DRIVING INSTRUCTOR

TRAINING MATERIAL
With Dyslexia friendly fonts & backgrounds.
Created by; Garry Alan Cope
2020 2nd Edition.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Introduction.

This edition of Driving Instructor training material is a concise but informative training book, and has
been compiled by me Garry Alan Cope a Driving Instructor, and is mainly designed for Driving
Instructors and Instructor trainers, but is also for Learner drivers and full licence holders to improve their
knowledge and driving skills.

The information provided in this book has been taken from THE OFFICIAL HIGHWAY CODE, KNOW
YOUR TRAFFIC SIGNS, THE OFFICIAL DVSA GUIDE TO DRIVING THE ESSENTIAL SKILLS,
ROADCRAFT THE POLICE DRIVER’S HANDBOOK, and also from fellow Driving Instructors, Because
the information used is from official publications you can rely on this publication for accuracy. The sole
reason for me producing this book is because I couldn’t find any training material that stuck to the
official publications so I decided to compile my own.

This book takes you through the learning to drive process used by the vast majority of Driving
Instructors in the UK. You may notice that all the manoeuvres are near to the end of the book. This is
purely to keep them together and separate from the other training material as Driving Instructors
choose to cover manoeuvres at varying stages of the learning process. I personally aim to begin
covering the manoeuvres very early on, as i find it helps to understand clutch control and boosts
confidence in learners making the learning process much easier. But it really is up to each Instructor or
Trainer as to when they prefer to cover the manoeuvres.

2nd edition revised March 19th 2020.

“Remember the road is a story, we just learn to read it”... Carl Smuff Smith ADI

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 INDEX
1 Eye sight test 65 Motorway signs and gantry signs
2 Cockpit checks 66 Motorways joining and leaving
3 Foot controls 67 Motorway variations
4 Hand controls 68 Motorway roadworks
5 Gear changing 69 The system of car control & limit points
6 The use of mirrors 70 Limit points approach
7 L.T.D Routine 71 Limit points arrive
8 M.S.M routine 72 Limit points through
9 Moving off and stopping + hill starts 73 Bends
10 Emergency stop 74 Country roads and single track roads
11 Stopping distances 75 Overtaking
12 Left turns 76 Show me tell me 1
13 Right turns 77 Show me tell me 2
14 T-junction emerging (open) 78 Parallel park and Angle start
15 T-junction emerging (closed) 79 Bay parking, start of test (bays in line)
16 T-junction (bell mouth) 80 Bay parking, end of test (bays in line)
17 T-junction unmarked or faded, surface changes 81 Bay parking, start of test (bays in line)
18 T-junction on a bend 82 Bay parking, end of test (bays in line)
19 Anticipation 83 Bay parking, start of test (staggered bays)
20 Meeting and clearance 84 Bay parking, end of test (staggered bays)
21 One way streets and one direction systems 85 Bay parking, forwards
22 Y-junction 86 Pull up on right, reverse, rejoin road
23 Y-junction 87 Turn in the road (three point turn)
24 D-junction 88 Turn in the road (two point turn)
25 Bus, cycle & high occupancy lanes 89 Left reverse (types of corners)
26 Cycle lanes & boxes 90 Left reverse (around a corner)
27 Cycle lanes &boxes work station 91 Right reverse (around a corner)
28 Traffic lights 92 U-turn (taxi manoeuvre)
29 Level crossings 93 Darkness & night driving (basics)
30 Pedestrian crossings 94 Weather conditions
31 Pedestrian crossings diagrams 95 Legal responsibilities
32 Arm signals & authorised persons 96 Environmental issues
33 Traffic calming measures 97 Passengers and carrying loads
34 Crossroads (types) 98 Security
35 Crossroads and staggered junctions 99 Petrol stations
36 Box junctions & traffic light junctions 100 Emergency services 1
37 Box junction work station 101 Emergency services 2
38 Traffic light junction (normal staggered) 102 Emergency services 3
39 Traffic light junction (abnormal staggered) 103 Drivers record activities covered
40 Traffic light junction (nearside pass) 104 Drivers record progress
41 Traffic light junction (offside pass) 105 Reflective log
42 Traffic light junction (left turn filter lane) 106 Mock test sheet
43 Traffic light junction (with sensory lights) 107 Walshaw cross
44 Hatch markings & right turn pockets 108 Tottington junction
45 Right turn pockets (back to back) 109 Bolton road
46 Right turn pocket (long run up) 110 Edenfield roundabout
47 Right turn with separation hatch markings 111 Edenfield roundabout 2
48 Road markings (various) 112 Brook street & Moorgate junction
49 Know your traffic signs (basic) 113 Moorgate & Walmersley road junction
50 Roundabouts explained 1 114 Peel way & Moorgate junction
51 Roundabouts explained 115 Peel way & Bolton street junction 1
52 Roundabout (left 1st exit) 116 Peel way & Bolton street junction 2
53 Roundabout (intermediate 2nd exit) 117 Manchester road & Knowsley street junction
54 Roundabout (intermediate 3rd exit ahead 118 Manchester road & Dumers lane junction
55 Roundabout (intermediate 4th exit) 119 Bell lane roundabout
56 Roundabout (right 5th exit) 120 Pilsworth roundabout
57 Roundabout (full circle) 121 Chequerbent roundabout
58 Roundabout with traffic lights 122 Kearsley roundabout
59 Mini roundabouts 123 Bury driving test centre
60 Spiral and multiple roundabouts 124 Bolton driving test centre
61 Dual carriageways joining and leaving
62 Dual carriageways with side roads
63 Dual carriageways with central areas
64 Satellite navigation
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Eyesight test. 1

FIRST
THINGS
FIRST
CAN YOU
READ A
NUMBER
PLATE FROM
20.5 METRES
AWAY?

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Cockpit checks. 2
CHECK THAT THE HANDBRAKE OR PARKING BRAKE IS ON
DOORS
CLOSED PROPERLY
Doors flush in mirrors,
Warning light on dash,
Rattle and wind noise when driving.

BEFORE OPENING
Use the Dutch reach method,
Check over shoulder (pedestrians, cyclists), HOLD
Use both hands (In windy conditions).

SEAT
BASE - height and position,
Depress the clutch to check leg room,
You should have a slight bend in your knee,
Make sure it is locked into position.

RAKE - Slight bend in elbows when holding the steering wheel.

HEAD RESTRAINT –Rigid part at eyes/ears level.

STEERING WHEEL –Height/position adjustment. Airbag warning

sign

SEAT BELTS
Lap belt low over hips,
Shoulder belt across chest and shoulder,
No twists or turns,
Height adjuster shouldn’t cut into neck area,
Pull to test it’s working,
Driver is responsible for under 14s.
Seat belt
Warning sign

MIRRORS
Gives view of traffic behind and to the sides of the vehicle,
Three mirrors 1 interior, 2 exterior, (additional blind-spot mirrors may be of use)
Interior; flat glass, true view, so most important mirror, Anti-dazzle setting,
Exterior; convex glass, things appear to be smaller and further away,
Adjust your mirrors so it is easy to see without straining your head,
Use your mirrors when using the M.S.M routine.

BLIND SPOTS / AREAS

Areas not covered by your mirrors,
Over your left shoulder,
Over your right shoulder,
Parts of the car bodywork.

FUEL
Turn ignition on (if necessary).
Do you have enough fuel for your journey.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Foot controls. 3
ACCELERATOR A
Gas pedal, right foot only,
Keeping your heel on floor helps to know which pedal you are over,
Apply gentle pressure, (sensitive),
Controls fuel to engine, B
Common phrases,
“Set gas”, “off gas”, “more gas”, C T
Check mirrors before increasing speed, FOO
The amount of gas required is between 1000 & 2000 rps, HT Y
Practice listening to the sound of the engine at around 1500 rps, RIG ONL
Then practice listening without looking at the rev’ counter,
OT
This helps to understand the amount of gas required to set off T FO
F
LE NLY
O
FOOTBRAKE

Powerful control, right foot only,

Try to keep heel on floor,
Operates on all four wheels,
Brake progressively, (light, firm, light),
Brake lights, warning signal to others,
Anti-lock braking system (ABS) ?
Duel circuit braking system - extra safe,
Check mirrors before braking,
Practice pivoting right foot.

Anti-lock braking system Brake light

warning light warning light

CLUTCH

Provides drive from engine to wheels via gears,

Used by left foot only, with heel slightly off the floor,
Try locking your foot in place and use your knee joint to raise the pedal,
Then try locking your knee in place and ease your foot up,
Either way work well, but find a way that works best for you,
Make sure your foot doesn’t get stuck between the pedal and floor,
About half way up you will feel the biting point (at this point keep foot still),
The clutch plates meet at this point,
Engine noise drops and deepens,
You must keep the clutch at or near the biting point,
This would be the point when you would look all around before releasing
the handbrake, or parking brake, or hold facility to move off,
The car creeps forward slowly,
Then you should bring your foot off very slowly counting to five,
As if stacking pound coins one at a time, pausing after each coin stacked!
You should at this point be using the gas pedal,
Listening to the engine helps to understand the control needed,
Any sudden movement will stall or jerk the car,
Practice clutch control with and without gas.
Also practice setting off in second gear.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Hand controls. 4
HANDBRAKE (PARKING BRAKE)

 Some vehicle have a hold system fitted to the foot brake, others have a button that holds the
vehicle still after stopping
 Operates on rear wheels only on some vehicles
 To apply the handbrake - press the button in, pull the lever up, release the button
 Try to avoid “ratcheting” although this is not worthy of recording on tests as a fault
 To release - pull the lever up, press the button in, push the lever down
 You may only need to press a button or jab the foot brake on some vehicles
 Some vehicles are fitted with „hill assist‟
 Some vehicles release the brake when setting the gas HOLD
GEAR LEVER (USE WITH CLUTCH)
0-10 20-30 40-50
 Multiple forward gears, 1 reverse and neutral, 1st gear is the
most powerful for moving off
 Select the most suitable gear for your speed
 The “palming” method is a good way to change gear
 Avoid looking down at the gear lever, with practice, changing N
gear becomes second-nature
 Adding a zero to the gears, helps to simplify gear to speed,1st
up to 10mph, 2nd up to 20mph, 3rd up to 30mph, etc.
 If you are stuck in mud or snow, use second gear, as first gear 10-20 30-40 50+
may turn the wheels too quickly to move off

STEERING WHEEL

 Turns front wheels left and right

 Hold with both hands however you feel comfortable
 Common ways are “10 to 2” or “¼ to 3” position (consider position of airbag)
 Grip wheel firmly but not tightly
 Hold the wheel so that your palms are on the rim
 Extend your thumbs on the rim so that your nails are towards you
 Don't wrap your thumbs around the wheel, if your vehicle hits a kerb, the steering wheel may
spin sharply and injure your wrapped around thumbs
 Pull push technique may help (don‟t be too worried if you cross your hands)
 Look to where you want your car to go - “your hands follow your eyes”
 Although one handed steering is not a test fail, it is not advised

INDICATORS

 The indicators enable you to show other road users which direction you intend to take
 Correct use of the direction indicators is vital to safe driving
 Self-cancelling indicator switches might not cancel after a slight change of direction
 Always check that the signal has been cancelled. You can do this by checking the Repeater
warning light or the audible warning (usually a ticking noise)
 Most modern vehicles are fitted with lane changing indicators. Flicking the stalk in either
direction gives you three flashes and removes the need to cancel the indicator, useful for
overtaking when on motorways and dual carriageways
 You should be able to operate the indicators without taking your hand off the steering wheel.
If indicators fail, the warning sound will sound faster, Consider the use of hand signals

IGNITION SWITCH AND STARTER

 Check handbrake is on and gear lever in neutral

 Some vehicle have a button to start the engine, other use a key or card
 Most vehicles have an anti-theft device incorporated into the ignition switch
 Insert key and turn clockwise. The first position releases the steering lock
 The second position (all the instrument lights come on)
 Diesel vehicles have a glow plug warning light, wait until it goes out
 The third position operates the starter, (hold, release - engine starts)
 Don‟t operate the starter when the engine is running. This can damage the engine
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Gear changing. 5
To make gear changing simple, use the correct palming method, and remember that you can skip gears if desired.
It is important to know that all gear gaiters have two side walls, and that neutral sits directly in the middle between
these two walls.
It is also important to know that gear levers are spring loaded, so that no matter what gear you are in, by simply
moving the gear lever forwards or backwards the gear lever will spring into neutral. This is very useful to know as
it is then easier to locate the gear you want.

Neutral
N N N
Side walls

To select 1st gear, with the palm of your hand to the right of the gear stick, move the gear
stick to the left side wall, then move it forwards, do this in two moves.

To change from 1st gear to 2nd gear , with the palm of your hand to the right of the gear
stick but slightly further forward than before. Keep the gear stick pressed towards the left
side wall, whilst sliding the gear stick backwards. Do this slowly enough and you should
feel a slight bump as your hand passes through the neutral bar.

To change from 2nd to 3rd gear, use the back of the palm of your hand to gently nudge
the gear stick forwards, just enough so that the gear stick springs into neutral, then gently
nudge the gear stick forwards again into 3rd gear. This should be done in two nudges.
IMPORTANT; (do not grab the gear stick or try to move it across towards 3rd gear as you
may end up in 5th gear by mistake, use the NUDGE, NUDGE technique)

To change from 3rd to 4th gear, with the palm of your hand at the front of the gear stick,
simply nudge the gear sick backwards in two nudges into 4th gear. If you do it slowly
enough you should feel the gear stick passing through the neutral bar.

To change from 4th to 5th gear, with the back of the palm nudge forward into neutral, then
push the gear stick towards the right wall, then push forwards into 5th gear. This should
be done in three moves. If you try to do it in less than three moves you may end up in the
wrong gear.

To change from 5th to 6th gear, with the palm of your hand on the left of the gear stick,
simply slid the gear stick down the right wall into 6th gear. You should fell the neutral bar
as you pass through it.

Reverse gear is located in different places on different vehicles.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 The use of mirrors. 6
PRACTICAL USE OF MIRRORS

Function - Gives you a view of the road behind and to the sides to keep you up to date. They help you make safe &
sensible decisions based on the position and speed of other traffic.
Defensive driving - Use them to keep up to date, act safely and sensibly on what you see.
Flat glass - (interior) does not distort view. Convex glass; (exterior) make things look smaller & further away
Extended-arm mirrors - Fitted when towing caravans & trailers.
Mirror adjustment - Get the best possible view to the rear and to the sides, your vehicle should be just visible in the side
mirrors. Do not adjust them on the move.
Electric mirrors - These have switches inside the vehicle, some have heating elements to clear frost etc.
Anti-dazzle mirrors - Use this at night to prevent dazzle or distraction by the lights of following traffic.
Use your mirrors well before you approach a hazard, slow down, speed up, manoeuvre, move off, signal, change direction
or lane, turn left or right, or overtake, stop, open your door.
Blind spots - Areas you can’t see in your mirrors. The main blind spots are the areas between what you see as you look
forward and what you see in your exterior mirrors. Also the area obscured by the bodywork of the vehicle.
Modern technology -Don’t rely on any reverse assist, cameras, radars, lane assist etc. Use all around observation.
Auxiliary mirrors - Also know as blind spot mirrors can help reduce blind spots and help with manoeuvres.
Checking blind spots on the move - It may be too dangerous to look over your shoulder, so a sideways glance may be
all it takes to check your blind spot. Take a quick sideways glance, before changing lanes, joining a motorway or dual
carriageway from a slip road, before manoeuvring in situations where traffic is merging from the left or right.. Don’t stay in
other drivers blind spots.
Mirrors and hazards - When approaching a hazard, you should use your mirrors and be prepared to change speed and/or
direction. Hazards include bends in the road, junctions, pedestrian crossings, road-works, livestock on the road.
Keeping up to date - Keep up to date with the position and speed of traffic behind you. The position of traffic changes
rapidly on some roads. Frequent glances in your mirrors keeps you up to date with what’s behind.
Driving on high speed roads - On motorways or dual carriageways, check your mirrors earlier than you would on ordinary
roads. Higher speeds are more difficult to judge and situations can develop more quickly.
Remember, if you can’t see the mirrors of the vehicle in front, then they can’t see you.

FORWARD ZONE

PERIPHERAL VISION PERIPHERAL VISION

ZONE ZONE

NEARSIDE OFFSIDE
BLIND SPOT BLIND SPOT

INTERIOR
MIRROR
DOOR DOOR
MIRROR MIRROR

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

L.T.D (LimiTeD) routine, limit the process not yourself 7
THE L.T.D ROUTINE CAN BE USED TO REPLACE THE M.S.P.S.G.L.A.D.A ROUTINE IN ORDER
TO MAKE THE PROCESS MUCH EASIER TO LEARN AND MUCH EASIER TO USE. THIS
ROURINE ALSO MAKES IT A MORE NATURAL WAY OF LEARNING TO DRIVE.

Look, around you and in your mirrors,

Make sure you haven’t missed anything,
especially your blind spots.
Have you spotted all other road users?

Think, what to do,

do you need to signal, if so when?
will you get in someone else’s way?
Are there any pedestrians or other road users?
Have other road users spotted you
might someone hit you?

Decide, how to do it,

will your actions affect others?
What position should you adopt and when?
What speed is best and why?
Which gear is best and why?
Stop/give way or go?

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Mirror signal manoeuvre routine 8

Mirror(s)
Signal
Manoeuvre = (PSL)
Position
Speed / Gear

Look = (ADA)
Assess
Decide
Act Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Moving off & stopping. 9
KEY POINTS ;- M.S.M ROUTINE, BLIND SPOTS, & IMPORTANCE OF REAR VISION.

MOVING OFF

P.O.M BLIND
SPOT
PREPARE POM
Check parking brake/handbrake/neutral,
Start engine, clutch down, select 1st gear,
Set gas, find biting point, KEEP FEET STILL.

OBSERVE
Check if it is safe to move off, BLIND SPOT TIMING,
Give a right signal if it will benefit other road users, using outstretched fingers,
Check your blind spot AGAIN if needed, just before moving off!!!!!!!!

MANOEUVRE
Release parking brake, KEEPING FEET STILL, feel the car moving forward,
Add more gas, clutch up SLOWLY (as if stacking pound coins one at a time)
Steer to about 1 m from the kerb, (the width of a cycle lane) or the centre of
your lane. Straighten the car. Adapt your position to be safe in the space you
have got. Look well ahead and check your mirrors for following traffic.

HILL STARTS
Setting off on a hill requires slightly more gas with slower clutch control.

STOPPING
S.C.A.L.P
Look well ahead for a Safe, Convenient And Legal Place,
Avoid driveways, footpaths, bends, brow of hills, junctions, Bus stops, trees,
lamp posts near the kerb edge, pedestrian crossings, schools and yellow
lines,
Point to a stopping place in your mind,
Stop about six inches from the kerb.

M.S.M
MIRRORS
Which mirrors?

SIGNAL
Signal if required.

MANOEUVRE
Off gas, cover brake and clutch,
Steer towards kerb,
Use left door mirror or dashboard ref point if needed, to judge distance from
kerb,
Gently brake, (don't approach the kerb too fast or you may hit it),
Clutch down to floor,
Don't stop too soon or the rear of the car may still be sticking out,
Stop the car smoothly (light, firm, light).
Keep feet still, until you have;
1- Applied the handbrake, or hold,
2- Selected neutral,
3- Cancelled the signal if given.
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Emergency stop. 10
STOPPING IN AN EMERGENCY
An emergency stop is when you need to stop suddenly to avoid an accident.

To reduce the sudden need to stop in an emergency, you need good to use
observation, anticipate other road users, and keep safe gaps.

In normal conditions, a good driver shouldn’t need to brake really hard.

However emergencies can happen, for instance, when a child runs into the road
in front of you.

Remember even when stopping quickly follow the rule of progressive braking -
pushing the brake pedal harder as the vehicle slows down.

A quick reaction is crucial in an emergency. The sooner you start braking the
sooner you’ll stop.

Don’t signal – you need both hands to control the steering.

Don’t make a special point of looking in the mirror, if you’ve been using your
mirrors regularly you should know what’s behind.

Keep both hands on the steering wheel. You need as much control as possible.

Avoid braking so hard that you lock the wheels, a skid may cause serious loss of
control.

Don't press down the clutch pedal until just before you stop. This helps with your
braking and stability. For vehicles fitted with ABS, read the owner’s manual. The
manufacturer may advise a different technique to get the best out of it’s system.
Pressing down the brake and clutch at the same time is acceptable,

Don't use the parking brake while the vehicle is moving. Most parking brakes
work on the back wheels only. Extra braking here can cause skidding.

Unless you’re moving off again straightaway, put the parking brake on and the
gear lever into neutral.

P.O.M.
Look all-around before moving off. This includes both left and right blind spots.

SKIDDING
Skidding is caused by the driver, the road and weather conditions.

ABS brakes help you to continue steering while braking, but on wet or slippery
roads this will be less effective. The brakes are only as good as the tyres’ grip on
the road.

If your car is skidding, release the brake pedal fully. and you should steer into the
skid if the car slides left or right. If you have ABS brakes you should follow the
manufacturer’s instructions.

ANTI-SKID TECHNOLOGY
Electronic stability control (ESC), sometimes known as Electronic Stability
Program (ESP) allows the vehicle to turn exactly where the driver expects and
remains under control – providing the speed of the vehicle isn’t excessive for the
situation. The system comprises the functions of ABS and traction control
system and aims to prevent a vehicle from skidding sideways.
It’s key benefits are; continual readiness, becoming active when vehicle skidding
is imminent. Detecting the risk of a skid at an early stage, even before braking.
Comparing the driver’s steering intention with actual travel directions (25 times
per second). Selective braking intervention to restore vehicle stability. Blind
ESC is widely available in new cars in the UK. people
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Stopping distances & variations. 11

20ft 20ft 40ft

6m 6m = 12m Thinking distance = Highway code statistics

19m
+
Braking distance = Highway code statistics

30ft
9m
45ft
14m =
75ft
23m
= Highway code statistics

34m = Recent testing statistics

40ft 80ft
12m 24m = 120ft
36m

51m

50ft 125ft 175ft

15m 38m = 53m

71m

60ft 180ft 240ft

18m 55m = 73m

95m

70ft 245ft
21m 75m = 315ft
96m

121m

Recommended minimum following distances in Dry, Wet, and Snow or Ice.

Dry conditions = 2 seconds (two chevrons on motorways)
Wet conditions = 4 seconds (double)
Snow and Ice conditions = 20 seconds (ten times the normal distance)

Stopping distances at 50mph with various tyre tread depths in wet conditions.
8mm tread depth = 25.9 metres
3mm tread depth = 31.7 metres
1.6mm tread depth = 39.5 metres

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Approaching junctions to turn left. 12
Advance information; Type of junction, amount of traffic, warning signs, road markings, direction signs, give way and stop
signs, traffic lights, a break in the line of buildings, changes in the road surface.

ACT
Look left & turn left.
Look at kerb to guide you.
Check your mirrors after turning so you know what’s following you on the
new road.
Cancel indicator.

DECIDE
Is it safe to turn?
Avoid steering too early or too
sharply; your nearside rear
wheel might mount the kerb.
Don’t overtake cyclists then turn M
across their path.
Hold back and allow them to
clear the junction.

L
ASSESS
Pedestrians already crossing have priority so give way,
Other vehicles stopping to park or parked?
Take special care when crossing a cycle track, bus lane or cycle lane.
Sharpness of corner?
Point of turn, kerb edge under mirror.
Open or closed?

LOOK
Ahead and into the minor road G

GEAR
Select the correct gear (or you could swing too wide)
“If you have a good view do it in two”
“If your view has gone do it in one”
Clutch up , avoid coasting! S
SPEED
Left turns are often sharper than right turns.
Slow down sufficiently.

POSITION
Position well to the left and in
P
good time to let others know what
you are going to do.

SIGNAL
Signal left after passing the
turning before yours.
Keep a special look out for cyclists
S
coming up on your left.

MIRRORS
Check your mirrors, particularly for cyclists and motorcyclists. These road
users can approach very quickly from behind and are less easy to see than
a larger vehicle.
M
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Approaching junctions to turn right. 13
Advance information; Type of junction, amount of traffic, warning signs, road markings, direction signs, give way and stop
signs, traffic lights, a break in the line of buildings, changes in the road surface.

Keep wheels straight to avoid being

shunted into oncoming traffic.

M
ACT
Look right & turn right
or
mirr Look at kerb to guide you to 1m
Check mirror in new road

L DECIDE
Is it safe to turn?
Jog 10 mph or Walk 4 mph?

ASSESS
Oncoming traffic?
Open or closed?
Pedestrians already crossing?
Point of turn mirror on line?

G
LOOK
Ahead and into the minor road,

GEAR
If it’s clear 2nd If its not clear
S gear Select 1st gear
No coasting Stop, handbrake
Don’t cut corner Walk across rule

SPEED
P Brake to jogging/walking pace (8/4mph)

POSITION
Close to centre line. Why?

SIGNAL
When? Which?
S
MIRRORS
Which? When? Why?

M Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 T-junction emerging (open). 14
KEY POINTS, ZONE OF VISION

OPEN JUNCTION Hazard warning

TURNING LEFT lines

M
If parked vehicles are parked close to
the junction on either side, you may
extend the give way line to the width
of the parked vehicles to get a better
view.

p
& Sto run
y ld
Wa Shou rors
G e
Giv ines r mir
l e
S und

P
ZONE OF VISION
VERY WIDE

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 T-junctions emerging (closed). 15
KEY POINTS, ZONE OF VISION

CLOSED JUNCTION
TURNING RIGHT
M
ZONE OF VISION
VERY LIMITED

STOP
L

G
S

S &
p
Sto run
y ld
e Wa Shou rors
Giv ines r mir
l e
und

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Bell mouth junction. 16

BELL MOUTH
JUNCTION

Hazard warning
lines
M

G
S

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

T-junctions (unmarked or poorly marked). 17
KEY POINTS, Awareness and planning

Where two or more roads meet, most Councils

will tarmac them in different coloured tarmac,
or different shades of tarmac to make it easier to
identify the direction of priority at junctions.
So that even if the road paintwork has faded
beyond recognition, the direction and colour or
shade of the tarmac helps you to determine who
may try to take priority.

Hazard warning lines are often used leading up to

junctions, so make sure you are reading the road
correctly at all times.
These lines may have faded and be much harder
to see, especially in bad weather conditions such
as when the road is wet, especially at night time.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Junction on a bend. 18
KEY POINTS, Awareness and planning

L
Hazard warning
lines.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Anticipation & planning. 19

WHAT IS ANTICIPATION?

1. TRAINING (in this situation do this)

2. EXPERIENCE (I’ve met this before

and need to do this)

3. PLANNING (what should I do now

to prevent risk in the situation I can
see?)

4. ANTICIPATION (what if?)

FORWARD PLANNING,
Looking far ahead and in mirrors to
predict the actions of other road users
and then take ACTION.

WHO MUST WE ANTICIPATE?

DRIVERS
Emerging unsafely,

Opening car doors suddenly.

CYCLISTS
Changing direction suddenly to avoid
pot holes and grids,

Moving up the nearside of your car.

PEDESTRIANS
Crossing without looking,

Children near schools, play areas,

buses, ice cream vans.
ANTICIPATE
WHAT MUST WE DO? M.S.M
Drive defensively at a speed
appropriate for the road and traffic
conditions, observe other road users
closely, look for clues to potential
dangers, apply the m.s.m routine
and keep safe gaps.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Meeting vehicles & adequate clearance 20
KEY POINTS; JUDGEMENT, WAITING, PRIORITY, ANTICIPATION, M.S.M.

MEETING VEHICHLES
If a road width is reduced because of;
Parked vehicles,
Single track road,
Traffic calming.
A
You should check your mirrors and reduce speed,
Assess the size of the gap, and who has priority.
Copy and paste a ghost car into the gap to help judge the gap.
Look for Safety Pockets for you and the vehicle approaching

Only use the safety pockets on your side of the road

What are the dangers of waiting or parking on the opposite side Parked
of the road? vehicles
PRIORITY
Be prepared to give way to oncoming traffic when the obstruction
is on the left. Don’t barge through!
If the gap is wide enough, proceed with care (slow),
Don’t assume priority (vehicle A) over vehicle B.

HOLDBACK (vehicle B)
If there is oncoming traffic...
Going through, only gives you a 50/50 chance of getting through,
Holding back gives you a 100% chance of getting through safely,
When holding back, position at least one car length back Safety
from the obstruction and close to the centreline for a good view pocket
and to allow others to see you, PASTE
Keep assessing ahead and in mirrors for a safe gap (m.s.m). GHOST
COPY
CAR
CLEARANCE, MARGINS OF SAFETY, CAR
Allow a 1m gap to obstructions,
Imagine the door open on the parked car or a cycle lane around it,
Aim to avoid the vehicle that sticks out the most. ASSESS THE GAP
If the gap is reduced, reduce your speed,
Avoid “weaving” in and out unnecessarily,

FOLLOWING DISTANCE
Two second gap in dry conditions in moving traffic,
Four seconds in wet conditions,
And 10 times the normal distance in snow and icy conditions,
Tyres and tarmac in queues, (so you can get around a broken B
down vehicle).
Imagine the door
open, or a cycle
lane painted on the
road around the
vehicle.

1m

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

One-way roads & one direction systems. 21
KEY POINTS, road signs and markings
Blue signs = one direction

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Y-junctions. 22

G
S

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 Y-junctions. 23

G
S

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D-Junction 24

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Bus, Cycle, & High-occupancy vehicle lanes. 25
You will see the signs and road
markings for a bus and or cycle lane
on approach.

Only vehicles shown on the sign may

Bus
use the lane during the hours of
operation, so ask yourself, what is the
Lane
time of day?

Some councils only fine drivers if they

are in the bus lane for more than 20
metres. This is enough distance to
pass a right turning vehicle.

When there are no

?
times shown, the bus
lane is in operation for
24 hours a day. Don't
park or drive in bus
lanes when in
operation. Mon-Fri

?
7am-10am
4pm-7pm

Don't drive or park in a cycle lane

marked by a solid white line during the
times of operation shown on the sign.
If the cycle lane is marked by a broken
line, don't drive or park in it unless it’s
unavoidable. If you park in a cycle
lane at any time you make it very dan-
gerous for any cyclist using that lane.
Bus
Lane
Be extra careful when turning left in
operating times - other road users
may not be following the rules.

Use your mirrors

Stay aware of your
surroundings at all
times.

Do not undertake
(pass on the left)

High-occupancy
lanes
You MUST NOT drive
in these lanes
During their period of
operation unless your
vehicle contains the
Bus
minimum numbers of
people indicated on
Lane
the sign.
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Cycle Lanes & boxes as a general rule keep out of them!! 26
Advisory Cycle Lane Mandatory Cycle Lane

Advisory Cycle lanes are Mandatory Cycle lanes are to

indicated by a broken white line be continued across minor
and have no times of 1.5 accesses, private house drives
operation. Motor vehicles are metres etc.
allowed to cross the broken
white line and enter the Cycle Mandatory cycle lanes have
lane briefly, but only when no times of operation
Cyclist is present. displayed. During these hours
Advisory Cycle lanes also allow treat the white line of a cycle
access to side roads. lane as the road edge
(see red cars).

Mon-Fri
7.30am-9.30am
3.00pm-6.30pm

Remember Cyclists need

a 1.5 metre clearance

Advanced stop lines. The provision of cycle facilities

Are to allow cycles to be at traffic signals or complex
positioned ahead of other traffic. junctions will be accompanied
Motorists, including by the provision of Green, Red
motorcyclists, must stop at the or Blue surfacing to reinforce
first white line reached if the the compliance with the cycle
lights are amber or red and facilities and encourage
should avoid blocking the way or motor vehicles to stay out of
encroaching on the marked area the cycle facilities.
at other times, for example, if the
junction ahead is blocked. If your
vehicle has proceeded over the Cycle Superhighways aim to
first white line at the time that the provide protected space for
signal goes red, you must stop at cycling on some of London's
the second white line even if your busiest roads. They connect
vehicle is in the marked area. stations, town centres and key
Allow cyclists time and space to destinations, making them more
move off when the green signal Cycle Superhighways accessible and easier for
shows. people to cycle to.
or (CS routes) are
painted blue

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Cycle Lanes & boxes work station. 27

Mon-Fri
7.30am-9.30am
3.00pm-6.30pm

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic lights. 28
When traffic lights aren't working, treat them as an unmarked junction.

RED RED AND GREEN AMBER GREEN ARROWS

Means stop. AMBER means go if the way is means Stop. You may go on you may go in the direction shown.
Wait behind the Also means stop. clear. Take extra care only if the amber appears Always check that opposing traffic has
stop line on the Do not pass the if you intend to turn left after you have crossed the stopped before proceeding. When the
carriageway stop line until or right, and give way stop line or are so close to arrow no longer shows give way to
until green green shows. to pedestrians who are it that to pull up might cause oncoming traffic.
shows. crossing. an accident.

Signs may be placed with If movement is allowed in one Light FLASHING AMBER FLASHING AMBER
signals to qualify the meaning direction only, the full green signals for means you must give means there may be
of the full green signal where signal is normally replaced by a the control way to pedestrians children crossing
movements through a green arrow. This may be of pedal on the crossings, but ahead.
junction are restricted. supplemented by a sign to cycles. can continue if there
reinforce the message. The lights is nobody on the
have the crossing.
same
meaning as
normal
lights

30
Stop Stop. Proceed Proceed Proceed
Flashing red lights mean you The signal mounted to the unless Ahead. Left. Right. Speed limit sign for
must stop. They appear at right gives instructions to it is Tram drivers shown in
level crossings, lifting tram drivers; these unsafe kilometres per hour.
bridges, airfields, fire instructions may not be to do All diamond shaped
stations etc.. the same as those given so. signs are for tram
to drivers of other vehicles drivers only.

You MUST NOT proceed Change lane. Leave motorway at next exit. Temporary maximum speed.
further in this lane. Advised and information message.

Reduced Lane End of Temporary

Visibility Ahead Restriction. Maximum
Ahead. Closed. Speed
Ahead.

Green arrow - lane available White diagonal arrow - Red cross - lane closed to
To traffic facing the sign. Change lanes in Traffic facing the sign.
direction shown.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Level crossings. 29
LEVEL CROSSINGS
 Some have barriers on one or both sides, some have none. When a train is approaching
you will see a flashing red light. But some don’t have lights.

 An audible alarm system will sound when a train is near. If a second train approaches
quickly after the first, the tone of the audible alarm will change. Some have manually
operated barriers.

 They may have red and green lights. When safe get out of the vehicle, open the barriers on
both sides and drive through. You must then close both barriers before driving off. Some
don’t have barriers, nor lights and without audible warnings! At a minimum, there should at
least be a "Give Way" sign.

 At these types of level crossings, there may be a phone by the roadside. These connect to
the local railway signal office. You should get out of your vehicle, use the phone to talk to
the signal workers and ask them if it's safe to cross. When you have crossed, you should
stop on the other side and use the phone there to let them know that you have crossed
safely. If there isn’t a phone, you must stop at the "Give Way" sign, and look and listen
carefully before crossing.

 Never park on the approach to a level crossing. Never attempt to overtake on a level
crossing. Not all level crossings have full-length barriers. Many have barriers that will only
block one side of the road. This is a safety feature designed to avoid trapping a person,
animal or vehicle between the two lowered barriers, sealing them within the dangerous track
space.

 Raised barriers at a level crossing don't necessarily mean it's safe to cross. Remember: it
could be a manually operated crossing. An irresponsible driver could have raised the barri-
ers, and then driven through without stopping to lower the barriers again.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Pedestrian crossings. 30
TYPES OF CROSSINGS
ZEBRA (Black an white stripes)
Uncontrolled crossing,
Flashing beacon on either pavement,
You must give way to anyone already crossing,
Patrol
Also anyone who has stepped onto the crossing. School
Safety zone
SPLIT ZEBRA CROSSINGS
When a crossing is separated by a refuge island,
Treat these as two separate crossings.

TIGER CROSINGS
They are like Zebra crossing, but cycling is permitted.

PELICAN (PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled)

Flashing amber after red. You may drive on if clear, When
Staggered crossings are separate crossings, lights
Spinning button under box for the blind. show

PUFFIN (Pedestrian User Friendly INtelligent)

Normal traffic light sequence (go on green),
School
Sensor holds traffic lights on red until pedestrians are clear of the
crossing (No flashing amber),
Spinning button under box for the blind.
20
When
Lights
TOUCAN (two-can-cross)
show
Operates the same as a puffin but shared by pedestrians and cyclists
who can ride over the crossing,
Spinning button under box for the blind,
To help to remember them think (two can cross).

PEGASUS (Equestrian)(Horse riders)

Operates the same as a toucan,
This is a equestrian crossing for horse riders,
They have a button higher up on the post.

SCHOOL PATROL (Lollypop person)

Least easy to spot so look for early warning signs,
Flashing amber warning lights are at dangerous locations,
A patrol person wears a high visibility jacket,
They may help adults as well as children to cross the road.

REFUGE ISLANDS (traffic island)

They are islands with bollard protection (drivers have priority).

ON APPROACH TO CROSSINGS
Look for signs, lights, pedestrians, zigzags,
Check your mirrors and reduce your speed,
Stop when necessary and apply your handbrake or hold facility.

ACTIONS TO AVOID
You must not park on the crossing or within the zigzag area,
You must not overtake the moving vehicle nearest to a crossing,
You must not overtake the lead vehicle that has stopped to give way to pedestrians,
Don’t wave pedestrians to cross (let them decide).

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Pedestrian crossings diagrams. 31
ZEBRA SPLIT ZEBRA

TIGER PELICAN

PUFFIN TOUCAN

PEGASUS STAGGERED

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Arm signals & authorised persons. 32

I intend to move in to the left or turn left I intend to move out to the right or turn right I intend to slow down or stop

Stop To beckon traffic on

Traffic approaching Traffic approaching from Traffic approaching from From the From the front From behind
from the front both front and behind behind side

Arm signals to persons controlling traffic

I want to go straight on I want to turn left: I want to turn right

Use either hand

Vehicle and Operator Services Agency & Highways Agency Traffic Officers

Highways VOSA
Agency Traffic
Traffic Officer
Officer

These officers now have new powers to stop/direct vehicles and will be using hand signals and light signals similar to those used by
police. You must obey any signals given

School crossing patrol

Not ready to Barrier to stop pedestrians crossing Ready to cross pedestrians, All vehicles must stop
cross vehicles must be prepared
pedestrians to stop

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic calming measures. 33
Traffic calming measures are used to encourage people to drive at a lower speed than they
might otherwise do. They’re used in particularly sensitive areas where it’s considered that a
reduction in speed would benefit the immediate community. Various features can be provided
to slow down traffic such as road humps, road narrowing, central islands and chicanes or mini
roundabouts.
Some areas are indicated only by 20 mph speed limit signs.
These signs indicate that there may be traffic-calming features within
the signed zone that may not be individually signed. You should drive at
a steady speed within the speed limit and avoid frequent acceleration
and deceleration within these areas.

Give way to
oncoming
vehicles

Road humps may be round or flat topped and may be used on roads
with a speed limit of 30mph or less. They may be in the form of
‘cushions’ which cover only part of the lane and are designed so that
large vehicles, especially buses and ambulances can straddle them.
If road humps or cushions are provided outside 20mph zones there
will normally be warning signs at the beginning of the section of road Priority over
where the hump or series of humps is installed, and triangle and oncoming
edge markings at each hump. vehicles
Roads may be narrowed by ‘build-outs’ on one or both sides of the road. If these are
provided outside 20 mph zones, there will normally be warning signs indicating on
which side of the road the narrowing occurs. ‘also give way’ road markings on one
side of the road, accompanied by signs advising priority for oncoming vehicles. If they
are on your side of the road, you must always give way to drivers approaching from
the other direction. If priority isn’t given in either direction, then all drivers should
ensure that they can pass though the narrowing without endangering vehicles
approaching from the other direction. You should not accelerate as you approach the
narrowing but be prepared to slow down or give way to approaching traffic. Hold back
and allow cyclists and motorcyclists room to pass through. Don’t try to squeeze
through at the same time.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Types of crossroads. 34
Although no one has priority at unmarked crossroads. Some drivers may try to take priority. To help understand
why, most councils will use a different colour or shade of tarmac on each road.
They usually lay the tarmac and create the camber of the road in the direction of the most used road.
So look at how the tarmac has been laid. Does it stop at the crossroads or does it carry on through the junction?
Also look to see if the camber of the road arches over the road you are on, or does it look like you are going to go
over a slight hump running across the junction.
There are always exceptions, so this is why you should always proceed with caution at unmarked crossroads.

UNMARKED STOP / GIVE WAY

CAMBER

OPEN

STOP
CLOSED

NO ONE HAS PRIORITY - GO SLOW WHO HAS PRIORITY

GIVE WAY IF NECESSARY MAJOR OR MINOR?

TRAFFIC LIGHT
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLED &
CONTROLLED BOX JUNCTION

DON’T GO IN IF YOU CAN’T GET OUT & DON’T GO IN IF YOU CAN’T GET OUT &
DON’T CROSS THE PATH OF DON’T CROSS THE PATH OF
TRAFFIC UNLESS SAFE TRAFFIC UNLESS SAFE

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Crossroads & staggered junctions. 35
HOW TO IDENTIFY CROSSROADS
Watch for signs and road markings,
Vehicles crossing the road ahead,
Gaps in houses, the sun casting shadows, etc. OFFSIDE
TO
DANGERS AT CROSSROADS OFFSIDE
Watch for emerging traffic. Be especially careful of vehicles trying to
cut across, using gaps in traffic. They may misjudge your speed.

ON THE MAJOR ROAD

Check your mirrors before starting to turn, especially if you’ve had to
wait.
Look into minor roads,
Extra caution if closed junction. NEARSIDE
TO
ON THE MAJOR ROAD TURNING RIGHT NEARSIDE
Three options if an oncoming vehicle is turning right,
1. Offside to offside,
2. Nearside to nearside,
3. Hold back and give way.
Assess other drivers intention,
Their road position and junction layout,
Choose safest / best option.

STAGGERED JUNCTIONS
When on the major road look well ahead for road signs and markings,
Use MSM/PSL Routine.
Watch for vehicles emerging from both sides and turning off the major road,

EMERGING FROM THE MINOR ROAD

Watch for traffic approaching in all direction,

TURNING LEFT THEN RIGHT

Use the walk across rule,
If you would walk across, drive across,
When it’s safe to emerge, drive to the centre of the major road,
Check for traffic again before entering the minor road,
Check the gap in traffic is wide enough in both directions,
Look, assess, then decide. Act, either go if it’s safe, or wait.
Make sure you do not cut across the centre line as you enter the road opposite.

ON THE MINOR ROAD

Make eye contact,
Be prepared to give way,
Check in all directions before emerging,
Make your own decision if beckoned,
Never beckon others.

UNMARKED CROSSROADS
Apply MSM routine, approach with caution
No one has priority EYE
CONT
Prepare to stop if necessary ACT

TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLED CROSSROADS

Apply MSM routine on approach,
Follow light sequence, red stop, amber stop, green go.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Box Junctions, & traffic light controlled Junctions. 36
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. As no one has priority.

The reason for the yellow criss-cross markings is to help strangers easily identify junctions they could get stuck in.

Yellow criss-cross lines mark a box junction. Their purpose is to keep the junction clear by preventing traffic from
stopping in the path of crossing traffic. You must not enter the box until your exit road or lane is clear. However you
may enter the box (behind other right-turning vehicles, if any) and wait for a gap in the oncoming traffic when you want
to turn right, and are only prevented from doing so by oncoming traffic, or by other vehicles waiting to turn right. But
only if the right turn exit or lane is clear. If there‟s a vehicle already on the junction waiting to turn right, you‟re free to
enter behind it and wait to turn right - providing that you won‟t block any oncoming traffic wanting to turn right. If there
are several vehicles waiting to turn, it‟s unlikely you‟ll be able to proceed before the traffic signals change. use your
judgement to work out what route oncoming traffic may take!

Green filter arrow. This indicates a filter lane only. Do not enter that lane unless you want to go in the
direction of the arrow. You may proceed in the direction of the green arrow when it, or the full green light shows. Give
other traffic, especially cyclists, time and room to move into the correct lane.

At the junction. You must stop Advanced stop lines.

behind the white „stop‟ line across your Are to allow cycles to be positioned
side of the road unless the light is ahead of other traffic. Motorists,
green. If the amber light appears you including motorcyclists, must stop
may go on only if you have at the first white line reached if the
already crossed the stop line or are so lights are amber or red and should
close to it that to stop might cause a avoid blocking the way or
collision. You must not move encroaching on the marked area at
forward over the white line when the other times, e.g. If the junction
red light is showing. Only go forward ahead is blocked. If your vehicle
when the traffic lights are green if there has proceeded over the first white
is room for you to clear the junction line at the time that the signal goes
safely or you are taking up a position to red, you must stop at the second
turn right. If the traffic lights are not white line, even if your vehicle is in
working, treat the situation as you the marked area. Allow cyclists
would an unmarked junction and time and space to move off when
proceed with great care. the green signal shows.

If someone flashes their lights to Some junctions have cameras fitted to

encourage you to go, make sure it record vehicles passing through on red.
is safe first and that they mean And also to catch motorists speeding.
you!! Other road users may also
think the flashing is for them.
Remember to “Gap search” and use the
“walk across rule”

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Box Junction work station. 37
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Staggered traffic light junction normal layout. 38
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Staggered traffic light junction abnormal layout. 39
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic light junction work station. 40
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic light junction work station. 41
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic light junction with left turn filter lane. 42
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.

Some junctions, bends and pedestrian

crossings have anti-skid tarmac leading up
to them.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic light T-junction with sensory lights. 43
When traffic lights aren’t working treat the junction as an unmarked junction. No one has priority.
Some traffic lights have motion sensors. They are usually found were one of the roads has very little
use, so a motion sensor is used to detect any vehicles approaching from the quiet road and will only
change if movement is detected.
If you were to stall at this type of junction and fail to set off before the lights change. You would
normally need to reverse back and re-approach in order for the sensor to detect your vehicle again.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Hatched markings & right-turn pockets/filter lanes. 44

SOLID
LINE

CLEAR

KEEP

Areas of white diagonal stripes or chevrons

(Hatched markings), are to separate lanes or to
protect traffic turning right.

They are either bordered by a solid white line or a

broken white line.

If the area is bordered by a broken white line, you

should not enter the area unless it is necessary
and you can see that it is safe to do so.
Therefore, as long as it is safe, you may cross
into the hatched area bordered by a broken white
line before you reach your turn, in order to avoid
being cut off from turning, by following traffic, and
to keep traffic flowing ahead.

If the area is marked with chevrons and bordered

by a solid white line you MUST NOT enter it
except in an emergency.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Right turn pockets (filter lanes) back to back. 45

SOLID
LINE

CLEAR

KEEP

KEEP

CLEAR

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Right turn pockets (filter lanes). 46

SOLID
LINE

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Right turn with hatch markings. 47

If the hatched area is bordered by a broken white line,

you should not enter the area unless it is necessary
and you can see that it is safe to do so..

Therefore, As long as it is safe, you may cross into the

hatched area bordered by a broken white line to help
take your turn, and is necessary to allow traffic to pass
on your left to keep traffic flowing.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Road markings. 48

LOADING ONLY
CLEAR

TRAM
ONLY
KEEP
DISABLED
DOCTOR

STOP
BUS
TAXI

BUS
STOP

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Know your traffic signs (basic) 49
Motorists need to know how the shape and colour of the sign effects what it is saying. Here are some reminders on
how to “decode” traffic signs and how to act on them.

Understanding the shapes

The shape of the sign indicates if it is either compulsory or advisory. Round signs, such as speed limit signs
are giving orders,

Triangles are there to give a warning i.e. give way or hazard ahead, Rectangle signs give information
i.e. directions.
The colours used within a sign gives you further information.

Red rings are regulatory signs and tell you what you must not do i.e. exceed 30mph or no stopping.

Blue signs are used for information, and to identify one way systems, or one direction only, such as bus

lanes, cycle lanes, motorways, dual carriageways. on Motorways (M roads) they are used for directions

White signs are for local routes (B roads), green signs are used to give directions on primary

routes (A roads), brown signs indicate a tourist attraction . Yellow signs are for diversion
routes.

Variable message signs (VMS) provide motorists with information and advice about emergencies,
incidents and network management on Motorways & Dual carriageways. Taking notice and acting on the
information provided by the VMS motorists improves safety and minimises the impact of congestion.

Motorway junction signposts are usually positioned one mile and half-a-mile in advance to give prior warning
to motorists and enable them to select a suitable lane position early. Reminder signs appear 300, 200 and 100 yards

before an exit.

Official signs provide the motorist with the information they need to be as safe as possible but sometimes unofficial
signs can give you advanced warning of possible hazards ahead (a pub car park, for example, may have emerging
traffic).

Give way signs and stop signs are a deferent shape to all other signs so that they can easily be
identifiable when covered in snow.

W ARN, RDER, INFORM

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts explained 1. 50
On approaching a roundabout take notice and act on all the information available to you, including traffic signs, traffic
lights and lane markings which direct you into the correct lane. You should use Mirror-Signal-Manoeuvre at all stages.
Decide as early as possible which exit you need to take. Give an appropriate signal. Time your signal so as not to confuse
other road users. Get into the correct lane. Adjust your speed and position to fit in with traffic conditions. Be aware of the
speed and position of all the road users around you. Keep an eye on the driver in front, they may stop suddenly.

When reaching the roundabout you should give priority to traffic approaching from your right, unless directed otherwise by
signs, road markings or traffic lights. Check whether road markings allow you to enter the roundabout without giving way.
If so, proceed, but still look to the right before joining. Watch out for other road users already on the roundabout, be aware
they may not be signalling correctly or at all. Look forward before moving off to make sure traffic in front has moved off.
In all cases watch out for and give plenty of room Following the road ahead
to; There may be more than one lane that
Pedestrians who may be crossing the approach leads to the road ahead or other exits.
and exit roads. Traffic crossing in front of you on You should choose the appropriate lane
the roundabout, especially vehicles intending to for your exit. The lane you choose is
leave by the next exit. Traffic which may be the lane you use, see diagram. Do not
straddling lanes or positioned incorrectly. drift across lanes, and watch for other
Motorcyclists. cyclists and horse riders who may drivers drifting towards your lane.
stay in the left-hand lane and signal right if they
intend to continue round the roundabout. Allow
them to do so. Long vehicles (including those
towing trailers). These might have to take a
different course or straddle lanes either
approaching or on the roundabout because of
their length. Watch out for their signals.

12

9 3
Blocker

Segregated left-turn lanes

Some conventional roundabouts
may have a segregated left-turn
lane where drivers do not give way
to traffic on the roundabout. This
may be separated from the roundabout
by either a solid island or chevron
markings. Where the chevrons are
bound by continuous lines, vehicles
must not enter the area except in an Manchester A57
emergency. You should therefore
choose the correct lane well before the Old
Trafford
roundabout. A directional sign in
A5063
advance of the junction may show the
segregated lane. Salford
A5063
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved Eccles A57
 Roundabouts explained 2. 51
Some roundabouts have yellow bar markings on the approach. These become closer together the nearer to the roundabout
and provide a warning to drivers to slow down. Some may have lane markings to guide drivers to the appropriate exit. Keep a
look out for emergency vehicles.

TAKING ANY INTERMEDIATE EXIT TAKING AN EXIT TO THE RIGHT or FULL

Unless signs or markings indicate otherwise; CIRCLE
Select the appropriate lane on approach. Unless signs or markings indicate otherwise;
You should not normally need to signal on Check mirrors, signal right and approach in
approach. Stay in this lane until you need to the right hand lane, reduce speed, look early,
alter course to exit the roundabout. Reduce change gear emerge if safe.
speed, look early, choose lower gear and Keep to the right on the roundabout until
emerge if safe. Stay in lane, check mirrors. you need to change lanes to exit.
Signal left after passing the exit before the one Check mirrors, signal left after passing the
you want. And have a quick glance into your left exit before the one you want.
blind spot, After leaving the roundabout check Give a quick glance into your left blind spot,
your rear view mirror. After leaving the roundabout check your rear
view mirror.

Look out for

faded road
markings.

Manchester A57

Old TAKING THE FIRST EXIT TO THE LEFT

Trafford Unless signs or marking indicate otherwise;
Check your mirrors and signal left.
A5063 Approach in the left-hand lane,
Salford Reduce your speed to a safe speed,
A5063 Look right and ahead as early as possible,.
Eccles A57 If safe, emerge in the most appropriate gear.
Keep to the left on the roundabout,
Continue signalling left on the roundabout,
Continue signalling left to leave,
After leaving the roundabout check your rear
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved view mirror.
 Roundabouts left 1st exit . 52

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts intermediate 2nd exit. 53

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts intermediate ahead. 54

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts intermediate 4th exit. 55

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts right 5th exit. 56

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Roundabouts full circle u-turn. 57

12

9 3

Manchester A57
Cope
Town Old
A666 Trafford
A5063

Salford
A5063
Eccles A57

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Traffic light controlled roundabouts. 58
Some roundabouts are often controlled by traffic lights. Follow the traffic light sequences, their may be more than one set
of lights to pass through on the roundabout.
If the traffic lights aren’t working, treat the roundabout as a normal roundabout and give way to your right, but be aware
that other road users may not know how to deal with this situation, and may not do what is expected.
Keep a look out for emergency vehicles.

Manchester A57

Old
Trafford
A5063
Salford
A5063
Eccles A57
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Mini roundabouts. 59
Mini roundabouts are harder to see, so look out for the warning signs. A blue sign will indicate where a mini roundabout is.

Blocker

The give way line at a

mini roundabout is a
broad broken line, but
sometimes the
conventional double
line with the upright
give way sign may be
used. Also the give
way triangle is
sometimes used in
the carriageway.
It may be necessary
to cut across some
mini roundabouts to
avoid hitting the kerb
on the opposite side,
due to bad road
layouts.
A mini roundabout is normally found on a road with a speed
limit of 30mph or less.
Approach these in the same way as a roundabout;
Slow down and be prepared to give way to traffic from the
right. Remember, however, there’s less space to manoeuvre
and less time to signal. For example you may not have time
to signal left when leaving. Also vehicles coming towards you
might want to turn right. Give way to them.
Be sure any vehicle on the roundabout is going to leave it
before you join the roundabout.

Double mini roundabouts

Treat each roundabout separately and
give way to traffic from your right.
Beware of drivers who are using the Take careful all-around observation
roundabout for a U-turn. before you enter.
You must pass around the Remember, give way to the right and
central markings unless you are driving use the walk across rule.
a large vehicle, or (if you would walk across, drive across).
towing a trailer or caravan, which is
physically incapable of doing so.
Try to avoid using a mini-roundabout to
make a U-turn, but be aware that other
drivers may do this.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Spiral and multiple roundabouts. 60
Spiral roundabouts
Spiral roundabouts differ from normal roundabouts in that the lanes
spiral outwards from the centre, and each lane has a designated exit.
Road markings are used to keep vehicles in the correct lane, and to
guide them towards the appropriate exit.
Make sure you’re in the
correct lane when
approaching and joining the
roundabout.
Follow the road markings for
your lane to the relevant exit.
Beware of drivers who may
wish to join your lane from
another.
If you need to change lanes,
make sure you check it’s safe
before you do so and signal if
necessary.

Multiple roundabouts
At some complex junctions, a large
roundabout can incorporate a series of
mini roundabouts.
While each mini-roundabout follows the
normal rules, with traffic travelling
clockwise around them, traffic moving
around the centre roundabout travels in
an anti-clockwise direction. Lanes, signs
and road markings give directions, but
these are complicated intersections
requiring care and concentration.

Keep a good lookout and assess the situation at

each mini roundabout. Look for direction signs
well in advance.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Dual carriageways joining & leaving 61
Give a signal Slip roads lead to
and make sure you roundabouts
can be seen. or normal
junctions.
Roads may
reduce
or expand.

Stay in the
left-hand lane
until you get
used to the
speed of traffic ?
in the other
lanes.
60

50
Don't emerge
40 unless you’re
sure you won’t
cause traffic to
alter speed or
30 course.
A quick
sideways glance
might be
necessary to
check the
position of other
vehicles.

Use the slip road

to adjust your
speed to that of
traffic on the
Reduce speed
main
once on the slip
carriageway.
road
Look for a gap in
the traffic and
then move into
the left-hand Be prepared to
lane. slowdown/speed
up or change
lanes if safe to
do so, to allow
traffic to emerge
from slip roads.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Dual carriageways with side roads 62
On a dual carriageway, lanes in one direction
are separated from lanes in the other direction
by a central reservation. There may be a
safety barrier along this central reservation.

Some are very similar to motorways, with a

slip road to join and leave, however
motorway regulations don't apply and you
may come across slow-moving traffic such
as a cyclist or farm tractor.

60

50

40
To turn left
If there’s no slip road, emerge as you
would to turn left on to a major road.
30
Drive in the left lane where possible
and practical. Always stay vigilant.
Handle junctions and hazards just like
? other roads.

Keep a safe distance,

40 Use the 2 second rule.
Check signs for new speed limits.

Use your mirrors. Stay aware of your

surroundings at all times.

When overtaking use the M.S.M

routine,
only indicate left when moving back in
if it is absolutely necessary.

Move back into the left-hand lane only

when you can see the vehicle you
have just overtaken appear in your rear
view mirror.

2 SECONDS

Do not pass on the left (undertake)

unless in queuing traffic.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Dual carriageways 63
Reflective road studs
There may be special lanes or sections for turning left or right. between lanes,
Left edge,
Central reservation,
lay-bys, side roads, slip
roads.
?
To turn left
If there’s no slip road, emerge as
you would to turn left on to a major
road.

To turn right
You need to cross the first
carriageway before you can join the
carriageway you want.

Assess whether the central

reservation is deep enough to
protect the full length of your
vehicle.

If the central reservation is deep

enough, cross the first carriageway
when it’s safe and then wait within
the central reservation for a gap in
the traffic on the second
carriageway.

2 SECONDS If the central reservation can’t

contain the length of your vehicle,
you mustn’t begin to cross until the
dual carriageway is clear in both
directions.

Don't emerge unless you’re sure

you won’t cause traffic on the major
road to alter speed or course. This
is particularly important if you’re
driving a long vehicle, or towing a
caravan or trailer.

After joining the carriageway

Check your mirrors
Cancel any indicator signal
? Drive in the left-hand lane
Accelerate to a suitable and safe
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved speed for the new road.
 Satellite navigation. 64
Program your sat-nav before you start your journey. Select the route you prefer and think about traffic congestion and
times of day, as this can help you avoid delays and save fuel.
Don't rely on your sat-nav alone, as it may have out-of-date or incomplete information at any given time. Use road and
street maps as well, or check your route on the internet.
Give yourself plenty of time for your journey. Hurrying leads to mistakes, and mistakes can lead to incidents.
Before you set out, plan your journey by visiting www.gov.uk or check the smartphone apps from Highways England
for live updates. You could also listen to local and national radio for news of roadworks and traffic congestion.

On your driving test you may be asked to follow a sat-nav for about twenty minutes.
The route will be highlighted with a blue line to help you see the route ahead in advance.

The next direction and Have occasional glances at It will inform you of the next The time of day, and the
distance to the next turn. the sat-nav to check where road name or number you will distance to the finishing
you may be going next. be going to. point.

The sat-nav may display a speed The sat-nav may display The road you are on. Distance to finish point.
limit, but this may not be correct, a different speed to your
so look out for road signs. speedometer .

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Motorway signs & gantry signals 65

You MUST NOT proceed Change lane Leave motorway at next exit Temporary maximum speed
further in this lane advised and information message

Reduced Lane End of Temporary

visibility ahead restriction maximum
ahead closed speed
ahead

Green arrow - lane available White diagonal arrow - Red cross - lane closed to
to traffic facing the sign change lanes in traffic facing the sign
direction shown

? 50

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Motorways joining & leaving 66
Smart Motorways Slip roads may
use the hard shoulder lead to
as an extra lane to Roundabouts.
drive in. traffic lights
or normal
Give a signal, junctions.
and make sure you
can be seen.
Stay in the
left-hand lane
until you get
used to the
speed of traffic
in the other
lanes.

50

?
Don't emerge
unless you’re
?
sure you won’t
cause traffic to
alter speed or
course.

A quick
sideways glance
might be
necessary to
check the
Use the slip road
to adjust your position of other
vehicles. Reduce speed
speed to that of
once on the slip
traffic on the
road
motorway.

Be prepared to
Look for a gap in
slow down,
the traffic and
speed up or
then move into
change lanes if
the left-hand
safe to do so, to
lane.
allow traffic to
emerge from slip
roads.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Motorway variations 67

Emergency SOS
phone box
& refuge areas
Bolton Manchester

ACCIDENT
SLOW DOWN 50 Slip roads may
lead to
Roundabouts,
Manchester traffic lights
or normal
Bolton
Westh’ton
junctions

Be
prepared
to stop if
you can’t
get on
safely

Two
second
rule

Build up
speed to
match
traffic
flow

Coloured studs are used to help you see the lanes and edges
of motorways and dual carriageways. They are colour coded
like traffic lights, to make them easier to understand.

? Red studs = STOP, marks the left-hand side of the carriageway,

STOP between hard shoulder and carriageway. Do not cross red studs
unless in an emergency.

50 Amber studs = CENTRE, mark edges of central reservation, in the

CENTRE middle of the two carriageways.

Green studs = GO, entrances to & exits from slip roads. Make sure it is
safe before crossing green studs.
GO

White studs = mark between traffic lanes, Check it is safe before

changing lanes.

Fluorescent green/yellow studs = At contraflow systems and

roadworks.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Motorway roadworks. 68

Approaching roadworks
Reduce speed in good time when warned by advance warning signs, gantry signs
or flashing signs. Don't leave everything to the last minute as this can increase
the chance of mistakes and incidents.
Get into the lane indicated for use in good time. When lanes are restricted, merge
in turn (zip file).
When you drop your speed it may seem as if you’re travelling more slowly than
you really are. It’s important to keep to the speed limit and not just slow down to
the speed that feels safe to you.
Look out for road workers who are placing or removing signs. They might need to
cross the carriageway, especially when temporary barriers and cones are being
set up or taken down.

Roadworks on motorways.
Obey all speed limits, they are there for a reason.
Roadworks are complicated areas and you’ll need more time to spot hazards, for
your own safety and the safety of road workers.
If all drivers observe the speed limits, it helps to keep traffic moving and not
‘bunching up’, this is good for journey times and the environment.
Keep the correct separation distance from the vehicle ahead. You’ll need time to
brake if the vehicle in front stops suddenly.
Avoid sharp braking and sudden steering movements.
Don't change lanes when signs tell you to stay in your lane.
Don't let your attention wander, there may be road workers in unexpected places
and they can be difficult to spot in
cluttered areas.

Exiting roadworks.
Stay within the speed limit even when you’re leaving the coned area.
There may be road workers or vehicles leaving the roadworks at this point.
Don't speed up until you’re clear of the roadworks.

Mobile roadworks.
Minor maintenance work may sometimes be carried out without the need for major
lane closures.
Slow-moving or stationary works vehicles, with a large arrow on the back of the
vehicle are used to divert traffic to the right or left as appropriate.
There may not be cones when these vehicles are being used.

Contraflow systems
These are temporary systems where traffic travelling in opposite directions share
the same carriageway. They allow traffic to keep moving during repairs or
alterations on the other carriageway.
The lanes are often narrower than normal lanes. Red and white marker posts
separate traffic travelling in opposite directions, and fluorescent or reflective bright
green/yellow road studs often replace normal ones.
Contraflow systems may also be found on other roads carrying fast-moving traffic.
Watch out for;
Lane-change signs, vehicles broken down ahead - there’s often no hard
shoulder, vehicles braking ahead - keep your distance.
Also be aware that speed cameras may be in operation.

? 50
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 The system of car control & Limit points 69
The system of car control & the limit point (vanishing point)
To drive safely you must be able to stop within the distance you can see to be clear on your own side of the road. That
is the distance between you and the limit point (vanishing point). Think of the limit point as a perception tool that will
help you to accurately negotiate a corner or bend.
The system of car control helps you plan how to approach and negotiate corners and bends. Information processing
and the four phrases of the system - position, speed, gear, and accelerate - are the key factors that you must
consider when cornering.
As you approach a bend, seek as much information as possible about the severity of the bend using all of the
observational clues (weather, road surface, road signs, road markings, the line made by lamp posts and trees, the
speed and position of oncoming traffic, the angle of headlights at night, etc) that are available to you.
The more information you gather about the bend, the more accurately you will be able to judge the best position and
speed to negotiate it.
The limit point gives you a systematic way of judging the correct speed to use though the bend.
(For more in-depth information on the system of car control, read Roadcraft)

Limit point or vanishing point

The limit point or vanishing point is the furthest point to which you have an uninterrupted view of the road surface. This
is where the right-hand edge of the road appears to meet the left-hand edge in the distance. The more distant the limit
point and the thinner the road is at the limit point, the faster you can go because you have more space to stop in. The
closer the limit point and the wider the road is at the limit point, the slower you must go because you have less space
to stop in.
Watching the limit point enables you to match your speed to the speed at which this point appears to move. If it is mov-
ing away from you, or into the middle of your windscreen and a thinner point you may accelerate. If it is moving closer
to you and appearing wider or standing still, you must decelerate or brake.
Even when the bend is not constant, you can still match your speed to the apparent movement of the limit point, be-
cause this will vary with the curvature of the bend. Acceleration sense is useful here.
Using the limit point together with the system helps you;
Adjust your speed so you can stop safely within the distance you can see to be clear on your own side of the road.
Decide the correct speed to approach and negotiate the bend.
Select the correct gear for speed.
Decide the point at which to start accelerating.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Limit points approach 70
Approaching the bend
At first the limit point appears to remain stationary, but the width of the road at the limit point becomes wider as you near
the bend (see green box). Adjust your speed so you can stop safely within the remaining distance. As you approach the
bend, take information about the sharpness of the bend and carefully assess the appropriate speed for cornering.
You will also notice fewer dashes in the white centre line as you near the bend and the line may also turn into a hazard
warning line or even a solid white line. Road signs may be present, and maybe street lighting or trees as a guide.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Limit points arrive 71
Just before you enter the bend
The limit point begins moving around at a constant speed, and the width of the road becomes much wider (see green
box). Adjust your speed to the speed of this movement. You now have the correct speed to go around the bend. Use
the correct acceleration to maintain a constant speed for maximum stability through the bend.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Limit points through 72
Going through the bend
As the bend starts to straighten out your view begins to open up, and the limit point starts to move away more
quickly, and the width of road at the limit point begins to get smaller again.
You can then accelerate steadily as you straighten your steering.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Bends. 73
To deal effectively and safely with bends, you should look well ahead and try to assess accurately how severe the
bend is and the speed at which you need to be travelling to negotiate the bend under control.
Where vision is restricted be prepared for, oncoming vehicles, obstructions such as broken-down or slow moving
vehicles, pedestrians walking on your side of the road.
You should use the footbrake to control your speed on approach to the bend, choose the right gear for the speed at
which you’re now driving, use the accelerator carefully, steer to hold the correct line through the bend.

Speed when approaching bends

Judging the correct road speed as you approach bends and corners takes practice and experience.
The correct speed is the one that allows you to drive your vehicle around the bend under full control.
That speed will depend on the type and condition of the road, the sharpness of the bend, the camber of the road,
visibility and weather conditions.

Camber
The camber of the road is the angle at which the road
normally slopes away from the centre to help drainage.
Right-hand bend
Keep to the left to improve Adverse camber
your view of the road but Here the road slopes down towards the outside of the
don’t let a clear view tempt corner and the forces acting on your vehicle could cause
you to enter the bend at too it to leave the road more easily than on a normal corner.
high a speed.
Banking
On a few bends, such
as some motorway
slip roads, the
outward force may be
partly counteracted
by banking. This is
Adverse camber can occur on left-hand and where the road
right-hand bends. slopes up towards the
outside of the road.

Speed
Reduce speed on
approach, either by easing
off the accelerator or
using the footbrake.
Your speed should be at its
lowest before you
begin to turn.

Left-hand bend Braking

Keep to the centre of your Try to avoid braking harshly
lane as you approach. on a bend.
Don’t move to the centre of The sharper the bend, the
the road to improve your greater the effects of braking
view around the bend. and you are more likely to
This could put you too close skid.
to oncoming traffic.
Acceleration
Use the accelerator just
Tyre pressures enough to drive the vehicle
Incorrect tyre pressures can around the bend.
affect steering. Low pressure Load
Extra weight affects handling Steering
produces a heavier feel and
on bends. Every vehicle ‘handles’
can cause tyres to overheat.
This includes, extra differently. It’s very important
Excess pressure can affect
passengers, heavy objects to get to know how your
road holding on bends and
in the boot and objects on vehicle behaves when
increase the risk of skidding.
the roof rack. steering around a bend.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Country roads & single track roads 74
Country roads
Take extra care on country roads and reduce your speed
at the approaches to bends, which can be sharper than they appear, and
at junctions and turnings, which may be partially hidden.

There are often no pavements or footpaths on the side of the road in

country areas.
Be prepared for pedestrians & joggers on your side of the road, as they
are advised to walk on the right-hand side of the road so that they can
see oncoming traffic.

Also look for horse riders, cyclists, slow-moving farm vehicles or mud on
the road surface.

Make sure you can stop within the distance you can see to be clear. You
should also reduce your speed where country roads enter villages.

Some properties, bends, or corners may have convex mirrors to help you
to see what is around the corner, so look out for these useful aids.

Single track roads

These are only wide enough for one vehicle.
They may have special passing places.
If you see a vehicle coming towards you, or the driver behind wants to
overtake, pull into a passing place on your left, or wait opposite a passing
place on your right.

Give way to road users coming uphill whenever you can. If necessary,
reverse until you reach a passing place to let the other vehicle pass.

Slow down when passing pedestrians, cyclists and

horse riders.

Do not park in passing places.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Overtaking 75

BEFORE OVERTAKING,
OVERTAKING PROCEDURE
IS IT SAFE?
(M,PSL,MSM)
Any junctions or bends ahead?
MIRRORS
Dead ground,
Check speed and position of traffic
behind,
Brow of a hill,
POSITION
Oncoming traffic.
Gain a good view of ahead but not too
IS IT LEGAL?
close to the vehicle in front,
No overtaking sign,
SPEED
Solid centre line,
Adjust speed to keep up with the
vehicle to be overtaken,
IS IT NECESSARY?
Select a gear which gives plenty of
You or the vehicle ahead are
acceleration,
turning off,
LOOK
Reduced speed limit ahead,
Decide whether overtaking is safe,
If in doubt don’t overtake.
legal and necessary.

MIRRORS

Check again to make sure its safe,

SIGNAL

Always signal right,

MANOEUVRE

Accelerate firmly and smoothly,

Allow plenty of clearance,

Move back to the left when you see

the overtaken vehicle in your interior
mirror.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 TELL ME QUESTIONS MERCEDES A-CLASS 76

1 Tell me how you would check that the brakes are working before starting a journey
Brakes should not feel spongy or slack. Brakes should be tested as you set off. Vehicle should
not pull to one side

2 Tell me where you would find the information for the recommended tyre pressures for
this car and how tyre pressures should be checked

Manufacturer’s guide, use a reliable pressure gauge, check and adjust pressures when tyres
are cold, don’t forget spare tyre, remember to refit valve caps

3 Tell me how you make sure your head restraint is correctly adjusted so it provides the
best protection in the event of a crash

The head restraint should be adjusted so the rigid part of the head restraint is at least as high
as the eye or top of the ears, and as close to the back of the head as is comfortable. Note:
some restraints might not be adjustable

4 Tell me how you would check the tyres to ensure that they have sufficient 1.6mm
tread depth and that their general condition is safe to use on the road

No cuts and bulges, 1.6mm of tread depth across the central three-quarters of the
breadth of the tyre, and around the entire outer circumference of the tyre

5 Tell me how you would check that the headlights and tail lights are working. You don’t
need to exit the vehicle
Explain you would operate the switch (turn on ignition if necessary), then walk round vehicle
(as this is a ‘tell me’ question, you don’t need to physically check the lights)

6 Tell me how you would know if there was a problem with your anti-lock braking system.
Warning light should illuminate if there is a fault with the anti-lock braking system

Tell me how you would check the direction indicators are working. You don’t need to exit
7 the vehicle.
Explain you would operate the switch (turn on ignition if necessary), and then walk round
vehicle (as this is a ‘tell me’ question, you don’t need to physically check the lights)

8 Tell me how you would check the brake lights are working on this car.

Explain you would operate the brake pedal, make use of reflections in windows or doors, or ask
someone to help.

9 Tell me how you would check the power-assisted steering is working before starting a journey.

If the steering becomes heavy, the system may not be working properly. Before starting a journey, 2
simple checks can be made. Gentle pressure on the steering wheel, maintained while the engine is
started, should result in a slight but noticeable movement as the system begins to operate.
Alternatively turning the steering wheel just after moving off will give an immediate indication that the
power assistance is functioning.

10 Tell me how you would switch on the rear fog light(s) and explain when you’d use it/
them. You don’t need to exit the vehicle.
Explain you would operate the switch (turn on dipped headlights and ignition if necessary).
Check warning light is on. Explain you would use them when visibility is less than 100 metres.
Press
Tell me how you switch your headlight from dipped to main beam and explain how you
11 would know the main beam is on.

Explain you would operate the switch (with ignition or engine on if necessary), check with main
beam warning light.
Push away
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 77

12 Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient oil.

Identify dipstick/oil level indicator, describe check of oil level against the minimum and
maximum markers.

Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient engine
13 coolant.

Identify high and low level markings on header tank where fitted or radiator filler cap and
describe how to top up to correct level.

14 Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that you have a safe level of hydraulic
brake fluid.

Identify reservoir, check level against high and low markings.

SHOW ME QUESTIONS MERCEDES A-CLASS.

15 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you wash and clean the rear windscreen?

Twist the toggle in middle of the stalk.

Twist toggle

16 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you wash and clean the front windscreen?

Push button in at the tip of the stalk.

Push button
17 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you would switch on your dipped headlights?

Turn key two clicks so the instrument panel lights come on. Turn dial clockwise . Turn
clockwise

18 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you would set the rear demister?

Press button. Rear

screen

19 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you would operate the horn?
Press the horn.
Press

20 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you would demist the front windscreen? Front
screen
Press the button.

21 When it’s safe to do so, can you show me how you would open and close the side window?
Press
Push button down to open window, then pull button up to close using one finger. Then
Pull

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Parallel park & the Angle start. 78
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can manoeuvre your
vehicle into a space between two cars safely.

CONSIDERATION
Remember to stop to allow other road users to pass by.
This could be at the beginning just before starting to manoeuvre, or at any
point throughout the manoeuvre.

MOVING FORWARD

P.O.M
Pull alongside the object car, leaving enough room for passing traffic.
Indicate left if you feel it will help other road users to know what you are doing.
If a vehicle pulls up close behind you, abandon the manoeuvre and move on.
Assess the gradient (up hill / down hill)
Apply handbrake or hold facility (if necessary)
Show your brake lights by pressing the footbrake
Select reverse to show the reversing light(s). This warns other road users.

STRAIGHT REVERSE

P.O.M
Prepare; Bring the clutch up to the biting point. POM
Observe; Make all-round observations especially your right blind spot.
Manoeuvre; Release handbrake or hold facility (if applied)
Keep dipping the clutch to maintain full control.
Each time you dip the clutch is a good time to look round again.

STEERING LEFT
Before steering left, look over your right shoulder into the blind spot. 45°
MAXIMUM 2 CAR LENGTHS

If clear, steer left just enough to guide the car into the gap towards the kerb.
If you over steer at this point you could make it harder to control the car.
Remember to keep dipping the clutch & look around to maintain full control.

STEERING STRAIGHT
Check your right blind spot again.
You should naturally feel the need to steer straight when you get to around
45 degrees.

STEERING RIGHT
Check your right blind spot again.
Steer full lock to the right when you see the road disappear from view in the left
door mirror.
Make sure the camber of the road doesn’t drag you in too fast.
When your parallel to kerb (use car in front)

STEERING STRAIGHT
Check your right blind spot again.
Steer left to straighten up the car.
If you need to adjust your position by moving forwards and backwards, make
sure you look all-round again before moving the car.
Finish with your front wheels straight.
Tyres and tarmac.
About six inches from kerb.
Apply the handbrake or hold facility, select neutral, feet off pedals.

After practicing the parallel park practice the Angle start.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse bay park (start of test) 79
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can
manoeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.

AT BEGINNING OF TEST 1

Prepare car,
Look all-around before emerging,
Drive forward until your body is out of the bay,
Steer left or right full lock, depending on which way is best,
Straighten wheels,
Stop in a straight line,
Handbrake or hold facility on if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around before reversing,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold facility,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
When the middle of a door is in line with a white line,
Look all-around again,
Steer left or right full lock (you will end up in 3rd bay from line),
When straight with the bay,
Look all-around again,
Steer until wheels are straight,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT BEGINNING OF TEST 2

Choose a bay opposite but not directly in front,

Look all-around,
Driving forward steer full lock left or right,
Drive directly into the chosen bay opposite,
Only go far enough into the bay to be straight,
If you go all the way into the bay, others may think you are
parking in that bay.
Try to be as straight as possible in the bay opposite,
Make sure wheels are straight,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
Steer if necessary to keep within the bay behind,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirror,
Apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse park exercise (bay park) (end of test) 80
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can ma-
noeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.

AT END OF TEST 1

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-around,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Position to the centre or closer to the bays furthest away from the
bay you plan to reverse into,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
When middle of door is in line with white line, (stop if necessary)
Look all-around again,
Steer left or right full lock (you will end up in 3rd bay)
When level with bay opposite, (stop if necessary)
Steer until wheels are straight,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT END OF TEST 2

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-round,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Drive into a bay on the left or right, opposite your desired bay,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-round again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse bay park (start of test). 81
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can
manoeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.

AT BEGINNING OF TEST 1

Prepare car,
Look all-around before emerging,
Drive forward until your body is out of the bay,
Steer left or right full lock, depending on which way is best,
Steer towards the bays opposite your target bay,
Stop at a 45 degree angle to your target bay,
Handbrake or hold facility on if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around before reversing,
Looking over your shoulder, release handbrake or hold facility,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
Use your door mirrors to help guide your vehicle into the bay,
Look all-around again,
When straight with the bay,
Look all-around again,
Steer until wheels are straight,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT BEGINNING OF TEST 2

Choose a point opposite your target bay,

Look all-around,
Driving forward steer full lock left or right,
Drive directly to the point chosen opposite your target bay,
There is no need to be perfectly straight,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
Use your door mirrors to keep between the lines,
Steer if necessary to keep within the bay behind,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirror,
Apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse park exercise (bay park) (end of test) 82
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can ma-
noeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.

AT END OF TEST 1

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-around,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Position at a 45 degree angle to the target bay,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
Use your door mirrors to guide between the lines,
Steer until your vehicle is straight in the bay straight,
Straighten your wheels,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT END OF TEST 2

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-round,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Drive opposite your target bay,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-round again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Adjust position as necessary,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse park exercise (bay park) (start of test) 83
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can manoeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.
AT BEGINNING OF TEST 1

Prepare car,
Look all-around before emerging,
Drive forward until your body is out of the bay,
Steer left or right full lock, depending on which way is best,
Straighten wheels,
Stop in a straight line,
Handbrake or hold facility on if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around before reversing,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold facility,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
When the middle of a door is in line with a white line,
Look all-around again,
Steer left or right full lock (you will end up in 3rd bay from line),
When straight with the bay,
Look all-around again,
Steer until wheels are straight,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT BEGINNING OF TEST 2

Choose a line opposite but not directly in front,

Look all-around,
Driving forward steer full lock left or right,
Drive directly over the chosen line opposite,
Only go far enough over the line to be straight,
If you go all the way forward, others may think you are parking
in that place.
Try to be as straight as possible on the line opposite,
Make sure your wheels are straight,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
Steer if necessary to keep within the bay behind,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the
white lines, but don't rely on them,
Look all-around again,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirror,
Apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Reverse park exercise (Bay park) (end of test) 84
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can
manoeuvre your vehicle into a parking space safely.

AT END OF TEST 1

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-around,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Position to the centre or closer to the bays furthest away from the
bay you plan to reverse into,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around,
Looking over left shoulder, release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
When middle of door is in line with white line, (stop if necessary)
Look all-around again,
Steer left or right full lock (you will end up in 3rd bay)
When level with bay opposite, (stop if necessary)
Steer until wheels are straight,
Look all-around again,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Looking through rear window over left shoulder,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

AT END OF TEST 2

Stop at test centre gates (to the left, to allow room for others to exit)
Look all-around,
When safe drive forwards into the car park,
Drive over white line on the left or right, opposite your desired bay,
Apply handbrake or hold if needed, select reverse gear,
Look all-around again,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold if used,
Reverse slowly, whilst looking out of rear window,
If you have blind spot mirrors, use them to keep a view of the white
lines, but don't rely on them,
Look all-around again,
Reverse until tips of white lines are running under mirrors,
Stop, apply handbrake or hold, select neutral, relax feet.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Forward bay park 85
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can
manoeuvre your vehicle into and out of a parking space safely.

DRIVING INTO THE BAY

Choose a part of the car park that is quiet with few parked cars,
Start as far away as possible from the bay you have chosen,
You must not drive through any other bays to gain advantage,
Line up your door mirror with the white line of the bay you have
chosen to park in,
Look all-around to check for other road users,
Steer full lock towards the chosen bay,
Look all-around as you drive into a bay,
Straighten your wheels when in the bay,
Stop in a straight line,
Handbrake or hold facility on if needed.
You may adjust position if you wish, by reversing back out and in
again, if you do this make sure you look all-around before each
move.

REVERSING OUT OF THE BAY

Select reverse gear,
Look all-around before reversing,
Looking over left shoulder release handbrake or hold facility,
Reverse slowly in a straight line, whilst looking out of rear window,
When your vehicle is fully out of the bay,
Look all-around again,
Steer full lock to the left or right so you are facing the exit,
You may steer full lock before you are fully out of the bay, as long
as there are no other vehicles in the bays next to you,
Keep looking all-around,
Stop when you are facing towards the exit,
Look all-around again before driving off.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Right reverse (pull up on the right, reverse, drive on) 86
Firstly remember that you should not park on the right.

The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate that you can

safely park on the right, then reverse back as though another
vehicle has stopped directly in front of you, blocking your view
5 of the oncoming traffic. Therefore reversing back far enough to
see the oncoming traffic is the safest option.

1. SITE
Clear of parked vehicles

2. CROSSING THE ROAD

Check your mirrors, then signal right on approach,
Brake lights also indicate intention,
Stop close to the kerb, but not that close you could scrape the kerb,
3 Handbrake or park facility on if needed / neutral if needed.

3. PREPARE TO REVERSE
Seatbelt may be removed whist reversing,
Turning slightly in the seat may help (consider one handed steering,
as control may be easier),
Assess distance from kerb through rear window or door mirror,
Reverse cameras may be used if fitted, but don’t rely on them,
Select reverse /find biting point,
Look all-around,
When safe begin to reverse backwards,
Keep dipping the clutch to maintain control,
Use the timing of the dipping of the clutch to look all-around again,
Use gas and brake as necessary on slopes,
Keep looking through rear window and all-round,
The left blind spot is an important area to keep checking too.

4
4. STOPPING POINT
Stop the car after reversing two car lengths,
Select neutral and handbrake or hold facility on if needed,
Wait until it is safe to move off.

5. REJOINING THE ROAD

Select 1st gear,
Find the biting point,
Look all-around especially through rear window and left blind spot,
Give a left signal,
2 Release handbrake or hold facility,
Slowly bring the clutch up whilst adding enough gas,
Steer back onto the left hand side of the road.

5. MAKE PROGRESS
Check your rear view mirror to make sure you are not causing
following traffic to slow down.

1 Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Turn in the road (Three point turn) 87
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can manoeuvre your vehicle across a road safely.
MOVING FORWARD
P.O.M
Clutch down, select 1st gear,
Set gas, find bite, keep feet still,
Look all-around (is it safe?)
If any traffic comes along plan to give way,
Handbrake or hold facility off (check if bite holds),
Keep at or near bite (dip clutch if needed),
Very slow speed,
Brisk steering to right (full lock), Are you on a one
Keep looking all-around as you go, way street?
When nearing the kerb,
Clutch down to floor,
Use foot brake,
Stop just before the kerb,
Handbrake or hold facility on. CAMBER
MOVING BACKWARDS
P.O.M
Clutch down, select reverse gear,
Set gas, find bite, keep feet still,
POM
Look all-around (is it safe?), POM
If any traffic comes along plan to give way,
Look over left shoulder,
Handbrake or hold facility off (check if bite holds),
Keep at or near bite (dip clutch if needed),
Very slow speed,
Brisk steering left (full lock),
Keep looking all-around as you go,
Halfway look over right shoulder at kerb,
When nearing the kerb,
Clutch down to floor,
Use foot brake,
Stop just before kerb ,
Handbrake or hold facility on (if necessary).

MOVING FORWARD
P.O.M
Clutch down, select 1st gear,
Set gas, find bite, keep feet still,
Look all-around (is it safe?), POM
If any traffic comes along plan to give way,
Handbrake off slowly (check if bite holds),
Keep looking all-around as you go,
Very slow speed,
Brisk steering to right (full lock may not be needed),
If you feel you need to adjust position,
You may do the manoeuvre in 3 or 5 moves.
Final look all-around,
Drive on....

CAMBER

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Turn in the road (two point turn) 88
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate you can manoeuvre your vehicle across a road safely.

MOVING BACKWARDS
P.O.M
Clutch down, select reverse gear,
Set gas, find bite, keep feet still, Are you on a
Look all-around (is it safe?), one way street
If any traffic comes along plan to give way,
Look over left shoulder,
Handbrake or hold facility off (check if bite holds),
Keep at or near bite (dip clutch if needed),
Very slow speed,
Steer gently to the right until your car is slightly away from the kerb,
Once you are confident you are away from the kerb, CAMBER
Steer full lock to the right,
Keep looking all-around as you go,
Halfway look over right shoulder at kerb,
When nearing the kerb,
Clutch down to floor,
Use foot brake, POM
Stop just before kerb ,
Handbrake or hold facility on (if necessary).

MOVING FORWARD
P.O.M
Clutch down, select 1st gear,
Set gas, find bite, keep feet still,
Look all-around (is it safe?),
If any traffic comes along plan to give way,
Handbrake off slowly (check if bite holds),
Keep looking all-around as you go,
Very slow speed, POM
Brisk steering to left (full lock),
If you feel you need to adjust position,
You may do the manoeuvre in 4 moves,
Final look all-around,
Drive on....

CAMBER

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Left reverse types of corners 89
IMAGINE A CYCLE LANE
AROUND THE CORNER
HOW MANY CURVED YOU MUST STAY INSIDE
THE IMAGIANARY LINE!
KERB STONES GO
AROUND THE CORNER?

As a guide, you could look

SWEEPING
at the kerb using your left ABOUT 10 = ¾ TURN
door mirror or if fitted your KERB STONES

blind spot mirror.

GRADUAL
ABOUT 5 = 1 FULL TURN
KERB STONES

SHARP
ABOUT 3 = FULL LOCK
KERB STONES

ARE THERE ANY PARKED

VEHICLES OR OBSTACLES
IN THE SIDE ROAD?
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Left reverse 90
The purpose of this exercise it to demonstrate that you can manoeuvre a car around a corner safely.

1. SITE
Safe – no children playing,
P.O.M
Convenient – not on a busy road,
Legal – one way, yellow lines.

2. MOVE FORWARD
Look into the side road for / parked cars / sharpness / up or downhill,
POM routine; Signal if required - not too soon, 3
Brake lights indicate intention,
Stop 2 car lengths past the corner and about a grids width from kerb,
Handbrake or park facility on / neutral if needed.

3. PREPARE TO REVERSE
Your seatbelt may be removed whilst reversing!
Turn slightly in seat (control is easier),
Assess distance from kerb through rear window,
This will be your finishing distance.
POM, Select reverse gear / set gas/ find bite,
Look all-around, when safe start to reverse,
Keep the clutch near the biting point to keep control, 4
Use gas and brake as necessary i.e. on slopes,
Keep looking all-around as you go,
Keeping the kerb in the middle of the rear seat is a good reference point,
The kerb disappears from the rear window and appears in side window.

7 6 5

4. POINT OF TURN
Looking into the left door mirror, when you see the rear wheel reach the 1st
curved kerb stone, (this is a good reference point to know when to steer)
Stop the car and look all-around.
2
5. TURNING LEFT
Give ¾ turn/1 turn/ full lock/ depending onthe type of corner,
Adjust your steering as necessary, to avoid wandering off course,
Look all-around regularly (remember you do not have priority),
Keep an eye on the kerb in your left door mirror or blind spot mirror,
Keep checking this mirror to maintain the same distance from kerb.

6. ALMOST PARALLEL
As the kerb gets in line with the rear window reference point,
Look all-around again and quickly steer right to staighten the front wheels,
Keep the rear window reference point in line with the kerb,
Reverse about 2-3 car lengths,
Keep looking for other road users, pedestrians/cars.
1
7. STOP POSITION
Stop / handbrake / neutral / feet off pedals.
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved P.O.M
 Right reverse around a corner. 91
The purpose of this exercise it to demonstrate that you can manoeuvre a car around a corner safely.
1. SITE
Safe - no children playing,
Legal - not in a one way street, or yellow lines,
Convenient - not on a busy road.

3 2. MOVE FORWARD
Look into the side road for parked cars / sharpness / up or downhill,
Check your mirrors and signal right as you pass the road on the right,
Brake lights also indicate intention,
Stop 2-3 car lengths past the side road,
Apply handbrake or hold facility / neutral (if needed).

3. PREPARE TO REVERSE
Turning slightly in your seat may help and you may remove the seat belt,
Assess distance from kerb through rear window,
This is the finishing distance too,
Select reverse / set gas/ find bite,
Look all-around,
4 When safe reverse up to the corner,
Keep the clutch near the biting point and keep dipping the clutch to
maintain control of the car,
Use the gas and brake as necessary on slopes,
The rear head restraint is a good reference point in the rear window to
help you reverse.

5
6 7

4. POINT OF TURN
When the rear wheel is next to the first curved kerb stone,
Stop the car and look all-around.

5. TURNING RIGHT
Steer ¾ turn / 1 full turn or full lock to the right, adjust as necessary,
Look over right shoulder, or use the right door mirror or blind spot
mirror,
Check ahead and left regularly.

6. ALMOST PARALLEL
Look all-around again and over left shoulder,
As the kerb gets in line with the rear head restraint,
Quickly bring the steering off to the left to straghten the wheels,
Keep the head restraint in line with kerb,
Reverse 4-5 car lengths,
Keep looking for other road users as you manoeuvre.

1 7. STOP POSITION
Stop / handbrake / neutral / feet off pedals .
Look all-around before driving on.
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 U-turn, Taxi manoeuvre. 92

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Darkness & night driving, (basics) 93
OTHER ROAD USERS
It is much harder to see pedestrian, cyclists, horse riders, and vehicle without their lights on in the dark.

LIGHTS
Most important source of information for both you and for other road users.
Keep them clean.
Use dipped headlights at any time when the light is poor, even during the day.
Use main-beam headlights on unlit roads unless, you’re following another vehicle or you’re meeting oncoming traffic.
Check all your lights before and during a long journey.
Carry spare bulbs, if they blow replace them immediately.
Remember extra weight at the rear of your vehicle can cause your headlights to dazzle other road users. Some
vehicles have adjusters to deal with this.

AUXILIARY DRIVING LIGHTS

These are main beam headlights to improve the view of the road ahead.
Must only be used in conjunction with the obligatory headlights and must all switch off at the same time.
Only one pair of dipped headlights may be fitted to a vehicle.
Front fog lights must not be used to improve the view of the road ahead, except in seriously reduced visibility.

JUNCTIONS AT NIGHT
Brake lights can dazzle. Don’t keep your foot on the brake pedal if you're waiting at a junction or queuing in traffic,
except in fog – use the parking brake.
However, switch off your indicator light only if it’s dazzling the driver behind, but switch on again before you move off.

CONTROLS
It is very difficult to see your gear stick and pedals in the dark.
You must not keep interior lights on whilst driving in darkness.

SPEED
Driving quickly at night (and at dawn and dusk) will limit your ability to drive safely.

NOISE AT NIGHT
Don’t rev your engine,
Close your doors quietly,
Take care setting and disarming anti-theft alarms.

USING THE HORN AT NIGHT

You must not use your horn between 11.30pm and 7.00am in built-up areas (except to avoid danger from a moving
vehicle).

OVERTAKING AT NIGHT
Take extra care overtaking at night. It’s more difficult because you can see less.
Only overtake if you can see the road ahead is clear.
If you are being overtaken dip your lights as soon as the vehicle starts to pass you, to avoid glare in their mirrors.

FOLLOWING AT NIGHT
Make sure you don’t dazzle the driver in front by being too close.

PARKING AT NIGHT
You must not park on a road at night facing against the direction of the traffic flow unless in a recognised parking
space.
All vehicles must display parking lights when parked on a road or lay-by on a road with a speed limit greater than 30
mph (48 km/h).
Never leave your vehicle standing on the right-hand side of the road, except in a one-way street.
Always switch your headlights off when you stop, even for a short while. It’s an offence to leave them on when the
vehicle is parked. The fixed glare can be very dazzling, especially if, for any reason, the vehicle is on the offside of
the road facing oncoming traffic. Leaving lights on can also drain the battery.

MEETING OTHER VEHICLES

White lights are moving towards you or stationary, red lights are stationary or moving away from you.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Weather conditions, (basics) 94
YOUR VEHICLE
Check your tyres and test your brakes frequently.
Keep your windscreen, windows, indicators and lights clean.

WEATHER AND VISION

Make sure your wipers are working efficiently and that the screen wash
reservoir is full.
Use your demisters and keep a dry cloth handy to clean inside glass.
Use your dipped headlights in the rain and keep your speed down.

DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Stopping distances will be at least double those required on dry roads. 2 seconds
You should keep well back from the vehicle in front.
This will increase your ability to see and plan ahead.
If the steering becomes unresponsive, it probably means that water is
preventing the tyres from gripping the road, this is known as aquaplaning.
Ease off the accelerator and slow down gradually.
Water can also reduce the effectiveness of your brakes. Test them when
safe to do so.
Beware of the dangers of spilt diesel that will make the surface slippery.

FLOODWATER
Beware of deep water, as your vehicle may not make it through.
Drive in first gear slowly but keep engine speed high & steady.
Take extra care around pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and horse
riders. 4 seconds

CROSSWINDS
Some vehicles may be blown off the road in high winds.
Cyclists or motorcyclists may be blown into your path.
Drivers of high-sided vehicles, caravans & trailers or horseboxes
should pay special attention to forecasts of strong winds.
Avoid well-known trouble spots and high bridges.

DRIVING IN FOG
Motorway pile-ups are a hazard in fog, as they can happen suddenly.
Take alternative transport or postpone your journey if at all possible.
Check all the lights, and clean your windscreen, & check screen wash.
Your automatic light sensors may not trigger, due to how bright fog can be. 10 times
You must use dipped headlights when visibility is seriously reduced. normal
Only use rear fog lights when visibility is less than 100 metres (328 feet).
You must switch fog lights off when visibility improves, it’s the law.
Watch out for emergency vehicles, and keep a safe gap.
Don’t try to keep up with the vehicle ahead, & don't use main beam
headlights, as this may dazzle you & others. Watch out for fog patches.

SNOW & ICE

Take a warm drink, food, clothes, boots, de-icer scraper, torch, first aid kit,
shovel, jump leads, blanket, old sacks, snow chains.
Clear all snow from lights, mirrors, windows, bonnet, roof, number plate.
Drive slowly in snow and consider winter tyres too.
If you get stuck in snow or mud use 2nd gear rather than 1st gear.
Snow will cover up road markings & signs.
Remember stop and give way signs are shaped to be easily seen in snow.
When driving on ice keep your speed down, be delicate with the controls.

BRIGHT SUNSHINE & HOT WEATHER

Check tyre pressures, coolant, screen wash.
Glare from the sun can dazzle you, sunglasses can reduce glare.
Good ventilation in heat is important.
Over heated engines in long traffic queues are frequent causes of break-
downs. Keep pets cool and never leave them in a hot unventilated car.
If you spot a pet in distress in a locked vehicle, call for help or get the pet out.
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Legal responsibilities (basics) 95
YOU MUST BE IN A FIT CONDITION TO DRIVE

HEALTH
Certain medical conditions must be reported to DVLA.

EYESIGHT
Can you read a number plate from 20.5 metres? If you need glasses to read it clearly then you must always wear
them when you drive.

DRINK
Don’t drink and drive, there’s a legal limit but it’s safer not to drink at all if you’re going to drive.

DRUGS
Never take illegal drugs before driving. The effect can be more severe than alcohol, and even some prescription
drugs can make you drowsy.

TIREDNESS
If you’re tired you’re more likely to have an accident. On a long journey have a break every two hours or so.

MOBILE PHONES
You must exercise proper control of your vehicle at all times. You must not use a hand-held mobile phone, or
similar device, when driving or when supervising a learner driver, except to call 999 or 112 in a genuine emergency
when it is unsafe or impractical to stop. Never use a hand-held microphone when driving. Using hands-free
equipment is also likely to distract your attention from the road. It is far safer not to use any telephone while you
are driving or riding, find a safe place to stop first or use the voicemail facility and listen to messages later.

YOU AND THE VEHICLE YOU’RE DRIVING MUST COMPLY WITH THE REGULATIONS
You must not ;
 drive dangerously
 drive without due care and attention
 drive without reasonable consideration for other road users.

You must not drive on or over a pavement, footpath or bridleway except to gain lawful access to property, or in the
case of an emergency.

The vehicle must be taxed and have a valid MOT certificate if it is more than three years old.

The vehicle must be insured for you to drive.

The vehicle must be in a roadworthy condition.

Your driving licence must be in order.

L plates should be displayed on the front and back of the vehicle you’re driving while still a learner driver.

You need to know the traffic rules and regulations. These can be found in The Highway Code, read the rules with
other learners or someone who has a full licence, You will be surprised how many rules others forget.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Environmental issues (basics) 96
AIR POLLUTION
Be aware of the effect that vehicle exhaust gases have on the climate, your health and the health and safety of
others. Understand the beneficial effect of catalytic converters on the environment.

NOISE POLLUTION
Try to avoid making unnecessary noise, especially when travelling at night or in residential areas.

HOW TO MINIMISE YOUR EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Change your driving style so that you cause less damage to the environment.

Maintain your vehicle in a good condition to make it run more efficiently.

Dispose of vehicle waste such as spent oil, old batteries and used tyres correctly (it is illegal to pour oil down the
drain).

Reduce your fuel consumption by limiting your use of air conditioning and removing any unnecessary load. The
drag on a roof rack can add up to 15% to fuel consumption.

Use the highest possible gear without making the engine struggle.

If you travel at 70 mph you’re likely to use up to 30% more fuel than if you covered the same distance at 50 mph.

Driving smoothly can reduce your fuel consumption by about 15% as well as reducing the wear and tear on your
vehicle.

Reverse into parking spaces so that you can drive out of it. Manoeuvring when the engine is cold uses lots of fuel.
Don’t over rev in a low gear.

Check tyre pressures regularly. Incorrect tyre pressure results in a shorter tyre life and may be dangerous. Under-
inflated tyres can increase fuel consumption.

Try to avoid using your car for very short journeys, especially when the engine is cold. Also consider car sharing or
using public transport where you can.

You must not leave a parked vehicle unattended with the engine running or leave a vehicle engine running unnec-
essarily while that vehicle is stationary on a public road.
It is permissible to leave the engine running if the vehicle is stationary in traffic or for diagnosing faults.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Passengers & carrying loads (basics) 97
YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND;
 As a driver you’re responsibility regarding carrying passengers (other adults, children and babies), animals and
other loads in your car safely.

 The safest way to carry loads in and on your car.

Specially designed roof boxes are streamlined so will save fuel as well as securing the load safely. Special cycle
racks fitted on top of or behind the car allow you to carry cycles securely - if they are fitted behind the car make
sure that the number plates and lights can still be seen clearly. If you are carrying a load, make sure it is secure
and that it doesn’t stick out dangerously.

 How to load trailers safely and carry bicycles on your car.

To avoid swerving distribute the weight properly, if it does swerve ease off the accelerator to reduce speed gently.
(you may tow a trailer under 750kg without having to take another test). Remember the speed limit for a trailer on
a single carriageway road is 50 mph. It is also important to check that all doors are shut properly and that
animals are safely restrained in a purpose-made carry box or behind a guard.

 How to stow luggage or load it securely and the importance of distributing weight evenly. Remember, don’t
overload your car with passengers. Ensure everyone is wearing a seatbelt before you start.

 Any load including passenger weight will have an effect on the handling of your car, changes to the weight and
centre of gravity will affect the steering, braking, acceleration and bite. Allow more stopping distance when you
are carrying a heavy load. You may also need to inflate your tyres more and adjust your headlights (see your
car’s handbook)

SEATBELTS AND CHILD RESTRAINTS;

You MUST wear a seat belt in cars, vans and other goods vehicles if one is fitted (see table below). Adults, and children
aged 14 years and over, MUST use a seat belt or child restraint, where fitted, when seated in minibuses, buses and
coaches. Exemptions are allowed for the holders of medical exemption certificates and those making deliveries or
collections in goods vehicles when travelling less than 50 metres (approx 162 feet).

Seat Belt Requirements. This table summarises the main legal requirements for wearing seat belts in cars, vans and
other goods vehicles.
Front seat Rear seat Who is responsible?
Seat belt MUST
Driver Driver
be worn if fitted
Correct child Correct child restraint MUST be
Child under 3
restraint MUST used. If one is not available in a Driver
years of age
be used taxi, may travel unrestrained.
Correct child restraint MUST
be used where seat belts fitted.
Child from 3rd
MUST use adult belt if correct
birthday up to
child restraint is not available
1.35 metres in Correct child
in a licensed taxi or private
height (or 12th restraint MUST Driver
hire vehicle, or for reasons of
birthday, be used
unexpected necessity over a
whichever they
short distance, or if two
reach first)
occupied restraints prevent
fitment of a third.
Child over 1.35
Seat belt
metres (approx Seat belt MUST be
MUST be worn Driver
4ft 5ins) in height worn if available
If available
or 12 or 13 years
Seat belt
Adult passengers Seat belt MUST be
MUST be worn Passenger
aged 14 and over worn if available
if available
The driver MUST ensure that all children under 14 years of age in cars, vans and other goods vehicles wear seat belts
or sit in an approved child restraint where required (see table above). If a child is under 1.35 metres (approx 4 feet 5
inches) tall, a baby seat, child seat, booster seat or booster cushion MUST be used suitable for the child’s weight and
fitted to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Security (basics) 98
PERSONAL SECURITY
Stay alert at all times. Criminals could be observing your actions.

Let someone know where you're going and when you expect to arrive or return.

Don’t leave important or valuable items on display in your car. Put them out of sight in the glove box or in your
boot. The best thing to do is take them with you or better still leave them in a secure place at home.

Choose a sensible place to leave your car, especially at night. Leave your car in a well-lit area.

Carry a mobile phone so that you can call for help if you break down, are involved in an accident or feel threatened
in any way.

VEHICLE SECURITY
Be aware of how to find a safe place to park. If possible park in an attended or secure car park.
Never leave children or pets in an unventilated car,

Utilise the different types of security measures available such as steering wheel lock and immobilisers. An alarm or
immobiliser. Having the registration number etched on all the windows can deter a would-be thief.

Speak to your local crime prevention officer for advice on security devices and any vehicle watch schemes that
may operate in your area.

Close all the windows and lock all the doors. Always lock your car even if it is for a short time, such as when paying
for petrol.
Car thieves are able to block your key fob locking system from locking your vehicle so double check your vehicle is
definitely locked before leaving the area.
Fitting a tracking device on your vehicle will help track your vehicle should it be stolen.

Beat the car thieves; some high tech security features to look for in a vehicle
24/7 tracking system

Alarm systems with;

‘Rolling’ code keyless entry
system technology, Major components
Battery back-up alarm siren, Individually coded for
Interior movement sensing, ease of traceability
Anti-jack/lifting sensor

123456

Secure shielding
of vulnerable
components
Embedded chips
That create
encrypted key code
to Immobilise the
vehicle

Secure wheel
locking bolts/nuts Double locking
Feature to all doors

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Petrol stations (basics) 99

In most petrol stations you can fill up from any pump so Make sure you know what fuel to put in as the wrong fuel
don’t worry about what side you filler cap is on. Don’t park will damage your engine. If you do put the wrong fuel in
too close to the pump you may clip the kerbing around it. don’t start the engine. Get help.

The information for the correct fuel for your vehicle can be Read the amount of fuel you are putting in. Only put in
found on the inside of your filler cap cover what you can afford. If you are filling up to the top it will
automatically stop when your tank is full.

Before removing, raise the hose to remove any fuel still in, Replace and secure your filler cap and close the flap if you
otherwise you may spill fuel as you remove it. Make sure have one.
you replace the hose correctly in the holder.

Always lock your car when going to pay for fuel. One of the You can also check your tyre pressure and your water
most popular places to steal a car from is a petrol station. level at the petrol station.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Emergency services. 100
Police

Police helicopter Tunnel patrol

Camera van

Marine police Markets police Highways England

Diplomatic protection London underground Prison services

Ambulance Ambulance
Ambulance

Paramedic bike Air ambulance Blood service Doctor

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Emergency services. 101
Vet ambulance Fire service
Fire service

Mine rescue Mountain rescue

Lifeboat launcher

Coast guard Harbour master

Coast guard

Railway response Park ranger Nuclear response

Armament response
Bomb disposal Army fire service

S.A.S Customs Airwave response

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Emergency services. 102
Look and listen for emergency vehicles. You should try to keep out of the way of any emergency vehicle. Check where
they’re coming from; behind using your mirrors, ahead or across your path. Don’t panic. Watch for the path of the
emergency vehicle and take any reasonable and legal action possible. They wont expect you to break the law. Look
well ahead and choose a sensible place to pull into the side of the road. Try to avoid stopping before the brow of a hill,
a bend or narrow section of road.

Exemptions from Road Signs

Police, fire and ambulance can exceed the speed limit if it would hinder progress.
This includes ambulance rapid response units operated under the NHS.
Police, fire, ambulance, bomb disposal and blood service can drive through a red traffic light and disregard a keep left
sign if it would hinder progress and can be done so without endangering anyone. A rule of thumb is that a red traffic
light should be considered as a give way sign.
Police, fire and ambulance can stop on zig-zag lines at the side of the road but no exemption is given for crossing
double white lines down the middle of the road.
Sometimes emergency vehicles may need to disobey other signs and regulations. This will depend on the professional
judgment of the driver and they could be liable for prosecution if the act was not proportionate to the circumstances.
Road signs can be disregarded by anyone if directed to do so by a police constable in uniform. This gives police
drivers the opportunity to give themselves permission to disregard a road sign.

Green Flashing Lights

Green flashing lights can be used on a vehicle that is carrying a registered medical doctor on an emergency call. The
green lights do not offer any exemptions from the rules of the road and are purely to alert road users to the importance
of the journey and to hopefully ease the vehicle’s progress through traffic.
When green flashing lights are used in conjunction with blue flashing lights, the greater authority of the blue lights give
the vehicle more exemptions.

If you are in a queue of traffic, move to the nearest side of the

carriageway, to create a gap through the middle.

Don’t mount the kerb.

Watch for more than one emergency vehicle.

If you are in free-flowing traffic, move into the left hand lane.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Day Date Time Paid Activities covered

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
DRIVERS RECORD DRIVERS NAME:
Introduced Helped Prompted Seldom Independent
TOPIC; Prompted
1 2 3 4 5
Eyesight test (reading a number plate)
Cockpit checks
Clutch control / Gas pedal / level & up hill
Mirrors/vision & use / Changing direction & speed
Moving off/Use of speed
Braking
Stopping & use of Parking brake
Changing gears
Steering & Co-ordination / Figure of 8
Emergency stop & Stopping distances

Clearance / Obstructions / Vehicles / Cyclists / Horses

Safe positioning / On Bends
Speed awareness, how far can you see to be clear
Judging corners using mirrors
Junctions turning left
Junctions turning right / crossing other traffic
Junctions emerging / Stop line / Y & D-junctions
T-Junctions unmarked / poorly marked
One way systems
Hill start
Progress & undue hesitation
Satellite navigation / Driving from directions

Risk assessment / visual search skills, Scan & Plan

Meeting other traffic
Overtaking other traffic
Traffic lights / Filter / Temp / faulty
Traffic signs / Roads/Motorways
Crossroads / Unmarked/ poorly marked
Staggered crossroads
Traffic light/Box junctions/ Complex junctions
Roundabouts / Mini / Regular / Large / Gyratory
Bus, cycle & high occupancy lanes
Road & Hatch markings
Pedestrian crossings / Others controlling traffic
Level crossings
Duel carriageways / Lane discipline
Country roads / Cobblestone roads / Dirt tracks
The system of car control & limit point analysis
Motorways
Show me, tell me

Parallel parking / reverse / forward

Bay parking / forward
Bay parking / reverse
Pull up on right, reverse 2 car lengths, rejoin road
Angle Start
Turn in the road / On Hill
Reversing left / Right
U-Turn / Taxi manoeuvre
Fuelling up / Breakdown / changing wheel
Darkness / Weather conditions
Legal responsibilities/ Environmental issues
Passengers &Carrying loads / Security
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved.
 Reflective log for:
Session Goals for What went well Areas to Goals for next
date Today’s session improve session

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Walshaw cross 107

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Tottington junction 108

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 BUS
LANE Bolton 109
road
Mon-Fri
7am-10am
4pm-7pm

BUS
LANE

Mon-Fri
7am-10am
4pm-7pm
BOLTON ROAD

EXCEPT
BUSES
BUS
LANE

D
ROA
H
ORT
W
NS
AI

Mon-Fri
7am-10am
4pm-
Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
 Edenfield roundabout. 110

A 56
(A 59)
Clitheroe

Burnley
Blackburn
(M65)
Edenfield
A 680
Rochdale
A 56
Bury

C ur kb
l
B lac
ith nley urn

B
er
oe
Bolton (A676)

66
M

80)
(A6 dale
c h
Ro
nley
A5 ury 6)
B M6

A 56
( A 6burn
(

Clith 7 )
676

(A 5 e
6

Bur

ero
7

9)
k
on A

Blac

Burnley A56
Blackburn
Bolt

(A677)
Clitheroe (A59)

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Edenfield roundabout. 111

C ur kb
l
B lac
ith nley urn

B
er
oe
Bolton (A676)

66
M

80)
(A6 dale
c h
Ro
A5 ury 6)
B M6
(

Burnley A56
Blackburn
(A677)
Clitheroe (A59)

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Bell lane/Moorgate/Wash lane/ Brook street 112

Escape route

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Moorgate junction. 113

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Peel way 114

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Peel way 115
BLTN BLTN RBTM
TTON
CTR M66 M66
TOWN RDLE RDLE

TCTR BLTN RBTM

BLTN TTON

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Peel way 116
AI NS

TT
O
N
S
AI N

RB
LTN

TM
B
BU
S
ST
OP

P
S STO
BU

R
MC
5 6 R
A MC Y
UR
A5
6
R Y B 66
BU 6 M L E
M6 E RD
L
RD
BL
T N
BL
AI T N
NS TT
ON
RB
M T

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Manchester Rd 117
& Knowsley St.

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Manchester Road 118
& Dumers Lane

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

Bell Lane roundabout. 119

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Pilsworth roundabout. 120

Heywood
(M66

McDonalds
Asda

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 121 Wigan
A 58
Bolton
Westh’ton (M61)
Ind Park
Wingates
A6
Chorley

ROUNDABOUT
CHEQUERBENT
Bolton A 58
(M61)

Leigh (A 579)
(A 579)
Leigh
A6
Walkden

Walkden A 6

CHEQUERBENT

Chequerbent roundabout.

Haigh Hall
Country

CHEQUERBENT
CHEQUERBENT ROUND-

Chorley A

Wingates

Chorley A 6
Westhoughton A 58

Wingates Ind Park

6
Wigan (A 577)

Walkden

Westh’ton
(A 579)

A 58 (M61)
Leigh

Wigan Bolton
A6

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

 Kearsley roundabout 122
A 6053
F’worth
L’pool (M 62)
Leads
Ring Road A 666
(A 580) Bolton
Manchester
(A 580)
Salford
A 666
K’sley

Whitefield (A 667)
Kearsley
A666
Swinton

Farnworth

Preston
A 6053

(M 61)

Farnworth A 6053
Preston (M 61)
Kearsley

Bolton
Manchester A 666
A 666

Salford
(A 580)
Ring Road
Leads
L’pool Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved
BURY DRIVING TEST CENTRE 123

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved

BOLTON DRIVING 124
TEST CENTRE

Copyright © 2020 Garry Alan Cope all rights reserved