1) Define Internet of Things. Explain the characteristics of IoT?

Ans)

 Internet of things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the
internet.
 The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the Internet. IoT also allows these
things to communicate and exchange data while executing meaningful applications towards
a common user or machine goal.

 A Dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on

standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual
“things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into information network , often
communicate data associated with users and their environments.
Characteristics of IoT:
 Dynamic and self adapting
 Self –configuring
 Interoperable communication protocols
 Unique identity
 Integrated into Information Network

2) What is the Physical Design of IoT. Explain IoT Things and IoT protocols?
ans)
Physical Design of IoT :
 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
 Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or
 Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
 Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing
the data,
 Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
IoT Protocols:
a)Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s physical
layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on the same link
exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols. Link layer determines
how packets are coded and signalled by the h/w device over the medium to which the host
is attached.
b)Network/Internet Layer:
Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to destination n/w. Performs the host
addressing and packet routing. Datagrams contains source and destination address.
C) Transport Layer:
Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying n/w. Set up
on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions such as
error control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
D) Application Layer:
Defines how the applications interface with lower layer protocols to send data over the n/w.
Enables process-to-process communication using ports.
3)Illustrate the IoT Enabling Technologies?
Ans)
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are:
1) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions.
Examples:
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
2) Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet.
Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases,
webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
3)Big Data Analytics :
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data
whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process
and examine the data using traditional databases.
Examples –
 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket

4)Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to
applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network.
Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication.
5)Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Examples:
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
4) What is the logical Design of IoT. Discuss the various components of IoT?
Ans)
Refers to an abstract represent of entities and processes without going into the low level
specifies of implementation.
1)IoT Functional Blocks
2) IoT Communication Models
3) IoT Communication APIs
1. IoT Functional Blocks:
Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication
and management.

2. IoT Communication Models:

A) Request-Response: Request-Response is a communication model in which the client
sends requests to the server and the server responds to the requests. When the server
receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response, and then sends the response to the client.
B) Publish-Subscribe:
a. Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
b. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
c. Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
d. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all
the subscribed consumers
C)Push-Pull:
a. Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware
of the consumers.
b. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and consumers.
c. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumers
pull.
D) Exclusive Pair:
a. Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server.
b. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close
the connection.
c. Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.
3.IoT Communication APIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response Based Model)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBasedModel)

The components of iot are:

1. Sensors or End Devices: Sensors capture electric pulse or analog signals which are
passed through the IoT ecosystems.
For example, smartphones and smart wearables are equipped with sensors like
accelerometer, Gyroscope sensors, etc.
2.Network or Connectivity Layer: sensors are connected with computation layers
and intelligent layers via network or connectivity layers.
3. Security Layers:
analog or digital signal is acquired by sensors and the signal is then converted to a
format on top of which AI/ML components can work. In the total flow of data,
proper security systems and methodologies need to be enforced. The data can be
compromised in any layers starting from the data acquisition to business insights
derivations. We can enforce proper security by using strong encryption in various
layers of communication, using proper firmware and anti-malware systems, etc.

5) List and explain various domain specific IoTs with suitable examples.
Ans)
Home Security :The key driver behind smart and secure homes is IoT. A variety of sensors, lights,
alarms and cameras (all of which can be controlled from a smartphone) are connected via IoT to provide
24x7 security.
Activity Trackers :Smart home security cameras provide alerts and peace of mind. Activity trackers are
sensor devices that can monitor and transmit key health indicators in real-time. You can track and
manage your blood pressure, appetite, physical movement and oxygen levels.
Industrial Security and Safety:IoT-enabled detection systems, sensors and cameras can be placed in
restricted areas to detect trespassers. They can also identify pressure buildups and small leaks of
hazardous chemicals and fix them before they become serious problems.
Augmented Reality Glasses :Augmented Reality (AR) glasses are wearable computer-enabled glasses that
help you get extra information such as 3D animations and videos to the user's real-world scenes. The
information is presented within the lenses of the glasses and can help users access Internet applications.
Motion Detection:Motion sensors can detect vibrations in buildings, bridges, dams and other large-scale
structures. These devices can identify anomalies and disturbances in the structures that could lead to
catastrophic failures. They can also be used in areas susceptible to floods, landslides, and earthquakes.