EEE 2213

CIRCUITS & NETWORK THEORY 11

Lecture 4

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 Norton’s Theorem

• Any linear, bilateral network having two terminals A and B can be replaced by
a current source of current output IN in parallel with a resistance RN.

a) The output IN of the current source is equal to the current that would flow
through AB when A and B are short-circuited.

b) The resistance RN is the resistance of the network measured between A and B

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 Procedure for Finding Norton Equivalent Circuit
• To determine the current flowing in a resistance R of a branch AB of an active
network:
i. Open the two terminals (i.e. remove any load) between which we want to find
Norton equivalent circuit.
ii. short-circuit branch AB and determine the short-circuit current ISC (IN) flowing in
the branch
iii. remove all sources of e.m.f. and replace them by their internal resistance (or, if a
current source exists, replace with an open-circuit), then determine the resistance r,
(RN) ‘looking-in’ at a break made between A and B
iv. Connect IN and RN in parallel to produce Norton equivalent circuit between the
two terminals under consideration.
v. Place the load resistor removed in step (i) across the terminals of the Norton
equivalent circuit. The load current can now be calculated by using current-divider
rule.
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 Practice Question

• Using the Norton’s theorem, find the current i through R = 2 Ω. Refer Fig. below.

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 Practice Problems
• Use Norton’s theorem to determine the current flowing in the 10 Ω resistance
for the circuit shown in Fig (a) and in 4Ω in Fig (b)

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Solution

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 Practice Question

• Two batteries, each of e.m.f. 12 V, are connected in parallel to supply a

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Solution

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Solution…

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 Practice

• Using Norton’s theorem, calculate the current in the 5 Ω resistor in the

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 Practice

• Find Norton equivalent circuit for Fig below. Also solve for load current
and load voltage.[0.24A; 2.4V]

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 Practice Question

• Find the values of iN and RN at terminals ab for the circuit shown in Fig.(i).

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Solution

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 Practice Question
• Refer the circuit shown in Fig. below. Find the value of ib using Norton equivalent
circuit. Take R = 667 Ω.

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Solution

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Solution

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 Practice Question

• Find the Norton equivalent to the left of the terminals a-b for the circuit of Fig.
below.

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Solution

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Solution…

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 Practice Question

Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the network shown in Fig. (a).

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Solution

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 Practice Question

• Find the Norton equivalent of the network shown in Fig. below.

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 Norton’s Theorem for A.C. Circuits

• Recall that Norton’s theorem for d.c. circuits allows us to replace a two-terminal linear d.c.
circuit by a single equivalent d.c. current source (IN) in parallel with a single equivalent
resistance (RN).

• The a.c. version of Norton’s theorem is similar and may be stated as under :

• A two-terminal linear a.c. circuit can be replaced by a single equivalent a.c. current source
(IN) in parallel with a single equivalent impedance (ZN).

• The impedance ZN (called Norton equivalent impedance) has exactly the same value as the

• Thevenin equivalent impedance (ZTh) and is found in the same way. The current IN (called
Norton equivalent current) is the current that flows through a short circuit connected across
the Norton terminals (i.e., load terminals). Note that the Thevenin and Norton circuits are
alternative equivalents for a circuit. 23
 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

• A two-terminal a.c. circuit can be replaced either by Thevenin equivalent

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 Practice Question
• Use Norton’s theorem to find current in (3 + j 2) Ω impedance in the circuit
shown in Fig (i) below.

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 Practice Question

• Using Norton’s theorem, find the active and reactive powers supplied to Z in the
circuit of Fig. (i).

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Solution

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Solution

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Practice Questions

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 Practice question

• Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit shown in Fig.
below.

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Solution

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