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Unit 2 Methods of Expressing Concentration

The document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions used in pharmaceutical analysis, including normality, molarity, molality, percent composition, mole fraction, formal concentration, and parts per million. Each method is defined in terms of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate concentrations using each different method.

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503 views21 pages

Unit 2 Methods of Expressing Concentration

The document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions used in pharmaceutical analysis, including normality, molarity, molality, percent composition, mole fraction, formal concentration, and parts per million. Each method is defined in terms of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate concentrations using each different method.

Uploaded by

Anis Sayyed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods

of
expressing
concentrations

Sem 1
Pharmaceutical analysis
• In all the techniques of quantitative analysis the
use of solutions requires some basis for the
expression of solution concentration.
1. Normality (N)
2. Molarity (M)
3. Molality (m)
4. Percent composition or gram/litre
5. Formal Concentration
6. Parts per Million (PPM)
7. Mole fraction
Normality
• Number of gram equivalent of solute
(Substance) dissolved in one litre (1000 ml) of
solution is called as Normality.
• Normality is indicated by N
Normality Examples-
Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Atomic Weight of Na = 22.99
Atomic Weight of O = 16
Atomic Weight of H = 1
40

Equivalent weight = 40/1 = 40g


• 1N = 40 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of
water (H2O)
1N  40g
0.1N  x g (cross multiplication)

• 0.1 N = 4 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of


water (H2O)
• 0.01N = 0.4 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 ml of
water (H2O)
Molarity
• Number of moles of solute (Substance)
dissolved in one litre (1000 mL) (1dm3-cubic
decimeter-eq to 1 litre) of Solution is called as
Molarity.
• 1 gram in 1000 ml = 1 mol.
• Molarity is indicated by M
• Volume is temperature dependent.
• So molarity can change with temperature.

Molarity Examples-
Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

Atomic Weight of Na= 22.99


Atomic Weight of O= 16
Atomic Weight of H= 1
40
• 1M= 40 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of
water (H2O)
• 0.1 M= 4 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL of
water (H2O)
• 0.01M= 0.4 g of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 mL
of water (H2O)
Molarity Examples

Molecular weight of HCl (Hydrochloric acid)=


Atomic Weight of Cl = 35.5
Atomic Weight of H = 1
36.5

• 1M = 36.5 gm of HCl is Dissolved in 1000 mL of


water (H2O)
• 0.1 M = 3.65 gm of HCl is Dissolved in 1000 mL
of water (H2O)
Molality
• A molal solution contains 1 mole of solute per
one kilogram of solution is called as Molality.
• Molality is indicated by m

m
Molality Examples-
Molecular weight of NaOH (Sodium
Hydroxide)=
Atomic Weight of Na = 22.99
Atomic Weight of O = 16
Atomic Weight of H = 1
40
• 1 M = 40 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm
of water (H2O)
• 0.1 M = 4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000 gm
of water (H2O)
• 0.01 M= 0.4 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000
gm of water (H2O)
• 1.5 M= 60 gm of NaOH is Dissolved in 1000
gm of water (H2O)
• 1 mole of Na2CO3 (106g) dissolved in 1000g
of solvent is said to be 1 molal (1M ) solution.
• SO for 0.5M of Na2CO3 solution we need to
add 106/2= 53g has to be dissolved in 1000g
of solvent.
Percent (%) Solution
• Sometimes the concentration is expressed in
terms of per cent (parts per hundred) also. Per
cent Composition of a solution can be
expressed as:
1. Per cent W/W = Weight of solute/ Weight of
solution X 100 (mass/mass %)
2. Per cent V/V = Volume of solute/ Volume of
solution X 100 (volume/volume %)
3. Per cent W/V= Weight of solute/ Volume of
solution X 100 (mass/volume %)
4. Per cent V/W = Volume of solute/ Weight of
1 %= 1gm of KCl --------- in 100 ml of water
10 % = 10 gm of KCl ------in 100 ml of water
100 % = 100 gm of KCl --- in 100 ml of water
5 %= 5gm of KCl -------in 100 ml of water
Mole fraction:
• Mole fraction (X) of any component in a
solution is the number of moles of the
component divided by total number of moles
making up a solution.

• Mole fraction(x) =
Moles of component
Total number of moles making up the solution
• Ex. A solution is prepared by dissolving 1 mole
of ethyl alcohol C2H5OH in 3 moles of water
H2O
• Where nA and nB represent the number of
moles of ethyl alcohol and water respectively.
• X(ethyl alcohol)=XA
= nA/nA+nB
= 1/1+3 =1/4 = 0.25
• X(water)=XB
= nB/nA+nB
= 3/1+3 =3/4 = 0.75
Formal Concentration

• The concentration unit, formal, is similar to


the more familiar molar concentration in that
it is calculated as the number of moles of a
substance in a liter of solution.
• Formal concentrations are notated with the
symbol F.
• The formal Concentration (Formality) is
applicable to the ionic substances
• Ex. We'll use calcium carbonate because it has
a simple formula weight (100 g/mole).
• If one has 1 g CaCO3 in 1 L aqueous solution,
the concentration of CaCO3, in formal, is...
• 1 g CaCO3/(100 g CaCO3/mole)/(1 L) = 0.01 F
CaCO3
Parts Per Million

• Parts per million is frequently employed to


express the concentration of very dilute
solutions and is express as PPM
• Conc. In PPM = Mass of solute / mass of
solution X 106 PPM

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