‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﳛﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻱ )ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﲝﻖ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳍﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﲣﺼﺼﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﺧﺬﺍ ﺣﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﱴ ﺃﻃﺮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺼﺒ‪‬ﺖ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﱪﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ )ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺳﲑ( ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

 ‫‪.2‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ )ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﱰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﻂ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪.1‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ "ﺑﺎﻧﻴﲏ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺪﺱ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺍ"‪) 2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﳘﻴﺔ( ‪ ، 3‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺖ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻋﻄﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﺻﺎﻓﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﳓﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،4‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،5‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﲝﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺩﻯ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻐﲑﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،6‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺪﺍ‬
‫ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎ‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،2003 ،‬ﺹ‪.29‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.2‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻦ ﻋﻜﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.15‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.15‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.29‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.16‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﱐ‪ ،1‬ﻭﳍﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ "ﻓﺎﺭﻭ ‪ "Varro‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻻﺗﻴﲏ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﺣﺖ ﺃﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﳎﻠﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﰿ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪.2‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪.3‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﱯ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ‪،‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،4‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺭﻭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ "ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻘﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﺻﻔﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﳒﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪.5‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.3‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.32‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.17‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.34‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.35‬‬
 ‫ﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1440‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ "ﻏﻮﺗﻨﱪﻍ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻳﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﰲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﲔ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪.1‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻔﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻓﻮﻧﻴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺣﺪﺛﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ "ﺑﺎﻧﻴﲏ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺍ( ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﳒﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬
‫)‪ (18‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ "ﺟﺮﱘ ‪ ،"Grimm‬ﻭ"ﻭﻳﺘﲏ ‪ ،"Whitney‬ﻭ"ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ‪Max‬‬
‫‪ ،"Muller‬ﻭ"ﺳﻮﻳﺖ ‪ "Sweet‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﲣﺼﺼﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.3‬‬
‫ﺯ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻠﻮﻏﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻱ "ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ )‪-1857‬‬
‫‪ "Ferdinand de Saussure (1913‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻘﺐ ﺑـ "ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.23‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.4‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.39‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.44‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﺼﺺ ﻓﺼﻼ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺟﺬﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ "ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺑﺎﱄ ‪ "Charles Bally‬ﻭ "ﺃﻟﱪﺕ ﺳﻴﺸﻬﺎﻱ ‪ "Albert Sechehaye‬ﲜﻤﻊ‬
‫ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ" ) ‪Coure de Linguistique‬‬
‫‪ (Générale‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪.1‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ "ﻏﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ‪ ،"Grammont‬ﻭ"ﺟﺴﱪﺳﻦ ‪،"Jespersen‬‬
‫ﻭ"ﺳﻴﺸﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ،"Sechehaye‬ﻭ"ﻣﺎﺭﻭﺯﻭ ‪ ،"Marouzeau‬ﻭ"ﺑﻠﻮﻣﻔﻴﻠﺪ ‪ "Bloomfield‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻛﺜﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺟﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺳﺒﻌﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﲟﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲣﺺ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﲢﻠﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﻈﻲ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺳﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻱ‬
‫"ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،2004 ،1‬ﺹ‪.10‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.33-32‬‬
 ‫‪".3‬ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ" ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ"‪.1‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ "ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.3‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺪﺭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﺑﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ‪395‬ﻫـ" ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ )ﻟﺴﻦ(‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﰲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ "ﺃﻟﺴﻦ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﹶﻟﺴ‪‬ﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﺗﻪ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻧﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺖ ِﺑ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻮﻫ‪‬ﻮ ٍﻥ ﹸﻏ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴ ‪‬‬ ‫ِﺇ‪‬ﻧﻨِﻲ ﹶﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺴ‪‬ﻨﻬ‪‬ﺎ‬‫ﺴ‪‬ﻨﻨِﻲ ﹶﺃﻟﹾ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭِﺇﺫﹶﺍ ‪‬ﺗ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﺆﻧﺚ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺨ ‪‬ﺮ‬
‫ﺐ ﻓِﻴﻬ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺠ ‪‬‬‫ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻋ ﹾﻠ ‪‬ﻮ ﹶﻻ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬ ‫ﹼﺇﻧ‪‬ﻲ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﺗ‪‬ﺘﻨِﻲ ِﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎ ﹲﻥ ﹶﻻ ﹸﺃ ‪‬ﺳ ‪‬ﺮ ِﺑﻬ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﹼﺴ ‪‬ﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻟﺴﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﻬﺎﱐ )‪565‬ﻫـ( ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺴﻦ"‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﺣﺔ ﻭﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ"‪.4‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪:‬‬
‫ﺕ ِﻟ ﹾﻠﻌ‪‬ﺎﹶﻟﻤِﲔ«‪.5‬‬
‫ﻚ َﻵﻳ‪‬ﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﻨِﺘ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ﻭ‪‬ﹶﺃﹾﻟﻮ‪‬ﺍِﻧ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻓِﻲ ﹶﺫِﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻑ ﹶﺃﹾﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺽ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺧِﺘﻠﹶﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻭﺍ َﻷ ‪‬ﺭ ِ‬
‫ﺴ ‪‬ﻤﻮ‪‬ﺍ ِ‬
‫» ‪‬ﻭ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﺁﻳ‪‬ﺎِﺗ ِﻪ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.13‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.9‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.14‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.11-10‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪.22‬‬
‫ﻀ ﱠﻞ ﺍﷲ ُ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻳﺸ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻬﺪِﻱ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻳﺸ‪‬ﺎﺀ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻫ ‪‬ﻮ‬
‫» ‪‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺳ ﹾﻠﻨ‪‬ﺎ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺭﺳ‪‬ﻮ ٍﻝ ﺇ ﱠﻻ ِﺑِﻠﺴ‪‬ﺎ ِﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮﻣِ ِﻪ ِﻟ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ﹶﻓ‪‬ﻴ ِ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺤﻜِﻴ ‪‬ﻢ«‬
‫ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺰِﻳ ‪‬ﺰ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ« ‪.2‬‬
‫»ِﺑِﻠﺴ‪‬ﺎ ٍﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮِﺑ ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﻣِﺒ ٍ‬
‫ﺠ ِﻤ ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ِﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎ ﹲﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮِﺑ ‪‬ﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺪ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻥ ِﺇﹶﻟ‪‬ﻴ ِﻪ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫ﺸ ‪‬ﺮ ِﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﱢﻱ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻠ ِ‬
‫» ‪‬ﻭﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻌﹶﻠ ‪‬ﻢ ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳﻘﹸﻮﻟﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ِﺇ‪‬ﻧﻤ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻌﱢﻠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ«‪.3‬‬
‫‪‬ﻣِﺒ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ "ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ"‪.4‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﳍﺠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.5‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ‪.6‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺩﻩ "ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ" ﳜﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻛﻬﺪﻑ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻎ‪.7‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪.4‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪.195‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ‪.103‬‬
‫‪ - 4‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.8‬‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.12‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ :‬ﺹ‪.12‬‬
‫‪ - 7‬ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﱐ ﻋﻤﲑﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.17‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺎﺩﻯ ‪‬ﺎ "ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻨﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ "ﻭﺗﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺩﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﺎﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺼﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﺰﺕ ﺑﻔﻀﻠﻪ ﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺪﺩﺓ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻤﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﺼﺐ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﻮﺟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺩﺭﻭﺳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫تأثر اللسانيات العربية بالمناهج والنظريات اللسانية الغربية‬

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 ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﹼﻌﺖ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺻﻔﺤﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺗﻮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻄﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﱳ ﲝﺜﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻋﻄﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻷﻫﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ "ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ"‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﺪﱘ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘ ‪‬ﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ‬

‫"ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻳﻌﺒ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﲣﺘﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻀﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ "ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ" ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺒﺜﻘﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ "ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ" ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺑﺮﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺑﻨﻬﺎﺟﻦ‪.(...‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟﻣراﺟﻊ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﺟﲏ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪،‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻫﻨﺪﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،2003 ،1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،1985 ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﻣﻮﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻦ ﻋﻜﻨﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻗﺪﻭﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،1996 ،1‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،1994 ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻜﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،2007 ،1‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺩﺑ‪‬ﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،2009 ،1‬ﻋﲔ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺭﺍﺑﺢ ﺑﻮﺣﻮﺵ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،2007 ،1‬ﺇﺭﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﺯﺑﲑ ﺩﺭﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻜﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﱐ ﻋﻤﲑﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮﺓ‪) ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ(‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪.2003 ،‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳛﻴﺎﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪،1992 ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬

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