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Math 104 - Module 2b - Solutions of Differential Equations

1. This document discusses three types of linear differential equations: variable separable, homogeneous, and exact. 2. For variable separable equations, the solution is obtained by integrating after separating the variables. 3. Homogeneous equations can be solved by making a substitution of y=vx or x=vy to remove the variables. 4. An exact equation has an integrand F such that the total differential dF equals Mdx + Ndy, allowing the solution F=c.

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Claire Tabor
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45 views44 pages

Math 104 - Module 2b - Solutions of Differential Equations

1. This document discusses three types of linear differential equations: variable separable, homogeneous, and exact. 2. For variable separable equations, the solution is obtained by integrating after separating the variables. 3. Homogeneous equations can be solved by making a substitution of y=vx or x=vy to remove the variables. 4. An exact equation has an integrand F such that the total differential dF equals Mdx + Ndy, allowing the solution F=c.

Uploaded by

Claire Tabor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions of Linear Equations of Order One

Type I: Variable Separable

𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 1

Where M and N maybe functions of both x and y. Equation 1 can be written in Differential form;

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 2

It can also be change to the form;

𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 3

where;

𝐹 𝑥 is function of x alone

𝐹 𝑦 is function of y alone
Integrating Equation 3

‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝐹 ׬‬+ ‫𝐶 = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝐹 ׬‬

Where C is any arbitrary constant, hence C may be replaced as ln 𝑐 or any other function of C in
attempting to simplify the equation

NOTE:

1. The solution containing an arbitrary constant is called a General Solution


2. The solution not containing an arbitrary constant is called a Particular Solution

Illustrative Problems:

Obtain the solution of the following differential equations satisfying the initial condition as indicated
𝑑𝑟
1. = −4𝑟𝑡, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜
𝑑𝑡

2. 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3


3. 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑣
4. 𝑣 = 𝑔, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑦𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 9 − 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
6. 𝑑𝑦 = tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
7. sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
8. 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑣
4. 𝑣 = 𝑔, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜
𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑦𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 9 − 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
6. 𝑑𝑦 = tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
7. sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
8. 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Type II: Homogeneous Differential Equations
The equation 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, is a homogeneous differential equation, if M and N are
homogeneous functions of the same degree.

To solve this equation, use the substitution;

If N is simpler, use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

If M is simpler, use 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦

Illustrative Problems:
Obtain the solutions of the following differential equations;
1. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 5. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 6. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
1. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
6. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Type III: Exact Differential Equations
If the equation, 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 → 1 , variable separable is not possible we can find the
total differential by;
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 → 2 , certainly;
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐 → 3 , defines a set of solutions for 1
It follows that, 𝑑𝐹 = 0 or in view of 2
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
If a function of F exist such that 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 is exactly the total differential of F, we call equation 1
and exact equation if 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact, then by definition F exist such that;
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦

But from calculus;


𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦, so; 𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕2 𝐹 𝜕𝑁 𝜕2 𝐹
= and =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝐹 𝜕2 𝐹
Again, from calculus; = , provided that these partial derivatives are continuous.
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Therefore, if equation 1 is an exact equation, then;


𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Illustrative Problems:
Test and obtain the solutions of the following differential equations;
1. 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2x + y 𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. cos 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + cos 2y − 2xsin2y − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

6. 2𝑥𝑦 − tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − x𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 y 𝑑𝑦 = 0

1. 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

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