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Lecture 2 - Image Representation

The document discusses raster image representation. A raster image breaks an image up into a grid of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel is the smallest element that can be addressed and stores color values. Raster images use a fixed number of pixels to represent an image at a certain resolution, while vector images use mathematical formulas. The document also discusses grayscale and RGB color models for representing color in digital images.

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Lionel Abu
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71 views

Lecture 2 - Image Representation

The document discusses raster image representation. A raster image breaks an image up into a grid of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel is the smallest element that can be addressed and stores color values. Raster images use a fixed number of pixels to represent an image at a certain resolution, while vector images use mathematical formulas. The document also discusses grayscale and RGB color models for representing color in digital images.

Uploaded by

Lionel Abu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Representation

LECTURE-2
Digital Image

 Virtually all computing devices in use today are digital.


 Data is representation in a discrete form using patterns of binary
digits (bits) that can encode numbers within finite ranges and with
limited precision.
 The images we perceive in our environment are analogue and
formed by the complex interaction between light and physical
objects.
 Suppose we wish to capture an image and represent it in a computer.
 Since we do not have infinite storage (bits), it follows that we must
convert that analogue signal into more limited digital form. This
conversion process is called sampling.
 That means the process of getting finite number of values from image (cont. func.)
is called sampling.
Raster Image Representation

 The problem of digital image representation is that it can


not encode fine levels of details, nor dynamic color
ranges.
 The solution of this problem is to break the image up into
a regular grid that we call raster.
 A raster image, stored in the form of colored pixels on
a fixed and finite grid.
 Each grid cell is “Picture Cell” often known as pixel.
 Smallest element of the screen.
 Atomic unit of the image.
 Pixels are arranged in a row column fashion to form a
rectangular picture area (raster).
Height (H)
Raster Image Representation

 Total number of pixels in an image is a function of size of


the image and resolution.
 3x2 inch image at a resolution of 300 pixels per inch would have total
pixel= (3*300)* (2*300)=540000 pixel.
 Number of pixels per unit length (e.g. inch) in the
horizontal as well as vertical direction is known as
resolution.
 Image size is given by-
Total number of pixels in the horizontal direction x Total
number of pixels in the vertical direction
 Example: 512 x 512 or 640 x 480
 Aspect Ration= Width/Height
[measured in unit length or number of pixels]
 2 x2 inch image and 512 x 512 image have aspect ratio of 1/1
Raster Image Representation

 Individual pixels in an image can be referenced by their


coordinates.
 Left Handed System:
 Origin->top left corner
 (W-1, H-1) pixel->bottom right corner.
 Right Handed System:
 Origin->lower left corner
 (W-1, H-1) pixel->upper right corner
 Raster images are pixel based and format is resolution
specific (Better resolution->better quality).
 Common raster format: TIFF, JPEG, GIF, PNG and BMP
Examples

 Compute the size of a 640 x 480 image at 240 pixels


per inch.
(640/240) x (480/240)= 2 2/3 x 2 inch
 Compute the resolution of a 2 x 2 inch image that has
512 x 512 pixels.
512/2 = 256 pixels per inch
 If an image has a height of 2 inches and aspect ratio
of 1.5, what is its width?
Aspect Ratio= Width/Height
Width=Aspect Ratio x Height= 1.5 x 2= 3 inches
Problems

 If we want to resize a 1024 x 768 image to one that is 640


pixels wide with the same aspect ratio, what would be the
height of the resized image?
 If we want to cut a 512 x 512 sub image out from the
center of an 800 x 600 image, what are the coordinates
of the pixel in the large image that is at the lower left
corner of the small image (Right Handed System)?
 How to convert the coordinate of a pixel at (x, y) in the
left handed coordinate system into its coordinate (x´, y´)
in the lower left corner as origin coordinate system (right
handed system)?
Vector Graphics Representation

 Based on the mathematical formulas that define


geometric primitives such as polygons, lines, curves,
circles & rectangles.
 Stored in the form of mathematical representation of
the image element.
 Points, lines and curves may be scaled up or down to
any resolution with no aliasing.
 The points determine the direction of vector path.
 Each path may have properties including values for stroke
color, shape, curve, thickness and fill.
Rasterization & Vectorization

 Rasterization:
 Process of converting vector graphics format to raster
graphics.
 Vectorization:
 Process of converting raster graphics to vector graphics format
Hardware Frame Buffer

 A large piece of memory reserved for holding the bit


mapped image (color of each pixel) that is
continuously being sent to the display device is called
frame buffer.
 Frame buffer is stored in main memory.
Grayscale Frame Buffer

 Simplest form of frame buffer.


 Encodes pixels using various shades of gray.
 Pixels are encoded as an unsigned integer using 8 bit
(1 byte) and can present 256 (28) different shades.
 0 means black, 255 means white and mid intensity
grey is 128.
 Image of width W pixels & height H pixels requires
W x H bytes of memory for its frame buffer.
x

➢Frame buffer is arranged so that the first byte of memory corresponds to the
pixel at coordinates (0,0) [left handed system].
➢Addressing then proceed in a left to right and then top to down manner.
➢Pixel (x, y) would be stored at buffer offset A where
A= x + W y
A bytes from the start of the frame buffer.
➢Sometimes, we use the term scanline to refer to a full row of pixels. A scanline is
therefore W pixels wide.
True Color Frame Buffer

 Represents color images.


 RGB color value for each pixel is stored directly within
the frame buffer.
 Each pixel requires at least 3 bytes. One byte for each
primary color.
 Possible variation of color 224 (3 byte=24 bit)
 Require 24 bit of storage per pixel.
 Pixel (0,0)->Buffer location 0,1,2
Pixel (1,0)-> Buffer location 3,4,5
So, Pixel (x,y)-> S=3W
A= 3x+Sy
Where S is the stride of the display.
Representation of Color

 Red, Green and Blue are called “additive primaries”


because we obtain other, non primary color by
blending (adding) different quantities of Red, Green
and Blue light.
 We can make the additive secondary colors by
making pairs of primaries: Red, Green and Blue.
 Red + Green=Yellow
 Green + Blue= Cyan
 Red + Green +Blue = White
 No mix of RGB= Black
Additive Vs Subtractive Primaries

 Additive color model are used in light.


 Start with black and add primary component to make desired
shade.
 Subtractive color models are used with paint.
 Start with white and take away appropriate primary
components to yield a desired color
 Example: Subtract Red from White, remains Green + Blue
which is Cyan.
RGB Color Space

 Each primary color can take intensity value ranging


from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest). [R,G,B values divided
by 255 to change to o..1]
 Additive color model
 R + G +B->white
 (0,0,0)->Black , (1,1,1)->white
 (1,1,0)->Yellow, (0.7,0.7,0.7)-> Gray
 Used in display monitor.
Color Cube

(1,1,1) (1,1,1)

(0,0,0) (0,0,0)
CMYK Color Space

 Complementary color model of RGB.


 Subtractive color model.
 C=W-R, M=W-G, Y=W-B

 Ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. Ink


subtracts brightness from white.
 K= min (c, y, m) , K for key which is a black color for printing
purpose.
 Used in printer.
Formula for Conversion

Suppose, RGB value of violet is


(238,130,238)or
(0.933,0.509,0.933).

Now we want to convert this


value to CMY.

C=1-R=1-0.933=0.067
M=1-G=1-0.509=0.491
Y=1-B=1-0.933=0.067
Self Study

Grayscale Conversion

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