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Network Servers Lecture 2 Notes

This document provides summaries of documentation topics including: - Man pages and their section organization for commands, system calls, libraries, and more. - Hardware configurations for common PC components like PCI devices, USB, and storage interfaces. - Kernel modules and how to load and remove them. - Server roles and features in Windows Server 2019 for tasks like Active Directory, DNS, and file sharing. - Disk partitioning schemes and filesystem types in Linux including Ext4, Btrfs, and swap space. - Process priorities, nice values, and tools for viewing and managing running processes.

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Shivend Menon
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40 views

Network Servers Lecture 2 Notes

This document provides summaries of documentation topics including: - Man pages and their section organization for commands, system calls, libraries, and more. - Hardware configurations for common PC components like PCI devices, USB, and storage interfaces. - Kernel modules and how to load and remove them. - Server roles and features in Windows Server 2019 for tasks like Active Directory, DNS, and file sharing. - Disk partitioning schemes and filesystem types in Linux including Ext4, Btrfs, and swap space. - Process priorities, nice values, and tools for viewing and managing running processes.

Uploaded by

Shivend Menon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DOCUMENTATION

— Man pages — view with man command


o man passwd
o man 5 passwd #searches for passwd in section 5 of the man pages
— Man sections:
o 1 = General commands (normal users)
o 2 = System calls (programmers)
o 3 = C library functions (programmers)
o 4= Special files (usually /dev devices)
o 5 = File formats and conventions
o 6 = Games
o 7 = Miscellanea
o 8 = System administration commands and daemons

CONFIGURING THE LINUX MANUAL

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

— PC hardware: PCI bus, RS-232 serial ports, USB, sound cards, video cards, IDE/ATA and SCSI disks
— PCI (PCI-e, Express) = Peripheral Component Interconnect
o Modern way of connecting peripherals to PCs
o PnP built-in
o lspci — lists PCI devices
— USB = Universal Serial Bus (1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 4)
o USB 1.1 = 12Mbps, USB 2.0 = 480Mbps , USB 4 = 40Gbps
o udev (config in /etc/udev; man udev)
o #a device manager for Linux kernel. It runs as a daemon on a Linux system and listens (via
netlink socket) to uevents the kernel sends out if a new device is initialised or a device is removed
from the system

IDE/ATA/ATAPI disks
LEARNING ABOUT THE KERNEL & MODULES

LOADING AND REMOVING KERNEL MODULES

WINDOWS SERVER 2019

— Multiple versions of Windows server 2019 exist


— Each version defined to meet needs of a different market segment
— Versions include:
o Standard: Physical or minimally virtualised environments
o Datacenter: Highly virtualised datacenters and cloud environments
o Essential: Small businesses with up to 25 users and 50 devices
— Windows Server 2008
o Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, Datacenter Edition, Web Edition, Hyper-V Edition, Core
Versions
— Windows Server: 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2019

ROLES AND FEATURES

— Can dedicate an entire computer to one role or install multiple server roles on a single computer
— Each role has 1 or more services associated with it
— Server Manager is the tool used to install, configure, and remove Server Roles
— Features provide auxiliary or supporting functions to servers
— Typically, administrators add features to add functionality of installed roles

TYPICAL ROLES

— Active Directory Domain Services


— Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
— DHCP Server
— DNS Server
— Web Server (IIS)
— File Services
— Print Server
— Streaming Media Services
— Windows Server Virtualisation (Hyper-V)

DISK PARTITIONS – MANUAL/AUTO

— Why partition?
o Different filesystem types for different partitions
o Better disk space management
o Multi-OS support
— Auto partition
o Typically 3 partitions - /boot, / , swap
o Root partition managed by LVM (Logical Volume Manager)
— Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
o Traditional way cannot support extension, copy, and delete
o Aggregate multiple physical drive/partitions into virtual volumes
o Easy to add, remove, expand, and shrink partitions

MBR (PC) PARTITION SCHEME


GUID PARTITION TABLE

DESIGNING HARD DISK LAYOUT

WHAT NOT TO DO

— Some directories should never be placed on separate partitions (if ramfs not used at boot times)
o /etc – config files needed during booting, including (/etc/fstab)
o /bin – commands needed during boot, e.g., mount
o /sbin – superuser commands during boot, e.g. modprobe
o /lib – shared library files and kernel modules
o /dev – device files for hardware devices
— With recent Linux distributions
o All files require boot time provided by ramfs, so above caveat does not apply
o If in doubt, it can be best not to create separate partitions unless you are sure why you are doing it

FILESYSTEMS

— Filesystem = data structure used for storing files on a disk partition


o Directory structure indexing performance and file volume
o Older Linux machines use ext2
o Formerly common: ext3 (ext2 + journal)
o ext4 now the default as an enhanced ext3
 ext4 is backwards-compatible with ext3 and ext2
 support large files — up to 16 TB
 provides journaling function: tracking data for recover
o btrfs: newer, high-performance, up to 16 EiB, support RAID
o alternatives = ReiserFS, JFS, XFS
o support for accessing non-Linux partitions
 e.g., NTFS, VFAT, HFS, ISO-9660, others
o swap is technically not a filesystem, but usually treated in a similar way, create virtual memory
using space on a physical device

CREATING PARTITIONS AND FILESYSTEMS

MAINTAINING FILESYSTEM

MOUNTING FILESYSTEMS
MANAGING SOFTWARE USING PACKAGES

YUM – RED HAT


APT-GET – UBUNTU

VIEWING PROCESSES AND JOB CONTROL

KILLING PROCESSES AND SENDING SIGNALS

PROCESS PRIORITIES

— Priorities
o Numeric value associated with a process
o Used by OS (scheduler) to apportion CPU time to processes
o High priority processes likely to get more CPU time
o Different Unixes differ in numeric ranges and algorithms used to implement priorities
o Common to all Unixes and Linux is the ‘nice’ value
— Nice value
o In early Unix, nice users running long jobs would be nice to other interactive users
o A ‘nice’ process lets other processes go first, and has a high nice value
o High nice value = low priority (lets others go first)

NICE VALUES

WINDOWS

— Use task manager (Ctrl-Alt-Esc)


o Choose processes tab or Details tab for even more
o You can view/sort processes by clicking header
 If admin authority, also click Show process from All users
o Delete/Change priority by Right clicking process and choosing action
o Windows priorities:
 Realtime, high, above normal, normal, below normal, low
 You can also set affinity. i.e., which CPU the process can use
— Command line equivalents or PowerShell
o tasklist = lists tasks, lots of filtering options
o taskkill = kill tasks

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