4th edition geography for key stage 3 Ree Reel Cl eect R eae OXFORD Para eran enerOXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom, (Oxford University Press isa department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford isa registered fade mark of Oxford University Press inthe UK and in ‘certain other countries (© RoseMarie Gallagher, Richard Parish, Janet Williamson 2014 ‘The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right of Oxford University Press (maker) 2014 First published in 2000, Second edition 2005 ‘Third edition 2008 Fourth edition 2014 All rights reserved. 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Printed in Hong Kong by Sheck Wah Tong Printing Press Ltd. ‘Acknowledgements ‘The pliner woul ke to thank the following for persons to we porographs and other copyright mater: ‘PLANETARY VISIONS LIDSCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; pO: Natural History Museum) ‘Science Photo Lirary pO: Mattesook At Siencescience Photo Libay,pU3: De. Movie Reahutterstck pl4 Nik Wheele{CORBIS: pla: Robert Harding Pictare LUbrayAlany; pla: BC Alexander /rcticPhot; pie: Mike Gkiwater Alam, ptS: ine Vara Alamy; 5: Nei Rabinowiz)Cors p16: Dimitar TogeroyAlamy:pI7: ‘Woodytoc Alamy; p17: Steve Blom Image | Alay 7: Tere aris Ash [pI PIANETARY VISIONS ITDISCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY p18: Dols Peebles Photography Alamy, pts: Yd Leyla, p18: Rosebaie Gallagher, p18: Stok Connection Boe Alay: pA8: Chad Hhes/Alamy: pl Born Svensson my; pts: Nikolay Khorshoyshuterstock 9: bike rceshuttestock: p20: PUScence Photo Library, pl: Phil MacDPhotography/Shtterstock: p20: Rot lina shutestck pO: Anatoliy Iakihshucerstock; pa: Kumar Sriskandan/Alamy? p21: Leingyor29t Shutestack coms 2: PuScience Poto brary. p22: Tom van Sa) ‘Geosphere Paneaty Visions Project: p22: NASASPL: p22 Liverpool FOGety Images ‘pat Jona Stevenson .GP Atay: p22: Martin Sokias)Oxord University Pres: pate Oxford University res p25: SDBCHINA Alamy: p26: Oxford University Pres: p27: Oxford University Pes pas Oxon Univerty Press p30: Getmappns om: pI2: Geemapping.om: pS: Greg Balfour Bvans/ Amy, pS: Tony Watson / Alm: p39: Ordnance Survey, PAU: APS. 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Andrew McConnell: p13: john Warburton lee Photog] ‘Nay, p99 amare Guilen- Cullen Pte LIGA: p136: Stan onesfanos Pures p19: ZhaChunningnhusPresfcorbs: pO7: STRINGER) entero par Petrik Wiggers ise: pl: Anew McCoonlfanes Penner Cover image by ety globe Shutterstock mon) Artwork by Glorglo Macchi, Mike Fason, Simon epg and lan West ‘Tae Ordnance Survey map extracts on pp 38, 39, 4, 75,97, and 128 are eprduced with the pemisson of the Controle of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © rows Copyright ‘We would keto hank our excellent reviewers, wh have proved thought an ‘nrrctive criti ding the development of this Dole Caroline Cole, lie (Gris, and Peter Naldret Speci thanks to Alex Walter Middleton. ‘inks to thd party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith nd fo information ‘only, Oxford celts ny responsi fr the materi contalned i any third purty ‘ele referenced in tis work, very effect has Been made o contact copyright holders of material eproduced inthis ‘book Any omissions wil erected in subsequent printings note given to the publisher1.1 Earth’s story: it begins with a bang 6 5.1 Meet the River Thames 80 1.2. Earth's story: life develops 8 5.2 It’s the water cycle at work 82 1.3 Earth's story: the timescale 10 5.3 Acloser look at a river 84 1.4 Our time on Earth 12 5.4 Ariver at work 86 1.5 Our place on Earth 14 5.5 Five landforms created by the river 88 1.6 Earth:a very special planet 16 5.6 Rivers and us 90 1.7 Changing Earth 18 5.7 Our water supply 92 1.8. It’sall geography! 20 5.8 Floods! 94 5.9 Flooding on the River Thames 96 5.10 Protecting ourselves from floods 98 2.1. Mapping connections 24 22 AplanofWalter’sroom 26 2.3 Your mental maps 28 6.1. What and where is Africa? 102 2.4 Real maps 30 6.2 Alittle history 104 2.5 Using grid references 32 6.3 Africa today 106 2.6 How far? 34 6.4 Africa's countries 108 2.7 Which direction? 36 6.5 Population distribution in Africa 110 2.8 Ordnance Survey maps 38 6.6 Africa's physical features 112 2.9 Howhigh? 40 6.7 Africa's biomes 114 2.10 Where on Earth? 42 7 ORO ne vi) ani) acceded cabo oa 7.1 Meet the Horn of Africa 118 3.1. Your island home 46 7.2. The Horn of Africa: physical features 120 3.2. It’sa jigsaw! 48 7.3 The Horn of Africa: climate 122 3.3, What's our weather like? 50 7.4 Coffee farming in Ethiopia 124 3.4 Who are we? 52 7.5 Life asanomad 126 3.5 Where do we live? 54 7.6 Working as a salt miner 128 3.6 How are we doing? 56 7.7 Life on the coast 130 3.7. London, our capital city 58 7.8 Inthe city: Addis Ababa 132 7.9 Djibouti: great location 134 7.10 Hows the Horn of Africa doing? 136 4.1 Your place ... 20000 years ago! 62 4.2. Glaciers: what and where? 64 Key for OS maps 138 4.3. Glaciers at work 66 ‘Map of the British Isles 139 4.4 Landforms shaped byerosion-part1 68 ‘Map of the world 140 4.5 Landforms shaped byerosion-part2 70 Glossary 142 4.6 Landforms created by deposition 72 Index 144 4.7, Glacial landforms on an OS map 74 Key for symbols in "Your tun questions 48° Glaciers and us 76 @ vee @ vamif It’s your planet!The big picture Welcome to Chapter 1 of geog.!, the first book of geog. 123. This chapter tells the big big story of how Earth, and we humans, got here, And it prepares you for what you'll study in geography. Here's the big picture ... ® Earths around 45 billion years old. (That's 4500000000 years old.) We humans (Homo sapiens) have been here for only about 200000 years. There were other species of humans before us. We began to spread across Earth only about 60000 years ago, from our home in East Africa, Now we are almost everywhere, » Earth is being changed all the time by natural processes. For example, rivers carve valleysin it. % We change it too. For example, we build towns and cities and roads. Your goals for this chapter By the end of this chapter, you should be able to answer these questions: * How was Earth formed, and about how long ago? % Around when did humans like us (Homo sapiens) first appear - and where? % Around when did we first arrive in the land that’s now the UK? » What do these terms mean? evolution massextinction geological timescale eon fossil » When was the Precambrian eon, and what life existed then? * Give one fact about each of these periods, in the geological timescale: Carboniferous Permian Jurassic Quaternary © Give three examples of natural processes that change Earth, and three ‘examples of ways we humans change it. © What kinds of things will you learn about, in these branches of geography? physical geography human geography environmental geography And then... When you finish the chapter, come back to this page and see if you've met your goals! SORE Cnc la ig IT'S YOUR PLANET! Did you know? © Dinosaurs were on Earth for about 164 million years. + That's over 800 times longer than humans (sofa)! Did you know? © Most,inl Earth's story: it begins with a bang Planet Earth is your home. Here is the first part of its story - and yours! How Earth began Once upon a time, long long ago, But suddenly, about 13.8 billion It was the start of the Universe! In there was nothing. No Universe,no _years ago, there was a violent an instant, tiny particles had formed, stars, no Earth, no people. explosion of energy: the Big Bang. from which atoms would be made. About 2 million years after the Big Over time, tillions of stars formed, About 46 billion years ago, ina Bang, the frst star appeared: ahot in groups called galaxies. (And died galaxy called the Milky Way, a very glowing ball of hydrogen gas. when their reactions stopped.) special star was born: our Sun, | zs 7 ~- | - a | u 7 Dust and gases spun around the and the rocks merged to form Soon after Earth formed, while it Sun. A force called gravity pulled planets. One of these was Earth. was still hot soft rock, a smaller them together to form rocks itis around 45 billion years ol. planet struck it. - — | i. all dae One diy, billions | of years later : humans would land : The impact flung rock and dust into Slowly, over millions of years, Earth's... the crust was split by boiling space. Gravity pulled them together, surface cooled, and a hard crust liquid rock (lava) from below. ‘The result: our moon! formed. But often These were the first volcanoes!IT'S YOUR PLANET! oe oe Around Earth was layer of gases: As the crust cooled, water vapour _—So this is Earth, 3.9 billion years ago. the atmosphere. It had a lot of condensed to form rain. This poured Soft inside, A hard crust. An ocean. water vapour in it. down. The ocean began to form And ... bombarded by meteorites! They fell into the ocean, carrying .. that led to something amazing, _ Those first tiny cells in the ocean, far compounds from space. It may have around 3.5 billion years ago: too small to see, would one day lead been these compounds ... the fist tiny living cells. to someone special: you! Sometimes a daughter cell was a bit different from the parent cell. It passed the difference on when it split. In that way, cells changed or evolved over time. This process is called evolut The start of life eT So, round a billion years after Earth formed, there was life tiny cells that could reproduce by splitting in two, Look at the diagram on the right. ino) a re . 6 & Acell splitting. it gives two daughter’ Where next? cells. Next, each of these will split Allliving things on Earth came from these first tiny cells, through evolution, But it was a tough journey. Several times, vast numbers of living things were wiped out. For example, during ice ages. You'l find out more in the next unit. 11 What was the Big Bang? We can't say the Big Bang is a fact — because nobody was 2. How did Earth form? there to see! It isa theory that fits the evidence. But one day, someone might be able to prove itis wrong, Do you think these are facts, or theories? Explain The moon formed when a planet collided with Earth. 3. Show these in a flow chart, in the order in which they happened. Start with the one that was longest ago. our moon formed the Big Bang ie cal aaeued ee cae b Rainis made of water droves, eunpswanzaas! ccsan Gree 5. Many millions of people believe that God created the Universe, ‘Forth’s surface cooled Isit possible to believe this, and the Big Bang theory? You can add drawings if you lke! Try to explain your answer.Earth's story: life develops 2 Now read about how life on Earth developed - from simple cells to us. How life on Earth developed For over 2billion years the only life Different types of cells joined up. By 500 million years ago, there were ‘on Earth was cells in the ocean.They And by $50 million years ago, soft- animals with shells like these evolved, and grew more complex. _bodied animals had appeared. trilobites and sea snails. SSS (We think it lasted Bj, (200000 yes! Around 475 million years ago, the About 440 million years ago came a But life hung on. In the ocean, fish first life moved onto land: simple mass extinction: many species died _ flourished. Bony fish with jaws. plants that had evolved from algae. out over quite a short time. appeared, On land, new plants grew. ‘ ‘Around 395 milion years ago, fish ‘Then, about 360 million years ago, _Life recovered. Thousands of new began to adapt to life on land, using there was another mass extinction. _species appeared. Lush forests grew fins as legs. Things in the ocean suffered most. on land. But then came disasters! Weeall thisone the Permian mass extinction " Poisonous fures and {ace rain everyrere First, an ice age. Next,a dry period. Some say the cause was a huge The surviving species continued And then, 248 million years ago, the —_ eruption of lava, in what is now to evolve. And around 230 million biggest mass extinction ofall. Siberia that lasted 1 million years! years ago, the dinosaurs appeared. rT.IT'S YOUR PLANET! "vas bgge than) ‘Mount Everest I'monly t0 Which of these two continents did we reach first: What are you wearing? What are you carrying? i Europe, orN. America? i Oceania, or S. America? ‘What will you eat? Where will you sieep? ‘© Which did we reach first: Australia, or Britain? Write itll down! Add drawings? oIT’S YOUR PLANET! Out of Africa s under ice, 20 000 years ago land exposed as water levels fel © startof our journey ‘As you saw on page 9, we humans first appeared in East Africa. oO We began to migrate from there about 60000 years ago. This map shows our main routes. It took us 20000 years to reach Britain! ourmain routes 60 thousand years ago BRITAIN @x Equator indered by ice... There was one big problem as we went north: ice! 60000 years ago, Earth was, in the middle of an ice age. (It ended about 10000 years ago.) White on the map shows places that were covered in sheets of ice, at the peak of the ice age. ‘The ice sheets grew, and retreated, time after time. So at some point we left Britain again, because of advancing ice. We went to warmer parts of Europe. Then we came back about 12000 years ago, when the ice was melting away. and helped by ice! All that water frozen into ice meant less rain, So there was less water to flow back into the ocean. Its water level fell. Some ocean floor got completely drained of water. It turned into land we could walk on. For example, look at A on the map. We walked from Asia to North America along here, around 15000 years ago. Exposed land like this, which is usually under water, is called a land bridge. How we changed on the way ‘When we left Africa, we had dark skin, But as we moved north, away from the Equator, the sunlight grew weaker. Our skin changed in response, over thousands of years. So now we have a range of skin colours. A Experts say we knew about boats before 2.50 we could have made some Experts think we had also developed language, before we left Africa. As we Journeys by water Perhaps in dugouts ike moved further away, it changed. Now there are thousands of languages. ‘one, or on ras.Our place on Earth ad We have spread over most of Earth’s land. Here you can look at some of the places we live in. Where did we end up? Today, we humans are living almost everywhere. Some of us even live in the desert, and the Arctic! We all have a place. Let's look at a few. AAdja’s place ~a small village in Mali, in West Africa. This is her outdoor kitchen. She's cooking for her family on a wood fire. She gets water from a well, <2 Hassan’s place. He is a Marsh Arab. He and his family live on an island of reeds in the marshes in southern Iraq. They go everywhere by boat, 5 é Alona’s winter place. Her family are reindeer herders, in Vitor’s place - on the street in Recife, in Brazil. That's him Siberia in Russia, They move around the tundra with their _ front left. His mum died and now he is homeless. He's made reindeer and tents, to the best grazing places. friends with the other street children. 14 bnEmi’s place. She lives in an apartment on the 31st floor, in Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo is the world’ largest city. At night she looks down on the bright city lights. So what's your place like? IT’S YOUR PLANET! Sela’s place. She lives in Tonga, a country of 169 islands, in the Pacific Ocean. It has 117000 people, And like the UK, it has a Royal Family. Your place is a tiny dot on the planet. Billions of people may never Did you know? even have heard of it. The Neanderthals hag But you have memories of it, and feelings about it, and pictures of it nce lon before us, in your mind. It's home ~ at least for now. fed atk the est of tem Outi the area that ats NOW Spain, 1. Look at the six photos of places a Which place would you most lke to spend time in? Why? Which would you least ike to spend time in? Why? Rank the places in order of preference, with Your most preferred place frst 2 Now choose one ofthe six places, I need nat be your favourite.) Imagine you are there, looking around you. Take your time. Relax. Now: a What can you see? b What can you hear? © What can you smell? d_ How do you feel about this place? 3. Ingeography, we always like to know where on Earth places are So turn to the world map on pages 140141, Ik shows the countries we've divided Earth into For each ofthe six photos, find the country where it was taken. Then say which continent tis in. 4 Now imagine you are standing outside your home. Which country are you in? And which continent? ‘What can you see around you? What can you hear? ‘What can you smell? Anything? How do you fee! about this place? ‘You could show your answer as notes on a drawing. For example, like this: loan see.. HB My place is in leansmell,. ——— Teil Ican hear. 5. Think of a place you have never been to, that you want to visit one day. (A town? A mountain? A country?) What do you think it will be like? Do a drawing!Earth: a very special planet wy You know a lot about Earth already. You live on it! But let's step back and take a broader look at our planet. Earth’s place in the solar system {As you saw on page 6, Earth formed from dust and gases spinning around the new Sun, a ea Earth is one of eight planets that circle the Sun, non-stop. itis the third one out from the Sun. Itis one of the four inner rocky planets. (The four outer ones are mainly gas or ce) ‘As well as the planets and their moons, other objects are on the move too. For example, there are many thousands of asteroids and comets. Asteroids are big chunks of rock. Comets are rock, ice, and frozen gases. The Sun, planets, moons, and these other objects form the solar system. Earth’s journey around the Sun Earth travels non-stop around the Sun, taking you along for the ride, One full orbit takes a year ~ and gives us our seasons. It spins as it goes, like a spinning top. A full spin takes a day - and gives us day and night. When your place is turned away from the Sun, its night time. What's Earth like? Itmeasures about 40000 km around the middle. Itis mostly rock, plus a core made of two metals, iron and nickel Inside, itis very hot. So hot that the rock is melted enough to flow like very thick tar. At the centre, the temperature is 6000°C. Over two-thirds of the surface is covered by ocean. That's why Earth looks blue from space. The average depth of the water is about 4 km. Around Earth is a layer of gas, that travels with it. Its the atmosphere. Itis about 100km deep, but most of the gas is towards the bottom. Its all around you. You breathe it in. You call it air. LE!’ Did you know? © Aforce called gravity keeps planets and moons in place. $ It also stops you fying off Earth! ‘As you saw on page 6, the Moon was formed when a smaller planet struck Earth. It circles Earth non-stop. Six of the eight planets have moons, (Mercury and Venus have none) Jupiter has the most moons: 67! Did you know? Sits oF asteroids, and ‘ome fen fal at, © We call the bits meteorites, a lat if. % ... Bath Stopped spinning? Did you know? Earth travels a round the Sn 108000km an hou # Thtsnr tines ster than ajumbo jt, Why... > dont we feel Earth speeding around the Sun?IT'S YOUR PLANET! What's so special about Earth? There's one thing that makes Earth very special. As faras we can tell i's the only planet in the solar system that carries life. ‘And what rich life! Today there are about 1.2 million known species, on Earth, They are all descended from those first living cells. Here are three of them: Jellyfish. They first appeared over The African elephant, our largest land And this species: around for only '500 million years ago. There are animal. It first appeared over 7 million 200000 years. As you saw on page 12, hundreds of different kinds, and you _years ago. There are only about there are over 7 billion of us — and the find them in every ocean. 700000 left. (Why?) number is growing fast. But scientists think there may be over 7.5 million species not yet discovered, on Earth. Most will be small and hidden away, for example in the deep ocean. Earth: always changing There's something else about Earth. it has been changing ever since it formed ~ and itis still changing. Because of natural processes, and because of things we humans are doing. You can find out more in the next unit. What is the solar system? 7 Suddenly, one day, we pick up radio signals from another 2 Name a planet in the solar system that's likely to be: planet, in another solar system. They were sent out by living ‘a hotterthan Earth b_ cooler than Earth things! Should we invite them to visit Earth? Its up to you Give reasons for your choices to decide. Give us your reasons. 3. a Whatage ate you? 'b So how many times have you been around the Sun? 4 Look at the diagram on the right. It shows Earth spinning. @ It’s dark at X just now. Why? b Itwillbe bright at X twelve hours from now. Why? 5 Ofall the facts about Earth on these two pages, which one o you like best? Why? 6 See if you can write out a full address, showing where you are inthe Universe. Don't forget your galaxy! udChanging Earth Here you will find out how natural processes, and we humans, are changing Earth. All change! You might not notice that Earth is changing. But its, all the time. It's being changed by natural processes. And by us. 1 Changed by natural processes Deep inside Earth, currents ofhot At Earth's surface, other things are And everywhere, rockiis being soft rock are flowing — causing flowing: rivers, waves, glaciers, wind. broken downto soil, in a process earthquakes and volcanoes, and -—-Theyscrapeandshapetheland as —_called weathering, (Itis mainly due ‘even making mountains grow. they flow. to the weather) 2. Changed by us ‘As you know, humans like us appeared only about 200000 years ago. (Or2 seconds ago, on the Earth clock!) But we have made huge changes to Earth already. We've cleared away most of the We have built villages, towns and We have divided Earth into over 195 forests, and chased away wildlife, cities. We have built roads all over. countries, and put borders between toset up farms. We've dug up the Now youlllfind humans nearly, them, You may needa visa (a special ground to get fuels and metals. everywhere. pass) to get through, wyIT'S YOUR PLANET! it~ and it harms us and other species, The wind carries air JA Ammountain goila, Fewer than 960 are let, thanks to people pollution all around the world them, and chopping dovn ther forest. Are the changes a problem? Natural changes can cause big problems. For example if an earthquake strikes your place, ora river floods it. What if. But the changes we humans make are causing bigger problems. Like these: % We killed off all the gorillas, and © We have killed off many species of plants and animals, by destroying their Pan an igs habitats, and by hunting ils and. 2 Experts say we are making Earth warmer, by burning fossil fuel - coal, oil and gas. Ths global warming will bring disasters, such as terible storms, floods, and famine * Many of the changes we make cause conflict, and even wars. * We have created an unfair world. Many humans have plenty of everything, But many have almost nothing. You'll find out more about these problems, and think about how we could solve them, in the rest of your course. Nota 1. This is about natural processes that are changing Earth, 3. When humans appeared, Earth was a wild place with many Give two examples of changes they produce. thick forests. n what ways have we changed it? b Do you think these processes went on before humans Write a lst. See how much you can add to it appeared on Earth? Explain your answer. 4. Think about where you lve. I it being changed by humans? © Which natural processes do you think we can control? ‘What changes are going on right now? Explain 5. Think about the problems listed on this page. Then write them in order, as short bullet points, with the most serious one first 6 Now think about the uestions on the right. What are your answers? Choose one natural change that you think is helping us, and say why. 2. Now think about where you live, Do you think your area is being changed by natural processes? Do you notice any changes?geography) Find out what else you'll learn about Earth, in geography class. 1 Physical geography Glorious geography what our planets like Geography is linked to almost everything that's going on, all over Earth. That makes it really exciting! It will help you to understand the world Dividing up geography Itis.a big subject. So we divide it into different kinds of geography, You'll study the three kinds shown here. You'll learn about glaciers, rivers, the coast, the weather, climate, and rocks. And about earthquakes and volcanoes - and how the continents are moving i around! $$. 3 Environmental geography - ‘our impact on our surroundings 2 Human geography - how and where we live You'tI learn about how our numbers are growing. ‘And where we lve, and how we earn a living. You'll study some countries ... and see how and why some countries are poorer than others. We share Earth with other living things ... but we are destroying their habitats. We are polluting the air and ‘ocean. We are making Earth warmer, What can we do? You will think about all this! EE ————EhlS—IT'S YOUR PLANET! Get ready to geog! ‘What ist ke? To be good at geography, you must get nosy! ae coe Look at places. Ask questions that begin with Oo @® o Who, What, Where, How, Why, When ... ?, by Look for clues. Find the answers. And enjoy! 1 Copy and complete 4 Time to get nosy! Study photo B for clues Physical geography is about Then answer these questions: Human geography is about a Whatis going on in the photo? Environmental geography is about How did the place get to be lke this? b 2. Inwhich kind of geography might you learn about this? © Who do you think is responsible? a a how clouds form b where coffee is grown 5 Now make up three new questions about photo B, protecting pandas where trainers are made and what's going on there. (No silly ones!) € caves f pollution that kills fish (Hint: Who? What? Where? How? Why? When?) 3. Photo A below shows people on holiday. b Ask your partner to try to answer them, a Why might people choose a place like this one? 6 Now, try to think of a change that's going on in or near your List as many reasons as you can. place. (For example, a new road being built.) 'b After each reason, write (P) if t's about physical ‘Make up some questions about the change, like those above. eography, or (H) iFits about human geography. Then see how many you can answer.Maps and mapping Where is Walter? On planet Earth, with around 7.1 billion other in Europe, with around 740 million other humans (that’s 7 100 000 000), including you humans (that’s 740,000 000) «ain the British Isles, with about 68 million in Liverpool, with around 470 thousand other humans (680 000.000)... y ‘other humans (470.000) .. .. innumber 181 & Anfield Road, wi 4other humans ... «+. in this room, allalone.The big picture This chapter is all about maps, and how to use them, Here's the big picture ... © We humans are spread all over Earth — but we are connected to each other in many different ways. & We use maps to show where we live, and what places are like, © There are many different kinds of maps. Using maps isa key skill for a good geographer. (That's you!) Your goals for this chapter By the end of this chapter you should be able to answer these questions: In what ways am | connected to people and places all over the world? What are mental maps, and how can I make mine better? What does the scale on a map tell me? ‘What’ the difference between a sketch map, and the maps in an atlas? What are grid references, and how do | use them to find places? How can | measure distance on a map? What are the compass points, and why are they useful? What are OS maps, and what kinds of things do they show? ‘What do these terms mean? Equator Prime Meridian latitude longitude tee eoecee And then... When you finish the chapter, come back to this page and see if you've met your goals ! aT cig MAPS AND MAPPING/4)) Mapping connections J) Here you'll see how we are connected to people and places all over Earth - and how this can be shown using maps. Walter connected Walter. Alone in his room in Liverpool - but connected to people and places everywhere lay under the This tof ‘month in Ching, by a lad alled Lily. He bought itn Kirkdale, ust down the roa His favourite book. It's a present from his granny who lives in Shrewsbury inJapan,Mapping connections ‘MAPS AND MAPPING The world Page 22 showed images of the world, and Europe, and the island where Walter lives. (It's Great Britain, or just Britain.) Above are maps of these places, between them. 1B The maps above show Walter's connections from page 24, But that is just BS the start! All day long he is connected to hundreds of people and places - through school, the internet, the things he owns or uses, the food he eats. It’s just the same for you. With maps it is easy to see where places are, and to show connections P Livin china who sewed Woiters top. 1 See if you can match the letters an the maps above to the places named on page 24. Start like this: A (No peeking at the maps at the back of this book!) ‘Then give your answers to a partner to check, Walter is connected to Jamaica by his CD. That's an international connection. Pick out: ‘two other international connections for him two local connections © two national connections (Try the glossary?) 3 You too are connected to hundreds of places. Make a big table like the one started on the right Leave room for three places, for each connection. ‘Add more types of connection. (Music? Clothes?) © Now fillin the table, for you. ~ 4 Imagine the UK is cut off from the rest of the world, ‘No news, or letters, or phone calls, or food, ar other goods, from other countries. And no internet. ‘1 Listall the things you would have to do without. bb Which three things would you miss most? Places | am connected to [Place [Connection _ oat London I've been there, Friends/relatives lve there. \ eat food that was grown there.¥}) A plan of Walter’s room a Here you will learn what a plan is, and what a scale tells you. A photo This is Walter's room. He tidied it for the photo, the at? Aplan Flan of Walter's room This is a plan of Walter's room - a drawing of what you would see looking down from the ceiling Aplan is really a map of a small area - for example a room, of a house, or your school. The scale The plan is a view of the room, but shrunk. Infact 1 cm on the plan stands for 30 cm in the room. That is the scale of the plan. You can show scale in three ways: BB in words: 1m to 30cm Asa ratio: 1:30 (say it as 1 10 30) ‘Asa line divided into cm, then labelled, like this: 9 30 60 90 120em The scale is always marked on a plan, so that people can tell the size in real life. doorway 26 ]Working out scale This is the plan of a table in Walter's kitchen. The table is ‘8cm long in the plan. It is 160¢m long in real life AC thai Chair Table thar + 8cmon the plan represents 160cm in real life * Solem on the plan represents 20cm in real life + Soyoucan write the scale as: 1:20 or lemto20cem or 9 20 400m You wee ore tr tee aestons. @) Look at the plan of Walter's room. What do X and ¥ represent? (Check the phota!) Ona plan, one wall ofa room is shown like this: The plan uses 1m to represent 60cm in real life. So the scale is 1 : 60, How longi the wall in real life? Below are walls from another plan. The scale is 1 : 50. How long is each wall in real life? a b Using a scale of 11cm to 20m, draw a line to represent: a 40cm b 80cm ¢ 2metres (that’s 20cm) Write the scale beside your lines. If the scale is 1: 300, what length does each line represent? See if you can give your answer in metres. 1 kilometre is 1000 metres. Seeif you can draw a line to represent 1 kilometre using each of these scales: ‘em totkm — cm to200m — 1m to 100m. ‘Write the scale beside each line, in any form you wish, MAPS AND MAPPING Be careful with units! Look at this scale. Here 1m represents 2 metres. You can write this as 1:200. The 2 metres has been changed to centimetres, That's because you must use the same units on each side of the symbol':” 1:200 means 1.¢m to 200cm or Tem to 2m. 7 Make a chart like this and fill itin for Walter's room, Walter's room ‘On the plan | in real ife How wide is it? Measure the wall by the desk, How long? How long i the bed® How wide is the big window? How wide is the doorway? 8 This is anew chest of drawers for Walter's room: ‘san To draw a plan of it, which surface will you use? the top the side the front b Draw the pian, to the same scale as Walter's room. € Will the chest of drawers ft through the doorway? 9 Find three things in the photo of Walter's room that are not shown on the plan. Why are they not shown? 10 How would you draw a plan for your room? See if you can write a set of instructions to follow.Your mental maps 4 You are a map maker! You have made lots of maps in your head. Here you'll think about them - and get a chance to sketch one. Mental maps ‘A mental map isa map that you make, and carty around, in your head. Itis realy a sequence of images, like a movie. Ithelps you find your way. You have lots of mental maps. You use them without even thinking. For example you have one of your home, that helps you get from your bedroom to the bathroom or kitchen, even in the dark. And one of your route from home to school, and to shops you like. Sketching a mental map It’s fun to ‘see’ your mental map in your head, then draw it on paper. MY LOCAL AREA You end up with a rough map or sketch map. Look at the sketch map on the right. Walter drew it from his mental map for his local area in Liverpool. Do you think you'd find this map easy tofollow? LaverPoot Fe (my heres) ianfield Stadium Violet key mainly houses roads Gi pk & trees graves avos aaaMAPS AND MAPPING Your own mental maps Day mena uaF BRITAIN You have mental maps of your home, and your local area, But that's not all. You have mental maps of other places you visit, and places you see on TV. You have mental maps of the UK, and even the world. On the right is Walter's sketch map of Britain, drawn from his mental map. What do you think of it? They are gappy ‘Our mental maps show things that are important to us. Such as paths we use, shops we like, places we have fun. But they leave out lots of things. Some have big big gaps. Some are quite wrong, and can get you lost. You can make them better You can make your mental maps better and better. The secret is: Look around. Keep your eyes open. Observe! js A mountain A {lest mountain It’sfun to build up your mental maps, and fill, | “Yad fim here in places. It like a game. s2 castle Remans were here. agree ee The better your mental maps are, the better t : How Walter Ses’ Britain, your grasp of your world, Kp fishing goes on bere @ ail felds What if. What is a mental map? 5 @ Now, take afew minutes to picture the area around Think about your mental maps. See how many you ca list. For your school, in your head example, do youhave one of your route from home to school? ‘Using your mental map, craw a sketch map of the area. You can colour tin fyou tke Look at Walter's sketch map A, on page 28. . FL the thins eee © Compare your sketch map with your partner’. Do both show the same things? heaps mutase as: #1 Do you think everyone's mental maps are different? ls Walter’ sketch map easy to follow? Lets see! Give Is that a good thing or a bad thing? directions to get by road: from Walter's front door, on Anfield Road, to Tim's house. You could start lke this: 6 Look at B, Walter's sketch map of Britain, ‘Compare it with the atlas map on page 138. i: sak Is the shape roughiy right? Are his towns and cities in the | ero ae ore right places? Give him a score out of 10. * Then. Over the next week, pay special attention to the area around fromTims house to thabus sto mista school, Look around. Keep your eyes open. Note the names of streets and roads, Observe! from the comer of Walton Lane and Priory Road, to Anfield Stadium Then check: Is your mental map of the area changing?Here you'll compare a photo, a sketch map, and maps drawn to scale. First, the photo This photo shows Warkworth in Northumberland, where Walter's cousin Violet lives. Is an aerial photo - taken from the air, Look at the loop of the river, and the Norman castle. Next, the sketch map Below is a sketch map of the same place, which Walter started. He drew it from the photo. (You'll do that too) aK . remain: Norman castle Note that his sketch map has: atitle,a frame, anda key some labels and annotations (notes) Just enough detail to show the shape and layout of Warkworth, (Not each building and tree!) A Warkworth, fom the air D Warkworth, whe my cousin Violet lives. (Not to scale.) There is farmland all around the village, These houses are loop [i tomes and gardens | road BB arm tana ( [IB oven green areas ah ON The castle was bult over 900 years ago by Norians, Dut rebut later Quite 9 lt of is m rors, sNow, a map drawn to scale Look at this map of Warkworth, Itis not a sketch map. It is an accurate map, drawn to scale, See the scale below. It uses symbols to show things. They are given in the key. MAPS AND MAPPING Key EE mainstreet — A woods = street $ buildings = road/path church s---= footpath PO postoffice SB tiver cemy cemetery The same map with a grid Here is the same map again. But this time, grid lines have been added. ‘The grid lines divide the map into squares. ‘The columns and rows of squares have been labelled (A,B...and1,2...). The post office is in square C3, The cemetery isin square C4. You always give the letter for the column first. Draw a sketch map (like the one Walter started) for photo A on page 30. Keep it simple. And don't forget = atitle,a frame, and a key = labels and annotations 2 Now swop sketch maps with your partner. See if you can agree on a fair way to score them, For example a mark out of 10 for the shape, 1 mark for ‘each correct label, and so on, Write a lst. Then give each other's maps a score. 3. Next, look at map C above. In which ways is it like your sketch map? different from it? 4 Whereis the castle, in map C? Tell us in words. 5 a Onmap D, the post office is in square C3, Give the square for: i the castle if. the bridges b Whatisin: i square B4? ii square C1? 6 Do you think the grid lines in map D are a good idea, or a nuisance? Explain your answer,#9) Using grid references * In this unit you will learn how to find places on a map, using grid lines with numbers on. Aphoto This aerial photo shows part of the River Mole valley in Surrey. In the top right s the village of Mickleham. Walter went fishing in the Mole when he visited his cousin Kim. (The fish fled.) Amap of the same place This is a map of the same place. Like all good maps, it has: The River Mole valley near Mickleham = + atitle ie | Norbury / \ ff {sq . + aframe around it Park : aca stead anarrow to show north + ascale * akey. = ‘The map has grid lines too. And this time each has a number. (So that's different from map D on page 31.) wer chureh railway ub ‘ mein road BD postotfice secondary sch, school road Sch school trackicrive — G_bullings + publicpath woods ‘aise bank fields {embankment bridge “4 30 z i 1 km 2 Tie OPFour-figure grid references Grid references are made from the numbers on the grid lines. MAPS AND MAPPING They help you to find a place quickly. a The school is at grid reference 3246. Fredley Manor is at 3244, Look: 46 45 44 32 3 30 31 Fr 33 To find the school, go to the square To find Fredley Manor, go to the Agrid reference always gives the where grid lines 32 and 46 meet in square where grid lines 32 and 44 number along the bottom first. This the lower left corner. Then look for meet in the lower left comer. drawing shows how to find square the label ‘Sch: Then look for the manor. 3246. Walk before you climb! The grid references above are called four-figure, Why? a 3, . 9 Six-figure grid references ° Theres a school and a church in square 3246. You can add two : extra numbers to say where each one is in the square. Like this: 6|-}-+hr +, + Divide the sides of the square into ten parts, in your head, 00 as shown on the right. * * Count how many parts you must walk along to reach the 4 building, and how many parts you must climb. 3 ba For the school you go 3 parts along and 5 parts up. 2 So its six-figure grid reference is 323465. ' The one for the church is 325460. Do you agree? | 46 We usually show all six numbers black. a1 2 0304 8 9 38 Look back at the map on page 32. Name two things you can see in the square with this grid reference: a 3245 b 3246 «cc 3045 dd 3144 Give a fourcigure grid reference for: a Lodge Farm —b Cowslip Farm ¢ Nicols Field ‘What is at this grid reference on the map? a 312468 b 308448 © 309461 See if you can give a six figure grid reference for: @ Mickleham Hall b the post office ¢ the pub You can't see the river on the photo. How can you tell where itis? Describe what you will see, if you stand at 313483 facing south. (With your back to the north!) How far is it from Lodge Farm to Cowslip Farr, along the track? See if you can think of a way to measure it, using the scale. (Would thread or paper help?) In what way are sixfigure grid references better than, fourigure grid references?How far? 4 Here you'll learn how to find the distance between two places, on a map. You will need a strip of paper with a straight edge. GI As the crow flies ‘As the crow flies’ means the straight line distance between two places. To find the straight line distance from A to F, this is what to do: Key — rad ni From Ao Fas the crow fie is 5 kn By road Roads bend and twist. So its further from A to F by road than as the crow flies. This is how to measure it: ~~ 3 f From A to Fby roads 10km & | fThe photo and map on page 32 showed part of the River Mole valley in Surrey, This map shows more of the same area. (Are both maps at the same scale?) A 7 : ° os. tkm 2km ‘MAPS AND MAPPING river @ church — nanny eb © Staton @D_Postofce sch seo irsinsoat bulge secondary [EEG] woods — minorroad I els tralve poblepath = sed bank tembonieert A Juniper Hall 3km 1. How faris it from Mickleham church to Westhumble station, as the crow flies? 2 How faris it by ral from Westhumble station to Dorking, station? Measure along the railway line. 3. About how far is it by road from Mickleham Hall (273129) to the hotel at 274117? 4 Walter arrived at Westhumble station, to visit his friend, His friend had given him these directions: Walk from the station towards Cleveland Farm. At the junction with the minor road, turn left At the next fork, take the road to the left, and walk for 0.7 km. Where does his friend live? 5. Every day, Kim's mother collects her from the school (Sch) at 276103 and drives her home by this route: From the school, go right on the 82038. At the roundabout, take the A24 north for 0.9km. Tum left onto the minor road, and continue for 0.5km. ‘Now take the road to the right, and continue for 1.4km, Where does Kim live? 6 Juniper Hall and St Michael's church are shown above, Find them on the map, and give six-figure grid references for them. b Your friend wants to walk from the church to Juniper Hal ‘Write instructions, Don't forget to give the distance! 5 aHere you will learn how to give and follow dire The compass points N w aa w s N, 5, Ware the four compass points: north, south, east, west. We can add other directions in between, like thi N Nw NE w aad sw SE s NE stands for north east (or north of east). SW stands for south west (or south of west). You are standing at Cin the first grid above. ‘Which direction do you face when you turn towards: af? bD? cA? dB? Page 37 shows where Walter went on holiday. The bowling alley isin square D5. What is in square: a A? bF6? ¢ C4? d F2? You are at the hostel. In which direction is a bike hire? 'b the riding school? In which direction is: ‘the duck pond, from the pizza place? 1b the gym, from the bowling alley? bike hire, from the kite shop? How far sit by footpath from the door of the hostel to the door ofthe bike hire shop? Use your ruler, and the scale. To get from the cafe to where Walter stayed: ‘¢ From the cafe door, walk 50m SE, then 65m N. ‘¢ Then turn right and follow the footpath for 40m. ‘@ Next walk 10m SE, then 10m SW. ‘Where did he stay? Don't get east and west mixed up. Remember, their letters spell we! Here, G is north east of H. Jis south east of H. Kis south west of H. ns, using N, S, Eand W. +E | Here Bis north of A. Fis east of A. C is west of D. onset rel you Treasure hunt T Look for the @ near the main gate. From here, if you go 2 squares N, then 1 square NW, you'l arive atthe letter ©. Now follow the directions below. in order. For each instruction, write down the leter you arrive at. The letters will make a word. © Start at @. Go 2 squares W. Then go B squares N and 4 squares E. Then go 1 square N and 5 squares W. Next, go 2 squares SE then 4 squares S. Then go 2 squares SW and 1 square SE. ‘Then 3 squares NW, followed by 4 squares E, then 3 squares NE, then 2.squares N. What word have you made? Now choose your own word, wth at least five letters ~ ‘but not more than eight. Write instructions for making this word, ike those in question 7. Start from the @. Aska partner to follow the instructionsKey | ivng area | [too and shops | BD satis I MAPS AND MAPPING ‘Map of your holiday village pool with water slides bowling alley kee cream parlour childrens play area 1 water wm footpath Bow bike trail WB vvoos Fiding trail Scale: g seating tinea entrancesHere you'll earn what OS maps are, and what they show, and how to use them. What are OS maps? Ordnance Survey maps or OS maps are maps of places, with lots of detall. They use symbols to show things. They have numbered grid lines. The OS map opposite shows Warkworth (from page 30), and Amble. ‘The key below has the symbols. And there's a larger key on page 138. Buildings TD ___ bulding:important bung 1) paces off withtower worship {with pire, minaret or dome cutingtunnet embankment apf futentand | without such aklitions Key Roads, paths and boundari Vegetation ain oad mae 2 coiferous trees as secondary oad eS * > Bracken, rough grassland, heath minors {© oncontercus ees o path ike Lona. Mash eodsorsaings ies footpath bridleway Water features cig ge of feld 3 Railways satwaytrack gS Leisure and tourism J patking (Z| infomation centre FE] cunby English Hertage sedfor oi and 4D boating ae ents, couse Feros former) ‘Abbreviations © publicphone x sliovayforboat Jp natureeserve GH clubhouse Cemy cemetery public conenience iri ste ater our feature PO postoffce ——‘LBSta_ifeboat sation Pe een * ees x Sch Schoo! ViSor— welspng Look at the OS map. Name the river that flows through ‘Warkworth. Where does it fow to? (Page 139 may help!) Find it on the map, and give its fourigure grid reference: a Northfield b GlosterHill © North Pier What is at this grid reference on the map? a 243045 b 277041 247057 e 236058 f 275049 4cm on this OS map represents _ in real life? ‘The top of an OS map is always north. Look at the photo of Warkworth on page 30. Where is north on it? Violet's house is marked on the photo on page 30. Find it on the photo. Then find it on the OS map, and see if ‘you can write a sixfigure grid reference for it. 243065 7. Warkworth has a population of around 1600. Now look at ‘Amble. Its population is about ... Which of these? a 100 b 2000 ¢ 6000 d 9300 How did you decide? 8 How many ofthese are there in Amble? @ schools places of worship ¢ cemeteries 9. Find one of these on the map and give a sixfigure grid reference frit: a apostotfice b aclu house apublicphone box dan old bridge 10 What clues are there on the map, that Warkworth and Amble et lots of visitors? Give as many as you can. 11 Write a section fora travel website on things for tourists to da in Warkworth and Amble. aMAPS AND MAPPINGHow high? In this unit you'll earn how height is shown on an OS map. Why. +... aresome Ahilly problem lice lly and These photos show Alton Towers, where Walter spent time shrieking, others fat? So what's the land like around there? Is it flat? Or hilly? The OS map below shows the area around Alton Towers ~ and tells you how flat or hilly itis. The map shows height in two ways ... ° 40 sealet:s0000 L__1__]More about contour lines The contour lines are marked on this hill at 10 metre intervals. On a map, you see them from above ... + where contour lines are very far apart, it means the ground is lat. + Where they are very close together, the ground slopes steeply. ‘MAPS AND MAPPING .. like this. They are close together where the slope is steep, and further apart where it is gentle, 4 See if you can match the drawings to the contour lines, Start your answer lke th a "“©)) These questions are about the OS map on page 40. Jn which square isthe main part of Alton Towers? b Why did they call it Alton Towers? 3. Lookat the pointer from panel 1. tt points toa contour line labelled 200. What does the number tll you? Look at the next line down. What is the height here? 4 About how high above sea level is 2 Quixhill 041)? Highfield Farm (0739)? the phone box at Stubwood (0939)? 5 a Which square on the map do you think has the steepest land? How did you decide? Which square has the most flat land? Did you have any problem in deciding? Explain 6 What can you say about the land around the Alton Towers ‘theme park? It flat, ora bit hilly? Explain 7. Say whether you go uphill, downhill or along flat land, if you g0 by road: from the phone box at 056391 to the phone box at 052400 bb from the bridge at Quixhit (100412) to Prestwood (103423) from the roundabout at 103403 to the church at 100409 8 Lookat the River Churmet, flowing past Aiton a Isitflowing along steep land, or flat land? Give your evidence, 1b Which way sit flowing: towards the top of the map, or the bottom? How did you decide? 9. A challenge! You have to plan a walk fora group of students, starting and ending at Waste Farm (0943). © Itmust be at least 10km long, (Look atthe scale.) © You must keep to roads, tracks and footpaths Tryto make it interesting, wth some variety! For example, any rivers? woods? villages? ‘a Plan your route and draw a sketch map of it. ‘Mark in things you can see or vist on the walk Work out the length ofthe walk, from the OS map. © Give your sketch map a ttle and a north arrow, and say whether its to scale or not.Here you'll learn about the special grid lines we use to say where places are on Earth. Grid lines around Earth Earth is like a ball. So how do you say where you live, ona ball? You cover it with imaginary grid lines, and number them! This shows Earth with its grid lines. North Pole, 90°N bottom are calle lines of longitude. They meet atthe North and South Poles. (The South Pole is hidden on this drawing) This specialine's the Prime Meridian. Its longitude i taken as 0° (nought degrees), Lines to the east oft are labelled Lines to the west are labelled W. This special ine is the Equator. Its latitude is 0° Lines to the north of it are labelled N. Lines to the south of tare labelled S, Latitude goes from O° a the Equator to 90°N at the North Pole and 90° at the South Pole, This line 15°S, Longitude goes from 0° atthe Prime Meridian to 180° east and west, Thisline is 60°E Here the grid lines are shown every 15°. But you could choose any interval. For example you could show them every 20° or 30°. Using the lines to say where a place is Coot ates Look at place A on the drawing, It is 60° north of the Equator, and 15° east of the Prime Meridian. So its coordinates are G0"N 15°E. You can give the position of any place on Earth using coordinates. Degrees and minutes Degrees are divided into minutes. 1 degree = 60 minutes, or 1° = Look at B. [tis halfway between 0” and 15° north of the Equator. So it is at 7° 30'N, Its coordinates are 7° 30'N 15° 00'E. Do you agree? 42 ~MAPS AND MAPPING Showing Earth ona map Earth is round, So how can we show it on a flat map? There are many ways to show it - but they all cause alittle distortion, Here is one example: To RoW OW ore 10 180" Here the land masses are the correct sizes, relative to each other. But their shapes are a little distorted. They look a bit different on a globe. Looking up places in an atlas The five main lines of latitude i Suppose you want to find Paris. Look at these lines of latitude on the map above. First, look for Paris in the index at Equator oT the back of the atlas. You will find fo re on cancer oon en something like this: ropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle 66° 33'N Paris, France 63 48 52N 2 20E Antarctic Circle 66° 33'S. + The first number is the page The Il linked to the Sun's in the sky ‘tain times of murmber fp 90 to: ey are all linked to the Sun's position in the sky, at certain times of year, ee Look at the two tropic lines. The region between them is called the tropics. coordinates for Paris, Look at the Arctic Circle. The region above itis called the Arctic. (The ® and’ are often left out) Allthe land below the Antarctic Circle is part of Antarctica. 1 Whatis: a the Equator? b the Prime Meridian? 3. On the map above, the grid lines are every 20°. 2 Look at Earth on page 42, a Which place isat latitude: i 0°? ii 66°33’N? See if you can give coordinates for the place labelled: Which two places are in the tropics? ic iio © Which place isin Antarctica? ‘You don't need to include minutes, _ See if you can pick out the place with coordinates: b Which place has coordinates 22° 30'N 15° 00'W? F 34° 00'N 113° 30'W fi 29° 50'S 116° 30'EAbout the UK You know a lot about the UK already. You live here! See if you can answer these questions. A Us thetighest ise mountain inthe UK, ditsin aay re ors) Bot) gerne ‘a What s the name of tis famous ‘oad sign ip the UK? Jandmark? And whereis it? 2 the UK. Tiueorfalse?ABOUT THE UK The big picture This chapter is all about the UK ... to remind you of what you know already, and to tell you some more! Here's the big picture ... © 120000 years ago, nobody was living in the British Isles. But as the centuries went by, more and more people arrived. We have spread all over the British Isles, and carved them up like @ jigsaw. * Now they are home to two countries. The United Kingdom (UK) is one. It is in turn made up of four nations. * The UK isa place of contrasts, For example some parts are colder and wetter than others, Some are more crowded. * London is the UK's capital city - and by far its biggest city. Your goals for this chapter By the end of this chapter you should be able to answer these questions: Which countries and nations make up the British Isles? The UK has several mountain ranges. Where? And what are their names? ‘Which are the UK's main rivers, and where are they? (Give at least six.) Which parts of the UK are the warmest? coldest? wettest? driest? ‘You should be able to describe the patterns. Which parts of the UK are the most crowded? And least crowded? ‘What do these terms mean? urban area ruralarea population density + Which are the UK’ biggest cities, and where are they? (Name at least five of the top ten) + See if you can give at least four facts about the UK’s economy. You could mention some exports and imports. + Give at least four geographical facts about London, the UK's capital city, toee And then. When you finish the chapter, come back to this page and see if you've met, your goals! Your chapter starter Lookat the photos and questions, on page 44, ‘See how many questions you can answer. Buk AM descended fom Vleog J al | it Choose one photo, and say a bit more about what it shows. ‘Then see if you can think of five other facts about the UK. Do you think its a good country to live in? Why? Or why not?This unit is about the UK's main physical features. The British Isles ‘This shows the British Isles from space. (We added the red lines.) Look how jagged that big island is. Look at all those mountainous areas! ‘mountainous ae TAS border between countries border between NS tationske this in the U Look at the satellite image on page 46. 2 Point to your island. What is its name? See if you can show where you live on it © Where are the highest mountains, on your isiand? i Where isthe flattest land on it? Now look at this map, ‘2 What do you think the orange colour shows? | Key a-j_upland areas k-m islands n) acountry o-q sea areas See ifyou can name the places and features marked with a letter, on the map, Page 139 will help, Start your answer like this: @ ABOUT THE UK A... and places like this, 3 There are thousands of rivers in the UK. Turn to page 139, and see if you can identity rivers A - G, from these clues, A. Its the longest river in the UK. It rises in Wales, B This one flows by the Houses of Parliament. © Stoke-on-Trent sits on this river, D Newcastle sits on this one, E This one runs along part of the border between England and Scotland, F Did Aberdeen get part of its name from this? G This one flows to the Wash, on the North Sea. One group of islands is not shown on the satellite image. (its off the top of the page.) What is the missing group of islands called? Check on page 139? Photos X and ¥ above were taken at A,and B on this little map. ‘a. Which photo was taken at A? Explain your choice. bb Now compare the two places shown in photos X and Y. Is there anything similar about them? What's different? Write your answer as a paragraph, You live on an island. is that a good thing? 1 Make a list of advantages of living on an island Now list any disadvantages you can think of © Which win, the advantages or disadvantages? Finally, write a paragraph saying where on Earth the British Isles are. Pages 140 ~ 141 will help. Include these terms in your paragraph: Equator ocean continent Europe France Arctic CircleBuilding borders 4 Zz: Bp. 20.000 years ago there were no But over time, different tribes arrived, _In the end, borders were built borders in these islands - because They fought over things like land, between different areas, We still have nobody was living here. trade, and religion. them today. Two countries D Today, the British Isles is divided into two countries: the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland. The UK is the green part on map A below. ‘The UK isin turn made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. ‘South West region 7m es wen Im couny sont rita 2athoy Beth and North Eas Somerset But that’s just the start of the jigsaw. For example England is divided into the regions on map B. These are in turn divided into smaller areas. Look at map C. Each area looks after its own services, such as schools and hospitals.ABOUT THE UK Some facts about the British Isles Flag TUK i of Republic - inion of leand rea (quar 7 oer 130400 77100 20800 14200 70300 Population 7 : the United Kingdom (rilions) 53 3 8 46 o wisnowoo | = | x | ad @ History box: 1171:King Henry of England —_1536:Henry Vill unites eatin 1801: Ireland becomes part takes contol of ireland England and Wales. (orjust Brain oie eimeunted Kingdemef 4190; England, Scotland, Wales 1707:Englan, Scotland and anditeland are separate Wales become’Great Britain: 1922: the Republic of countries. Today: England, Scotiand, Ireland gain independence, 176 king Edward lof Wales and Norther eland are England takes contol ofWales. still united a the UK 1. So~ what about you? b On your copy, colour in part of each map, to match its ‘a Which country ofthe British Isles do you live in? label. (So for the first one, colour in only Great Britain.) Which nation do you live in? © Work out the population and area forthe coloured parts, ‘© Which region do you live in? i you don't know, compare Using the data in the table above. Fill them in. the maps on pages 48 and 139, and see if that helps. 4 How did the British Isles end up as two countries? 2 This shows where Walter lives: The history box above gives key events _ Drawa timeline from the year 1100 to today. (For an example, see question 2 on page 53.) You could use a full page, tured sideways. On your timeline, mark in arrows at the key dates, @ and add labels to show the events ‘© You can add small maps or flags or other symbols to your timeline, if you like. Give ita suitable ttle Great Britain] United Ki British Isles Show where you ive, in the same way. (But if you lve in Liverpool, do it for someone in Land's End, See the map on page 139.) Population 3. a Make a bigger copy of the table on the right. (Rough maps | ition) are fine. But make sure you show the borders! ) JaveaHere you'll learn about weather patterns across the UK. . N What is weather? ad oe Weather means the state of the atmosphere. Isit warm? @ Wind speed (mph) wet? windy? @ © and direction Look at the weather map on the right, for a day in October. Using the key, you can say that around A that day: it was quite cloudy and wet, but there was some sunshine. the temperature was around 6°C. there was a south west wind (it blew from the south west). the wind was quite strong (around 38 miles per hour) * + Our weather is changeable © Our weather can change from day to day. © Itcan be different in different places on the same day, as the weather map shows. Which parts are colder? warmer? Although the weather can change from day to day, there are patterns. For example, some areas are usually colder than others. Look: The northis usually colder than the south, since tis further from the Equator. Average temperatures: | It colder on high land than January, around 4 05°C ‘on low land. The higher you Joly, around 13 oF 14°C hi go. the cooler it gets The west coastis warmer than ‘the east coast in winter. That's because i's warmed by a warm ocean current, called ‘the North Atlantic Drift. The south is warmest since ‘tisnearest the Equator, Average temperatures: January, around 6 oF? °C July, around 16 oF 17°C warm ocean currentABOUT THE UK ¥ Which parts are wettest? ‘Average annual rainfall Lookat the map on the right. It shows the average rainfall in a year, for the British Isles, ‘Some parts get a lot more rain than others. 4 Overall, the higher parts are wetter, Follow the numbers below to see why: The ran falls on the ‘windward side of the hill = the side facing the wind, So the water vapour cools and condenses. Clouds form. trains. The other side ~ dae the leeward side Highgound SVS A eeu forcesthewarm, | S06 ‘moist air to rise N a Y prevailing wind The dry area on the leeward side is called Shection rafal) the rain shadow. = 1800 1200 00 00 ‘What's the weather like where you are today ? {6 Mountains help rain to form. How do they do this? Describe it: You might be able to use some of these words: 7 a Overall, which side of Great Britain is wetter? See if you sunny cloudy rainy dry calm can explain why. (Page 46?) cold = warm — mild windy stormy b On the map above, B gets far less rain than C. Why? Look at the weather map at the top of page 50. 8 And now, a challenge. On the map below, the British Iles Find the place marked B. Say what the weather was like is divided into four zones. around B that day, as fully as you can. a Make a bigger, simpler, uae ater ee Ne Look at boxes 1-4 on page 50. Does the weather map copy of the map. match what the boxes say? Give evidence! Colour the land in each Look at the rainfall map above. zone in a different colour. Four places are marked on it: A, B, C and D. © Then add each label @ Which one of them is the wettest? below to its correct zone, b Which is driest? pasate mie © Which one may have an average annual rainfall of: winters, not so wet i 200mm? — ii, 500mm? a What ae prevailing winds? (Glossary) mild summers, b_ Inthe UK, the prevailing winds blow in from the mild winters, wet south west. (Look at the rainfall map above.) They carry lots of moisture. Why? (Page 140?) mild summers, cold winters, not so wet, warm summers, cold winters, dryHere you will learn that we're all descended from immigrants. Did yo The long march . Be know? 100 iS less than, {An immigrant is a person who moves here from another country, to live 2000 ears ol 20000 years ago, nobody lived here. (Much of the land was covered in ice.) ® Damascus the capitay So we are all descended from immigrants ~ even the Queen! F599 is oer Over the centuries, many groups of people atrived. This drawing shows 10000 years ois only the main groups. New groups are still arriving. peoplehunting Celts, tofind Romans, to extend forfood,astheice fandtofarm theRoman Empire Saxons, to take control Vikings ~ fist as raiders, then some settled here 1948 ‘Westindians from the Caribbean, looking for work Lots more ish, looking for work Ugandan Asians, thrown cut cof Uganda by a dictator Kurds, Kosovans and others, driven from thelr countres by war Poles, Latvians, and others from other European Union countries, 52 looking for work; they have the right to work hereAll mixed up So weeall carry the genes of past immigrants in our cells. How exciting! Look at these. Descended from Dayib, a Somalia trader who sold mmander who lived in York Descended from ‘female Celtic war ‘who was killed in a battle, r} here fifty years ago, fre ended on his mum’ side from Anne, a Huguenot sik weaver who oni Descended from Gytha, a wealthy Saxon womar rents cam i What about you? Who are you descended from? What is an immigrant? This shows the start of a timeline for the main groups of immigrants since the year 1 AD. Romans (a3 a0) six” "sto" tobe Tein” abo | Willa he Conqerr the Ea wear? | Noman ho tostcortot Now daw your awn timeline for hem, ke this First draw a line 21 cm lang. Divide and label it, with een Draw an arrow for the Romans at 43 AD. Label it. Repeat for the other groups on page 52. After 1900 it gets crowded — so take care. (Try making all your arrows different lengths.) Now look at your timeline. When was the biggest gap between new arrivals? In which century eid mast ew groups ave? Look at these five terms: A refugee B invader C economic migrant D emigrant E asylum seeker First, write down what each term means, (Glossary.) Then choose what you thinks the bes term foreach sa sheave She wens photos on the right nausea ind ay 53Here you'll see how we are spread unevenly around the UK. Population density ‘The population of a place means the number of people who live init. The population of the UK is around 64 milion, Population density is the average number of people living in an area, per square kilometre. The map below shows how this changes around the British Isles. Look at the key. The darker the shade, the more people per square kilometre, The palest areas are the least crowded. tile ‘The UK's 10 largest cities Name | Population | tonitions) 1 | London B31 2 | Bimingham [1.07 3 [Leeds 075 | Glasgow 060 5_| sheffield 055 © | Bradford O52 7 [Manchester [051 @ | edinburgh 050 3” [Liverpool 047 10 [Bristol 048 N f UNITED KINGDOM Tl over 250 TB 50-250 Dunder 50 Key Population density people per square kilometre Cities and towns population in millions 1D. more than 1.000 000 © 490000 1 000 000 ® 100.000 ~ 400 000 + 25000~ 100000Urban or rural? ‘ABOUT THE UK Look at photo A above. It shows a rural area. A rural area is mainly countryside, but it may have villages and small towns. B shows an urban area. Urban areas are built up. They include larger Where the UK population lives towns, and cities. Thi y is Birmingham, Overall, 19% of the UK's population live in rural areas. What about you? Urban or rural? four turn What does population density mean? Look at the map on page 54. It has letters marked on, What can you say about the population density: atX? aty? atzZ? Use the term people ner square km in your answer. The population density around Y is low. Using the image on page 46, try to explain why. Look again the map on page 54 Overall, which is more crowded: the UK, or the Republic of Ireland? Which nation in the UK is the most crowded? The population is divided very unequally among the UK's four nations: England has roughly 84% ofthe total; Scotland, 8%; Wales, 5%; Northern Ireland, 3%, See if you can find a good way to show this. @® The table on page 54 shows the UK's ten largest cities. Five of them are marked on the map, labelled A to E. See if you can match each letter to the correct city. Start like this: A (Page 139 will help.) What does this term mean? a urban area rural area highest land central coast Scotland Wales Which has a higher population density: an urban area, or a rural area? Photos A and B above may help! Name: a an urban area near you Now look at the pie chart above. Which one of these statements is true? ‘A. Most people in the UK live in the countryside, B About half of us live in towns and cities. € Nearly 1 in 5 people in the UK live in rural areas. See if you can explain the pattern in the pie chart. (Why might people prefer to live in urban areas?) Finally, use what you've learned to write a report called The pattern of population density in the UK. Make it at least 50 words long. (Try for more!) Say where the most and least crowded regions are, Try to use all the terms from the white box below in your report a tural area near you flat land south east England least populated north Northern treland cities 55How are we doing? Here you'll look at some different aspects of the UK. If the UK were a person. Imagine the UK is a person. What is that person like? Over 40! There are more people aged cover 40 than under 4, in the UK. But young at heart... Almost 1in 4 of the population is under 20 years old, (That's over 15 million people.) Smart! ‘The Industrial Revolution began here The inventor ofthe internet was British. The structure of DNA was worked out here, There are lots more examples. Talented! World-class for music... fashion the media ... computer games and more, World-class in some sports. (Could do better, in others.) Loves... jeans and trainers, a cup of tea, fsh and chips, ice cream vans, animals Loved by . tourists from other countries. Around 30 million a year come to visit! Py We. a 0S } But still alittle anxious! Loses sleep over some things. Like how to improve healthcare - terrorism hhow the government can pay back all the money it has borrowed over the years, Bl Doing fine, thanks! The UK isthe world’ 7th largest economy. In other words it comes Tth for the amount of wealth it produces each year. 1) Buys things from other countries For example oil, coal, gas, cas, steel, goods like iPads and computers, and lots of food and clothing, And services too Sells things to other countries Sells ol, cars, chemicals, aircraft, medical drugs ‘And services such as banking and insurance, entertainment, tourism, Works hard Works in factories and on farms, producing things to sell. But mostly offers services — like teaching you, looking after you when you'e il, serving you in cafes... ud look so nue better with furDifferences around the UK Overall, the UK is doing fine, compared with most countries, But it’s not the same story all over the UK. There are big differences, ‘Some areas are wealthy, with people ear and people may not be able to find any work at all Look at page 56. See if you can pick out five facts about the UK that you did not know before, Write them down, in your own words! Box 3 on page 56 mentions: the Industrial Revolution What are these? The glossary may help. See how many examples you can give, of British musicians Who are stars around the world. (Singers and/or groups.) Box 5 is about sport. Which sports does the UK excel in, in your opinion? Which sports could we improve in? Box 7 is about tourism. What alot of tourists! b DNA What do you think attracts them to the UK? You could show your answer as a spider map. Box 8 is about the work we do. Around 30 million people {G0 out to work, in the UK. You know some of them! List atleast 15 jobs that people do, Jobs can be put into groups or sectors. The white box on the right shows the three main sectors, a Read about the sectors Think about each job in your list for question 6. Then write P, $ or T beside it, to show the sector you think it belongs to. (P for primary!) jing lots. Others are run down, ABOUT THE UK 8 Look at your answers for question 7b. Did you have jobs for each sector? Which sector had most? 9 a What does the economy mean? (Glossary?) Name three things the UK exports Now name three things the UK imports. 10 Look at photos X and ¥ above. a. One of the two places iooks quite wealthy. Which one? What is your evidence? 'b The other place is quite run down. How can you tell? Why might an area become run down? Thy to think of at least two reasons, 11 Now, what else would you add to page 56, to describe the UK? (If you think of something negative, try for something positive too!) Job sectors Primary: people take things from the earth and the ocean. Examples: farmer, fisherman, miner. Secondary: people make things in factories, or construct things on building sites. Example: builder. Tertiary: people provide services for other people. Examples: doctor, teacher, taxi driver, hairdresser.London, our capital city Here you't learn something about London, and how its population has grown. Our capital city population: 8,3 million, o 13% of the UK's population share it contributes to the UK's wealth: 19% 4 % ofits population bom outside the UK: 37% daily commuters from outside London: around 750000 secondary schools: around 660 hospitals: around 80 cinemas: around 110 premiership football clubs: 5 shops: thousands places to eat: thousands Greater London, URRFFOROSHIRE” gece , { How did it start? 2000 years ago, London was just marshy ground beside a big rive, the Thames. And empty except for some Britons living in huts. Then the Romans arrived, in 43 AD. They built a wooden bridge across the Thames. They brought goods in by boat, and unloaded them beside the bridge. Soon, a small settlement grew around the bridge. They called it Londinium. Londinium grew fast. So the Romans made it their capital. By 407 AD, the Roman army had left Britain. Londinium went downhill. By 450 it was almost empty. By 600 AD it had started growing again ... and it kept on growing, London today London is still the capital, long after the Romans. It's the biggest city in the UK by far. It has nearly 8 times ® ' more people than the next biggest city, Birmingham. 4 It covers m area of 1610 sq km. That's big! , GREATER LONDON Pa > Out of every 100 people in the UK, 13 live in London, see Look at the City of London in the middle of this map. @ ; This was the extent of the city in the Middle Ages, \ r ‘Today, London's full name is Greater London. It's made v up of the City of London, plus 32 London boroughs. n The City of London is now a financial centre. What, , wo The Stock Exchange is here, and all the big banks. if It usually ranks as the world’s top financial centre. It * «the Romans iKey earns a lot of money for the UK. trad stayea lm Londinium was in this area away? boundary of City of London 58‘ABOUT THE UK A multicultural city London's ethnic mix ‘Over the centuries, people came from all over, to London. Today, it is one Group ‘% of population of the world’s most cosmopolitan cities, with people of every race. White Btish 7s) Over 300 different languages are spoken on London‘ streets. White other 149 eda 50 Black Crbbeon 2 [Bleckatican 70 Black other a 20 inn & Palisan| 2D Bangladeshi 27 ql chinese 5 fb 3 OterAsan 5 Other 2 & One happy school ‘Where is London? Describe its location as fully as you can. This is about the graph you drew in question 4, (The map on page 139 will help.) a The population of London was greatest in 2010. 2 Which counties border London? (Look on page 58.) {s that statement true, or false? Give your evidence! 3 atthe ierec between eG o/London and See ee 7 ¢_ The population fell after World War Il but is rising again, 4 Now you are going to draw a graph of the population since (in 2013 it reached 8.3 million.) Where do you think the the year 1600, when Elizabeth | was queen. The data is in the new people are coming from ? ee eevee eran 6 London is on a big river, and near the coast. These factors a. The graph has been started below, to help you. The vertical axis is for population, in millions. Continue it up to 8 milion, and label it. helped it to grow. See if you can explain why. (The maps at the back of this book may help) 7 London is counted as one ofthe top world cites. Why do Gale ee ‘you think that is? See how many reasons you can give. How the population of London has grown ‘ Year Population | | Year Population * sete (millions) (millions) teal HE 1600 02 | [140 86 100 1800-2000 2100 [1700 06 350, 82 —s 1800 10 1960. ao | On your graph, plot the points forthe data. He “ am = (Four points have been plotted as examples.) Ea 35 a 68 © Then join the points with a smooth curve, and give your aD a Se graph atl 7900 65 2010 78GLACIERS The big picture This chapter is about glaciers - how they form, and how they shape the landscape. Here's the big picture ... * Glaciers are like rivers of ice. They flow! Today they cover about 10% of Earth's land © Butin the past they covered more of Earth, during ice ages. © Much of Britain was covered by glaciers during the last ice age, which ended about 10000 years ago, ‘© Glaciers scrape and shape the land they flow over, giving special landforms. ® We can still see these landforms in Britain today. Your goals for this chapter By the end of this chapter you should be able to answer these questions: ¢ What are glaciers made of, and how do they form? ‘© What's the difference between an ice sheet and a mountain glacier? Where would | see glaciers on Earth today? Where would | have seen glaciers in Britain, 20.000 years ago? What do these terms mean? glacial — glaciated glaciation Glaciers shape the land they flow over. How do they do this? + What do these terms mean? plucking abrasion freeze-thaw weathering crevasse till moraine erratic drumlin © Howare these formed? corrie aréte _pyramidalpeak U-shaped alley hanging valley © Which glacial landforms can | pick out, on an OS map? ® In what kinds of ways do glaciers benefit humans? (Try for at least two ways) And then... When you finish the chapter, come back to this page, and see if you've met your goals! eee . NOTRE RicaFind out what your place was like, and why, 20000 years ago! It’s time to travel Climb into your time machine. Press the button. And whoosh! .. a8 it was 20000 years ago. Travel back in time, o see your place What will you find? It depends on where in the UK you live! Ifyou live in the white area on the map below, you'll find a thick sheet of ice, when you arrive, There are no humans or ‘other animals. No grass. No trees, It’s brutally cold. Why wasit like that? Why was your place like that, 20000 years ago? Because around 110000 years ago, Earth got colder and colder. A new ice age began. (There had been many others before it!) Over time, an ice sheet spread over much of northern Europe, and most of the British Isles, Look at this map and key. Itdid not reach the grey areas, But these were still very cold. The ground was frozen deep down. The surface thawed only in summer, giving thin boggy soll. Then small plants grew. This type of environment is called tundra. By 10000 years ago, Earth had warmed up again. The ice ‘age ended. The ice over the British Isles melted away. And today we have ice for only short times, in winter. Ifyou live in the grey area, there's no ice sheet. But it has been snowing, and it’s very cold. There are no humans — but you may see woolly mammoths, and bison! Key CO icesheet @ tundraGLACIERS There was more land then! DBD i During the ice age, water levels in the ocean were much Ky —~*&Y fe lower than today. (Up to 120m lower.) That's because so Cl ke oe much water was locked up in ice.The water drained away | and exposed as from shallow parts of the ocean floor. They became land. water levels fell | ; Look at map B. It shows that when water levels were low, | = lake ke the British Isles were joined to the rest of Europe! © ocean and seas What about people? 20000 years ago, there was nobody in the British Isles, sams ISLES, We had turned up earlier in the ice age - 40000 years ago. ei We had walked here from other parts of Europe. But as the ice sheet spread, it got too cold for us, so we left. Then about 12000 years ago, when the ice sheet was shrinking, we came back to the British Isles again, The animals But there were animals here, 20000 years ago. There were woolly mammoths and bison and Arctic foxes, which could survive the tundra winter. And in summer, when plants grew in the tundra, large herds of reindeer and antelope arrived from other parts of Europe, to feed. When the ice age ended As Earth warmed up again, the ice melted. The water levels rose again, and cut us off from the rest of Europe about 8100 years ago. But the ice had changed the landscape ~ and we can still see the results today, You'll ind out more on later pages. > Mammoth tusks could grow to over 4 metres long, Fossils ike this one have been found in the UK. 1 Whatis: a aniceage? b tundra? (Ttythe gossary?) 4 Get ready! Youll travel back 20 000 years, in your home 2. How long did the last ice age last? And when did it end? place — and stay for three days. You can take only 20 items, : Firs, pick out where you lve, on map A. siti the white is Sad a ede ae en part or the grey part? (The map on page 139 may help.) DRIER aaron the merc oa Wey? Now write. lst of what you will take with you. Beside each ter, explain why you wil ake it © Suppose they had not separated. How would your life © Good. You've arrived! What's it like there? Write a blog be different today? for us! 84Here you'll find out where the ice is on Earth today and start ge oe learning about glaciers! we What are glaciers? During the last ice age, ice covered about a third of Earth's land, Today, it covers about a tenth The ice does not just sit there. It flows! We call it glaciers. Glaciers are large masses of ice, that flow across the land, and down slopes. —t— = int glaciers, that cover huge areas, are called ice sheets. ‘A Ice over Earth during the lastice age. Where are the glaciers? As you'd expect, glaciers are found in Earth’s coldest places. There are some on every continent - even Africa! Look at this map: nan Key TO olecers i bma DD Far from the Equator, at the top and bottom of the Earth's other glaciers are much smaller. ‘world, ice sheets cover Antarctica and most of Greenland. Most are high up in mountains, where itis also very cold, Between them, they have over 99% of Earth’sice. Most of Earth’s big mountain ranges have glaciers. ‘They are more than 4 km thick in places. Picture th ‘We call them mountain glaciers in this chapter. _ Didyou know? Glaciers depend on snow Rivers depend on rain falling from the sky, Glaciers depend on snow! In those cold places, snow falls layer upon layer. Over time, the layers below get compacted to ice, like when you squeeze a snowball very hard. It could take a layer of snow 10 metres thick to make a layer of ice 1 metre thick. Ait gets thicker, the ice gets heavier and heavier. And eventually it starts to flow, under the pressure of its own weight. A glacier is born! “GLACIERS. Glaciers flow Glaciers don’t just sit there. They flow. How can ice flow? First, ice flows inside the glacier, because the ice crystals slide over each other, under pressure, And second, the ice at the bottom of the glacier may melt; then the whole glacier slides along on the water. Ice sheets flow just a few metres a year. Mount: slopes - 300 metres a year or more. glaciers flow faster down their Where do they flow to? ‘A mountain glacier flows down the side of the mountain, in a valley. And eventually it reaches a place where it melts. In ice sheets, the ice flows out to the thinnest parts, like when you pour syrup. In Antarctica, it flows into the ocean in places, and floats as an ice shelf. Watching that river ofc ow by (ery very Bits of the ice shelf break off now and then to form icebergs. sionily).Th Ak Made it! 4s glacier flows, cracks or crevasses form where the ice gets squashed or stretched For example where the glacier ‘A. Looking down on Antarctica f at parts areice shelves, where th sheet flows into the water. (We've put b foryou) flows rounda bend 1 Whatis: a aglacier? b anice sheet? 5 You are a scientist. Your job is to study the glacier in photo B. 2. The UK has no glaciers today. Why not? ‘a How could you prove that it was flowing? Tell us! How would you work out how fast it was flowing? The middle of a glacier flows faster than the edges. Think of a way to prove this too, for your glacier. Crevasses can open up quickly ~ and close up quickly too. You are in photo C. You fall into the crevasse. It is 20m deep. It creaks loudly. itis closing! What happens next? 3 See if you can name five countries that have mountain Blaciers today. The map on page 140 - 141 might help! 4 Image A above was taken from a satellite. Which part of 6 Earth was the satellite over at the time? @ theNorthPole b theSouthPole c theUK Explain your choice, udIn this unit you'll find out how glaciers shape the landscape. Glaciers work as they flow [As you saw on page 65, glaciers don't just sit there. They flow. And as they flow, they scrape and shape the landcape, lke giant bulldozers, They do three jobs: 1 They pick up or erode material 2 They carry it away, of transport it. 3 Then they drop or deposit it. Let’s look at these processes in more detail, for mountain glaciers. 1 Erosion Glaciers pick up material in two ways. The plucked rocks and stones scrape bits off the glacier bed, as they ae carted along, Thisis called abrasion. The ice freezes around rocks and stones under the lacie. Then it tugs or plucks them out. Freeze-thaw weathering makes plucking easier. First, water under the glacier freezes in cracks in the rock. As it freezes it expands, so the cracks get bigger. Then the ice thaws. The cracks fill with water. It freezes again, The ice thaws again. And so on ... until the cracks are so big that the rock breaks up. 2 Transport The glacier then carries away the material has eroded. This drawing shows a slice through the glacier. Look how the material is carried. |Some is carried inside the ‘glacier. For example, debris that fell into crevasses. As the glacier pushes along, material that falls conto its carried on top. A lot of materials frozen to the base of the alac Ws A Aaglacier went this wa scratches in the rock are there recalled striations, YY Another glacier inthe Aps Look tthe debris nit. Glaciers often look ery dir3. Deposition Asyou go down a mountain, it gets warmer, So eventually the front of the glacier reaches a place where it melts. Look at this photo. As the ice melts, the load it is carrying falls to the ground - as rocks, stones, sand, and clay, all mixed up together. This mixture is called glacial till The water from the melting ice is called meltwater. it runs off, and will feed a river or lake. Meanwhile, higher up the mountain, snow keeps on feeding the glacier. So the glacier keeps on flowing down to the place where it melts. Glacial landforms The result of all this work by glaciers is glacial landforms. (Landforms are features in the landscape.) The UK has glacial landforms in the areas that were glaciated during the last ice age. You can see them in England, and Scotland, and Wales, and Northern Ireland, (Look at the white areas in map A on page 62.) There are many good examples in the Lake Di will visit the Lake District often in the rest of this chapter. A glacier is lke a great big bulldozer. Explain why. 2 Start two lists, with headings Processes and Features, Then put each term below in the correct lst. glacial tlt striations ‘melting ‘abrasion ‘meltwater plucking b Now do two or three drawings with the terms in italics 2s labels, to show that you understand what they mean. Look at photo A. What does it show? Describe it as fully {as you can. Use the correct terms from this unit, Look at all the debris on top of the glacier, in photo B, How did it get there? looks milly, because it caries lots of tiny particles produced by abrasion. ict in England. So we Words to remember glacial -t0 do with glaciers That's glacial landform! glaciated - covered and shaped by glaciers, now or in the past ‘Most of reland was glaciated during the lastice age. glaciation - the process or results of being covered by glaciers Wete studying glaciation this week. 5. Now look at photo C. ‘a What is the liquid, and why does it look milky? b Whyisit appearing here? Freeze-thaw weathering breaks up rock. See if you can write a set of bullet points to explain hhow it works. Add drawings ifyou lke! _Itmakes erosion easier, forthe glacier. Why? @ Now it's time to start your own glossary about glaciation. You'l need at least two pages. To make your glossary: a ist all the words you met about glaciation so far 'b beside each word, write its definition, @"31 Landforms shaped by erosion y —part1 F9} Here youll get an overview of the glacial landforms shaped by erosion - and a closer look at three of them. First, an overview Lets compare a landscape before and after it had glaciers, to see how they changed it sae i Fe GB Look at this landscape. A mountain, rivers, and valleys carved out by the rivers. This area has a mild climate. Itgets plenty of rain ~ but very little snow. Then the climate changes. Heavy snow falls year after year. Lower down, most of it melts away again. But high in the mountain, it builds up. Mountain glaciers start to form. hanging valley +— pyramidal peak (with waterfall) Latte corte Thousands of years later, the ice age has settled in. The glaciers have grown, and flowed down the valleys. They have joined to form a big glacier on lower land. ake District lea Water. Aadan k Water, “ GB Now the ice age is over. The glaciers have melted. But they have left a changed landscape. Look at the features named here, They were all created by erosion.GLACIERS A closer look at corries, arétes and pyramidal peaks B The last drawing on page 68 showed the three features below. Look back atit! Corrie Acorrie begins as a sheltered hollow, where snow builds up year after year. _tock weakened by | freeze-thaw weathering BB The snow compacts to ice. When the a glacier! First it flows within the hollow. Eventually the glacier is big enough to flow over the edge of the corrie t's off on its journey down the mountain, Aréte two more comes behind, acer in. Come PR Y ta Sometimes two corties form side by side. The glaciers erode the rock between them, leaving a sharp ridge of rock. Itis called an aréte. 1 Study the drawings on page 68. Then decide whether this statement is true, or false. if’ false, write a correct one. a. Glaciers tend to flow down river valleys b_Aglacier has no effect on the shape of a river valley, © Glaciers make a landscape smoother than it was before, Now choose photo A or B on page 68. _ Drawa sketch of the scene, and add labels and notes, b Drawa set of diagrams to show how the corrie formed. Through plucking and abrasion, icelis thick enough, it starts to iow. Now its the hollow grows deeper, and the walls steeper. Freeze-thaw weathering helps. Later, when the glacier melts, the corrieis revealed. It may have a lake i These corrie lakes are often called tarns. Pyramidal peak ‘A. This farnous arte nthe Late Districts called String Edge. Te ake onthe et Upin the mountains, a river carves out... it widens and deepensit, through When the glacier melts, a river may V-shaped valley. But when aglacier—_ abrasion and plucking. The valley flow again. Now it’s in a wide valley it bulldozes its way down the valley... becomes U-shaped. did not erode. Its called a misfit river. Compare the two photos below. The first shows a V-shaped river valley. The second shows a U-shaped valley carved out by a glacier. ‘A wide valley like this is a very big clue that a glacier has passed through The Lake District has lots of U-shaped valleys. D aeGLACIERS Now look at the photo above. It shows two lakes in a U-shaped valley. Long thin lakes like these are called ribbon lakes. Imagine a glacier scraping along the valley. It reaches a place with softer rock, 50 it digs this out more deeply, making a trough. When the glacier melts, the ‘trough fills up with water. That's how a ribbon lake begins, Hanging valley Ahanging valley is a smail valley that hangs above a larger one, SE) Woe” AS « SIL se fs small \ 7 Sie f a y 4 ad stated) | 7 : ee : oe cx hanging _Nalley / Imagine a large deep glacier moving ‘Then, when the ice melts, it reveals Ifa river flows in the smaller valley, it along avvalley. Asmaller one joins it. the smaller valley hanging above the _will splash into the larger valley as a The smaller one is much less deep. larger one. waterfall, (Look at photo D above.) 1 Look at photo B on page 70. 4 @ Whatiis a ribbon ake? Why do you think it is called that? @ How was this landform formed? Explain in 30 words (not ‘These drawings show how hardrock copied from the page) a ribbon lake forms ce 'b_ Now draw a sketch from the photo, and add notes and Make larger copies, Vso cck J labels. Don't forget a note about the river and road. Add labels and notes to Look at Scale Force in photo D above explain whatisgoingon. glacier How was it formed? To answer this, do some drawings. 5 Now choose one photo from Add notes to them, n your own words this unit Imagine you are in Look again at photo D, Imagine you were here 20000 years that place. What can you see, ago. Would you have been able to stand where the man is hear, smell? How do you feel standing? Explain your answer. about that place? Tell all!Landforms created by deposition Here you will learn about landforms created when a glacier melts, Moraines {As you go down a mountain, it gets warmer. So as a glacier flows down a mountain, it reaches a point where it will melt, But it may melt even at the top of the mountain ifthe climate warms up! Look at these diagrams terminal maine ti ‘A glacier flows non-stap, carrying its load of rocks, stones, sand, and clay, When the font reaches a place where eit, Material that was on top along the edges, drops it melts, everything falls to the ground as tl The deposited around. forms a ridge called a lateral moraine. tilliscalled moraine, It bullds up into a ridge called a ((otera! means side) Material that was frozen into the base terminal moraine. (Terminal means atthe end) falls all over the valley floor, as ground mor The second diagram above sums up what happened to the glaciers in the British Isles, at the end of the last ice age. They just melted away. But think about this, Although the glaciers have been gone for ten thousand years or more, we can still see ridges of moraine in places! These give us clues about the routes the glaciers took, and where they got to. Look at photo A below. * as ewes can see A Aolocier stopped here! A Lake District. Now i' grass and fers and bushes \Erratics A glacier can carry huge rocks. When it melts, the rocks are dropped. They may be a long way from where they started - and very different from the other rocks around them, They look clearly out of place. These stray rocks are called erraties. DP Anesraticinafeldin § Kentmere, in the Lake District. Drumlins Drumlins are another sign that an area has been glaciated. Drumlins are low hills, shaped like the back of a spoon, Experts are not sure how they formed. But all agree that the smooth shape is due to a glacier flowing over deposited material D> Drumlins in the Yorkshire Dales ~ ‘not far rom the Lake District. Whats: a til? b moraine? ‘Answer in your own words! Which type of moraine is found: along the edges of a glaciers route? allalong the glacie’s route? Look at photo A on page 72. How did that ridge form? ‘What would you expect to find, ifyou dug down into it? ‘Why might the farmer feel this way about it? Now look at photo €. How cid this big boulder get here? ‘An erroris a mistake. Boulders lke this one are called erratics. See if you can explain why. wih that glacier ad stopped somenbere else! GLACIERS Drumlins are shaped like the back of a spoon. Look at this diagram. Glacier flowed this way Now look at photo D above. In which direction do you think that glacier travelled, thousands of years ago? from X toY from Y toX Moraines, erratics and drums have something in common, They are the result of oiones by csgleari See ifyou can unjumble the two jumbled words ‘And now... ifyou began your own glossary for glaciation (in question 7 on page 67), its time to update itHere you'll explore an OS map for part of the Lake District, and look for signs of glaciation. key underanice sheet 1 20000 years ag0 The Lake District late < | gy tse The OS map opposite shows part of the Lake District National Park, . National Park 20000 years ago, during the last ice age, this area was under an ice sheet. REL me enon As temperatures fell ... #98 scomayd | — national border ~ Glaciers formed on the highest land first, since it was coldest, with most snow, Wo ~ They flowed down the valleys to the low land, where they all fused together. MP) Nake oat ~ The ice spread. And eventually, it became part of the ice sheet that covered & ws atonal Pe much of northern Europe. (Look back at the map on page 63.) Then Earth began to warm up, and the glaciers melted away. Clues from the OS map The contour lines on the map give lots of clues about the landforms the glaciers left behind, Look at the two examples below. Then try the’Your turn’ questions. U-shaped valley ‘The sides of the valley are steep, so ‘the contour lines are close together. 2 But the bottom of the valley is quite 3 There may be a ribbon lake in the valley — as here - ora misfit river Usshaped valleys are a sign that an area was once glaciated Look back at the U-shaped valley in photo B on page 70. ‘Then find it on the OS map. Where was the photographer standing? See if you can give a four‘igure grid reference. ‘The map shows three lakes (and part of a fourth). a. They are r___lakes. Complete the word. (Page 71?) b_ Which is deeper, Crummock Water or Buttermere? What is your evidence? (Blue lines?) ¢ About how long is Crummock Water, in km? (Scale!) 'Now look back at photo € on page 71. The photographer ‘was standing in one of these squares. Which one? am b 1913 ¢ 1914 d 1813 Keskadale Beck appears in photo B on page 70. a What do you think a beck is? 'b Find Keskadale Beck on the OS map again. How can you tel that it is a misfit from the map? © See if you can find another beck on the map, that looks like a misfit. flat, so the contour lines arefar apart. Corrie 1 Acortieisrounded, so the contour lines ae curved, bit ikea horseshoe. 2 Its sides are steep, so the contour lines are lose together. 3 Itmay have a lake in it- which may be labelled ‘tar’ on the map. There isa tarn in square 1615. a i Finditon the map. What sits name? ii. What kind of landform ist sitting in? 'b Theres a photo ofthis tar on page 68. See if you can work out where the photographer was standing, Give a four-igure grid reference. fi_ In which direction was the photographer facing? In the Lake District, a waterfall is often called a force Photo D on page 71 shows a waterfall in the OS map area. Find it on the map, and give a four-figure grid reference for it There are many crags on the map. (Glossary.) a. Give a grid reference for a square with crags in. Are crags formed by erosion, or by deposition? Decide, and give your reasons. Now see how well you can describe the area shown on the map. [sit hilly? Crowded? What about rivers, forests, villages? ‘What do some people do for a living? Give your answer as bullet points, o as a spider map.