1 D. Suleiman H.

Mustafa
 UNIT 01

Systems Development
Foundations

Reviewed and Modified

by Dr. Suleiman H. Mustafa
 UNIT 01
(Part-1)

System Concepts and System

Development Overview

Reviewed and Modified

by Dr. Suleiman H. Mustafa
 Introduction

1.1
 Information System
• An information system is
– an integrated set of components for collecting,
storing, and processing data and for providing
information, knowledge, and digital products.
• It is essentially made up of several components:
(See next slide)
– These components integrate to perform input,
process, output, feedback and control.

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 to prevent theft or fraud

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 Software
• Software is a set of instructions or programs
used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks.
• The two main categories of software
are application software and system software.
– An application is software that fulfills a specific need
or performs tasks.
– System software is designed to run a computer's
hardware and provides a platform for applications to
run on top of.

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 Software
• Other types of software include
– programming software (CASE tools), which provides
the programming tools software developers need;
– middleware, which sits between system software and
applications;
– and driver software, which operates computer devices
and peripherals.

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 What is Systems Analysis and
Design?
• Information systems analysis and design
– Process of developing and maintaining an information
system that supports the basic organizational
functions and tasks.
– It uses a systematic and structured approach usually
referred to by the term “Software engineering
process”.
• The type of organization determines the type of
functions and tasks an organization performs.
– Major business functions, for example,
include: Human Resources (HR), Finance, Marketing,
and Production.
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 What is Systems Analysis and
Design?
• Systems Analysis is a proven method to help a
business utilize information to its fullest capacity
• Main goal is
– to improve employee efficiency by applying software
solutions to key organizational tasks.
• Systems Analysts perform analysis and design
based upon:
– Understanding of organization’s objectives, structure
and processes
– Knowledge of how to exploit information technology for
advantage

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Software Engineering Process
• A process used to create an information system
• Consists of (see next slide):
– Methodologies
• A sequence of step-by-step approaches that help
develop the information system
– Techniques
• Processes that the analyst follows to ensure
thorough, complete, and comprehensive analysis
and design
– Tools
• Computer programs that aid in applying techniques

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 Role of System Analyst
• Study problems and needs of an organization
• Determine best approach to improving
organization through use of:
– People
– Methods
– Information technology
• Help system users and managers define their
requirements for new or enhanced information
systems

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Fundamental System
Concepts
 System
• A system is an interrelated set of business
procedures used within one organizational unit
working together for a given purpose.
• A system
– has nine characteristics.
– exists within an environment (surroundings).
– is separated from its environment by a boundary.

• See next slide

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 Characteristics of a System
• Purpose
• Components
• Interrelationships
• Boundary
• Environment See next slide
• Interfaces
• Constraints
• Input
• Output

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 System Decomposition
• Decomposition is
– the process of breaking down a system into
smaller subsystems and components.
• It allows the systems analyst to:
• Break a system into small, manageable and
understandable subsystems
• Focus on one area at a time, without interference
from other areas
• Concentrate on component pertinent to one group
of users without confusing users with unnecessary
details
• Build different components at independent times
and have the help of different analysts
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 Subsystem A

Subsystem B

Subsystem C

Subsystem E
Subsystem D

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 Level 0 Subsystem A

Subsystem A1
Level 1

Subsystem A2

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 Three Major System Principles
• Modularity
– Process of dividing a system into modules
(subsystems) of a relatively uniform size
– Modules simplify system design
• Coupling
– Subsystems that are dependent upon each other
are coupled
• Cohesion
– Extent to which a subsystem performs a single
function

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 System Integration
• Systems Integration
– Allows hardware and software from different vendors
to work together
– Enables procedural language systems to work with
visual programming systems
– Visual programming environment uses client/server
model

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System Development Life
Cycle
 Systems Development Methodology

• Systems Development Methodology

– A standard process followed in an
organization to conduct all the steps
necessary to
• analyze
• design
• implement
• and maintain information systems.

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

• Systems Development Life Cycle

– Series of steps used to manage the phases of
development for an information system
– Consists of four phases (Next slide):
• Planning and Selection
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation and Operation
– An organization customizes the life-cycle
model to its individual needs

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 • Phases are not necessarily sequential
• Each phase has a specific outcome and deliverable

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 Phases and Deliverables
Phases Products

Planning Project Plan

Analysis System Proposal

Design System
Specification

Implementation New System and

Maintenance Plan

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis

Slide 30
and Design
Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Phases of the Systems
Development Life Cycle
1. Systems Planning and Selection
– Two Main Activities
• Identification of need
• Investigation and determination of scope
2. Systems Analysis
– Study of current procedures and information
systems
• Determine requirements
• Generate alternative solutions
• Compare alternatives
• Recommend best alternative

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 Phases of the Systems Development Life
Cycle (continued)
3. System Design
– Logical Design
• Concentrates on business aspects of the system
– Physical Design
• Technical specifications
4. System Implementation and Operation
– Implementation
• Hardware and software installation
• Programming
• User Training
• Documentation
– Maintenance: Handling changes and obsolescence
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 SDLC and Course Structure

UNIT 04

UNIT 03

UNIT 02 UNIT 05

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Modern Approaches to
Systems Development
Waterfall Development Method

Slide 35
Pros and Cons of the Waterfall
Method
Pros Cons

Identifies systems Design must be

requirements long specified on paper
before programming before programming
begins begins

Long time between

system proposal and
delivery of new
system

Slide 36
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 Alternative Approaches to
Development
• Prototyping
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
• Joint Application Design (JAD)
• Participatory Design (PD)
• Agile Methodologies

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 Alternative Approaches to
Development
• Prototyping
– Building a scaled-down working version of the system
– Advantages:
• Users are involved in design
• Captures requirements in concrete form.

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 Alternative Approaches to
Development
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
– Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system design
until after user requirements are clear.
– Developers can make multiple iterations and updates
to a software quickly without starting from scratch
each time.

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 Alternative Approaches to
Development
• Joint Application Design (JAD)
– Users, Managers and Analysts work together for
several days
– System requirements are reviewed and design
specification is created.
– Structured meetings (a succession of collaborative
workshops called JAD sessions)

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 Approaches to Development
• Participatory Design (PD)
– is an approach where all the stakeholders i.e.
employees, customers, end-users, partners,
designers, and researchers are actively
involved in the design process.

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 Alternative Approaches to
Development
• Agile Methodologies
– The Agile methodology is a way to manage a project
by breaking it up into several phases.
– It involves constant collaboration with stakeholders
and continuous improvement at every stage.
– Once the work begins, teams cycle through a process
of planning, executing, and evaluating.
– Focuses on
• Adaptive methodologies
• People instead of roles
• Self-adaptive development process

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 http://computertrainingcenters.com/agile-development-meets-customer-needs/
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 http://boxesandarrows.com/bringing-user-centered-design-to-the-agile-environment/

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Modeling Languages and
CASE Tools
 Modeling Languages
• A modeling language is
– any artificial language that can be used to
express information or knowledge or systems
in a structure that is defined by a consistent
set of rules.
• The rules are used for interpretation of the
meaning of components in the structure.
• Example: UML

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 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• UML is now accepted as the standard object-
oriented modelling language. It has a direct
relation with object-oriented analysis and design.
– However, it is intended to be a general-purpose
language for software development.,
• It consists of a number of models which support
all phases of software development including:
– See next slide
• Examples:
– See next slides

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 Class Diagram

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 Communication Diagram

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 Component Diagram

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 Sequence Diagram

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 CASE Tools
• Computer-Assisted Software Engineering
(CASE) Tools
– Automated software tools used by systems
analysts to develop information systems
– Can be used throughout SDLC
– Product and tool integration is provided
through a repository

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 CASE Tools
– General types of CASE tools
• Diagramming tools
• Computer display and report generators
• Analysis tools
• Repository
• Documentation generators
• Code generators

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 END

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