Experiment Instructions

WL 220 Boiling Heat Transfer Unit

 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT
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Experiment Instructions

Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing. Peter Mittasch

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.

Version 0.5 Subject to technical alterations

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 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Table of Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Structure of safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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3.1 Unit Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 System Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Features of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5.1 System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5.2 Software installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Steam Pressure as a Function of the Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Heat Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1 Experiment Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3 Condensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.4 Film boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 Symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.3 Formulas used in software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

1 Introduction

Knowledge of the evaporation process is an

essential requirement for the design and con-
struction of steam generators.
The evaporation process on heated pipes as
occurs, for example, in radiator tank boilers can
be shown with the test rig WL 220 Boiling Heat
Transfer Unit with PC-supported measured data
acquisition. The different phases of boiling which
occur on a smoke gas tube can particularly be
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seen here.
Smoke tubes
The various boiling forms are illustrated and the
fundamentals of heat transfer can be clarified. It is
also possible to experimentally investigate the
influence of parameters such as temperature or
Fig. 1.1 Radiator tank boiler
pressure on the evaporation process.
The evaporation process occurs in a glass cylin-
der. The test rig is operated with a low-boiling,
non-toxic evaporation fluid, so that the pressure
and temperature levels are low and therefore not
dangerous. The heating output is low due to the
low evaporation heat.

1 Introduction 1
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

2 Safety

2.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.2 Structure of safety instructions

The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
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An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.

Signal word Explanation

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

DANGER death or serious injury.

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

WARNING death or serious injury.

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

CAUTION minor or moderately serious injury.

Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

NOTICE equipment, or provides instructions on operation of
the equipment.

2 Safety 2
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Symbol Explanation

Electrical voltage

Hazard (general)

Explosive materials
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Gas canisters

Notice

2.3 Safety instructions

WARNING
Reaching into the open control cabinet can
result in electric shocks.
• Disconnect from the mains supply before open-
ing.
• Work should only be performed by qualified
electricians.
• Protect the control cabinet against moisture.

2 Safety 3
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

WARNING
Burns caused by escaping evaporation liquid
are possible when filling / draining.
• Allow the system to cool down before filling /
draining. Wear appropriate protective gloves.
• When handling evaporation liquid, wear protec-
tive goggles.
• Observe the safety recommendations for the
evaporation liquid used.
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WARNING
Injuries due to explosion are possible.
• No naked flames or fire are permitted in the
vicinity of the evaporation liquid.

WARNING
Escaping evaporation liquid can cause short-
ness of breath.
• If large quantities of evaporation liquid escape
in a confined room, ventilate thoroughly imme-
diately and leave the room.

2 Safety 4
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

WARNING
Risk of injury.
Modification or adjustment of the safety features
can make the experimentation stand unsafe. Do
not make any modifications or adjustments to:
• Overheating protection (80 °C), adjustable on
the large digital display
• Fuses (4A)
• Protective covers
• Threaded fittings
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• Pressure switch (1,8 bar)

• Safety valve (2 bar)

WARNING
Significant risk of injury due to defects.
Do not operate this system if there are obvious
defects such as:
• Defective mains cable
• Leaks
Consult a specialist to repair the defect.

2 Safety 5
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

WARNING
Risk of injury from bursting parts.
Do not exceed the following limit values:
• Max. pressure in the glass cylinder:
3,2bar abs.
• Max. surface temperature of the heater:
120°C
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NOTICE
Operate the unit only in dry closed rooms which
contain no flammable or corrosive gases, vapours
or dust. Drain the cooling water circuit if there is a
risk of frost. During storage, keep the ventilation
valve of the glass cylinder closed, otherwise liquid
will be lost.

NOTICE
• Never switch on the heater if it is not sur-
rounded by evaporation liquid. Otherwise, the
surface load will be too great and the heater will
be destroyed.

NOTICE
• When the connecting the cooling water, ensure
that the intake and outlet are not mixed up. If
the flow rate sensor is flowed through in the
wrong direction, incorrect measurement results
are obtained.
• The indicators have been designed for opera-
tion up to 120 ltr/h.

2 Safety 6
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

3 Description

3.1 Unit Layout

21 20 19 18 17 16 15

14

13
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22 12

23 11

24 10

25 9
26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Electrical Connection Heater 14 Refilling screw

2 Connection temperature sensor 15 Temperature sensor
heater surface
3 Glass cylinder 16 Water condenser
4 Thermocouple 17 Temperature sensor
5 Drain valve 18 Safety valve
6 Temperature sensor 19 Pressure switch
7 Heater 20 Air bleed valve
8 Connection Temperature sensor 21 Pressure transmitter (not visible)
9 Water inlet 22 Digital displays
10 Water outlet 23 Heater power adjuster
11 Main switch 24 On/Off switch heater
12 Regulating valve 25 USB port (edgewise)
13 Volumetric flow sensor (water) 26 Power supply port (edgewise)

Fig. 3.1 The illustration shows the layout of the components seen from the front

3 Description 7
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

3.2 System Diagram

The arrangement of the sensors in the system can

most easily be illustrated using a schematic
diagram of the system

Safety valve
4
6

Pressure
switch
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7
5 8

Water outlet
3
2 Regulation valve

1 Water inlet

Filling and drain valve

1 Heater power transmitter

2 Heater surface temperature sensor
3 Evaporation fluid temperature sensor
4 Evaporation tank pressure sensor
5 Vapour chamber temperature sensor
6 Water inlet temperature sensor
7 Water outlet temperature sensor
8 Volumetric flow sensor (water)

Fig. 3.2 Schematic diagram

3 Description 8
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

3.3 Features of the Unit

The WL 220 Evaporation Process experimental

stand is a laboratory unit for the investigation of
evaporation processes.
An external water connection is fitted for conden-
sation. The system has the following features:

• Clear arrangement of all components on a

table support.
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• A transparent tank allows the evaporation to be

observed.
• Various sensors allow analysis of the heat
transfer process.
• Measured values are shown on digital displays.
• Measured value display and analysis on a PC.
• Calculation of energy balances and key figures
for heat transfer.

3 Description 9
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

3.4 Commissioning

To fill the glass cylinder with the evaporation fluid

(SES 36) or compensate for any losses, proceed
14
as follows:
• Unscrew refilling screw (14) at the upper flange
of the glass cylinder.
• Gradually fill funnel with the evaporation fluid
(cp. Fig. 3.4)
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Fig. 3.3 Upper flange

NOTICE
• Do not pour fluid onto the hands; at a body tem-
perature of 36-37°C, the fluid will evaporate
immediately.

• Stop filling the tank when the fluid level is

approx. 2-3 cm above the heater.
• Close refilling opening with refilling screw (14).

Fig. 3.4 Filling the glass cylinder To start up the experimental stand, the system
must be connected to a mains socket outlet (e.g.
230V/ 50Hz).
When the master switch is pressed, only the dis-
plays initially light up. The heater is started up
using a separate switch. The power is set to the
desired level using a potentiometer.

3 Description 10
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

.
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10

19

Fig. 3.5 Water connection for condenser

To condense the evaporated fluid again, the

condenser must be connected to an external cold
water network. To do this, the inlet (9) is con-
nected to a water tap using a hose. The outlet (10)
should also be connected to a drain using a hose.

3 Description 11
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

3.5 Software

The software permits investigation of the pro-

cesses occurring in heat transfer on a PC. It
includes options for saving data and printing out
clear diagrams and curves. This helps the user to
understand the processes taking place as well as
the theoretical background.

3.5.1 System requirements

• PC with Pentium IV, 1GHz

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• min. 1GB HDD space

• 1024MB RAM
• CD-ROM drive
• Graphics resolution 1024 x 768, TrueColor
• USB port 1.1
• Operating system Windows XP / 2000 / Vista

3.5.2 Software installation

The following is needed for the installation:

– A fully operational PC, laptop or notebook with
a USB port.
– G.U.N.T. CD-ROM

NOTICE
• All components necessary to install and run the
program are contained on the CD-ROM
shipped by G.U.N.T. along with the WL 220.

3 Description 12
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

After starting, the installation runs automatically.

During the course of the installation, various
program components are loaded onto the PC:
– LabVIEW® - runtime program for PC data
acquisition
– Driver routines for the “LabJack®” USB
converter

NOTICE
• The WL220 must not yet be connected to the
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PC’s USB port while the program is being

installed. Only after the software has been
installed may the USB hardware be connected.
– Boot the PC
– Load the G.U.N.T. WL220 CD-ROM

Start the “Setup.exe” installation program from

the “Installer” folder.
– Follow the installation procedure on-screen.
– Reboot the PC after the installation is finished.
Once the software has been installed, the pro-
gram can be called up by selecting
“Start / All Programs / G.U.N.T. / WL220”.
The first time the program is started, a dialogue
box opens to specify the language.
For detailed instructions on use of the program
refer to its Help function.

3 Description 13
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

4 Basic Principles

The basic principles set out in the following make

no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.

4.1 Evaporation

The liquid which has been heated up to boiling

temperature in a heated vessel with a low heating
surface load moves upwards due to upwelling and
evaporates mainly at the surface. Hardly any
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vapour bubbles form at the heating surface. At the

same time, heat transfer coefficients occur, as in
free convection. The heat transfer coefficient 
increases with the heating surface load which in
turn increases with the temperature gradient
between the heating surface and the liquid.
In the case of a marked heating surface load,
more vapour bubbles occur directly at the heating
surface and these rise upwards, significantly
improving the heat transfer coefficient as a result
of an agitation effect. This type of evaporation is
also known as nucleate boiling.
From a critical heating surface load onwards, the
heat transfer coefficients become smaller,
because a film of vapour forms between the heat-
ing surface and the liquid and acts as an addi-
tional thermal resistor.  is reduced very
noticeably in the area of unstable film boiling as
the temperature gradient between the surface
and liquid increases, and again reaches approxi-
mately the value it was at during free convection.

4 Basic Principles 14
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After the film boiling stabilizes,  continues to

increase only insignificantly as the temperature
gradient increases. The heating surface load falls
in the area of unstable film evaporation as the
temperature gradient increases, and rises again
when the stable film boiling is reached.
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4 Basic Principles 15
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

The individual areas are shown in the diagram

below, using the example of water.

q·
q· krit
Heating surface evaporation q. in w/m 2K

106
Heat transfer coefficient in  w/m 2K

105
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104


103

1 2 3 4

102
0,1 1 10 100 1000
Temperature gradient tw-ts in K

Fig. 4.1

Boiling phases:
1. Free convection
2. Nucleate boiling
3. Unstable film boiling
4. Stable film boiling

4 Basic Principles 16
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

4.2 Condensation

At wall temperatures tw below the saturation

temperature ts of a vapour in contact with the wall,
the vapour begins to condense, even if the mean
vapour temperature is still above the saturation
temperature. The condensation can run down the
wall as a liquid film or in drops.

4.3 Steam Pressure as a Function of the Temperature

The relationship between pressure and tempera-

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ture is expressed by the Clapeyron-Clausius for-

mula in the boundary changeover from liquid to
gas:

      dp
r = h – h = T   s – s  = T   v – v   ------- (4.1)
dT

If the gas is regarded as approximately ideal, the

following is obtained if the volume v' of the liquid
phase is ignored and with the gas equation

 RT
v  ------------ (4.2)
p

2
 R  T dp

r = h – h  ---------------  ------- (4.3)
dT p

Transformed:

r - 1
--------------
2
 dT = ---  dp (4.4)
RT p

4 Basic Principles 17
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Integrated:

r 1
 --------------
RT
-  dT =  ---  dp
2 p
(4.5)

Result:

r -
– -----------
RT (4.6)
p = e
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Since the relationship between the temperature

and pressure is only identifiable with difficulty from
this equation. The following diagram shows the
steam pressure over the temperature.
Pressure in bar

2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Temperature in °C

Fig. 4.2 Steam pressure over temperature (SES 36)

4 Basic Principles 18
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4.4 Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is defined as the heat transmission

Surface Fluid between moving liquids or gases and a stationary
tw wall. The heat flow absorbed by a fluid with the
mean temperature tf at a wall surface A with a
 tf surface temperature of tw is determined on the
basis of a relationship defined by Newton:

·
Boundary layer Q =   A   tw – tf  (4.7)
Fig. 4.3
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The proportionality factor  is designated the

w-
heat transfer coefficient. Its unit is -----------
2
.
m K

 depends in a complex way on very different

influencing variables which are determined by the
physical properties and the flow state of the fluid
and by the geometric shape of the heating
surfaces.

A further measurement for the heat transfer from

a heated body to a fluid is the heat transfer resist-
ance:

tw – tf 1-
R ü = -------------
· - = ------- (4.8)
Q A

4 Basic Principles 19
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5 Experiments

In the following chapter, examples of a few proce-

dures for experiments are described which can be
carried out with this unit. The choice of experi-
ments does not claim to be complete. Rather, it is
intended to give you ideas for your own series of
experiments.

The listed measurement results must not be

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regarded as guideline or calibration values to be

adhered to under all circumstances. Depending
on the design of the individual components and
experimental skill, as well as the evaporation
liquid used, greater or lesser deviations can occur
in your experiments.

NOTICE
• During the experiments always operate the
condenser.
• When starting up the condenser, the formation
of steam bubbles is normal.

5 Experiments 20
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5.1 Experiment Preparation

The glass cylinder should be ventilated before the

experiment.
After filling, evaporation liquid is at the bottom of
the container, with air at the top. To remove the
air, first set the heating capacity to 250W.
In this case the water condenser is not running.
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20

Air

Evaporation
Liquid

Fig. 5.1 Evaporation vessel

NOTICE
• Never switch on the heater if it is not sur-
rounded by evaporation liquid. Otherwise, the
surface load will be too great and the heater will
be destroyed.

5 Experiments 21
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

The liquid evaporates at the heater surface

(nucleate boiling). The pressure in the cylinder
rises.
At a pressure of approx. 1,2 bar abs., unscrew the
protection cap of the air bleed valve (cp. Fig. 5.1,
Page 21, 20). Open the air bleed valve with a
prick by pushing the inner piston.
Keep the valve open until a liquid film runs down
on the glass cylinder (liquid condensing).
Then close the air bleed valve and screw on the
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protection cap.

WARNING
Burns caused by escaping evaporation liquid
are possible when filling / draining.
• Allow the system to cool down before filling /
draining. Wear appropriate protective gloves.
• When handling evaporation liquid, wear protec-
tive goggles.
• Observe the safety recommendations for the
evaporation liquid used.

There is now only liquid and vapour in the con-

tainer. After switching off the heater and letting the
container cool down for a while, the internal pres-
sure drops to approx. 0,6 bar abs.
If this is not the case, repeat the venting proce-
dure.

5 Experiments 22
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5.2 Evaporation

A heating capacity of 10W is set at the start of the

experiment. If the pressure in the container before
the start of the experiment was 0,58bar abs., this
now rises slowly. No bubbles form on the surface
of the heater. However, the pressure rise indi-
cates evaporation. If you carefully observe the
surface of the liquid, the formation of small bub-
bles can be seen. This is free convection. The sur-
face temperature of the heater rises to approx.
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31,4°C.
After the heating capacity is increased to 60W,
the surface temperature initially rises to approx.
40°C. Small bubbles then form on the heater sur-
face. At the same time, the surface temperature
falls to 36,4°C due to improved circulation. This
temperature corresponds to a steam pressure of
approx. 0,72bar abs.
When the heating capacity is increased to 100W,
the following operating values are set after a
period of more pronounced bubble formation:

Absolute pressure: p = 0,93bar abs.

Surface temperature: tw = 43,7°C
Liquid temperature: tf = 33,9 °C
Steam temperature: tD = 35,8°C

5 Experiments 23
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

The following heating surface load is obtained

from the heating capacity used and the surface of
the heater:
·
q· = Q
---- (5.1)
A

100W - = 53,33  kW
q· = --------------------------------- ---------
2
(5.2)
2
0 001875m m

The heat transfer coefficient  is calculated with

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the following formula:

·
Q
 = ---------------------------- (5.3)
A   tw – tf 

100W W
 = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- = 5442,2  -----------
2
- (5.4)
2
0 001875m   43 7C – 33,9C  m K

The value below is obtained for the heat transfer

resistance Rü:

tw – tf 1-
R ü = -------------
· - = ------- (5.5)
Q A

– 33,9C- = 0,098  ----

K-
R ü = 43,7C
------------------------------------------- (5.6)
100W W

1 K
- = 0,098  -----
R ü = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5.7)
W- 2 W
5442,2  ----------- 2
 0 001875m
m K

5 Experiments 24
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

5.3 Condensing

If the cooler is put into operation at a heating

capacity of 107W and if it is flowed through with a
constant volumetric flow of 41l/h (set with the reg-
ulating valve), the following operating values can
be read off:
Absolute pressure: p = 0,61bar abs.
Surface temperature: tw = 34,6°C
Liquid temperature: tf = 24,2°C
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Steam temperature: tD= 22,4°C

Water intake temperature: t1 = 20,2°C
Water outlet temperature: t2 = 21,9°C
These values give a Cooling capacity of:

· ·
Q K = m w  c pw   t 2 – t 1  (5.8)

3
· dm kg kJ
Q K = 41  -----------  1  ----------3-  4,198  -----------   21,9C – 20,2°C  = 81W (5.9)
h dm kgK

5 Experiments 25
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

with a mean water temperature of:

t2 – t1
t w = t 1 + -------------- (5.10)
2

– 20,2C- = 21C
t w = 20,2C + 21,9C
------------------------------------------- (5.11)
2

With the given cooler surface AK, we then obtain

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a heat throughput coefficient of:

·
QK
k = ------------------------------------- (5.12)
AK   tD – t w 

81W W
k = --------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1000,1  -----------
2
- (5.13)
2
0,0578m   22,4C – 21C  m K

Between the steam chamber and the water, there

also results a mean logarithmic temperature
difference of:

t2 – t1
T m = ------------------------------
-
 tD – t1  (5.14)
In  ---------------------
 tD – t2 

21,9C – 20,2C - = 1,15K

T m = ----------------------------------------------------------- (5.15)
 22,4 C – 20,2C 
In  -------------------------------------------------
 22,4 C – 21,9C 

5 Experiments 26
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

5.4 Film boiling

To illustrate film boiling, a heating power of

250Watt is set. Initially, no change is apparent on
the heater. However, after a few seconds small
clusters of bubbles appear. Shortly afterwards,
the entire heater is covered with small and large
bubbles. The surface temperature only rises
slowly. At a value of around 50°C, film boiling
begins around the heating element. The bubbles
disappear and a gas covering is formed around
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the outside of the heater, preventing it from giving

off its heat to the surrounding liquid. The gas
covering extends to the tip of the heater, where
the thermocouple that measures the surface tem-
perature is located. When the entire heater is sur-
rounded by the gas (or vapour) film, the surface
temperature rises very rapidly. At a value of 80°C,
the heater is automatically shut down. This is
done to prevent it being destroyed by a lack of
cooling. Despite the heater being shut down, the
surface temperature continues to rise, to a value
of around 90°C. Film boiling can be seen for sev-
eral minutes more.

NOTICE
• To speed up cooling, water can be fed through
the condenser. After the heater has been auto-
matically shut down, the ON/OFF switch for the
heater should be set to the OFF position so that
the heater will not be switched back on, allow-
ing the cooling process to be observed in
detail.

5 Experiments 27
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

6 Appendix

6.1 Technical data

Main dimensions:
Width: 900 mm
Depth: 450 mm
Height: 895 mm
Weight: 65 kg

Supply: 230 V / 50 Hz, 4 A

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Optional alternatives, see rating plate

Heater
Rating: continuously adjustable 250 W
Surface area: 0,001875 m2

Water cooler
Number of coils: 9
Coil diameter: 80 mm
Surface area: approx. 0,0578 m2

Pressure transmitter
Measuring range: 0 ... 4 bar abs.
Output signal: 0 ... 10 V DC
Supply: 24 V DC

6 Appendix 28
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Power transmitter
Measuring range: 0 ... 300 W
Output signal: 0 ... 10 V DC
Supply: +/- 15 V DC

Flow sensor with transmitter (water)

Measuring range: 3 ... 108 ltr/h
Output signal: 0 ... 5 V DC
Supply: 24 V DC
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Thermocouple with display and transmitter

Measuring range: 0 ... 200 °C
Output signal: 0 ... 10 V DC
Supply: 230 V AC

Temperature sensors with transmitter

Measuring range: 0 ... 100 °C
Output signal: 0 ... 10 V DC
Supply: 24 V DC
Digital displays
Measuring range: 0 ... 200 mV DC
Supply: 5 V DC

6 Appendix 29
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

Evaporation fluid
Name: Pentafluorobutane / Perfluoropolyether
Trade name: Solkatherm SES 36
Molecular weight: 184,5 kg/kmol
Boiling point at po= 1013 mbar: 36,7 °C
Critical temperature: 177,4 °C
Critical pressure: 28,4 bar
Density Liquid (saturated) at 25°C 1363 kg/m³
Density Vapour (saturated) at 25°C 5,8 kg/m³
Heat of Vaporisation at 25°C 117,8 kJ/kg
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Specific Heat Capacity (Liquid) at 25°C 1,25 kJ/kgK

For further information please refer to Safety Data Sheet.

6 Appendix 30
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

6.2 Symbols and units

 Coeffizient of heat transfer W/m²K

A Surface m2
cp Specific heat capacity kJ/kgK
h Specific enthalpy kJ/kg
m· Water mass flow rate kg/s
w
p Pressure bar
·
Q Heating capacity W
·
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QK Cooling capacity W
q· Surface power density W/m2
R Gas constant kJ/kgK
Rü Heat transfer resistance K/W
r Evaporation heat kJ/kgK
s Entropy kJ/kgK
T Absolute temperature K
t Temperature °C
tw Average water temperature °C
 Tm Average logarithmic
temperature difference K
v Specific volume m3/kg
·
Vw Water volumetric flow rate ltr/h

6 Appendix 31
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

6.3 Formulas used in software

Temperature difference, heating surface - fluid:

dT5-4 = T5 -T4 in K

Cooling water temperature difference:

dTwater = T2 - T1 in K

Heating capacity:
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·
Q = P in W

Surface power density:

·
q· = Q
---- in kW/m2 (dq in software)
A
·
with Q in kW
A in m2

Heater coefficient of heat transfer:

·
Q
 = ---------------------------------
- in W/(m2 K)
A   T5 – T4 
·
with Q in W
A in m2
T in K

6 Appendix 32
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Cooling capacity:
· 1000
Q k = V    c pw   T2 – T1   ------------- in W
3600
where
·
V in ltr/h
 in kg/dm3
cpw = 4,182
T in K
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Average logarithmic temperature difference:

t –t
 T M = --------------------
2 1
- in K (dTm in software)
tD – t1
ln --------------
-
tD – t2

with t1, t2, t3 in C

tD = t3 = Vapour temperature

Outward heat transfer coefficient:

·
QK
- in W/(m2 K)
k = ------------------------------------
AK   tD – t w 
where
tD = t3 = Vapour temperature
t w = Average water temperature
A = 0,0578 m2 total surface area

6 Appendix 33
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

6.4 Index

B
Boiling phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Boundary changeover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

C
Cold water network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cooling capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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Cooling water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

E
Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Evaporation fluid (SES 36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Evaporation liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 22

F
Film boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Flow rate sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Free convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

G
Gas equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

H
Heat flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Heat throughput coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 19, 24
Heat transfer resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 24
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10, 21, 27

N
Nucleate boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

34
 WL 220 BOILING HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

O
Overheating protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

P
Pressure switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

R
Radiator tank boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Refilling screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

S
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Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Safety valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Saturation temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Smoke gas tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Steam generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Steam pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Surface temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
System diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

U
Unit layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

V
Vapour bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

W
Wall surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

35