MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD 433

mYYm

d)
ds need not be considered as nodes.
four examplesa
ee bove the effect of the external
loads at the 'spans' on the nodes
| the octive forces. This does away with the necessity of defining co-ordinates at
tituteeffe

positions.

poo the frame into component elements and assign rotation co-ordinates to the
Sepuos This would ensure that we can eventually evaluate the
extremi

Totations and moments.

corresponding
formation such as shear, thrust, torsion is needed to be directly evaluated, co-
jiona nding to the same shall be assigned to the extremities. No such
tes c o r r e s p o n d i n g

this volume.]
examples
rked out in
Jointed Frames
582 Pin
Tn the case of pin jointed plane frames, we have to assign 2 degrees of freedom to each

The elements in trusses are very distinct. Each element shall have one degree of freedomn
ah end except the ends that are restrained. Normally the question of forces not at co-
nates will not arise in trusses.
ample 5.18 Analyse the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 5.59 by matrix stiffness method
and sketch the BMD.
80 kN 100 kN

A3 m 3m 2m C
B
Fig. 5.59
lntion
On Since the only possible independent joint displacement happens to be Bp the
kinematic indeterminacy of the given structure is 1.
System co-ordinates:

Element co-ordinateS
434 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD
435
Fixed end moments:
Elementt o r c e s[ P 7

W 80 x6 (P') k] [BI {u}

MPAB 8 =- 60 kNm
EI 4 2 0 210

MgBA
W 80x6
= 60 kNm
62 41L EI
8
Load in BC will be equivalent to a 100 kN down load and aa 70
Mg=+W moment at Be 140
=+ 100 x 2
to PP] = [P"] + [P]
+200 kNm
200 ktNm
F i n a lf o r c e s ,

00 k
-60 70 10
Force in the element co-ordinates at fixed state
(FEM) (pO 60 60 140 200
Transformation matrix [B] 60 10 kNm 200 kNm
Apply unit displacement at note and
system co-ordinate and the val1es
ordinates as [p] values arise in
A C

0
elemen CO
Wab 80x3x3 120 kNm
Fixed co-ordinate forces F =
[B]"-(PO
Free BM, MAB 6

200 kNm
=[0 11 -60 120 kNm

60
= 60
Force applied at the system co-ordinates [FF] ={200)
F] =[F']-[F A B

= {200- 60) 10 kNm

Bending moment diagram
= [140]
Element stiffness matrix [k] as shown in Fig.
5.60 by stiffness method.
Example 5.19 Analyse the beam loaded
1EI 4 2 EI 4 2 24 KN

System stiftfness matrix [K]

)72 4 62 4 A
12 kN/m
00m0mmmownmnnnnannonomB
10 kNm

- 6m

Fig. 5.60
= [0 1 4 207 rotation at B.
indeterminate to first degree, i.e.,
kinematically
is
Solution The given beam
Fixed end moments: +
(MPABpointiaa!
24 MpAB-MpAB/UDIL

W
12 8
KH=
2EI [12x6 24 x6 54 kNm
System displacement {ul
MpAB 12 8

tul =[K1 (P =o1401

L2EI
=
210
436 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD

MpBA+ IMpBA'UDL MFBA' point load System displacement (u)

u) =[K] (P) =a 44] = 66

12
2EI EI
Element torces (P)

MpBA 12x6
12
--24 x6
8 54 kNm IP' = k] 18 =k] [B] lul =4 2 0 66
-54 54 kNm
62 41 E
PU=54 A -22
Transformation matrix ()
Apply a unit rotation at Bin system co-ordinate and find the olo
54 KAm
P--11-4
aVB
element co-ordinate forces Final forces

P=Pl+P=445410
MAB-76 kNm
MBA= 10 kNm.
System co-ordinate B io 5.20 Analyse the fixed beam loaded as shown by the matrix stifiness method and
Element co-ordinate ample 5.20
obtain the support moments.

40 kN
01 25 kNm

C 21
B-
-3 m 3 m
Element stiffness matrix (k) structure is kinematically indeterminate to second degree, i.e.,
Solution The given
displacement and rotation at C
l- =62 4EI 4 2
System stiffness matrix (K)
c
Element CO-ordinates
IK]=[B1tA) (81= [0 1 System co-ordinates

IK)-10 I[2
1 IK)-4)- EI Transformation matrix (B):
C'and find the corresponding
co-ordinate
and unit rotation at
Apply a unit displacement
K 2EI displacements to form transformation
matrx.
Forces (F) at C along system
co-ordinate (1)
Apply a unit displacement
Force in the
system
F) =
[F
(FO -

co-ordinate corresponding to forces |P

FO)=I [P] =[0 1 54
Force applied at system co-ordinate 54 =54
Sm 3m
P = [10] A

F) [10]- [54]
=
=
44.
 MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD
439
438 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I

Apply a unit rotation at C along system co-ordinate (2 EI4 21

Gc=1
[K 32 12
0 3 12-2 1 3 12 2
AA- B K -2 4 44 44I-2 4
0c1
System displacement (u)
ful [K-] [F]

3 122|403 9.772
144EI-2 4 25EI 0.454
Element forces

Transformation matrix [B] = P) = D1 [B1 [u]

4 20
Element stifness matrix (k) EI 2 4 0 139.772
o 3 3 [9.772
ET 0.454
300 8 4
k ] = 4 27 0 0 4 8
12 4 ,]=4 2
Assembled element stifiness matrix
3 2 4
e322 A
4 2 0 0 -18.636
EI 2 4 0 0
-2 2 -17.728
-2 4 9.772
E=300 8 4 P=4 8 0.454 42.72

0048 4 40.904
System stifness matrix (K)
MAB-18.638 kNm
K [B"I [EI [BI MBA-17.728 kNm
MBC42.72 kNm

40.904 kNm. method. Draw

McB =

5.67 by stiffness
in Fig.
4 20 O1 Analyse the
continuous beam shown

E I3300
83 2 4 8
0 0 3
Example 5.21
the bending
moment diagram.

1201kN
1 1 0
0 0 4 83 20 kN/m

3 m
B 3m

-2 2
6 m -

6 m

331 31 30 44 4
Fig. 5.61
440 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD
441
Solution The structure is kinematically indeterminate to firot. FO] = -301
independent displacement (system co-ordinate) degree, i.e., ixedco-ordin
dinate force, [FO

at
syste
co-ordinate, [P] = [0]
applied

F o r c e s
(There is no external force at the system cO-ordinate)
stiffness matrix [K,]:
e m e n t .

EI4 2 EI 4 2T 067 033

System co-ordinates T 2 4 62 4" 03 067
0.67 0.33
k1=k= l0.33 0.67
stiffness matrix [k]:
Element co-ordinates ombled
element
Joint loads (Fixed end moments) 0.67 0.33 0 0
0.33 0.67 0 0
- wl -20 x 62
MpAB =-60 kNm Tk]=EI 0 0 0.67 0.33
12 12
0 0 0.33 0.67
wl 20x6
MpBA 12 12
= 60 kNm
Systemstiffness
matrix [K]:

stiffiness matrix [K] =

[B]" [kI [B]
W 120 x6 System 0 0
MpBC =-90 kNm 0.67 0.33
8 0.33 0.67 00

W 120 x6 = [0 1 1 0 E 0 0 0.67 033|

MpCB8 B
= 90 kNm
00 0.33 0.67|0
Forces in element co-ordinates
60 =EI [O.67 +
0.67
0.67 0.67 0.33]|
60 EI [0.33
i.e. Fixed end moments P = 0
90
1.34 EI
90 [K =

1
To form [ß]: Applying unit
displacement at the system co-ordinate, the resulting
displacements at element co-ordinates are given by (B K134B
[F)
System displacement lul {[P)
-

lul =
[K

K 134EI
[0--30]]

ful134Bl 22.39
30
lul 134EI E
0
lof : 0
1 d i s p l a c e m e n t

pl1 Element
1 22.39
22.39 EI22.39
0 o forces
X
EI 0
Find fixed co-ordinate force or force in the system co-ordinate cOrrep
0
-60
60
(P) F= [BT" (PO] = [0 1 1 0
-90
90
 MATRIX S

442 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over
tinuous bea
c o n t i n u o u s

A
tuwo
span
B and C.
and AB
C. AB =6 m and BC 6 m. The moments of inertia is
= 6
=

0.67 0.33 0 0 5,22 supports It is loaded as shown in Fig. 5.62. Analyse the beam by
thet throughout.
the
f p l e62

0.33 0.67 0 0 matrix stiffness method.

P= [k] [6] =EI 1
Conste

0 0 0.67 0.33
EI
22.39 40 kNm
0 0 0.33 0.67 2239 , 2 0k N m

7.39
15.00
B
P= 15.00
3m 5m

7.39 6 m-
Fig. 5.62
Final forces, P=[P] + [P]
the unknown
displacements, i.e., the structure kinematically
60 7.39 52.6111 and 6
are
Hence the stifiness matrix k
will be of the
the second degree,
60 15.00 75.00 solution mdeterminate
to
=

-90 15.00 -75.00kNm order 2 x 2.

90 L7.39 97.39
F i x e dj o i n t f o r c e s :

- wl
-20x6--60 kNmn
MpAB 12 12

wl_20x6 = 60 kNm
B B
52.61 kNm 75 kNm - 75 kNm
C
MFBA 12 12
M 40
Simply supported beam moments: 97.39 kNm MpBC 4
=
4
10 kNm

wl 20 x6 M4 10 kNm
MpAB 8 8
= 90 kNm
MpCB 4 4
W 120x6 Joint forces:
MpBC 4 180 kNm
10 kNm
10 kNm
60 kNm

60 kNm
Equivalent joint loads:

10 kNm
70 kNm

97.39 Element co-ordinates

T
52.61 kNm
90 kNm
75.00
kNm
180 kNm
kNm

(1)
(2)

System co-ordinates

3 m rtrr
-6 m-
6 m

Bending moment diagram

 M A T R I X S 1 F F N E S S METHOJL
445
444 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I
0.667 0.333
Formation of [ß] matrix:
1st Column. Apply a unit displacement at
ke=B0.333 0.667
system co-ordinato ( 1 . is
(1) matrix
element co-ordinate displacements are
only. 'The element
s t i f i n e s s

0.667 0.333 0
ASSEmoleI
consequent 0.333 0.667 0 0

kl-El 0 0 0.667 0.333

0 0 0.383 0.667
m a t r i x
is
2nd Column. Apply unit displacement is given above
[BI" [kI 181, where I&]
stinIness

at system co-ordinate (2)

(2) only.
or
System
K =

o 1 1 0
IB =00 0
1
B 1.333 0.353K 1 0.857 -0.429
O0 K= E0333 0.667 RT0.429 1.114 J
.
10 displacements are given by,
10 utl, the system
lul =[K P]-F
0 1
[P] Values. Forces at the element 1 0.857 -0.429 070
co-ordinates in the fixed EI-0.429 1.714lo10
state.
-60
60 55.71
PO = [ul- EI 12.86
10
i.e., fixed end
Forces in the system 10 moments] Element displacements [ö] are
co-ordinates corresponding to forces 0
{PO}
60 1-55.71
Le., 10 1 - 55.71
Pixed co-ordinate forces, [FO] =[61T [po- O 60 EI-66.71
0 00 1 10
70 8=IBI [ul =10BI-12.86 12.86
Forces
10 0 1
applied at system 10
co-ordinates, (P) [k] {8}.
Substituting
32.86 1 0 ]
element forces
=

P (No forces in the

Lhe

P
=
-18.57
37.14

- 6 0 7 -18.57] 78.57
Element stiffness matrix given loading at the system co-ordinates) 22.86
37.14
[k]: 60
32.86 22.86
EI 4 2 EI 4 2 (P) + PT= 10 0
Ik,- 462 4= BI. 2/6
4/6 2/6 The find forces (P =

10
0

0.667 0.333 4/6 S u p p o r t e d beam moments:

el= E0333 0667

2 20x6 90kNm
Ih.l4 2EI 4 2
wl
Moment i n AB = 8
8
concentrated a t idspan.
mids

sides.
the tension
12 4 6 24 Oment
in BC,
40
kNm

nt
gram
is drawn
below on

The bending mome

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-
M A T R I X S T I F F N E S S M E T

moments),
[P]
Fixed end
78.5/ fixed
state [i.e.,
at
inelement co-ordinate
-4.5
90
22.86 Forces
7.5

PO 6.0
6.0
1 s f o r m a t i o n m a t r i x

c o - o r d i n a t e .

system

40 T of o r m t r a n s f at
the

d i s p l a c e m e n t

To n i t
A p p l yu n i t

Bending moment diagram A-1 A=1

Example 5.23 Arnalyse the continuous
beam by matrix
6.4 kN stiffneso
8 kN o
1
Transformation matrix [B]

-5m 3 m -4.5
3m m 7.5
Fig. 5.63 11 01|_60
[0
Solution Since the only
unknown forces,
[F°] = [B]" [P0]
=

6.0
indeterminacy of the independent joint displacement happens at B, Fixed
c o - o r d i n a t e

System co-ordinates given structure is 1. kinemate FO] = [1.50] c o - o r d i n a t e ]

[F]
=
10J system
a t the
c o - o r d i n a t e s ,

forces
system
at e x t e r n a l

applied
Forces no
a r e
there
because
This
E
is
lement stiffness matrix:

EI4 2
Element co-ordinates: matrix, lR,2 0.50 0.25
stiffness
I&,-24 0.25 0.50
Element
J- 0 0.667 0.333
4/6 20-EI0.333
0.333 0.667
0.667

For first element,

EI
2/6 4/6
k62 4 -
0.50 0.25
0
Fixed end moments: For second element, 0.25 0.50
0
0.667 0.333
EI
k]
=
0.333 0.667

MPAB -Wab2 - 6.4 x 5x3

m a t r i x ,

s t i f f n e s s
0
2 element

=-4.5 kNm **sembled

MFBA Wab 6.4 84 : [k] [B]

x5 x3 -7.5 stiffness
matrix
IK|
=
[B]"
0.857
MFBC W 8 - 8
kNm
x6 y s t e m
stiffness
m a t r i x ,

IK) =
1.167
EI;
[K}H =

EI
8 System

MpCR = _8x6 =-6 kNm

= 6 kNm
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-
48
System displacements lul:
0.857
ul=[K [F] [F°])-
=
x-1.50)
EI
1.286
ful=-
EI
Element displacements lo, :

8) =[BI[u]=-1.286]x
EI

0
-1 1.286
6 EI 1,286
0
-0.322
-0.643
P1 kl l6] =|
-0.857
0.448
-4.5 -0.322
Final forces, P= P"+ PI 7.5
T
-0.643
6.0 -0.857
6.0 -0448
-4.822
Final forces, P=6.857
- 6.857

5.572
Span bending moments:
Moment in span AB = Wab 6.4 x5 x3 = 12.0 kNm
8
Moment in span BC 8x6 = 12.0 kNm
4 4
6.857
4.822
5.572

12.0 12.0

Bending moment diagram

(Drawn on the tension sides)