NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL EXAMPLES:

GRAVITATION 1. What is the value of the gravitational

It states that every body in the universe acceleration at a height above the earth’s
attracts each other body with a force that is surface that is equal to the radius of the earth?
directly proportional to each of their masses A. 4.9 m/s^2 B. 0.613 m/s^2
and inversely proportional to the square of the C. 1.22 m/s^2 D. 2.45 m/s^2
distance between them.
TEST YOURSELF:
1. If the radius of the earth is approximately 4
times the radius of the moon, and if the mass
of the moon is 1/82 of that of the earth,
Gm1 m2 calculate the weight of a pound mass on the
FG =
R2 surface of the moon.
F = force of attraction A. 0.125 lbs B. 0.195 lbs
m1 & m2 = masses of each bodies C. 0.333 lbs D. 0.512 lbs
R = distance between the two bodies
G = gravitational constant 2. The radius of Earth is about 6370 km, while
than of Mars is about 3440 km. If an object
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELEARTION (g) AT A weighs 200N on earth, what would its weigh
DISTANCE R FROM THE CENTER OF EARTH due to gravity in Mars? Assume Mars has a
W = FG mass about 11% that of earth.
GME A. 37N B. 75N
g= → formula C. 58N D. 108N
R2
ORBITAL VELOCITY (V) OF AN OBJECT
AROUND EARTH

𝑀𝐸 = mass of earth
m = mass of the object
G = gravitational constant
R = distance of body from center of earth
FC = FG
g = gravitational acceleration at the location of
object
GME
V=√ → formula
If not given, try the following values for the R
mass and radius of earth:
ME = 5.98x1024 kg (some books 6x1024 kg) EXAMPLES:
R E = 6400km (some old books 6370 km) 1. An astronaut is to be put into a circular orbit
R E = 4000 mi (some old books 3960 mi) a distance of 1.6 x 10^5 m above the surface of
the earth. The earth has a radius of 6.37 x 10^6
F G m1 & m2 r m and a mass of 5.98 x 10^24 kg. What is the
N 6.67x10−11 Kg m orbital speed?
lb 3.44x10−6 slug Ft A. 7.91 x 10^3 m/s B. 8.52 x 10^3 m/s
C. 6.38 x 10^3 m/s D. 9.63 x 10^3 m/s
TEST YOURSELF: RELATION BETWEEN GRAVITATIONAL
1. For a satellite to be in a circular orbit 780 km ACCELERATION (g), MASS DENSITY (𝜌) OF AN
above the surface of the earth, what orbital OBJECT and RADIUS (R) OF A GIVEN PLANET
speed must it be given?
A. 7460 m/s B. 7550 m/s
C. 7250 m/s D. 7340 m/s

2. The distance between the sun and earth is

1.5 x 10^11 m and the earth’s orbital speed m 4
around the sun is 3 x10^4 m/s. Find the mass W = FG ; W = mg; ρ = ; V = πR3
v 3
of the sun. 4
A. 2.02 x 10^30 kg B. 1.89 x 10^41 kg g = ( π) ρGR = kρR
3
C. 3.46 x 10^30 kg D. 2.18 x 10^31 kg k = proportionality constant

PERIOD (t) OF A ROTATING OBJECT AROUND EXAMPLES:

EARTH 1. A newly discovered planet has twice the
density of the earth, but the acceleration due
to gravity on its surface is exactly the same as
on the surface of the earth. What is its radius?
Radius of earth = 6.38 x 10^6 m.
A. 1.595 x10^6 m B. 4.785 x10^6 m
C. 3.190 x10^6 m D. 5.104 x10^6 m

TEST YOURSELF:
S 2πr R3 R 1. What is the acceleration of gravity on the
t= = = 2π√ = 2π√ moon’s surface, g M (as compared to the
V GME g ORBIT
√GME acceleration of gravity on the earth surface,g E )
R
if the diameter of the moon is one quarter that
EXAMPLES: of the earth’s and its density is two thirds that
1. Find the period of an earth satellite traveling of the earth?
at an altitude h = 135 miles above the surface A. ½ B. 1/12
of earth where g = 30 ft/s^2. Take the radius C. ¼ D. 1/6
of earth R = 3960 miles.
A. 5334 s B. 6122 s SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (MASS
C. 6242 s D. 6681 s ATTACHED TO A SPRING)
m 1
T = 2π√ → f =
TEST YOURSELF: k T
1. The international space station makes 15.65
revolutions per day in its orbit around the
earth. Assuming a circular orbit, how high is
this satellite above the surface of earth?
A. 440 km B. 390 km
C. 410 km D. 372 km

T = period of oscillation
f = frequency of oscillations
m = mass of the body attached to the spring
k = spring constant
T f m k
 sec Hz or kg N/m 1. Find the length of a pendulum which has a
vib/sec period of 2.4s. Assume the pendulum is
sec Hz or slug Lb/ft located in the earth’s surface.
vib/sec A. 1.28m B. 1.18m
C. 1.37m D. 1.43m
EXAMPLES:
1. The scale of a spring balance reading from TEST YOURSELF:
zero to 32 lbs is 6 inches long. A body 1. A heavy brass plum bob suspended from a
suspended from the balance is observed to 38 inch cord was observed to have a natural
oscillate vertically at 1.5 vib/sec. What is the period of oscillation of about two seconds if
weight of the body? pulled 24 inch to one side and then allowed to
A. 16.23 lbs B. 54.19 lbs swing freely. If an astronaut was to repeat this
C. 37.12 lbs D. 23.05 lbs experiment on the moon where the
gravitational attraction is approximately 1/6
TEST YOURSELF: that of the earth, determine the new period.
1. When a 0.75 kg mass oscillates on an ideal A. 10.4s B. 6.7s
spring, the frequency is 1.33 Hz. What will the C. 4.9s D. 8.9s
frequency be if a 0.22kg are added to the
original mass? 2. A simple pendulum has a period of 2.4s at a
A. 1.21 Hz B. 1.08 Hz place where g = 9.81 m/s^2. What is the value
C. 1.26 Hz D. 1.17 Hz of g at another place on the earth’s surface
where this pendulum has a period of 2.41s?
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SIMPLE A. 9.769 m/s^2 B. 9.668 m/s^2
PENDULUM) C. 9.850 m/s^2 D. 9.729 m/s^2

SIMLE HARMONIC MOTION (PHYSICAL

PENDULUM)
A physical pendulum is an object of any kind
which is pivoted so that it can oscillate freely.

A simple pendulum is formed by an object that

has its entire mass concentrated at the end of
a string.
L
T = 2π√
g
L = length of pendulum
g = standard gravitational acceleration in the I
T = 2π√
location of the pendulum mgh
T f L g I = moment of inertia of the object about the
sec Hz or m m/s^2 pivot
vib/sec m = mass of the object
sec Hz or ft ft/s^2 g = gravitational acceleration
vib/sec h = distance of the c.g. to the pivot

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (TORSIONAL

EXAMPLES: PENDULUM)
A torsional pendulum is an object suspended A. 0.0176 B. 0.0182
by a wire or thin rod which undergoes C. 0.0168 D. 0.0156
rotational simple harmonic motion.
FUNDAMENTAL TERMS IN WAVE MOTION
Wave – a disturbance that moves through a
medium

I
T = 2π√ → τ = Kθ
k Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of
I = moment of inertia of the object about its the particles of the medium through which the
point of suspension waves passes on either sides of its equilibrium
K = proportionality constant positions.
τ = torque
θ = angle of twist (must be in radian) Frequency (f) – of a wave is the number of
waves that pass a given point per second.
EXAMPLES:
1. A broomstick 1.5m long is suspended from Period (T) – of a wave is the time required for
one end and set in oscillation. What is the one complete wave to pass a given point.
period of its oscillations? T = 1/f
A. 2s B. 3s Wavelength (𝜆) – distance between adjacent
C. 4s D. 5s wave crests (high part).

TEST YOURSELF: Speed of a wave (V) is the distance it moves

1. A certain torsional pendulum consists of a per unit time. The speed depends upon the
2kg horizontal aluminum disk 15cm in radius kind of wave and the properties of the
that is suspended from its center by a wire. medium.
When a torque of 1N-m is applied to the disk, V = λf
it rotates 15 degrees. Find the frequency of
oscillations. EXAMPLES:
A. 2.07 Hz B. 2.13 Hz 1. If the frequency of an oscillating source on
C. 2.21 Hz D. 2.84 Hz the surface of a pool water is 3Hz, what is the
speed of the wave if the wavelength is
2. A 1.8kg monkey wrench is pivoted 0.25m observed to be 0.5m?
from its center of mass and allowed to swing A. 3m/s B. 0.75 m/s
as a physical pendulum. The period for small C. 6 m/s D. 1.5 m/s
angle oscillations is 0.94s. What is the moment
of inertia (in kg-m^2) of the wrench about an TEST YOURSELF:
axis through the pivot? 1. A sound is returned as an echo from a
A. 0.0882 B. 0.0978 distant cliff in 4 sec. How far the cliff is,
C. 0.0828 D. 0.0988 assuming the wavelength of sound in air
emitted from a 440Hz tuning fork is 2.5 ft?
3. To determine its moment of inertia about a A. 8800 ft B. 2200 ft
diameter, a brass hoop is suspended by a wire C. 1100 ft D. 4400 ft
whose torsion constant is 25N-m/rad. The
hoop executes 6 oscillations per second. What 2. A sonar device emits waves of frequency
is the moment of inertia in (kg-m^2)? 40000 Hz. The velocity of the wavelength of
the wave in water is 0.105 ft. Suppose that the 2. A rope 4 ft long weighs 0.7 lb. A blow on the
device is fixed to the bottom of a ship, It emits rope produces a transverse wave. Determine
a signal and the echo from the ocean bed the velocity of the wave considering the
returns 0.8s later. What is the depth of the tension is 40lb.
ocean at that point? A. 85.8 ft/s B. 95.7 ft/s
A. 3360 ft B. 2290 ft C. 68.75 ft/s D. 78.5 ft/s
C. 1680 ft D. 1160 ft
STANDING WAVE (STATIONARY WAVE)
3. The wavelength of a sound wave in a certain A stationary wave is produced when two
material is measured is 15 cm. The frequency waves of equal magnitude and frequency
of the wave is 1900 Hz. Compute the speed of travel in opposite directions in a medium.
sound wave? Standing waves can be produced by sound,
A. 342 m/s B. 400 m/s light or a simple stretched string.
C. 542 m/s D. 300 m/s
STANDING WAVES IN A STRETCHED STRING
TRANSVERSE WAVE (Example: Plucked string in a guitar)
Transverse wave is produced when the
particles of the medium move back and forth Example: Make the entire stretched string
perpendicular to the direction of the wave. move up and down as a single unit, this is the
Example: Waves travel down a stretched easiest frequency mode of vibration possible
string when one end is shaken. and is called fundamental mode.

F FL
V=√ =√
μ m
F = force or tension in the string (N)
µ = linear mass density of the string (kg/m)
m = mass (kg)
L = length of string (m)
L = length of string; 𝜆 = wavelength of wave
EXAMPLES: Node – a point where the amplitude is zero
1. A horizontal cord 5m long has a mass of Antinode – a point where the amplitude is
2.5grams. What must be the tension in the maximum.
V
cord if the wavelength of a 120Hz wave on it is fN = n ( ) → n = 1,2,3 …
to be 50cm? 2L
A. 1.50 N B. 1.80 N f1 = fundamental frequency or first harmonic
C. 2.50 N D. 4.30 N f2 = second harmonic
f3 = third harmonic
TEST YOURSELF:
1. A 20m long (uniform) flexible cable of mass Musicians called f2 , f3 and so on as overtones
7kg hangs vertically under its own weight and which helps to define the quality of a given
is vibrated from its upper end with a sound.
frequency of 7 Hz. Find the transverse wave on First overtone = 2nd harmonics
the cable at its midpoint. Second overtone = 3rd harmonics
A. 9.9 m/s B. 8.7 m/s Third overtone = 4th harmonics
C. 3.4 m/s D. 10.7 m/s
EXAMPLES:
1. A 1.5 m long rope is stretched between two 6. A guitar string vibrates in four times to a
supports with a tension that makes the speed frequency of 460Hz. Compute the fundamental
of transverse waves 48 m/s What is the frequency?
frequency of the second overtone? A. 368 Hz B. 246 Hz
A. 48Hz B. 80Hz C. 215 Hz D. 310 Hz
C. 64Hz D. 32Hz
STANDING WAVE IN AIR COLUMNS (OPEN
2. A guitar string 30 cm long resonates in its PIPES)
fundamental to a frequency of 250Hz. What is Example: Organ pipes and wind instruments
the tension in the string if 80 cm of the string
“weighs” 0.80 grams?
A. 40N B. 30N
C. 20N D. 10N
V
fN = n ( ) → n = 1,2,3 …
TEST YOURSELF: 2L
1. A wire 0.5 m long and with a mass per unit
length of 0.0001 kg/m vibrates under a EXAMPLES:
tension of 4N. Find the fundamental 1. The fundamental frequency of a pipe that is
frequency. open at both ends is 594 Hz. How long is the
A. 100Hz B. 400Hz pipe? Assume velocity of sounds is 344m/s.
C. 300Hz D. 200Hz A. 0.29m B. 0.32m
C. 0.36m D. 0.25m
2. Standing waves are produced in a rubber
tube 12 m long. If the tube vibrates in five TEST YOURSELF:
segments and the velocity of the wave is 20 1. An organ pipe 1 ft long is open at both ends.
m/s, what is the frequency of the wave? If the velocity of sound is 1100 ft/s, what is the
A. 4.167 Hz B. 4.721 Hz frequency of the first overtone?
C. 5.244 Hz D. 5.909 Hz A. 1100Hz B. 1000Hz
C. 1200Hz D. 500 Hz
3. A flexible wire 80cm long has a mass 0f
0.40g. It is stretched across stops on a 2. What is the shortest length of a column of air
sonometer that are 40cm apart by a force of in a tube which is open at both ends that would
500N. Find the fundamental frequency with vibrate at 256 vib/s? Assume the speed of
which the wire may vibrate. sound to be 331 m/s.
A. 1000 vib/s B. 1500 vib/s A. 0.866 m B. 0.65 m
C. 1440 vib/s D. 1250 vib/s C. 1.3m D. 1.95m

4. A plucked steel wire 4ft long emits a tone 3. A 40cm long brass rod is dropped one end
with a fundamental frequency of 150Hz. If the first onto a hard floor but is caught before it
wire weighs 0.038 lbs, find the wire tension. topples over. With an oscilloscope it is
A. 424.8 lbs B. 419.2 lbs determined that the impact produces a 3 kHz
C. 391.8 lbs D. 389.5 lbs tone. What is the speed of the sound in brass?
A. 2800 m/s B. 1600 m/s
5. A 3m string is driven by a 240 Hz vibrator at C. 3000 m/s D. 2400 m/s
its end. Determine the speed of transverse
waves on the string if it resonates four 4. What will be the frequency of the second
segments? overtone of an open pipe 2.5 ft long? Assume
A. 340 m/s B. 360 m/s velocity of sound is 1100 ft/s.
C. 430 m/s D. 420 m/s A. 550Hz B. 660Hz
C. 440Hz D. 250Hz
STANDING WAVE IN AIR COLUMNS (STOPPED temperature, the velocity of sound increases
PIPES) by 0.6 m/s.
For air pipes, open at one end and closed at the
other end, it is sometimes called a stopped dB SCALE ON SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL
pipe. An intensity of 1x10−12 W/m which is audible
is given the value of 0 db (called reference
intensity). Thus the sound intensity (B) in dB
of a sound wave whose intensity I in W/m^2 is
given by:
V I
fN = n ( ) → n = 1,3,5 … dB(in dB) = 10 log ( )
4L IO
W
EXAMPLES: IO = 1x10−12
1. What will be the frequency of the second m2
overtone of a pipe closed at one end of length EXAMPLES:
2ft? Assume velocity of sound is 1100 ft/s. 1. If the pressure amplitude in a sound wave is
A. 275 Hz B. 206 Hz tripled, by how many times is the intensity of
C. 550 Hz D. 412 Hz the wave increased?
A. 3 times B. 9 times
TEST YOURSELF: C. 6 times D. 12 times
1. The fundamental frequency of a pipe that is
open at both ends is 594 Hz. IF one end is now TEST YOURSELF:
closed, what is the frequency of the new 1. What is the approximate intensity level in
fundamental? Assume velocity of sound is 344 dB of a sound wave in air whose pressure
m/s. amplitude is 0.2 Pa?
A. 297 Hz B. 396 Hz A. 77 dB B. 90 dB
C. 149 Hz D. 475 Hz C. 48 dB D. 55 dB
SOUND 2. A sound intensity of about 1.2 W/m^2 can
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave. Air produce pain. Approximately how many
molecules are alternately expanded and decibels is this equivalent?
contracted as pressure differences move A. 100 dB B. 110 dB
through the air. C. 120 dB D. 70 dB
(PMAX )2 1
I= ; I = √ρBw 2 A2
2ρV 2 3. What is the approximate intensity level in
watts/sq meter of the 70dB noise of a truck
I = intensity of sound (watt/m^2)
passing by?
PMAX = maximum pressure amplitude (Pascal)
A. 7 x 10^-5 B. 1 x 10^-5
𝜌 = average density of medium (for air at 20°C,
C. 5 x 10^-5 D. 3 x 10^-5
1.2 or 1.3 kg/m^3, common to many books)
V = velocity of sound in air (at 20°C 343 or 344
4. What is the sound intensity level in the air
m/s, common to many books)
near a jackhammer when the pressure
B = bulk modulus of air (at 20°C B=1.42 x
amplitude of the sound is 0.15 Pa? Assume
16^6 Pa)
velocity of sound as 344 m/s
A = displacement amplitude
A. 74.4 dB B. 69.3 dB
W = angular velocity in rad/s (w = 2πf)
C. 81.3 dB D. 88.7 dB
Since sound is carried by air molecules, it is
temperature dependent. At 0°C, the velocity of
sound is 331 m/s. For each 1° rise in
DOPPLER EFFECT V = relative velocity between source and
When there is a relative motion between a observer (positive if they are approaching and
source of sound and a listener, the frequency negative if they are receding)
of the sound heard by the listener is different
from the frequency of sound at the source. EXAMPLES:
This change in frequency is called the Doppler 1. A train blowing its whistle at 750Hz
Effect. approaches a station at the rate of 35 mph.
what frequency is heard by a man standing at
the station considering the velocity of sound in
air 1100 ft/s?
A. 739.7 Hz B. 857.4 Hz
C. 716.4 Hz D. 786.7 Hz
As the source approaches A, the wavelength of
the sound waves is shorter, thus an apparent TEST YOURSELF:
in increase in frequency is experienced at A 1. Two cars A and B are traveling toward each
while at B, there is an apparent decrease in other at speeds of 45 km/hr and 70 km/hr
frequency. respectively. If A blowing its horn, what is the
fL fS VOBJECT relative pitch heard by a passenger in B,
= ; Mach Number =
V + VL V − VS V considering that the velocity of sound is 344
fL = frequency of sound heard by the listener m/s
fS = frequency of source A. 0.619 B. 0.961
V = velocity of sound in air (343 m/s if not C. 1.096 D. 0.196
given)
VL = velocity of the listener (positive for LIGHT
motion toward the source and negative for The wavelength of light in the visible band are:
motion away from the source) COLOR WAVELENGTH
VS = velocity of the source (positive for motion Violet 380 to 460 nm
toward the listener and negative for motion Blue 460 to 510 nm
away from the listener) Green 510 to 580 nm
Positive Negative Yellow 580 to 600 nm
Value Value Orange 600 to 630 nm
VL For motion For motion Red 630 to 780 nm
towards the away from nm = nanometer
source the source Below 380 nm – ultraviolet
VS For motion For motion Above 780 nm – infrared
towards the away from
listener the listener Theory about Reflection of Light: When a
beam of light is reflected from a smooth, plane
DOPPLER EFFECT IN ELECTROMAGNETIC surface, the angle of reflection equals the angle
WAVES of incidence.
Example of electromagnetic waves; Light and
radio waves
V 1/2
(1 + )
fOBSERVER = fSOURCE ( c ) →f=c
V λ Incident Ray – ray of light striking the point.
1−
c
f = frequency of wave
c = velocity of light (3x10^8 m/s) Theory about Refraction of Light: When a
beam of light passes obliquely from one
medium to another in which its velocity is TEST YOURSELF:
different, its direction changes. 1. A light ray is incident at an angle of 45° on
one side of a glass with an index of refraction
of 1.6. Find the angle at which the ray emerges
on the other side of the plate.
A. 26° B. 20°
C. 22° D. 24°

2. It was found out that the speed of light in

water is 75% of its speed in vacuum. What is
The index of refraction (n) of a transparent the index of refraction of water?
medium is the ratio between the velocity of A. 1.46 B. 1.33
light in freespace (c) and its velocity (V) in the C. 1.26 D. 1.67
medium.
3. What is critical angle for light passing from
c diamond to air if the index of refraction of
n = → index of refraction
V diamond is 2.42?
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 → Snell′ s Law A. 24.4° B. 32.5°
C. 20.7° D. 27.7°
c = velocity of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)
V = velocity of light passing the given object 4. A light passes from glass to water. If the
θ1 = angle of incidence index of refraction for glass is 1.54 and for
θ2 = angle of refraction water is 1.33, compute the critical angle for
this light to pass the glass.
For air n = 1 and for water, n = 1.33 A. 59.7° B. 45.8°
Critical angle is the maximum angle of C. 67.4° D. 50.9°
incidence in which no light will pass through
the object. The light is internally reflected. 5. A layer of oil floats in water. A ray shines
onto the oil with an incidence angle of 40
degrees. At what angle the ray makes in water
if the refractive index of the oil is 1.45 and for
water is 1.33?
A. 28.9 B. 82.9
C. 29.8 D. 19.8
Where θ1 is called critical angle
6. A light ray passing through air strikes a glass
EXAMPLES: surface at an angle of 55 from the normal
1. Compute the index of refraction of a surface. What is the angle between the
material if the speed of light through the reflection of light and the surface?
material is 2.37 x 10^8 m/s? A. 55 B. 25
A. 1.27 B. 1.35 C. 35 D. 45
C. 1.87 D. 1.18
7. A light passes a glass whose index of
2. What is the angle of refraction of light as a refraction is 1.33. What is the speed of light as
beam of parallel light enters a block of ice at it passes through the glass?
angle of incidence of 30°(Note: the index of A. 2.12 x 10^8 m/s B. 2.26 x 10^8 m/s
refraction of ice is 1.31 and air is 1.0)? C. 1.78 x 10^8 m/s D. 1.23 x 10^8 m/s
A. 45° B. 30°
C. 20° D. 22° 8. A light hits the surface of water in a
container at an angle of 30 degrees from the
horizontal. If the index of refraction of water is image do not actually pass through it. Virtual
1.33, what is the angle of refraction of the light image seems to be located behind the mirror.
ray?
A. 49.5 B. 50.1 THIN LENSES
C. 62.5 D. 32.3

SPHERICAL MIRRORS
R = radius of curvature
F = focal point
f = focal length

Converging (convex) lens brings parallel beam

of lights to a real focal point F.
Diverging (concave) lens spreads out a
parallel beam of light so that the refracted rays
When an object is distance p from a mirror of appear to come from a virtual focal point F.
focal length f, the image is located distance q
from the mirror where: The object distance p, image distance q and the
1 1 1 focal length f of the lens are related by the lens
+ = → mirror equation equation:
p q f
image height image distance 1 1 1
m= = + = → lens equation
object height object distance p q f
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
VALUE VALUE POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Focal length, f Concave Convex VALUE VALUE
mirror Mirror Focal length, f Converging Diverging
Object Real Object Virtual Lens Lens
Distance, p Object Object Real Object Virtual
Image Real Image Virtual Distance, p Object
Distance, q Image Image Real Image Virtual
Magnification, Erect Image Inverted Distance, q Image
m Image Magnification, Erect Image Inverted
Height, h Erect Image Inverted m Image
Image Height, h Erect Image Inverted
Image
A real object is located in front of a mirror. The linear magnification (m) produced by the
A virtual object seems to be located behind the lens is same formula that applies for mirrors.
mirror and must itself be an image produced
by another mirror or lens. THE LENSMAKER EQUATION
1 nOBECT 1 1
A real image is formed by light rays that =( − 1) ( + )
actually pass through the image, so a real fMEDIUM nMEDIUM R1 R 2
image will appear on screen placed at the If medium is air (n = 1), the focal length f of
position of the image. Real image are located the lens is simplified as,
in front of a mirror. 1 1 1
(nOBJECT − 1) ( + )
A virtual image can be seen only by the eye f R1 R 2
since light rays that seem to come from the Examples of diverging (concave) lens:
 C. 198.45 D. 290.87

4. A lens has a convex surface of radius 17 cm

and a concave surface of radius 38 cm and is
made of glass of refractive index 1.55.
Calculate the focal length of the lens and
Examples of converging (convex lens): classify the type of lens whether diverging or
converging?
A. 55.93 cm converging lens
B. 57.45 cm diverging lens
C. 55.93 cm converging lens
D. 57.45 cm diverging lens

EXAMPLES: 5. A double convex lens has faces of radii 22

1. A converging lens of focal length 20cm is and 24 cm. When an image is 30 cm from the
placed 37cm in front of a screen. At what lens, a real image is formed 45 cm from the
distance that the object be placed so that its lens. Compute the refractive index of the lens
image appears on the screen? material.
A. 43.5 cm B. 35.7 cm A. 1.64 B. 1.32
C. 27.6 cm D. 50.7 cm C. 1.21 D. 1.76

2. A double convex lens has faces of radii 16 6. Two thin lenses of focal lengths + 10 and –
and 18 cm. When an object is 20 cm from the 5 cm are placed in contact. Compute the focal
lens, a real image is formed 30 cm from the length of the combination.
lens. What is the focal length of the lens? A. -12 B. -10
A. 12 cm B. 10cm C. +10 D. +12
C. 11 cm D. 14 cm

TEST YOURSELF:
1. Determine the focal length of the converging
lens which will protect the image of a lamp
magnified 3 times upon a screen 16m from the
lamp.
A. 3.0cm B. 1.4cm
C. 2.2cm D. 0.7cm

2. In what positions will a converging lens of

focal length 10cm form an images of luminous
object on a screen located 50cm from the
object?
A. 13.82 cm and 36.18 cm from the object
B. 11.52 cm and 38.48 cm from the object
C. 10 cm and 40 cm from the object
D. 12.56 cm and 37.44 cm from the object

3. How far is the object from the image formed

by a converging lens of focal length 45 cm, if
the real image formed is 1.5 times larger than
the object?
A. 298.43 B. 208.33