(𝑛+2).(𝑛+3)…(𝑛+𝑟−1)
Hence coefficient of 𝑥 𝑟 in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)−𝑛 = [(−1)𝑟 𝑟!
]

…there are r terms in the numerator, so (−1)𝑟 .

𝑛.(𝑛+1).(𝑛+2).(𝑛+3)…(𝑛+𝑟−1) (𝑛−1)!
= [(−1)𝑟 𝑟!
] . (𝑛−1)!
(𝑛−1)!.𝑛.(𝑛+1).(𝑛+2).(𝑛+3)…(𝑛+𝑟−1) (𝑛+𝑟−1)!
= (−1)𝑟 . 𝑟!.(𝑛−1)!
= (−1)𝑟 . 𝑟!.(𝑛−1)! = (−1)𝑟 . 𝑛+𝑟−1
𝐶𝑟

Thus we get : 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝒓 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 (𝟏 + 𝒙)−𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒓 . 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏

𝑪𝒓
−𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒓 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏 𝒓
Hence 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 (𝟏 + 𝒙) ∶ 𝑻𝒓+𝟏 = . 𝑪𝒓 . 𝒙

(II) Now for (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝒏 ∶ 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 (−𝒙) 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏.
Thus in the expansion of (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝒏 :
𝑻𝒓+𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝒓 . 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝑪𝒓 . (−𝒙)𝒓 = (−𝟏)𝟐𝒓 . 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝑪𝒓 . 𝒙𝒓 = 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝑪𝒓 . 𝒙𝒓
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝒙𝒓 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 (𝟏 − 𝒙)−𝒏 = 𝒏+𝒓−𝟏
𝑪𝒓
Some Standard Infinite Series Expansions with Negative Integral Indices are :

1 1
(1 + 𝑥)−1 = = = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ 𝑡𝑜 ∞ ( In this case Infinite GP can be applied ).
1+𝑥 1−(−𝑥)

1
(1 − 𝑥)−1 = = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + … 𝑡𝑜 ∞ ( In this case Infinite GP can be applied ).
1−𝑥

(1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + … + 𝑡𝑜 ∞

(1 − 𝑥)−2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + … + 𝑡𝑜 ∞

These expansions need NOT be memorized. Instead obtain them using 𝑻𝒓+𝟏 as described above.

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

Multinomial Distribution :
Let us assume a situation where there are 5 boxes each carrying 4 objects as shown below :

𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 𝑶𝑹 𝑐 𝑶𝑹 𝑑

AND
𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 𝑶𝑹 𝑐 𝑶𝑹 𝑑

AND

𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 𝑶𝑹 𝑐 𝑶𝑹 𝑑

AND
𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 𝑶𝑹 𝑐 𝑶𝑹 𝑑

AND
𝑎 𝑶𝑹 𝑏 𝑶𝑹 𝑐 𝑶𝑹 𝑑

If you are asked to choose ONLY ONE object from each box AND as such from every box then

1. How will you express this activity in mathematical form ?

Remember : 𝑨𝑵𝑫 ⇒ 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 , 𝑶𝑹 ⇒ 𝑨𝒅𝒅
Answer : (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅). (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅). (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅). (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅). (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅)
= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅)𝟓

2. How many objects will you have in any such selection of objects ?
Answer : FIVE = one from each box = total power of any term of the multinomial
expansion.

3. How many such selections can you make from these five boxes where you have
𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑 ?
Answer : Here we are required to select any two 𝑎 out of five available 𝑎 in the boxes,
From the remaining three boxes any one 𝑏 , from remaining two boxes any one 𝑐, from
the remaining box select the 𝑑.
This can be done in : 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 5 𝐶2 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠.
3
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶1 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶1 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
1
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶1 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

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Entrance Rankers Class Notes : Binomial Theorem RN

5!
So the selection of 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 5 𝐶2 . 3 𝐶1 . 2 𝐶1 . 1 𝐶1 = 2!1!1!1!
𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠.

Thus if there are 𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 then number of ways in which

𝑝 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎,
𝑞 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏,
𝑘 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐,
𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠

𝑛 𝑛−𝑝 𝑛−𝑝−𝑞 𝑛−𝑝−𝑞−𝑘 𝑛−𝑝−𝑞−𝑘−𝑚

𝑛!
= 𝐶𝑝 . 𝐶𝑞 . 𝐶𝑘 . 𝐶𝑚 . 𝐶𝑟 =
𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑘! 𝑚! 𝑟!

𝑛!
Thus 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝 . 𝑏 𝑞 . 𝑐 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑚 . 𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)𝑛 =
𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑘! 𝑚! 𝑟!

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑘 + 𝑚 + 𝑟 = 𝑛

Hence if we look at this situation as if there 𝒏 one rupee coins, to be distributed amongst five persons
named as 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 such that anyone can receive any number of coins

then the number of such possible distributions will be equal to the possible different terms of the
MULTINOMIAL EXPANSION 𝒐𝒇 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅 + 𝒆)𝒏
( where the powers of 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 respectively are 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑘, 𝑚 , 𝑟 which are in turn equal to the coins they
received in any distribution.) such that 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑘 + 𝑚 + 𝑟 = 𝑛 always holds true.

𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚 ∶ The number of terms in the expansion of (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒅 + 𝒆)𝒏 is also equal

to the NON-Negative Integral Solutions of the equation 𝒑+𝒒+𝒌+𝒎+𝒓 = 𝒏
( where the terms 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑘, 𝑚 , 𝑟 are powers of 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 respectively.)

Thus : The number of terms 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)𝑛 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑛+4

𝐶𝑛

ILLUSTRATION : Find the co-efficient of 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 𝑑 in the expansion of (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑)10

SOLUTION: (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑)10
(10)!
= ∑𝑟1+𝑟2+𝑟3+𝑟 𝑟1 ! 𝑟2 ! 𝑟3 ! 𝑟4 !
(𝑎)𝑟1 (−𝑏)𝑟2 (−𝑐)𝑟3 (𝑑)𝑟4
4=10

Since we want to get 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 𝑑 this implies that

𝑟1 = 2 , 𝑟2 = 3, 𝑟3 = 4, 𝑟4 = 1
−(10)!
∵ 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 = 2!3!4!1!

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