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psychrometric chart no 3 pdf

You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 5 to 7 are not shown in this preview. This on-line program calculates typical psychrometric state point properties. It will also provide a number of other thermodynamic properties not found on a typical psychrometric chart. To calculate properties, the user must enter either a site elevation (from which an average
barometric pressure is calculated) or an actual barometric pressure. The user then enters a desired Dry Bulb temperature and one of three humiditymetrics: Relative Humidity, Wet Bulb temperature, or Dew Point temperature. At the end of the calculation, the user has the option to convert from the English to the SI (or vice versa) unit system.
Common atmospheric pressure values are: Sea Level Pressure - 14.7 psia / 101.3 kPa / 29.92 in Hg / 760 mm Hg (Default when 'Actual Pressure' is selected) Average Barometric Pressure in Dayton, OH - 14.18 psia / 97.7 kPa / 28.86 in Hg / 733 mm Hg Site elevation for Dayton, OH - 997 ft amsl (306 m) based on the ASHRAE HOF. (Default when
Elevation is selected) User may override default input by selecting and entering new value. This program is provided for your use without charge. However, no warranty, either expressed or implied, is given with respect to the accuracy or the sufficiency of the information provided herein, and the user must assume all risks and responsibility in
connection with the use thereof. Copyright © 2006-2019 Russell K. Marcks, P.E. and ASHRAE Dayton Chapter. All rights reserved. No part of this web page and associated script may be produced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form without the express written consent of the author. We
notice from the development in Section a) that the equations relating relative and specific humidity, temperature (wet and dry bulb), pressure (air, vapor) and enthalpy are quite tedious and inconvenient. For this reason a Psychrometric Chart relating all the relevant variables was developed which is extremely useful for designing and evaluating air-
conditioning and cooling tower systems. At first appearence the psychrometric chart is quite confusing, however with some practice it becomes an extremely useful tool for rapidly evaluating air-conditioning processes. The most popular chart in common usage is that developed by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning Engineers), however we feel that the construction of a simplified version of the chart based on approximations of the various equations can be a very useful tool for developing an understanding of it's usage. This approach was suggested by Maged El-Shaarawi in his article "On the Psychrometric Chart" published in the ASHRAE
Transactions (Paper #3736, Vol 100, Part 1, 1994) and inspired us to produce the following simplified psychrometric chart: The basic information used to construct the chart is the water vapor saturation data (Tsat, Pg) which is obtained from steam tables over the range from Tsat = 0.01°C through 50°C. The specific humidity ω is then evaluated
using the relative humidity φ as a parameter to produce the various relative humidity curves (blue lines) as follows: where P is the standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 [kPa]. The saturation curve (100% relative humidity) also known as the dew point curve is drawn as a red line. Notice that on the saturation curve the wet and dry bulb
temperatures have the same values. The major simplifying assumption in the construction of the chart is that the enthalpy of the mixture is assumed to be constant throughout the adiabatic saturation process (described in Section a). This implies that the evaporating liquid added does not significantly affect the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture,
leading to the constant slope wet bulb temperature / enthalpy (red) lines defined by: Note that on the ω = 0 axis (dry air) h = T [°C] Finally, the specific volume of the air-vapor mixture (green lines) is determined from the ideal gas relation as where the gas constant Rair = 0.287 [kJ/kg.K] It is normal practice to separate out the overlapping enthalpy /
wet bulb temperature lines allowing them to be separately evaluated. Thus we introduce an oblique enthalpy axis and enthalpy (black) lines as follows: The four equations highlighted above were programmed in MATLAB and used to plot the simplified psychrometric charts shown above. Refer to the link: MATLAB program for plotting a Simplified
Psychrometric Chart An excellent NebGuide (University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Publication) describing How to use a Simplified Psychrometric Chart has been provided by David Shelton and Gerald Bodman. Another useful guide provided by Mark Cartwright of the North Carolina Contractor Testing Institute (NCCTI) is the YouTube video:
Psychrometric Chart Simplified. Both guides reduce the confusion by separately explaining 4 of the 6 sets of curves which make up a psychrometric chart. Definitely review both guides before continuing. Solved Problem 10.1 - Assume that the outside air temperature is 32°C with a relative humidity φ = 60%. Use the psychrometric chart to determine
the specific humidity ω [18 gm-moisture/kg-air], the enthalpy h [78 kJ/kg-air], the wet-bulb temperature Twb [25.5°C], the dew-point temperature Tdp [23°C], and the specific volume of the dry air v [0.89m3/kg]. Indicate all the values determined on the chart. Solved Problem 10.2: Assume that the outside air temperature is 8°C. If the air in a room is
at 25°C with a relative humidity φ = 40%, use the psychrometric chart to determine if the windows of that room which are in contact with the outside will become foggy. The air in contact with the windows will become colder until the dew point is reached. Notice that under the conditions of 25°C and 40% relative humidity the dew point temperature
is slightly higher than 10°C, At that point the water vapor condenses as the temperature approaches 8°C along the saturation line, and the windows will become foggy. ______________________________________________________________________________________ One of the major applications of the Psychrometric Chart is in air conditioning, and we find that
most humans feel comfortable when the temperature is between 22°C and 27°C, and the relative humidity φ between 40% and 60%. This defines the "comfort zone" which is portrayed on the Psychrometric Chart as shown below. Thus with the aid of the chart we either heat or cool, add moisture or dehumidify as required in order to bring the air into
the comfort zone. Solved Problem 10.3: Outside air at 35°C and 60% relative humidity is to be conditioned by cooling and heating so as to bring the air to within the "comfort zone". Using the Psychrometric Chart neatly plot the required air conditioning process and estimate (a) the amount of moisture removed [11.5g-H20/kg-dry-air], (b) the heat
removed [(1)-(2), qcool = 48kJ/kg-dry-air], and (c) the amount of heat added [(2)-(3), qheat = 10kJ/kg-dry-air]. Solved Problem 10.4:: Hot dry air at 40°C and 10% relative humidity passes through an evaporative cooler. Water is added as the air passes through a series of wicks and the mixture exits at 27°C. Using the psychrometric chart determine (a)
the outlet relative humidity [45%], (b) the amount of water added [5.4g-H20/kg-dry-air], and (c) the lowest temperature that could be realized [18.5°C]. This type of cooler is extremely popular in hot, dry climates, and is popularly known as a Swamp Cooler. An interesting application of using a swamp cooler to cool drinking water in extremely hot
environments is described in the posting of Rich Oppel in the At War blog of the New York Times: 'Drinking From Socks'. An interesting and informative description on Psychrometric Chart Use for livestock and greenhouse applications has been presented in a PennState Extension website by Eileen E. Fabian. Other websites that we found interesting
is that of Wikipedia on Psychrometrics. On to Section c) Cooling Towers for Steam Power Plants ______________________________________________________________________________________ Engineering Thermodynamics by Israel Urieli is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License In Part 1 and Part
2 of this series of articles, we’ve taken a look at what exactly psychrometrics is and defined the top nine psychrometric quantities. Now we’re going to delve into how we can combine those quantities and create the psychrometric chart. As you might expect, taking nine variables and putting them into one chart puts a lot of information at your
fingertips. It also can take a while to figure it all out. On top of all that, having nine different variables means you’ve got a lot of options for how to show them in a chart. A lot of folks have been involved in the development of the psychrometric chart over the past century. Willis Carrier was the first, with what he called the hygrometric chart in 1904.
Richard Mollier from Germany made an important contribution in 1923, as you’ll see in the next section. Aside from that, the other versions of the psychrometric chart out there are mostly specialty charts and curiosities. (For more on the history and variety of psychrometric charts, see Don Gatley’s book, Understanding Psychrometrics.) In fact, the
chart itself has shifted from being a great calculation tool to being more of an educational or illustrative tool. With all the computing power at our fingertips these days, we can get accurate results from smartphone apps and don’t need to try to pull precise numbers off of psych charts. OK, let’s jump in and place those eight psychrometric quantities
on the chart and take a visual look this week. In case you’re wondering why I said eight instead of nine, recall that barometric pressure is one of the nine I defined in Part 2 of this series, and that variable determines the scale of the chart. When you change barometric pressure (or equivalently, altitude), you need to redraw the chart. Notice that the
chart above says “SEA LEVEL” in big letters. Dry bulb temperature Dry bulb temperature is shown along the horizontal axis. When you draw lines through a chart along which the quantity under consideration remains the same, they’re called isolines. If you look carefully at the chart here, you can see something interesting about the dry bulb
temperature isolines: They’re not all vertical and parallel to each other. That was Mollier’s big contribution to this chart. Carrier originally used dry bulb temperature and humidity ratio as rectangular coordinates and used the various psychrometric relationships to place the rest of the quantities on the chart. One of the problems with this choice is
that it makes finding specific enthalpies a bit difficult because the lines of constant enthalpy apply to saturation only, so then you have to put enthalpy deviation curves on the chart to make the adjustment for non-saturated conditions. There are still plenty of the old-style charts out there, but ASHRAE has settled on the Mollier version with humidity
ratio on the vertical axis and specific enthalpy as the other coordinate. If you want to see the dry bulb isolines as vertical and parallel, that’s fine. They nearly are. If you click the lead photo for this article and then zoom in, you should be able to see the difference, especially if you look down at the bottom left. Wet bulb temperature Wet bulb
temperature tells you how easy it is for water to evaporate. The New York Times had a really nice article relating wet bulb temperatures to climate change recently, and they defined wet bulb temperature as “a measure of how well you can cool your skin by sweating.” When it’s hot outside, as it has been in India lately, that’s one of the primary ways
we keep our bodies from overheating. The wet bulb isolines are diagonal across the chart, as you see here, and there’s one place where the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures are equal: at the saturation point. Evaporation doesn’t happen there under normal conditions, at least not without an equal amount of water vapor condensing. From the
saturation point, what happens to the wet bulb temperature as we heat a volume of air? Well, that depends on what happens to the amount of water vapor in the air. If you don’t humidify or dehumidify, you move horizontally to the right, increasing the dry bulb temperature. As you do so, you start crossing different wet bulb isolines with higher and
higher values of wet bulb temperature. For example, if you have air at 100°F and 40% relative humidity, the wet bulb temperature is 79°F. That’s going to be quite uncomfortable. The closer that wet bulb temperature gets to our body temperature, the harder it is for our bodies to lose enough heat to maintain a stable temperature. According to the
New York Times article, a physically active person is in danger of overheating when the wet bulb temperature is 80°F. The psychrometric chart can show us how wet bulb temperature changes as other conditions change. Specific enthalpy On the ASHRAE chart, the specific enthalpy lines are one of the two main coordinates used to lay out the chart.
As you can see here, they’re diagonal and oh, so close to being parallel to the wet bulb isolines. That’s because those two quantities are closely related. Specific enthalpy tells you about the work and energy in changing air conditions and is given in BTU per pound of dry air in the imperial system of units. It’s only changes that matter here, so if you
have any two statepoints on the chart, you can find the enthalpy difference. That tells something about how much energy you’ll have to put into the system or how much you’ll get out when you make the change. Humidity ratio Humidity ratio is the other defining coordinate for the ASHRAE version of the psychrometric chart. As you can see, the
isolines are horizontal. In this case, the scale given on the chart is in pounds of water vapor per pound of dry air. Some charts show grains of water vapor per pound of dry air, which is often shortened to grains. (It takes 7,000 grains to make one pound.) Humidity ratio isolines are horizontal and evenly spaced on the chart. Water vapor pressure Vapor
pressure is rarely shown on the psych chart, and this ASHRAE chart is no exception. I’ve drawn the lines here, and for temperatures below ~120° F, the scale (with units given in inches of mercury in this case) is simply the product: pWV = 48.11 x W When you’re doing calculations for vapor diffusion or trying to figure out which way water vapor will
travel through materials, you’ll need the vapor pressures for the various locations. Dew point temperature Dew point temperature is yet a third quantity that has horizontal isolines on the psych chart. What this means is that these three quantities are not independent of each other so if they’re all you have, you still don’t know your state point. Another
interesting thing here is that when wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures are equal, so is the dew point temperature. All three have the same value at the saturation point, shown on the curve that bounds the left side of the chart. Relative humidity And speaking of curves, the saturation curve is the 100% relative humidity isocurve. When the volume
isn’t saturated with water vapor, the vapor pressure will be lower than the saturation vapor pressure and the relative humidity is less than 100%. Unlike the three preceding quantities with horizontal isolines, relative humidity isn’t related to the other psychrometric quantities under discussion here. If you know RH and any of the other quantities,
you’ve got your statepoint. Specific volume Specific volume shows up as a diagonal line on the psychrometric chart, but it has a significantly different slope than specific enthalpy and wet bulb temperature. It’s also not quite as simple as I made it out to be last time. I wrote that it’s just the reciprocal of the density, but I glossed over a detail that may
or may not be important in what you do. As with the other psychrometric ratios here (specific enthalpy and humidity ratio), the denominator is not the mass of the moist air. It includes only the dry air component. So its units (in the imperial system) are cubit feet per pound of dry air. Since the water vapor component is usually small, however, the
specific volume defined this way isn’t greatly different from the volume per pound of moist air. Understanding the chart OK, so there are the quantities in the chart. By studying those individual charts, you can see how the different quantities change. For example, changing dry bulb temperature without humidifying or dehumidifying the air has no
effect on dew point temperature, humidity ratio, or vapor pressure. And what happens to the relative humidity of air as it passes across an evaporator coil in your air conditioner? So now we’re ready to start doing the fun stuff with the psychrometric chart. Next time we’ll take a look at some different processes like air conditioning or
dehumidification. Stay tuned! Allison Bailes of Decatur, Georgia, is a speaker, writer, energy consultant, RESNET-certified trainer, and the author of the Energy Vanguard Blog. Check out his in-depth course, Mastering Building Science at Heatspring Learning Institute, and follow him on Twitter at @EnergyVanguard. Get building science and energy
efficiency advice, plus special offers, in your inbox.
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