2018

GENARAL PHYSICS 1

MARASIGAN 2nd Edition

WOKTEXT
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
Units and Measurements

CHAPTER 2
Vectors and Scalars

CHAPTER 3
Kinematics: Motion Along a Straight Line

CHAPTER 4
Kinematics: Motion in 2 Dimensions and 3 Dimensions

CHAPTER 5
Newton’s Laws

CHAPTER 6
Work, Power and Energy

Laboratory Experiments
 The effect of instruments on measurements
 Uncertainties and deviations in measurement
 Source and type of errors
 Accuracy versus precision
 Uncertainty of derived quantities
 Error bars
 Graphical analysis; linear fitting and transformation of
functional dependence to linear form

 Solve measurement problems involving conversion of

units, expression of measurements in scientific notation
 Differentiate accuracy from precision
 Differentiate random errors from systematic errors
 Use the least count concept to estimate errors associated
with single measurements
 Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physics
quantity using variance
 Estimate the uncertainty of derived quantity from the
estimated values and uncertainties of directly measured
quantities
 Estimate intercepts and slopes – and their uncertainties –
in experimental data with linear dependence using the
“eyeball method” and/or linear regression formulae
 Table 1. Classification of Physical Quantities, SI Units and
Conversions

Physics is an experimental science in which physicists

seek patterns that relate the phenomena of nature. The patterns are called
physical theories. A very well established or widely used theory is called
physical law or principle.

Measurement comes from the Greek work means

“limited proportion”, and is the process of estimating and determining
the magnitude of the quantity relative to a unit of measurement.

SI (International System) is the most widely-used system

of units.

Length, time and mass are the three fundamental

quantities of Physics. In SI units, length is measured by meters, time in
seconds and mass in kilograms.

Physical quantity is a physical property that can be

quantified. It may be fundamental or derived quantity. Fundamental
quantities are quantities that exist alone; it can be measured directly
using devices. Derived quantities are quantities that results from the
combination of two or more physical quantities.
 Precision - degree of exactness which a measuring
The SI uses a system of prefixes to make conversion instrument can determine accuracy.
between big and small units. Each prefix represents a power of ten that - 3 or more trials are done in an
gives us shorthand writing very large or small numbers. The table shows experiment to observe how precise the
SI prefixes and their equivalents. measurements are.
Table 2. SI Prefixes and Equivalent |𝑇𝑉−𝐸𝑉|
Percent error - × 100
𝑇𝑉
Prefix Power of ten Symbol
1
Deka 10 da
Where TV is the true value and EV is the
2
Hector 10 h experimental value
Kilo 103 k
6
Mega 10 M 2. Express your measurement with correct number of
9
Giga 10 G significant digits, correct prefix, or in scientific
Tera 1012 T notation.
15
Peta 10 P
18
Exa 10 E Significant Figures
Zeta 10 21 Z - the number of important single digits (0
24 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient
Yotta 10 Y
Deci 10 −1 d of an expression in scientific notation .
Centi 10 −2 c - the number of significant figures in an
Milli 10 −3 m expression indicates the confidence or
−6 precision with which an engineer or
Micro 10 𝜇
−9 scientist states a quantity.
Nano 10 n
−12
Pico 10 p
−15 Rules in determining significant figures
Femto 10 f - All nonzero digits are significant.
−18
Atto 10 a - All zeroes between nonzero digits are
Zepto 10−21 z significant.
−24
Yocto 10 y - Zeroes to the right of a nonzero digit,
but to the left of an understood decimal
Rules in Measurement point, are not significant. If such zeroes
are known to have been measured,
1. Measurement must be precise and accurate. however, they are significant and
Accuracy - degree of exactness which the final should be specified as such by inserting
answer corresponds to the standard measurement. a decimal point to the right of the last
- Percent error is used to determine how accurate zero.
the measurements are.
 - In numbers less than one, zeroes to the Sample Problem
right of a decimal point that are to the
left of the first nonzero digit are never A. Determine the number of significant figures.
significant. They are simply
placeholders. 1. 34.6209 =
2. 0.003048 =
- In numbers less than one, the zero to 3. 5010.0 =
the left of the decimal point is never 4. 4032.090 =
3
significant. 5. 1.40 x 10 =
- All zeroes to the right of a decimal 6. 02947.1 =
point and to the right of a nonzero digit 7. 100,000 =
are significant. 8. 100,000.0 =
- In addition or subtraction, the 9. 0.0001 =
arithmetic result should be rounded off 10. 0.00100 =
so that the final digit is in the same
place as the leftmost uncertain digit. B. Rewrite the following numbers in correct scientific
- The arithmetic product or quotient notation.
should be rounded off to the same
number of significant figures as in the 1. 3,246,037,982 =
measurement with the fewest 2. 0.00023 =
significant figures. 3. 0.000 000 000 000 67 =
4. 9,000,000,000,000,000 =
Scientific Notation 5. 359,000,000,000 =
- a method for expressing, and working 6. 0.000 000 986 =
with, very large or very small numbers. 7. 0.000 3 =
- Numbers in scientific notation are made
up of three parts: the coefficient, the C. Rewrite the following in to whole number.
base and the exponent.
1. 3 x 103 =
2. 6.75 x 105 =
3. 7.24 x 109 =
4. 2.65 x 10-3 =
5. 7.77 x 10-7 =
6. 8.32 x 10-1 =
7. 2.198 x 103 =
D. Express the following scientific notation in to their
equivalent symbol.

1. 1.56 x 109 m =
2. 400 x 10-3 g =
3. 1 x 103 g =
4. 3.56 x 10-12 m =
5. 7.123 x 106 m =
6. 0.472 x 1024 m =
7. 256 x 1012 byte =

E. Convert the following.

1. 3.45 m to km

2. 8976 kg to g

3. 6738 miles to km

4. 765 days to months

5. 36 hours to seconds

6. 60 kmh to mph
 Class #
Written Work #1

Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ 4. The world’s largest oil field in in Saudi Arabia. It covers
Section:________Student No.: ___________Date: __________________ 3200 square miles. What is the area in square meters?

A. Read and solve the following problem carefully. Show your complete
solution and box your final answer with red-ink pen. Erasures are not
allowed.

1. The world’s highest waterfall is the Angel Falls in

Venezuela. From top to bottom, it measures 3212 feet. 5. Earthworms can move 10 tons of soil per hectare per year.
Express this is kilometers. How many kilograms of soil is this?

2. Each day on Venus lasts 243 Earth days. How many earth
hours will this be?
6. The biggest diamond ever found is the Cullinan Diamond.
It was discovered in South Africa in 1905. And weighed
more than 1 pound. How many grams is this diamond?

3. If you were to travel at 60 miles per hour, it would take

177 years to reach the sun. How fast should you travel in
meter per second?
 B. Express the underlined number to decimal or scientific notation. Write 3. The longest after-dinner speech ever made was one lasting
the answer on the blank provided 32.0 hours by Donald Thomas at the City College of New
York, between April 1 and 3, 1988.
1. Earth’s radius is 6.38 x 106 m. __________________________
4. Karate expert Mick Gooch of Catham, Kent, smashes
___________________________________________________
coconuts as other people would smash eggs. The best
times Mick has recorded are two smashed in 3.8 seconds
2. The diameter of the compact disc is 12cm. and three smashed in 6.2 seconds.
__________________________
___________________________________________________
5. The greatest number of “Great Well” cards ever received
is a staggering total of 16 265 275 on May 31, 1990 by 11-
3. A common capacitor has a value of 12pF. year old Craig Shergold of Carshalton, Surrey, London.
__________________________
________________________________

4. The dielectric strength of air is 3 kV/mm. D. Rewrite the following numbers in scientific notation. Write the answer
on the blank provided.
__________________________________________________
1. 0. 000 000 000 667
______________________________
5. Gamma rays have frequencies equal to or greater than 4.61 2. 9 000 000 000
exaHertz. ______________________________
3. 0. 000 000 000 000 000 16
____________________________ ______________________________
4. 0. 000 000 57
C. Determine the number of significant figures in the underlined number. ______________________________
Write the answer on the blank provided. 5. 2 567 000
______________________________
1. Issued on that fateful day, November 22, 1963, the LP
record “John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial Album” sold
4 000 000 copies in just six days.
__________________________ Corrected by: _________________________
2. On August 17, 1976, Jim Patterson and his girlfriend Toni
Smith continued embracing each other for a period of 12 Parent’s Signature: ______________
hours to set a new world record of 20 010 kisses.
__________________________
 Class #
Quiz #1

Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ 9. The length and width of a rectangle are 1.125 m and 0.606 m,
Section:________Student No.: ___________Date: __________________ respectively. Multiplying, your calculator gives the product as
0.68175. Rounding properly to the correct number of significant
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the answer, in capital figures, the area should be written as
letters, before the number a. 0.7 m2 b. 0.68 m2 c. 0.682 m2 d. 0.6818 m2
10. If a woman weighs 125 lb, her mass expressed in kilograms is x
1. What are the three fundamental quantities? kg, where x is
a. Area, length and mass c. length, area and time a. less than 125. b. greater than 125.
b. Mass, length and time d. density, length and time 11. If a tree is 15 m tall, its height expressed in feet is x ft, where x is
2. Which of the following is equivalent to 0.020 m? a. less than 15. b. greater than 15.
a. 0.000020 mm c. 2.0 mm 12. If a flower is 6.5 cm wide, its width expressed in millimeters is x
b. 0.00020 mm d. 20 mm mm, where x is
3. A candy shop sells a pound of chocolate for $ 7.99. What is the price of a. less than 6.5. b. greater than 6.5.
2.25 kg of chocolate at the shop? 13. If an operatic aria lasts for 5.75 min, its length expressed in
a. $ 8.17 b. $ 12.51 c $ 17.98 d $ 39.6 seconds is x s, where x is
4. Which one of the following pairs of units may not be added together, a. less than 5.75. b. greater than 5.75.
even after the appropriate unit conversions have been made? 14. When adding two numbers, the number of significant figures in
a. grams and milligrams c. miles and kilometers the sum is equal to the number of significant figures in the least
b. slugs and kilograms d. kilograms and kilometers accurate of the numbers being added.
5. In the sport of horseshoe pitching, two stakes are 40.0 feet apart. What is a. True b. False
the distance in meters between the two stakes? 15. When determining the number of significant figures in a number,
a. 24.4 m b. 4.80 m c. 18.3 m d. 12.2 m zeroes to the left of the decimal point are never counted.
-3
6. Convert 1.2 × 10 to decimal notation. a. True b. False
a. 1.200 b. 0.1200 c. 0.0120 d. 0.0012
7. Write out the number 7.35 × 10-5 in full with a decimal point and correct
number of zeros. Corrected by: _________________________
a. 0.00000735 c. 0.000735
b. 0.0000735 d. 0.00735 Parent’s Signature: ______________
8. The number 0.003010 has
a. 7 significant figures. c. 4 significant figures.
b. 6 significant figures. d. 2 significant figures.
 Vectors and vector addition
 Components of vectors
 Units vectors
 Dot or Cross Product of Vectors

 Differentiate vector and scalar quantities

 Perform addition of vectors
 Rewrite a vector in component form
 Calculate directions and magnitudes of vectors
 Calculate the dot and cross product of vectors
 Vector addition is the process of finding the single vector which
will produce the same effect produced by the given vectors. The single
vector is called Resultant. In other words, resultant is the sum of all
In the study of nature and physical world, the quantities we vectors. Graphical and Analytical methods are the solutions in adding
encounter are classified into two: Vectors and Scalars. two or more vectors.

Scalar quantities are quantities that tell the magnitude of an Graphical Method
object. Magnitude refers to a number with corresponding unit that tells
us the amount or the size of an object that is being described. Polygon Method

Vector quantities are quantities that tell the magnitude and Given vectors 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵
⃑⃑
direction of an object. Direction refers to an angle measure with respect
to the reference axis, and also by the four cardinal directions, North, East, 𝐴⃑ = ⃑⃑ =
𝐵
South and West.

A vector is drawn using a ray, a line segment with an arrowhead Step 1: Copy the first vectors without changing its
at one end. The length of the ray indicates the magnitude and the magnitude and direction
arrowhead indicates the direction of the vector.

Example. Graph the following vectors.

1. 50 units, 50 degrees Step 2: Connect the tail of the second vector to the
2. 100 units, 50 degrees arrowhead of the first vector, without changing its
3. 50 units, 230 degrees magnitude and direction.
1. 2. 3.

Step 3. Connect the tail of the first vector to the arrowhead

of the second vector.
Parallelogram Method Analytical Method

Given vectors 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵

⃑⃑ Pythagorean Theorem
This method is limited only to two vectors that are perpendicular
𝐴⃑ = ⃑⃑ =
𝐵 with each other. Say,

𝐴⃑ = ⃑⃑ =
𝐵
Step 1: Copy the first vector without changing its
magnitude and direction.

Step 2: Connect the tail of the second vector to the tail

of the first vector without changing its
direction and magnitude.

Step 3. Draw an imaginary broken-line parallel to the

vector. Connect the intersection of the given To compute Resultant 𝑅⃑⃑
vectors and the intersection of the broken line.
𝑅⃑⃑ 2 = 𝐴⃑2 + 𝐵
⃑⃑ 2

⃑⃑⃑ = √𝑨
𝑹 ⃑⃑⃑𝟐 + 𝑩
⃑⃑⃑𝟐 (magnitude of 𝑹
⃑⃑⃑)

To compute 𝜃
𝑨 ⃑⃑
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝑩
⃑⃑⃑
) (direction of ⃑𝑹
⃑⃑)
May vary, depends on the definition of 𝜽
Cosine and Sine Law To compute 𝜃
This method is used when two vectors are not perpendicular with
each other. Say, ⃑⃑
𝑅 ⃑⃑
𝐵
= sin 𝛽
sin 𝜀

𝐴⃑ = ⃑⃑ =
𝐵 ⃑⃑ sin 𝜖
𝐵
𝛽 = sin−1 ( ⃑⃑
)
𝑅

⃑⃑⃑)
𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° − (𝜷 + 𝝆) (direction of 𝑹
May vary depends the position of 𝜽

Component Method
A vector can be split into two components, one plotting in x-
direction and the other in y-direction. This method is used if the given
vectors are three or more. Say,

𝐴⃑ = ⃑⃑ =
𝐵 𝐶⃑ =

To compute Resultant 𝑅⃑⃑

⃑𝑹
⃑⃑𝟐 = ⃑𝑨⃑𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨
⃑⃑⃑⃑𝑩
⃑⃑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝐

⃑⃑⃑ = √𝑨
𝑹 ⃑⃑𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨
⃑⃑𝑩
⃑⃑⃑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝐 (magnitude of 𝑹
⃑⃑⃑)
May vary depends the definition of R
 To compute the resultant 𝑅⃑⃑ 2. Calculate the resultant vector if 𝐴⃑ = 2.86 𝑐𝑚, 𝑁𝑊 and 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 1.59 𝑐𝑚, 𝑁𝐸.

X – component: Y – component:
𝐴⃑ cos 𝜃1 = 𝐴⃑ sin 𝜃1 =
⃑⃑
𝐵 cos 𝜃2 = ⃑⃑
𝐵 sin 𝜃2 =
⃑
𝐶 cos 𝜃3 = ____________ ⃑
𝐶 sin 𝜃3 = ________
∑ 𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝑅𝑦 =

2 2 ∑ 𝑅𝑦
𝑅⃑⃑ 2 = ∑ 𝑅𝑥 + ∑ 𝑅𝑦 tan 𝜃𝑅 = ∑ 𝑅
𝑥

∑ 𝑹𝒚
⃑⃑⃑ = √∑ 𝑹𝒙 𝟐 + ∑ 𝑹𝒚 𝟐
𝑹 𝜽𝑹 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (∑ 𝑹 )
𝒙

Magnitude of ⃑𝑹
⃑⃑ Direction of ⃑𝑹
⃑⃑

Sample Problem 3. Sam travels east on his kayak for a distance of 1.00 km. Then he heads 60
degrees south of east for 0.75 km and finally veers at 20 degrees north of
1. Compute the resultant vector of 𝐴⃑ = 5.0 𝑐𝑚, 50° , 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 7.0 𝑐𝑚, −45° east for 0.50 km. At the end of his trip, where is Sam in relation to his
starting point.
4. Calculate the magnitude an direction of the resultant of the four forces.
Vector Product For perpendicular unit vectors,
𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 0
Dot Product 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 0
 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 where 𝜃 ≤ 180°, the result is a 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 0
scalar quantity
If,
 We can apply the commutative property of 𝐴⃑ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂
multiplication in dot product. Thus, ⃑⃑ = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘̂
𝐵
𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵 ⃑⃑ ∙ 𝐴⃑
⃑⃑ = 𝐵

then the dot product of 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵

⃑⃑ is,
 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵 ⃑⃑ on 𝐴⃑
⃑⃑ = 𝐴(𝐵 cos 𝜃) means a projection of 𝐵

⃑⃑ ∙ 𝐴⃑ = 𝐵(𝐴 cos 𝜃) means a projection of 𝐴⃑ on 𝐵

⃑⃑ 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
 𝐵

Restrictions:
Sample Problem
a. If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ > 0, the angle 𝜃 should be greater than 0 degree to
90 degrees (0° < 𝜃 < 90°)
1. What is 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝐴⃑? 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝐴⃑? 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝐴⃑?
b. If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ < 0, the angle 𝜃 should be greater than 90 degrees
to 180 degrees (90° < 𝜃 < 180°)

c. If 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 0, the angle 𝜃 should be equal to 90 degrees
(𝜃 = 90°),means 𝐴⃑ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃑⃑ are perpendicular to each other.

Notations for unit vectors:

𝑥̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑦̂ = 𝑗̂
𝑧̂ = 𝑘̂
For parallel unit vectors,
𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑖̂ = 1
𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ = 1
𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ = 1
2. Solve 𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ and 𝜃. Cross Product
a. 𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 7𝑘̂
⃑⃑ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝐵  𝐴⃑ × 𝐵
⃑⃑ = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃, where 0 < 𝜃 < 180, the result is a vector
quantity

 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵
⃑⃑ Does not apply commutative property, so 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵
⃑⃑ ≠
⃑⃑ × 𝐴⃑. But we can say that,
𝐵

𝐴⃑ × 𝐵 ⃑⃑ × 𝐴⃑
⃑⃑ = −𝐵

For parallel unit vector,

𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 0
𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 0
𝑘 × 𝑘̂ = 0
̂

For perpendicular unit vector,

𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂
𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
b. 𝐴⃑ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ If,
⃑⃑ = −4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝐵
𝐴⃑ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂
𝐵⃑⃑ = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘̂

then the cross product of 𝐴⃑ and 𝐵

⃑⃑ is

⃑⃑ = [(𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 )𝑖̂ + (𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 )𝑗̂ + (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑘̂]

𝐴⃑ × 𝐵
Sample Problem

Solve 𝐴⃑ × 𝐵
⃑⃑ and 𝜃.

1. 𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 2. 𝐴⃑ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂

⃑⃑ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂
𝐵 ⃑⃑ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
𝐵
 Class #
Written Work #2

Name: _____________________________Score: __________________

Section: ________Student No.: __________Date: __________________

Solve the following problem.

1. Charlene walks 4m East. She stops and drinks mango juice, then 3. A boy walks 7km East, then 4km North and finally 4km East.
she walks another 3m East. What is her total displacement? Find his final displacement.

2. Carol walks 4m East and then proceeds 3m North. What is her

final displacement?

Corrected by: _________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________

 Class #
Written Work #3

Name: _____________________________Score: __________________

Section: __________Student No.: ________Date: __________________

Given vectors,
𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ⃑⃑ = −3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂,
𝐵

𝐶⃑ = 3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ⃑⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂

𝐷 3. (𝐴⃑ × 𝐶⃑) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃

1. (𝐶⃑ ∙ 𝐷
⃑⃑) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃

⃑⃑ × 𝐵
4. (𝐷 ⃑⃑ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃
2. (𝐴⃑ ∙ 𝐵
⃑⃑ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃

Corrected by: _________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________

 Class #
QUIZ #2
12. Which one of the following quantities is a vector quantity?
a. the age of the earth
Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ b. the mass of a football
Section: __________Student No.: ________Date: __________________ c. the earth's pull on your body
d. the temperature of an iron bar
A. TRUE OR FALSE 13. Which one of the following statements is true concerning scalar
quantities?
1. If - = 0, then the vectors and have equal magnitudes a. Scalar quantities must be represented by base units.
b. Scalar quantities have both magnitude and direction.
and are directed in the opposite directions from each other.
c. Scalar quantities can be added to vector quantities using
2. The magnitude of a vector can never be less than the magnitude of
rules of trigonometry.
one of its components.
d. Scalar quantities can be added to other scalar quantities
3. If the magnitude of vector is less than the magnitude of vector using rules of ordinary addition.
, then the x component of is less than the x component of 14. Two vectors A and B are added together to form a vector C. The
relationship between the magnitudes of the vectors is given by: A2
. + B2 = C2. Which statement concerning these vectors is true?
4. If all the components of a vector are equal to 1, then that vector is a. A and B must be at right angles to each other.
a unit vector. b. A and B could have any orientation relative to each other.
5. If the dot product of two nonzero vectors is zero, the vectors must c. A and B must have equal lengths.
be perpendicular to each other. d. A and B must be parallel.
6. If two nonzero vectors point in the same direction, their dot 15. What is the angle between the vectors A and –A when they are
product must be zero. drawn from a common origin?
7. The value of the dot product of two vectors depends on the a. 0° b. 90° c. 180° d. 270°
particular coordinate system being used. 16. Two displacement vectors of magnitudes 21 cm and 79 cm are
8. If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their cross product added. Which one of the following is the only possible choice for
must be zero. the magnitude of the resultant?
9. If two vectors point in opposite directions, their cross product a. 0 cm b. 28 cm c. 37 cm d. 82 cm
must be zero. 17. A displacement vector has a magnitude of 810 m and points at an
angle of 18° above the positive x axis. What are the x and y
10. | - | = A + B if Vectors and are in the same direction.
scalar components of this vector?
x scalar component y scalar component
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE a. 770 m 250 m
11. Which one of the following choices is a vector quantity? b. 560 m 585 m
a. Mass c. time c. 585 m 560 m
b. b. temperature d. displacement d. 250 m 750 m
18. A displacement vector is 23 km in length and is directed 65° south c. 4.47 in a direction 6.34° counterclockwise from the
of east. What are the components of this vector? positive x axis
Eastward Component Southward Component d. 4.47 in a direction 26.6° counterclockwise from the
a. 21 km 9.7 km positive x axis
b. 23 km 23 km 23. What is the magnitude of + + , where = 1.00 î + 4.00 ĵ
c. 23 km 0 km
d. 9.7 km 21 km - 1.00 , = 3.00 î - 1.00 ĵ - 4.00 and = -1.00 î + 1.00 ĵ ?
19. A vector F1 has a magnitude of 40.0 units and points 35.0° above a. 7.07 b. 2.00 c. 10.76 d. 6.78
the positive x axis. A second vector F2 has a magnitude of 65.0 24. If = +4 î - 2 ĵ - 3 and = -4 î -2 ĵ - 3 , which of the
units and points in the negative y direction. Use the component
method of vector addition to find the magnitude and direction, following numbers is closest to the magnitude of - ?
relative to the positive x axis, of the resultant F = F1 + F2. a. 8 b. 7 c. 9 d. 10
a. 53.3 units, 52.1° below the +x axis
b. 53.3 units, 52.1° above the +x axis
25. Vector = -1.00 î + -2.00 ĵ and vector = 3.00 î + 4.00 ĵ. What
c. 76.3 units, 37.9° below the +x axis
d. 76.3 units, 52.1° above the +x axis are the magnitude and direction of vector = 3.00 + 2.00 ?
20. Use the component method of vector addition to find the resultant a. 3.61in a direction -56.3° counterclockwise from the
of the following three vectors: positive x-axis
A = 56 km, east B = 11 km, 22° south of east C = b. 3.61 in a direction 56.3° counterclockwise from the
88 km, 44° west of south positive x-axis
a. 81 km, 14° west of south c. 52 km, 66° south of east c. 3.61 in a direction 33.7° counterclockwise from the
b. 97 km, 62° south of east d. 68 km, 86° south of east positive x-axis
21. Vector = -3.00 + 3.00 and vector = 3.00 + 4.00 . d. 5.00 in a direction 56.3° counterclockwise from the
positive x axis
What is vector = + ?
a. 0.00î + 3.00 ĵ
b. 7.00 î + 7.00 ĵ
c. -3.00 î + 7.00 ĵ
d. 0.00 î + 7.00 ĵ
22. Vector = 1.00 î + -2.00 ĵ and vector = 3.00 î + 4.00 ĵ. What
Corrected by: _________________________
are the magnitude and direction of vector = + ?
a. 7.21 in a direction 33.7° counterclockwise from the Parent’s Signature: ______________
positive x axis
b. 6.00 in a direction 63.4° counterclockwise from the
positive x axis
 Position, time, distance, displacement, speed, average
velocity, instantaneous velocity
 Average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration
 Uniformly accelerated linear motion
 Free Fall
 1D Uniform acceleration

 Convert a verbal description of a physical situation

involving uniform acceleration in one dimension into a
mathematical description
 Recognize whether or not a physical situation involves
constant velocity or constant acceleration
 Interpret displacement and velocity, respectively, as areas
under velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time curves
 Interpret velocity and acceleration, respectively, as slopes
of position vs. time and velocity vs. time curves
 Construct velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time
graphs, respectively, corresponding to a given position vs.
time-graph and velocity vs. time graph and vice versa
 Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one-
dimensional uniformly accelerated motion
 Use the fact that the magnitude of acceleration due to
gravity on the Earth’s surface is nearly constant and
approximately 9.8 m/s2 in free-fall problems
 Solve problems involving one-dimensional motion with
constant acceleration in contexts such as, but not limited
to, the “tail-gating phenomenon”, pursuit, rocket launch,
and free- fall problems
 The rate of change of the displacement of an object is called the
velocity of the object and can be computed by
Kinematics is the study of motion.
̂
𝒙
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT ⃑𝒗⃑ =
𝒕
SI unit: meter per second (m/s)
Two quantities used to describe the motion of an object are
distance and displacement. Both are measured in terms of length. The average velocity is given by

Distance is a scalar quantity. The distance traveled by a moving ̂ 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊

∆𝒙
body indicates only the length between the starting point and the final ⃑⃑ =
∆𝒗 =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
point of its path. The change between the starting point and final point
is called the displacement. Displacement is a vector quantity and can be SI unit: meter per second (m/s)
computed by

∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 The figure illustrates how the displacement and velocity are

related.
SI unit: meter (m)

SPEED AND VELOCITY

The time at which an object moves is called speed. The average

speed of a moving object is the total distance covered per unit time.

𝒙
𝒗=
𝒕

SI unit: meter per second (m/s)

∆𝒙 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
∆𝒗 = =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕 𝒊

SI unit: meter per second (m/s)

 The average velocity is negative during a time interval if the The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at specific instant of
particle moves in the negative x- direction. time or specific point along the path and it is given by

𝒅
⃑⃑(𝒕) =
𝒗 [𝒙(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒕

SI unit: meter per second (m/s)

Take note that the average speed is not the magnitude of the
average velocity!

At any point on position-time graph, the instantaneous velocity is

equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point.

A position-time graph shows the particle’s position x as a

function of time. The figure shows how the average velocity is related to
the slope of the position-time graph.
 The motion diagram shows the position of the particle at various The instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration at specific
instants and arrows represents its velocity at each instant. instant of time or specific point along the path and it is given by

𝒅
⃑⃑(𝒕) =
𝒂 [𝒗
⃑⃑(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒕

SI unit: meter per second square (m/s2)

The figure shown is the velocity-time graph may be used to find

the instantaneous acceleration and the average acceleration.

ACCELERATION

The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. Thus

acceleration is given by
⃑⃑
𝒗
⃑⃑ =
𝒂
𝒕

SI unit: meter per second square (m/s2)

Acceleration is a vector quantity. Average acceleration is given by

⃑⃑ 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
∆𝒗
⃑⃑ =
∆𝒂 =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊

SI unit: meter per second square (m/s2)

MOTION WITH A CONSTANT ACCELERATION

For a particle with a constant acceleration, the velocity changes at

the same rate throughout the motion.
 𝑑𝑥
𝑣⃑(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
𝑎⃑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡

(𝑎⃑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑡 𝑥𝑓
∫ (𝑎⃑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑖 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥𝑖

𝑡 𝑡 𝑥𝑓
∫ 𝑎⃑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑥𝑖

𝑎⃑𝑡 2
+ 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
2
⃑⃑𝒕𝟐
𝒂
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + Equation 2
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS 𝟐

𝑑𝑣⃑ From equation 1

𝑎⃑(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡 ⃑⃑𝒕 + 𝒗𝒊
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒂
𝑎⃑(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑣 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒕=
𝑣𝑓 ⃑⃑
𝒂
∫ 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣𝑖 Substitute t to equation 2

𝑎⃑𝑡 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ⃑⃑𝒕𝟐
𝒂
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 +
𝟐
⃑⃑𝒕 + 𝒗𝒊
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒂 Equation 1
 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 From equation 1
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 ⃑⃑ (
𝒂 )
𝒙 𝒇 = 𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 ( )+ ⃑⃑
𝒂
⃑⃑
𝒂 𝟐 ⃑⃑𝒕 + 𝒗𝒊
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒂

𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
⃑⃑ (
𝒂 ) ⃑⃑ =
𝒂
𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 ⃑⃑𝟐
𝒂 𝒕
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + +
⃑⃑
𝒂 𝟐
⃑⃑ to equation 2
Substitute 𝒂
𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + + ⃑⃑𝒕𝟐
𝒂
⃑⃑
𝒂 ⃑⃑
𝟐𝒂 𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 +
𝟐
𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = + (
⃑⃑
𝒂 ⃑⃑
𝟐𝒂
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒕 )𝒕
𝟐
𝟐(𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 ) + 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = (𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 )𝒕
𝟐𝒂⃑⃑
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 +
𝟐
𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 − 𝟐𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒊 𝟐
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 =
𝟐𝒂⃑⃑ (𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 )𝒕
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 +
𝟐
−𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒗𝒇 𝟐
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 =
𝟐𝒂⃑⃑ 𝟐(𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 ) = 𝟐𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + (𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 )𝒕

2𝑎⃑(𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 ) = −𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 𝟐(𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 ) = 𝟐𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕 − 𝒗𝒊 𝒕

𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂
⃑⃑(𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 ) Equation 3 𝟐(𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 ) = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕

𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 =
𝟐
𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 +
𝟐
𝒕
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝟐 (𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒇 ) Equation 4
 FREELY FALLING BODIES
The vertical velocity, but not the acceleration, is zero at the
Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of only highest point.
gravity. The velocity change is the same in each time interval, so the
acceleration is constant.

Aristotle thought that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones, but
Galileo showed that all bodies fall at the same rate. If there is no
air resistance, the downward acceleration of any freely falling
object is g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2.

An object is in free fall even when it is moving upward. Refer to

the figure for up-and-down motion.

`
Sample problem:

1. A car moves 65 km due East then 45 km due West. What is its 4. The race car in problem 17 slows from +36 m/s to +15 m/s over
total displacement? 3.0 s. What is its average acceleration?

2. You drive a car for 2.0 h at 40 km/h, then for another 2.0 h at 60 5. A car is coasting downhill at a speed of 3.0 m/s when the driver
km/h. What is your average velocity? gets the engine started. After 2.5 s, the car is moving uphill at a
speed of 4.5 m/s. Assuming that uphill is the positive direction,
what is the car’s average acceleration?

3. An Indy 500 race car’s velocity increases from +4.0 m/s to +36 6. A bus is moving at 25 m/s when the driver steps on the brakes and
m/s over a 4.0s time interval. What is its average acceleration? brings the bus to a stop in 3.0 s. What is the average acceleration
of the bus while braking?
7. A golf ball rolls up a hill toward a miniature-golf hole. Assign the 10. A car slows from 22 m/s to 3.0 m/s at a constant rate of 2.1 m/s2.
direction toward the hole as being positive. If the ball starts with a How many seconds are required before the car is traveling at 3.0
speed of 2.0 m/s and slows at a constant rate of 0.50 m/s2, what is m/s?
its velocity after 2.0 s?

8. A bus, traveling at 30.0 km/h, speeds up at a constant rate of 3.5 11. A spaceship far from any star or planet accelerates uniformly
m/s2. What velocity does it reach 6.8 s later? from 65.0 m/s to 162.0 m/s in 10.0 s. How far does it move?

9. If a car accelerates from rest at a constant 5.5 m/s2, how long will 12. A particle’s motion is described by the equation (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 +
it need to reach a velocity of 28 m/s? 2 . What is the particle’s velocity at t = 4s?
13. A car is stopped at the traffic light. It then travels along a straight 𝑚
14. The acceleration of a particle is given by 𝑎(𝑡) = (−2.00 𝑠2 ) +
road so that its distance from the light is given by 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 (3.00 𝑠3 ) 𝑡 3 . Find the initial velocity of the particle such that it
(2.40 𝑠2 ) 𝑡 2 − (0.120 𝑠3 ) 𝑡 3 .
will have the same x-coordinate at t = 4.00s as it had at t = 0s.
a. Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time
interval t = 0s to t = 10.0s

b. Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at t = 0s, t =

5.0s and t = 10.s.
 Class #
Written Work #4
5. The position of an object moving along the x-axis is given by x =
(5.0 m/s)t – (10.0 m/s2)t2 + (4.0 m/s3)t3. What is the object doing
Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ at t = 1.0 s?
Section: ________Student No.: __________Date: __________________ a. It is moving and speeding up
b. It is moving and slowing down
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the answer, in capital c. It is moving, but its velocity is not changing at this instant
letters, before the number. d. It is momentarily at rest

1. This is the x-t graph of the motion of a particle. Of the four points 6. A glider is on an inclined, frictionless track. The x-axis points
P, Q, R, and S, the velocity vx is greatest (most positive) at downhill. At t = 0 the glider is at x = 0 and moving uphill. After
a. point P c. point R reaching the high point of its motion, it moves downhill and
b. point Q d. point S returns to x = 0. Which of the following ax–t graphs (graphs of
acceleration vs. time) best matches the motion of the glider?

2. This is the x-t graph of the motion of a particle. Of the four points
P, Q, R, and S, the speed is greatest at
a. point P c. point R
b. point Q. d. point S

3. This is the x-t graph of the motion of a particle. Of the four points
P, Q, R, and S, the acceleration ax is greatest (most positive) at
a. point P c. point R
b. point Q. d. point S

4. An object moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration. The

initial position x0 is positive, the initial velocity is negative, and
the acceleration is positive. Which of the following vx-t graphs
best describes this motion? 7. A glider is on an inclined, frictionless track. The x-axis points
downhill. At t = 0 the glider is at x = 0 and moving uphill. After
reaching the high point of its motion, it moves downhill and
returns to x = 0. Which of the following vx–t graphs (graphs of
velocity vs. time) best matches the motion of the glider?
 10. The position of an object moving along the x-axis is given by x =
5.0 m – (4.0 m/s)t + (2.0 m/s2)t2. How many times does this object
pass through the point x = 0?
a. twice, first moving in the positive x-direction, then
moving in the negative x-direction
b. twice, first moving in the negative x-direction, then
moving in the positive x-direction
c. only once, moving in the positive x-direction
d. never

11. The position of an object moving along the x-axis is given by x =

5.0 m + (4.0 m/s)t – (2.0 m/s2)t2. Which of the following x–t
8. This is the vx-t graph for an object moving along the x-axis. graphs (graphs of position vs. time) is correct for this motion?
Which of the following descriptions of the motion is most
accurate?

12. The position of an object moving along the x-axis is given by x =

5.0 m + (4.0 m/s)t – (2.0 m/s2)t2. Which of the following vx–t
graphs (graphs of velocity vs. time) is correct for this motion?
a. The object is slowing down at a decreasing rate.
b. The object is slowing down at an increasing rate.
c. The object is speeding up at a decreasing rate.
d. The object is speeding up at an increasing rate.

9. You are given the vx-t graph for an object moving along the x-axis
with constant acceleration. Which of the following could you not
determine from the information given in this graph alone?
a. the object’s x-acceleration at any time t
b. the object’s x-velocity at any time t Corrected by: _________________________
c. the object’s position at any time t
d. more than one of the above Parent’s Signature: ______________
 Class #
Written Work #5
3. What is the total distance that the bug traveled between t = 0.00 s
and t = 20.0 s? Assume the bug only changed directions at the
Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ end of a five-second interval.
Section: _________ Student No.: _________Date: __________________ a. 39.9 cm c. 16.1 cm
b. 65.7 cm d. 47.1 cm
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
4. A Canadian goose flew 845 km from Southern California to
1. At time t = 0 s, an object is observed at x = 0 m; and its position Oregon with an average speed of 30.5 m/s. How long, in hours,
along the x axis follows this expression: 𝑥(𝑡) = −3𝑡 + 𝑡 3 , where did it take the goose to make this journey?
the units for distance and time are meters and seconds, a. 27.7 h c. 66.1 h
respectively. What is the object’s displacement ∆x between t = b. 8.33 h d. 7.70 h
1.0 s and t = 3.0 s?
a. +20 m c. +10 m 5. In the process of delivering mail, a postal worker walks 161 m,
b. –20 m d. +2 m due east from his truck. He then turns around and walks 194 m,
due west from his truck. What is the worker’s displacement
For items 2-3. Peter noticed a bug crawling along a meter stick relative to his truck?
and decided to record the bug’s position in five-second intervals. a. 33 m, due west c. 194 m, due west
After the bug crawled off the meter stick, Peter created the table b. 33 m, due east d. 252 m, due east
shown.
Time (s) Position (cm) 6. When the outdoor emergency warning siren at Cheryl’s school
0.00 49.6 was tested, the sound from the siren took 7.0 s to reach her house
5.00 39.2 located 2.40 km from the school. What is the speed of sound in
10.00 42.5 air?
15.00 41.0 a. 240 m/s c. 440 m/s
20.00 65.7 b. 340 m/s d. 540 m/s

2. What is the displacement of the bug between t = 0.00 s and t = 7. An elevator is moving upward with a speed of 11 m/s. Three
20.0 s? seconds later, the elevator is still moving upward, but its speed
a. +39.9 cm c. +65.7 cm has been reduced to 5.0 m/s. What is the average acceleration of
b. –39.9 cm d. +16.1 cm the elevator during the 3.0 s interval?
a. 2.0 m/s2, downward c. 5.3 m/s2, downward
2
b. 2.0 m/s , upward d. 5.3 m/s2, upward
8. A car, starting from rest, accelerates in a straight-line path at a
constant rate of 2.5 m/s2. How far will the car travel in 12
seconds?
a. 180 m c. 4.8 m
b. 30 m d. 15 m

9. A car starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate in a

straight line. In the first second the car covers a distance of 2.0
meters. How fast will the car be moving at the end of the second
second?
a. 4.0 m/s c. 2.0 m/s
b. 16 m/s d. 8.0 m/s

For items 10-12. An object starts from rest and accelerates

uniformly in a straight line in the positive x direction. After 11
seconds, its speed is 70.0 m/s.
‡
10. Determine the acceleration of the object.
a. +3.5 m/s2 c. c. –3.5 m/s2
b. +6.4 m/s2 d. −6.4 m/s2

11. How far does the object travel during the first 11 seconds?
a. 35 m c. 770 m
b. 390 m d. 77 m
‡
12. What is the average velocity of the object during the first 11
seconds?
a. +3.6 m/s c. −140 m/s
b. +35 m/s d. +6.4 m/s

Corrected by: _________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________

 Class #
Quiz #3
5. The acceleration of an object as a function of time is given by a(t)
= (3.00 m/s3)t, where t is in seconds. If the object is at rest at time
Name: _____________________________Score: __________________ t = 0.00 s, what is the velocity of the object at time t = 6.00 s?
Section: _________ Student No.: _________Date: __________________ a. 18.0 m/s c. 0.00 m/s
b. 54.0 m/s d. 15.0 m/s
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter, in capital 6. The acceleration of an object as a function of time is given by a(t)
letters, before the number. = (3.00 m/s3)t, where t is in seconds. If the object has a velocity
1.00 m/s at time t = 1.00 s, what is the displacement of the object
2
1. The position of an object as a function of time is given by x =bt - between time t = 2.00 s and time t = 4.00 s?
2 a. 33.0 m c. 36.0 m
ct, where b = 2.0 m/s and c = 6.7 m/s, and x and t are in SI units.
What is the instantaneous velocity of the object when t = 2.2s? b. 30.0 m d. 27.0 m
2
a. 1.7 m/s c. 2.3 m/s 7. A car accelerates from 10.0 m/s to 30.0 m/s at a rate of 3.00 m/s .
b. 2.1 m/s d. 2.7 m/s How far does the car travel while accelerating?
2. The position of an object is given by x = at3 – bt2 + ct where a = a. 80.0 m c. 226 m
4.1 m/s3, b = 2.2 m/s2, c = 1.7 m/s and x and t are in SI units. b. 133 m d. 399 m
What is the instantaneous acceleration of the object when t = 0.7 8. A dragster starts from rest and travels 1/4 mi in 6.70 s with
s? constant acceleration. What is its velocity when it crosses the
a. -13 m/s2 c. 4.6 m/s2 finish line?
b. 2.9 m/s2 d.13 m/s2 a. 296 mi/h c. 188 mi/h
b. 269 mi/h d. 135 mi/h
3. The velocity of an object as a function of time is given by v(t) =
9. An airplane that is flying level needs to accelerate from a speed of
2.00 m/s + (3.00 m/s) t - (1.0 m/s2) t2. Determine the
2.00 × 102 m/s to a speed of 2.40 × 102 m/s while it flies a
instantaneous acceleration of the object at time t = 5.00 s.
distance of 1.20 km. What must be the acceleration of the plane?
a. -8.00 m/s2 c.2.00 m/s2
a. m/s2 c. 7.33 m/s2
b. -7.00 m/s2 d. 0.00 m/s2
b. 2.45 m/s2 d. 5.78 m/s2
4. The velocity of an object is given by the expression v(t) = 3.00
10. A runner maintains constant acceleration after starting from rest
m/s + (4.00 m/s3)t2, where t is in seconds. Determine the as she runs a distance of 60.0 m. The runner's speed at the end of
position of the object as a function of time if it is located at x = the 60.0 m is 9.00 m/s. How much time did it take the runner to
1.00 m at time t = 0.000 s. complete the 60.0 m distance?
a. (4.00 m/s)t + 1.00 m a. 6.67s c. 9.80 s
b. (3.00 m/s)t + (1.33 m/s3)t3 b. 15.0 s d. 10.2 s
c. (4.00 m/s)t
d. 1.00 m + (3.00 m/s)t + (1.33 m/s3)t3
11. An object starts from rest at time t = 0.00 s and moves in the +x
direction with constant acceleration. The object travels 12.0 m
from time t = 1.00 s to time t = 2.00 s. What is the acceleration of
the object?
a. -12.0 m/s2 c. -4.00 m/s2
b. 24.0 m/s2 d. 8.00 m/s2

12. A car starts from rest and accelerates with a constant acceleration
of 1.00 m/s2 for 3.00 s. The car continues for 5.00 s at constant
velocity. How far has the car traveled from its starting point?
a. 24.0m c. 19.5 m
b. 9.00 m d. 4.50 m

Corrected by: _________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________

 Position, distance, displacement, speed, average velocity,
instantaneous velocity, average acceleration, and
instantaneous acceleration in 2- and 3- dimensions
 Projectile motion
 Circular motion
 Relative motion

 Describe motion using the concept of relative velocities in

1D and 2D
 Extend the definition of position, velocity, and
acceleration to 2D and 3D using vector representation
 Deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical
and horizontal components of projectile motion
 Calculate range, time of flight, and maximum heights of
projectiles
 Differentiate uniform and non-uniform circular motion
 Infer quantities associated with circular motion such as
tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, tangential
acceleration, radius of curvature
 Solve problems involving two dimensional motion in
contexts such as, but not limited to ledge jumping, movie
stunts, basketball, safe locations during firework displays,
and Ferris wheels
 Plan and execute an experiment involving projectile
motion: Identifying error sources, minimizing their
influence, and estimating the influence of the identified
error sources on final results
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
POSITION VECTOR
The instantaneous velocity is the instantaneous rate of
The position vector from the origin to point P has change of position vector with respect to time. The components of
components x, y, and z. the instantaneous velocity are

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⃑⃑𝒙 =
𝒗 , ⃑⃑𝒚 =
𝒗 , ⃑⃑𝒛 =
𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

The instantaneous velocity of a particle is always tangent to its

path.

AVERAGE VELOCITY

The average velocity between two points is the

displacement divided by the time interval between the two points,
and it has the same direction as the displacement.
AVERAGE ACCELERATION

The average acceleration during a time interval t is

defined as the velocity change during t divided by t.

INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION DIRECTION OF THE ACCELERATION VECTOR

The instantaneous acceleration is the instantaneous rate of The direction of the acceleration vector depends on
change of the velocity with respect to time. Any particle whether the speed is constant, increasing, or decreasing, as shown
following a curved path is accelerating, even if it has constant in the figure.
speed. The components of the instantaneous acceleration are

𝒅𝒗𝒙
⃑⃑𝒙 =
𝒂 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒗𝒚
⃑𝒂⃑𝒚 =
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒗𝒛
⃑⃑𝒛 =
𝒂 𝒅𝒕
PROJECTILE MOTION

A projectile is anybody given an initial velocity that then

follows a path determined by the effects of gravity and air
resistance. Begin by neglecting resistance and the curvature and
rotation of the earth.

EQUATIONS FOR PROJECTILE MOTION

The red ball is dropped at the same time

that the yellow ball is fired horizontally. The
strobe marks equal time intervals. We can
analyze projectile motion as horizontal motion
with constant velocity and vertical motion with
constant acceleration: ax = 0 and ay = g.
 If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the equations describing projectile motion are ACCELERATION FOR UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
shown. The trajectory is a parabola.
For uniform circular motion, the instantaneous
𝒙 = (𝒗𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝒐 )𝒕 acceleration always points toward the center of the circle and is
called the centripetal acceleration.
𝟏
⃑⃑⃑𝒕𝟐
𝒚 = (𝒗𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝒐 )𝒕 − 𝟐 𝒈

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝒐

⃑⃑⃑𝒕
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝒐 − 𝒈

EFFECTS OF AIR RESISTANCE IN PROJECTILE MOTION

1. Acceleration is not constant.

2. Maximum height and range decrease.
3. The trajectory is no longer a parabola.
4. Calculations become more complicated.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

For uniform circular motion, the speed is constant and the

acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity.

The magnitude of the acceleration

is given by

⃑⃑𝟐
𝒗
⃑⃑𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝒂 𝑹

The period T is the time for one

revolution

𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑹
⃑⃑𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝒂 𝑻𝟐
NONUNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION Sample Problem

If the speed varies, the motion is nonuniform circular 1. A stone is thrown horizontally at a speed of 5.0 m/s from the top
motion. The radial acceleration component is still arad = v2/R, but of a cliff 78.4 m high.
there is also a tangential acceleration component atan that is a. How long does it take the stone to reach the
parallel to the instantaneous velocity. bottom of the cliff?

b. How far from the base of the cliff does the stone
hit the ground?

c. What are the horizontal and vertical components of

the stone’s velocity just before it hits the ground?
2. The player then kicks the ball with the same speed, but at 60.0° 5. A 615-kg racing car completes one lap in 14.3 s around a circular
from the horizontal. What are the ball’s hang time, range, and track with a radius of 50.0 m. The car moves at constant speed.
maximum height? What is the acceleration of the car?

3. A runner moving at a speed of 8.8 m/s rounds a bend with a 6. An athlete whirls a 7.00-kg hammer tied to the end of a 1.3-m
radius of 25 m. What is the centripetal acceleration of the runner? chain in a horizontal circle. The hammer makes one revolution in
1.0 s. What is the centripetal acceleration of the hammer?

4. Racing on a flat track, a car going 32 m/s rounds a curve 56 m in 7. According to the Guinness Book of World Records (1990) the
radius. What is the car’s centripetal acceleration? highest rotary speed ever attained was 2010 m/s (4500 mph). The
rotating rod was 15.3 cm (6 in.) long. Assume that the speed
quoted is that of the end of the rod. What is the centripetal
acceleration of the end of the rod?
 Class #
Written Work #6
6. What is the speed of the projectile when it is at the highest point
in its trajectory?
Name: __________________________________Score: _____________ a. 0 m/s c. 50 m/s
Section: ___________ Student No.: _____________Date: ____________ b. 30 m/s d. 20 m/s
7. What is the acceleration of the projectile when it reaches its
Choose the letter of the correct answer. maximum height?
a. zero m/s2 c. 4.9 m/s2, downward
For items 1-2. A projectile is fired at an angle of 60.0° above the b. 9.8 m/s , downward d. less than 9.8 m/s2
2

horizontal with an initial speed of 30.0 m/s. 8. A ball moves with a constant speed of 4 m/s around a circle of
radius 0.25 m. What is the period of the motion?
1. What is the magnitude of the horizontal component of the a. 0.1 s c. 2 s
projectile's displacement at the end of 2 s? b. 0.7 s d. 0.4 s
a. 30 m c. 50 m 9. A car traveling at 20 m/s rounds a curve so that its centripetal
b. 10 m d. 40 m acceleration is 5 m/s2. What is the radius of the curve?
2. How long does it take the projectile to reach the highest point in a. 4 m c. 640 m
its trajectory? b. 80 m d. 8 m
a. 1.5 s c. 9.8 s 10. A satellite is placed in a circular orbit to observe the surface of
b. 4.0 s d. 2.7 s Mars from an altitude of 144 km. The equatorial radius of Mars is
3397 km. If the speed of the satellite is 3480 m/s, what is the
For items 3-7. A projectile is fired from a gun and has initial magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the satellite?
horizontal and vertical components of velocity equal to 30 m/s a. 2.17 m/s2 c. 4.05 m/s2
and 40 m/s, respectively. b. 2.99 m/s2 d. 3.42 m/s2

3. Determine the initial speed of the projectile.

a. 40 m/s c. 80 m/s
b. 60 m/s d. 50 m/s
4. At what angle is the projectile fired (measured with respect to the
horizontal)? Corrected by: _________________________
a. 53° c. 60°
b. 45° d. 40° Parent’s Signature: ______________

5. Approximately how long does it take the projectile to reach the

highest point in its trajectory?
a. 1 s b. 4 s c. 16 s
d. 2 s
 Class #
Quiz #4

Name: __________________________________Score: _____________ 5. A race car moving with a constant speed of 60 m/s completes one
Section: ___________ Student No.: _____________Date: ____________ lap around a circular track in 50 s. What is the magnitude of the
acceleration of the race car?
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter, in capital letters, a. 8.8 m/s2 b. 7.5 m/s2 c. 9.4 m/s2
before the number d. 6.3 m/s2

1. The initial speed of a cannon ball is 0.20 km/s. If the ball is to

strike a target that is at a horizontal distance of 3.0 km from the
cannon, what is the minimum time of flight for the ball?
a. 14 s c. 21 s Corrected by: _________________________
b. 16 s d. 24 s
Parent’s Signature: ______________
2. A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a building 0.10 km
high. The ball strikes the ground at a point 65 m horizontally
away from and below the point of release. What is the speed of
the ball just before it strikes the ground?
a. 36 m/s c. 43 m/s
b. 39 m/s d. 47 m/s

3. An object moving at a constant speed requires 6.0 s to go once

around a circle with a diameter of 4.0 m. What is the magnitude
of the instantaneous acceleration of the particle during this time?
a. 2.2 m/s2 c. 3.3 m/s2
2
b. 2.7 m/s d. 3.8 m/s2

4. A particle moves at a constant speed in a circular path with a

radius of 2.06 cm. If the particle makes four revolutions each
second, what is the magnitude of its acceleration?
a. 20 m/s2 c. 13 m/s2
2
b. 18 m/s d. 15 m/s2
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Inertial Reference Frames
 Action at a distance forces
 Mass and Weight
 Types of contact forces: tension, normal force, kinetic and
static friction, fluid resistance
 Action-Reaction Pairs
 Free-Body Diagrams
 Applications of Newton’s Laws to single-body and
multibody dynamics
 Fluid resistance
 Experiment on forces
 Problem solving using Newton’s Laws

 Define inertial frames of reference

 Differentiate contact and noncontact forces
 Distinguish mass and weight
 Identify action-reaction pairs
 Draw free-body diagrams
 Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and
qualitative conclusions about the contact and noncontact
forces acting on a body in equilibrium (1 lecture)
 Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic
friction
 Compare the magnitude of sought quantities such as
frictional force, normal force, threshold angles for sliding,
acceleration, etc.
 Apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain
quantitative and qualitative conclusions about the velocity
and acceleration of one or more bodies, and the contact FORCE
and noncontact forces acting on one or more bodies
 Analyze the effect of fluid resistance on moving object A force is a push or pull of an object. It is an interaction between
 Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of motion in two objects or between an object and its environment. Force is a vector
contexts such as, but not limited to, ropes and pulleys, the quantity, it has magnitude and direction.
design of mobile sculptures, transport of loads on
conveyor belts, force needed to move stalled vehicles,
determination of safe driving speeds on banked curved
roads
 Plan and execute an experiment involving forces (e.g.,
force table, friction board, terminal velocity) and
identifying discrepancies between theoretical expectations
and experimental results when appropriate

FOUR COMMMON TYPES OF FORCES

NORMAL FORCE - When an object pushes on a surface, the

surface pushes back on the object perpendicular to the surface.
This is a contact force.
FRICTION FORCE - This force occurs when a surface resists WEIGHT - The pull of gravity on an object. This is a long-range
sliding of an object and is parallel to the surface. Friction is a force.
contact force.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF FORCES

Use a vector arrow to represent the magnitude and direction of the

TENSION FORCE - A pulling force exerted on an object by a given forces.
rope or cord. This is a contact force.
 Several forces acting at a point on an object have the same NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
effect as their vector sum acting at the same point.
The first law of motion stated that when an object is at
rest, it tends to stay at rest, and when the object is on motion, it
stays in motion. More properly, “A body acted on by zero net
force moves with constant velocity and zero acceleration.”

In the figure (a), a net force acts, causing acceleration. resulting in

no acceleration.

The vector sum of all the forces on an object is called the

resultant of the forces or the net forces.

In part (b) the net force is zero,

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION The acceleration of an object is
inversely proportional to the object’s
mass if the net force remains fixed.
If the net force on an object is not zero, it causes the object
to accelerate.

Thus, the second law of motion states that, the acceleration of

an object is directly proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to its mass. And it is given by the equation,

∑ ⃑𝑭⃑ = 𝒎𝒂
⃑⃑

SI unit: Newton (N)

1Newton = 1 kg m/s2
The acceleration of an
object is directly proportional
to the net force F on the MASS AND WEIGHT
object. Whatever the direction
of the force, that is also the direction The weight of an object (on the earth) is the gravitational
of the acceleration. force that the earth exerts on it. The weight W of an object of
mass m is

⃑⃑
𝐖 = 𝐦𝐠

The value of g depends on altitude. Newton is a unit of Force and

weight is a force. Thus, mass and weight are not the same.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION A person pulls on a block across the floor. Identify the action-
reaction pairs.
A force and its reaction force have the same magnitude but
opposite directions. These forces act on different bodies.

Example: An apple rests on a table. Identify the forces that act on

it and the action-reaction pairs.

FRICTIONAL FORCES

When a body rests or slides on a surface, the friction force

is parallel to the surface. Friction between two surfaces arises from
interactions between molecules on the surfaces.
 KINETIC FRICTION - acts when a body slides over a Sample Problem
surface. Its equation is given by
1. Two horizontal forces, 225 N and 165 N, are exerted in the same
𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 direction on a crate. Find the net horizontal force on the crate.

STATIC FRICTION - acts when there is no relative

motion between bodies. The static friction force can vary
between zero and its maximum value

𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑵

Before the object slides, static friction force exists then 2. The 225-N force is exerted on the crate toward the north and the
once the object moves, kinetic friction force acts. Static friction 165-N force is exerted toward the east. Find the magnitude and
only has its maximum value just before the box “breaks loose” and direction of the net force.
starts to slide.

3. On Earth, a scale shows that you weigh 585 N. What is your

mass?
4. A boy exerts a 36-N horizontal force as he pulls a 52-N sled 6. You place a 7.50-kg television set on a spring scale. If the scale
across a cement sidewalk at constant speed. What is the reads 78.4 N, what is the acceleration due to gravity at that
coefficient of kinetic friction between the sidewalk and the metal location?
sled runners? Ignore air resistance.

5. A 873-kg (1930-lb) dragster, starting from rest, attains a speed of 7. If you use a horizontal force of 30.0 N to slide a 12.0 kg wooden
26.3 m/s (58.9 mph) in 0.59 s. crate across a floor at a constant velocity, what is the coefficient
a. Find the average acceleration of the dragster of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor?
during this time interval.
b. What is the magnitude of the average net force on
the dragster during this time?
c. Assume that the driver has a mass of 68 kg. What
horizontal force does the seat exert on the driver?
8. A hockey puck having a mass of 0.30 kg slides on the horizontal, 9. A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two
frictionless surface of an ice rink. Two hockey sticks strike the other cables fastened to a support as in the figure shown. The
puck simultaneously, exerting the forces on the puck shown in upper cables make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the horizontal.
figure. The force has a magnitude of 5.0 N, and the force has a These upper cables are not as strong as the vertical cable and will
magnitude of 8.0 N. Determine both the magnitude and the break if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. Does the traffic light
direction of the puck’s acceleration. remain hanging in this situation, or will one of the cables break?
10. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2, with m1 has greater mass than 11. When two objects of unequal mass are hung vertically over a
m2, are placed in contact with each other on a frictionless, frictionless pulley of negligible mass as in the figure shown, the
horizontal surface as shown in the figure. A constant horizontal arrangement is called an Atwood machine. The device is
force is applied to m1 as shown. Find the magnitude of the sometimes used in the laboratory to calculate the value of g.
acceleration of the system. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the two objects
and the tension in the lightweight cord.
12. A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are attached by a 13. A block of mass m1 on a rough, horizontal surface is connected to
lightweight cord that passes over a frictionless pulley of a ball of mass m2 by a lightweight cord over a lightweight,
negligible mass as in the figure shown. The block lies on a frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. A force of magnitude F
frictionless incline of angle 𝜃. Find the magnitude of the at an angle 𝜃 with the horizontal is applied to the block as shown
acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the cord. and the block slides to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and surface is 𝜇𝑘 . Determine the magnitude of
the acceleration of the two objects.
 Class #
Written Work #7
5. Which two forces form an "action-reaction" pair that obeys
Newton's third law?
Name: _____________________________________Score: __________ a. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3
Section: __________ Student No.: _______________Date: _________ b. 2 and 4 d. 3 and 4
6. Suppose that the horse and cart have started from rest; and as time
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter, in capital letters, goes on, their speed increases in the same direction. Which one
before the number of the following conclusions is correct concerning the magnitudes
of the forces mentioned above?
1. With one exception, each of the following units can be used to a. Force 1 exceeds force 2.
express mass. What is the exception? b. Force 3 exceeds force 4.
a. Newton c. kilogram c. Force 2 is less than force 3.
b. gram d. slug d. Forces 1 and 2 cannot have equal
2. Complete the following statement: The term net force most
accurately describes For items 7-8. A book is resting on the surface of a table.
a. the mass of an object Consider the following four forces that arise in this situation:
b. the inertia of an object. moving. (1) the force of the earth pulling on the book
c. the quantity that causes displacement. (2) the force of the table pushing on the book
d. the quantity that changes the velocity of an object. (3) the force of the book pushing on the table
3. Which one of the following terms is used to indicate the natural (4) the force of the book pulling on the earth
tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant
speed along a straight line? 7. Which two forces form an "action-reaction" pair that obeys
a. Velocity c. inertia Newton's third law?
b. acceleration d. force a. 1 and 2 c. 3 and 4
b. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 3
4. When the net force that acts on a hockey puck is 10 N, the puck
accelerates at a rate of 50 m/s2. Determine the mass of the puck. 8. The book has an acceleration of 0 m/s2. Which pair of forces,
a. 0.2 kg c. 50 kg excluding "action-reaction" pairs, must be equal in magnitude and
b. 5 kg d. 1.0 kg opposite in direction?
a. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 4
For items 5-6. A horse pulls a cart along a flat road. Consider the b. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 3
following four forces that arise in this situation.
(1) the force of the horse pulling on the cart
(2) the force of the cart pulling on the horse
(3) the force of the horse pushing on the road
(4) the force of the road pushing on the horse
 For items 9-10. A 2.0-N force acts horizontally on a 10-N block
that is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of
static friction between the block and the surface is 0.50.

9. What is the magnitude of the frictional force that acts on the

block?
a. 0 N c. 10 N
b. 5 N d. 2 N

10. Suppose that the block now moves across the surface with
constant speed under the action of a horizontal 3.0-N force.
Which statement concerning this situation is not true?
a. The block is not accelerated.
b. The net force on the block is zero Newton.
c. The frictional force on the block has magnitude 3.0
N.
d. The direction of the total force that the surface
exerts on the block is vertically upward.

Corrected by: ________________________________________

Parent’s Signature: ___________________________________

 Class No.
Quiz #5
5. You are standing in a moving bus, facing forward, and you
suddenly fall forward as the bus comes to an immediate stop. The
Name: _____________________________________ Score:__________ force acting on you that causes you to fall forward is
Section: ___________ Student No.:_____________ Date: __________ a. the force of gravity.
b. the normal force due to your contact with the floor of the
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter, in capital bus.
letters, before the number. c. the force due to static friction between you and the floor of
the bus.
1. You swing a bat and hit a heavy box with a force of 1500 N. The d. No forces were acting on you to cause you to fall.
force the box exerts on the bat is
a. exactly 1500 N only if the box does not move. 6. An object is moving forward with a constant velocity. Which
b. exactly 1500 N whether or not the box moves. statement about this object MUST be true?
c. greater than 1500 N if the box moves. a. The net force on the object is zero.
d. less than 1500 N if the box moves. b. The net force on the object is in the forward direction.
c. No forces are acting on the object.
2. A stalled car is being pushed up a hill at constant velocity by three d. The acceleration of the object is in the forward direction.
people. The net force on the car is
a. zero. 7. The following four forces act on a 4.00 kg object:
b. up the hill and equal to the weight of the car.
1 = 300 N east
c. down the hill and equal to the weight of the car.
d. up the hill and greater than the weight of the car. 2 = 700 N north

3. In order to get an object moving, you must push harder on it than 3 = 500 N west
it pushes back on you. 4 = 600 N south
a. True b. False
What is the acceleration of the object?
4. In order to lift a bucket of concrete, you must pull up harder on a. 224 N in a direction 63.4° north of west
the bucket than it pulls down on you. b. 300 N in a direction 63.4° north of west
a. True b. False c. 300 N in a direction 26.6° north of west
d. 224 N in a direction 26.6° north of west
8. Two forces act on a 55-kg object. One force has magnitude 65 N
directed 59° clockwise from the positive x-axis, and the other has
a magnitude 35 N at 32° clockwise from the positive y-axis. What
is the magnitude of this object's acceleration?
a. 1.1m/s2 c. 1.5 m/s2
b. 1.3 m/s2 d. 1.7 m/s2

9. A box slides down a frictionless plane inclined at an angle θ

above the horizontal. The gravitational force on the box is
directed
a. parallel to the plane in the same direction as the movement
of the box.
b. parallel to the plane in the opposite direction as the
movement of the box.
c. perpendicular to the plane.
d. vertically.

10. A string is attached to the rear-view mirror of a car. A ball is

hanging at the other end of the string. The car is driving around in
a circle, at a constant speed. Which of the following lists gives all
of the forces directly acting on the ball?
a. tension and gravity
b. tension
c. tension, gravity, and the centripetal force
d. tension, gravity, the centripetal force, and friction

Corrected by: ____________________________________

Parent’s Signature: _______________________________

 Work done by a force
 Work-energy relation
 Kinetic energy
 Power
 Conservative and non-conservative forces
 Gravitational potential energy
 Elastic potential energy
 Equilibria and potential energy diagrams
 Energy Conservation
 Work, Energy and Power Problems

 Determine the work done by a force (not necessarily

constant) acting on a system
 Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and
displacement
 Interpret the work done by a force in one- dimension as an
area under a Force vs. Position curve
 Relate the work done by a constant force to the change in
kinetic energy of a system
 Apply the work-energy theorem to obtain quantitative and
qualitative conclusions regarding the work done, initial
and final velocities, mass and kinetic energy of a system
 Represent the work-energy theorem graphically
 Relate power to work, energy, force, and velocity
 Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or
object to the configuration of the system
 Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to
the configuration of the system
 Explain the properties and the effects of conservative
forces
 Identify conservative and non-conservative forces WORK
 Express the conservation of energy verbally and
mathematically Things need energy to move and make other objects move. Thus,
 Use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, we say that energy is what gives objects the ability to do work. In
unstable, and neutral equilibria; and turning points physics, to do work on an object means applying a force that makes the
 Determine whether or not energy conservation is object move. An object that does work on another object transfers energy
applicable in a given example before and after description to that second object. We have already seen that forces cam create
of a physical system acceleration, making object speeds up, slow down or change
 Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in direction. Forces can also deform objects. Another effect of forces is to
contexts such as, but not limited to, bungee jumping, alter the energy of an object, provided that the force must displace the
design of roller-coasters, number of people required to object. In this case, the force is said to do work.
build structures such as the Great Pyramids and the rice
terraces; power and energy requirements of human The figure illustrates forces doing work.
activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. standing, running
vs. walking. (Conversion of joules to calories should be
emphasized at this point.)

The work done on an object by a force is the product the

displacement and the force.
𝑾=𝑭 ⃑⃑𝒅

SI unit: Joule
1 Nm = 1 Joule
 Note that work done is the product of force and displacement if NEGATIVE WORK DONE – Force has a component opposite
the force and displacement are in the same direction. to the direction of the displacement or 90° < 𝜃 < 180°

ZERO WORK DONE - Force has a component perpendicular to

the direction of the displacement

If the work done by a constant force acting at an angle to the

displacement is given by
KINETIC ENERGY
𝑾 = ⃑𝑭⃑𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body. A moving object
does work when it hits another object while stationary body cannot do
work on another stationary body. Kinetic energy is related to speed. This
means that for a moving object to do more work, it should be moving
faster. The formula for computing the kinetic energy of an object with
mass and speed is

A force can do positive, negative or zero work done depending on 𝟏

𝑲= 𝒎𝒗𝟐
the angle between the force and displacement. 𝟐

POSITIVE WORK DONE – Force has a component in SI unit: Joule

direction of the displacement
WORK-KINETIC ENERGY RELATIONSHIP GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

The net work on a body changes its speed and therefore its kinetic The gravitational potential energy is the product of the magnitude
energy. of the object’s weight and its height.

𝑼𝒈 = 𝑾𝒉 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉

The work-energy theorem states that, the work done by the net At higher position, an object has a higher gravitational potential
force on a particle equals the change in the particle’s kinetic energy. energy and at lower position it decreases gravitational potential energy.
Mathematically, the work-energy theorem is,

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

𝟏 𝟏
𝑾 = ∆𝑲 = 𝒎𝒗𝒇 𝟐 − 𝒎𝒗𝒊 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 A body is elastic if it returns to its original shape after being
deformed. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic body
WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY such as spring. The elastic potential energy stored in an ideal spring is

The energy that an object that is due to position is called potential

energy. When an object’s position changes, it can do work. 𝟏 𝟐
𝑼𝒆𝒍 = 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
 When a situation involves both gravitational and elastic forces, - The law of the conservation of energy means that
the total potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy energy is never created or destroyed; it only
and elastic potential energy changes form.

- This law can be expressed as

𝑼𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑼𝒈 + 𝑼𝒆𝒍
∆𝑲 + ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑼𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎

CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES POWER

CONSERVATIVE FORCE Power is the time rate of energy transfer. Using work as the
- Allows conversion between kinetic and potential energy transfer method, this can also be written as
energy. Gravity and the elastic force are
conservative force. 𝑾
𝑷=
- The work done between two points by any ∆𝒕
conservative force
a. Can be expressed in terms of potential SI Unit: Watt
energy function
b. Is reversible
c. Is independent of path between two points
d. Is zero if the starting and ending points are
the same

NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE
- Forces do not store potential energy, but they do
the change in internal energy of a system

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

- Non-conservative forces do not store potential

energy, but they do change the internal energy of a
system.
Sample Problem

1. A student lifts a box of books that weighs 185 N. The box is lifted 4. A forklift raises a box 1.2 m doing 7.0 kJ of work on it. What is
0.800 m. How much work does the student do on the box? the mass of the box?

2. Two students together exert a force of 825 N in pushing a car 35 5. A rope is used to pull a metal box 15.0 m across the floor. The
m. rope is held at an angle of 46.0° with the floor and a force of 628
a. How much work do they do on the car? N is used. How much work does the force on the rope do?
b. If the force were doubled, how much work would they do
pushing the car the same distance?

6. A student librarian picks up a 2.2-kg book from the floor to a

height of 1.25 m. He carries the book 8.0 m to the stacks and
places the book on a shelf that is 0.35 m above the floor. How
3. A 0.180-kg ball falls 2.5 m. How much work does the force of much work does he do on the book?
gravity do on the ball?
7. An 845-N sled is pulled a distance of 185 m. The task requires 10. A 50.0-kg shell is shot from a cannon at Earth’s surface to a
1.20 x 104 J of work and is done by pulling on a rope with a force height of 425 m. The system is the shell plus Earth, and the
of 125 N. At what angle is the rope held? reference level is Earth’s surface. What is the gravitational
potential energy of the system when the shell is at this height?

8. A rifle can shoot a 4.20-g bullet at a speed of 965 m/s. Find the 11. A 1600-kg car travels at a speed of 12.5 m/s. What is its kinetic
kinetic energy of the bullet as it leaves the rifle. energy?

9. A comet with a mass of 7.85 1011 kg strikes Earth at a speed of 12. A racing car has a mass of 1525 kg. What is its kinetic energy if it
25.0 km/s. Find the kinetic energy of the comet in joules. has a speed of 108 km/h?
13. In the 1950s, an experimental train that had a mass of 2.50 × 104 14. A 14 700-N car is traveling at 25 m/s. The brakes are applied
kg was powered across a level track by a jet engine that produced suddenly, and the car slides to a stop. The average braking force
a thrust of 5.00 × 105 N for a distance of 509 m. between the tires and the road is 7100 N. How far will the car
a. Find the work done on the train. slide once the brakes are applied?
b. Find the change in kinetic energy.
c. Find the final kinetic energy of the train if it started from rest.
d. Find the final speed of the train if there were no friction.

15. How much potential energy does Tim, with mass 60.0 kg, gain
when he climbs a gymnasium rope a distance of 3.5 m?

16. A weight lifter raises a 180-kg barbell to a height of 1.95 m. What

is the increase in the potential energy of the barbell?
17. A 10.0-kg test rocket is fired vertically from Cape Canaveral. Its 20. An electric motor develops 65 kW of power as it lifts a loaded
fuel gives it a kinetic energy of 1960 J by the time the rocket elevator 17.5 m in 35 s. How much force does the motor exert?
engine burns all of the fuel. What additional height will the rocket
rise?

18. A box that weighs 575 N is lifted a distance of 20.0 m straight up 21. Robin pushes a wheelbarrow by exerting a 145-N force
by a cable attached to a motor. The job is done in 10.0 s. What horizontally. Robin moves it 60.0 m at a constant speed for 25.0 s.
power is developed by the motor in watts and kilowatts? a. What power does Robin develop?
b. If Robin moves the wheelbarrow twice as fast, how much
power is developed?

19. A rock climber wears a 7.5-kg knapsack while scaling a cliff.

After 30 min, the climber is 8.2 m above the starting point.
a. How much work does the climber do on the knapsack?
b. If the climber weighs 645 N, how much work does she do
lifting herself and the knapsack?
c. What is the average power developed by the climber?
22. A 12.0-m long conveyor belt, inclined at 30.0°, is used to
transport bundles of newspapers from the mailroom up to the
cargo bay to be loaded on to delivery trucks. Each newspaper has
a mass of 1.0 kg, and there are 25 newspapers per bundle.
Determine the power of the conveyor if it delivers 15 bundles per
minute.

23. An engine moves a boat through the water at a constant speed of

15 m/s. The engine must exert a force of 6.0 × 103 N to balance
the force that water exerts against the hull. What power does the
engine develop?

24. A car is driven at a constant speed of 76 km/h down a road. The

car’s engine delivers 48 kW of power. Calculate the average force
that is resisting the motion of the car.
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENTS
Group #: Date measurement tool. Can you think of an example of a measurement where the
Performed: uncertainty is greater than the precision of the measurement tool?
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date
Submitted: One method to estimate the precision of a measurement is to repeat the
1. 6. Grade measurement several times. When you measure a value several times and get
2. 7. slightly different results, you express your measured value as x0±x where x0 is
3. 8. the average value form your measurements and x is called the uncertainty and is
4. 9. half the deviation from the largest to smallest measured values.
5 10.
Note that the number of significant figures you include in your results is
limited by the number of significant figures in the least precise measurement in
Experiment #1 your data. Suppose you measured the circumference to be C = 5.08 cm (which
MEASUREMENT AND PRECISION has 3 significant figures) and you measured the diameter to be D=1.48 cm (which
also has 3 significant figures). According to your calculator, the ratio C/D is equal
Objective to 3.432432432. This has 10 significant figures! You must round off this answer
To determine the value of 𝜋 from the ratio of the circumference to the to three significant figures and write C/D = 3.43.
diameter of a circle.
Numbers containing too many significant figures are wrong because they
Materials imply a precision that is not justified by your measurements! For the same reason
5 different bottle covers (provided by the students) quantities calculated from measured values that do not include the uncertainty
Ruler (provided by the students) are wrong. To reiterate, your final result should never have more significant
Vernier caliper figures than your least precise measurement, and should always be written with
Bond paper the associated uncertainty.

Theory Procedure
It has been known since ancient times that the ratio of the circumference 1. Measure the diameter D of each bottle cover using Vernier caliper. Do it
for three trials. Record your data.
of a circle to its diameter is equal to the transcendental number represented by𝜋.
2. Determine the circumference C of each bottle cover. To determine, cut
That is,
the paper into one centimeter wide paper tapes. Wrap a piece of paper
𝑪 tape around the bottle cover and fold at meeting points. Then lay the
𝝅= paper straight without removing the folds and measure its length. This
𝑫 length equals circumference C. Do it for three trials. Record your data.
The instruments you use to measure this have a limit to their precision. 3. Compute the value of 𝜋 by finding the ratio of the circumference to the
You will have to estimate to the nearest mark on the scale you use (use diameter of each bottle cover.
centimeters!). As a general rule your uncertainty in a measurement can never be 4. Determine your measured value of 𝜋 by averaging the results from each
less than ±1/2 of the smallest ruled increment on your measurement tool, but can cover.
be higher if there are larger sources of uncertainty than those inherent in the
 5. Determine the percentage error of each value of𝜋 you have calculated Conclusion
and the accepted value of 𝜋=3.14159… Your accepted value of 𝜋should
only contain the same number of significant figures as your calculated
value.

|𝑇𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉| |𝜋𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝜋𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 |

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100 = × 100
𝑇𝑉 𝜋𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑

Data and Results

Bottle 𝑪 Average
Cover Diameter D Circumference C 𝝅=
𝑫 of 𝝅
#
Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial Trial
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Guide Questions:
1
1. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
2 2. In your own words, what do you mean by uncertainty of measurement?

Computations:
Group #: Date Vector addition is the process of finding the single vector which will
Performed: produce the same effect produced by the given vectors. The single vector is
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date called Resultant. In other words, resultant is the sum of all vectors. Graphical and
Submitted: Analytical methods are the solutions in adding two or more vectors.
1. 6. Grade
2. 7. Procedure
3. 8.
4. 9. Note: only 1 rubber band will be used on each Cartesian plane.
5 10. 1st Cartesian plane
1. Draw a Cartesian plane on 1/8 illustration board.
2. Position the first push pin at the origin of the Cartesian plane.
Experiment #2 3. Tie the rubber band at the first push pin with a length of 4cm going +x-
Addition of Vectors axis.
4. Position the second push pin at the end of 4cm length rubber band.
Objective 5. Tie the rubber band at the second push pin with a length of 3cm going
To determine the resultant vector using graphical and analytical method. +y-axis.
6. Position the third push pin at the end of 3cm length rubber band.
Materials (all materials should be provided by the students) 7. Determine the length of the rubber band form the first push pin up to the
Rubber band last push pin.
Push Pins
Ruler 2nd Cartesian plane
Protractor 1. Draw another Cartesian plane on 1/8 illustration board.
1/8 Illustration board 2. Position the first push pin at the origin of the Cartesian plane.
3. Tie the rubber band at the first push pin with a length of 6cm going +x-
Theory axis.
Scalar quantities are quantities that tell the magnitude of an object. 4. Position the second push pin at the end of 6cm length rubber band.
Magnitude refers to a number with corresponding unit that tells us the amount or 5. Tie the rubber band at the second push pin with a length of 9cm and
the size of an object that is being described. direction of 45 degrees below +x-axis.
6. Position the third push pin at the end of 9cm length rubber band.
Vector quantities are quantities that tell the magnitude and direction of an 7. Determine the length of the rubber band form the first push pin up to the
object. Direction refers to an angle measure with respect to the reference axis, last push pin.
and also by the four cardinal directions, North, East, South and West.
3rd Cartesian plane
A vector is drawn using a ray, a line segment with an arrowhead at one 1. Draw another Cartesian plane on 1/8 illustration board.
end. The length of the ray indicates the magnitude and the arrowhead indicates 2. Position the first push pin at the origin of the Cartesian plane.
the direction of the vector. 3. Tie the rubber band at the first push pin with a length of 5cm going +x-
axis.
 4. Position the second push pin at the end of 5cm length rubber band.
5. Tie the rubber band at the second push pin with a length of 7cm and 2nd Cartesian
direction of 60 degrees above +x-axis.
6. Position the third push pin at the end of 7cm length rubber band.
7. Tie the rubber band at the third push pin with a length of 9cm and
direction of 135 degrees form +x-axis.
8. Determine the length of the rubber band form the first push pin up to the
last push pin.
9.
Date and Results

1st Cartesian 2nd Cartesian 3rd Cartesian

Plane Plane Plane
Length of
Rubber Band
from first push
pin to the last
push pin

Computation: Verify the length of the rubber band using the analytical method.
3RD Cartesian
1st Cartesian:
 Conclusion

Guide Questions:
1. Give 5 examples of vector and scalar quantity.
2. Graph the following vectors using polygon and parallelogram method.
𝐴⃑ = 5𝑐𝑚, 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 ⃑⃑ = 8𝑐𝑚, 𝑁𝑊
𝐵
3. Compute the resultant vector of the given vectors in item #2.
4. Determine the resultant vector. 𝐴⃑ = 2𝑚, 𝑊 𝐵 ⃑⃑ = 4𝑚, 𝑆𝐸 𝐶⃑ =
6𝑚, 𝑁 ⃑⃑ = 8𝑚, 𝐸
𝐷
 changes. When applying the formula, you must make sure that x is used to
Group #: Date represent distance travelled.
Performed: 𝒙
𝒗=
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date 𝒕
Submitted:
1. 6. Grade Average velocity, given the symbol 𝑣⃗, is defined as displacement, or
2. 7. change in position, over time. It tells you the rate at which an object's
3. 8. displacement, or position, changes. To calculate the vector quantity average
4. 9. velocity, you divide the vector quantity displacement by time.
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
5 10. ⃑⃗ =
𝒗
𝒕

Procedure
Experiment #3
One Dimensional Motion
1. Move 10m going east from the starting line then move 5m north.
2. One team member will perform each of the tasks in the table below
Objective
while the other student records the amount of time it takes to complete
To determine the speed and velocity.
each task.
3. Trade positions with your teammate and record the second set of data.
Materials
4. Answer the questions on the back of this worksheet with using the
Measured area to perform the tests (20 meters)
data you just gathered.
Stopwatch
Meter stick

Theory
An object's position refers to its location at any given point in time.
Position is a vector, and its magnitude is given by the symbol x. If we confine our
study to motion in one dimension, we can define how far an object travels from its
initial position as its distance. Distance, as defined by physics, is a scalar. It has
a magnitude, or size, only. The basic unit of distance is the meter (m).
Besides distance, in physics it is also helpful to know how far an object is
from its starting point, or its change in position. The vector quantity displacement
(xf-xi) describes how far an object is from its starting point, and the direction of the
displacement vector points from the starting point to the finishing point. Like
distance, the units of displacement are meters.
Average speed, given the symbol v, is defined as distance travelled
divided by time, and it tells you the rate at which an object's distance travelled
 Date and Results Graph of Speed vs Velocity

1.2
Time Speed Velocity
Tasks Distance(m) Displacement(m)
(seconds) (m/s) (m/s) 1

Duck 0.8
walking
0.6

Walking 0.4 Speed

Velocity
0.2
Walking
backwards 0

Speed
Walking

Hopping

Conclusion
Tiptoe
Walking

Computations:
Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between speed and velocity?
2. Is it possible that the magnitude of speed is also the magnitude of the
velocity? Why?
3. A man walked from point A to F following the route in the grid below in
3250 seconds. Determine
a) the average speed, in m/s, for the whole journey.
b) the magnitude of the displacement.
c) the magnitude of the average velocity, in m/s, for the whole journey.
  Velocity tells the speed and direction of a moving object.
 Acceleration tells us the rate speed or direction changes.
Group #: Section: Date
Performed: Procedure
Activity A
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date
Place the plunger cart 30cm away from the motion sensor. Hold
Submitted:
the cart then click start in your data studio. Draw the graph and discuss.
1. 6. Grade
2. 7. Activity B
3. 8. Slightly push the cart then draw the graph and discuss.
4. 9.
Activity C
5 10.
Place the cart at the other end of the track opposite the motion
sensor. Slightly push the cart towards the motion sensor and making
sure it moves in a steady velocity without hitting the motion sensor. Draw
Experiment #4 the graph and discuss.
Motion Graphs
Activity D
Objective Place the plunger cart 30cm away from the motion sensor. Push
To analyze the motion of a given particle using position vs time and the cart away from the motion sensor and making sure it will go back to
velocity vs time. its starting position. Draw the graph and discuss.

Materials
1 Laptop
1 Motion sensor
1 USB Link
1 Plunger cart
1 2.2m track
Theory

Describing the motion of an object is occasionally hard to do with words.

Sometimes graphs help make motion easier to picture, and therefore understand.

Remember:

 Motion is a change in position measured by distance and time.

 Speed tells us the rate at which an object moves.
Data and Results

Activity A Activity B

Interpretation: Interpretation:
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Activity C Activity D

Interpretation: Interpretation:
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Conclusion

Guide Questions:
The distance-time graphs below represent the motion of a car. Match the
descriptions with the graphs and reasons.

Descriptions:
1. The car is stopped.
2. The car is traveling at a constant speed.
3. The speed of the car is decreasing. Reasons:
4. The car is coming back. a. A downward sloping line means the object is returning to the start.
b. Time is increasing to the right, but its distance does not change. It is not moving.
c. Time is increasing to the right, and distance is increasing constantly with time.
The object moves at a constant speed.
d. A downward sloping line means the object is slowing down.
Group #: Section: Date KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR FREELY FALLING BODIES
Performed:
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒈𝒕 (𝟏)
Submitted:
𝒈𝒕𝟐
1. 6. Grade 𝒚𝒇 − 𝒚𝒐 = 𝒗𝒐 𝒕 + (𝟐)
𝟐
2. 7.
3. 8. 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒐 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒚 (𝟑)
4. 9.
5 10. In freely falling bodies, the initial velocity is equal to zero therefore

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒈𝒕

Experiment #5 And the time it will reach the ground is computed by

Freely Falling Bodies
𝟐𝒚
Objective 𝒕=√
To determine the time an object will reach the ground. 𝒈

Materials Procedures
2 Projectile balls with different masses 1 marble 1. Use the 2.2m track (for height purpose only) and make sure it is
1 Stopwatch vertically straight.
1 2.2m track 2. Hold the ball 2m above the ground then release the object.
Theory 3. Record the time it will reach the ground.
4. Repeat up to three (3) trials.
Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of only gravity. 5. Do it again this time with the use of the other objects.
The velocity change is the same in each time interval, so the acceleration is
constant. Aristotle thought that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones, but
Galileo showed that all bodies fall at the same rate. If there is no air resistance,
the downward acceleration of any freely falling object is g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2. An
object is in free fall even when it is moving upward.
 Data and Results Guide Questions:
1. Using a ¼ pc of paper. Release it 2m above the ground. What happen?
Trial Trial Trial Average Computed % Computed %
Object Vfinal
1 2 3 Time Time Error Vfinal Error

Marble 2. Crumple a ¼ paper and release it 2m above the ground. What happen?

Projectile
Ball
(yellow)
3. Which of the two reaches the ground first? Why?
Projectile
Ball
(silver)

Conclusion:
Computation:
Group #: Section: Date FRICTION FORCE - This force occurs when a surface resists
Performed: sliding of an object and is parallel to the surface. Friction is a
Members: (in alphabetical order) Date contact force.
Submitted:
TENSION FORCE - A pulling force exerted on an object by a
1. 6. Grade rope or cord. This is a contact force.
2. 7.
3. 8. WEIGHT - The pull of gravity on an object. This is a long-range
force.
4. 9.
5 10. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF FORCES

Use a vector arrow to represent the magnitude and direction of

Experiment #6 the given forces.
FORCE EQUILIBRANT

Objective: To determine the equilibrant force.

Materials:
Force table
Super pulley with clamp
Mass hanger
Set of weights
Ruler or meter stick

Theory:
A force is a push or pull of an object. It is an interaction between two
objects or between an object and its environment. Force is a vector quantity, it
has magnitude and direction.

FOUR COMMMON TYPES OF FORCES

NORMAL FORCE - When an object pushes on a surface, the surface

pushes back on the object perpendicular to the surface. This is a contact
force.
 Several forces acting at a point on an object have the same effect as 4. Compare and compute the percentage error of the equilibrant.
their vector sum
acting at the same point. B. Three forces
1. Set up three forces (get raw data from your instructor). (Note: weight of
mass hanger is included on the weights.)
2. Determine the equilibrant experimentally by displacing the central ring of
the force table.
3. Determine the equilibrant analytically by the principle of cosine and sine
law, Pythagorean Theorem or by the component method.
4. Compare and compute the percentage error of the equilibrant.

Data and Results

The vector sum of all the forces on an A. Two forces

object is called the resultant of the forces Experimental (EV) Analytical (TV)
or the net force.
force weight angle force weight angle

⃑⃑𝟏
𝑭 20 ⃑⃑𝟏
𝑭

⃑𝑭⃑𝟐 45 ⃑𝑭⃑𝟐

Procedure

A. Two forces ∑ ⃑𝑭⃑ ∑ ⃑𝑭⃑

1. Set up two forces (get raw data from your instructor). (Note: weight of mass
hanger is included on the weights.)
2. Determine the equilibrant experimentally by displacing the central ring of
the force table.
3. Determine the equilibrant analytically by the principle of cosine and sine
law, Pythagorean Theorem or by the component method.
 Computation:
B. Three forces
Two forces Three forces Percentage error of ∑ ⃑𝑭⃑
Experimental (EV) Analytical (TV)
|𝑻𝑽 − 𝑬𝑽|
force weight angle Force weight angle ⃑⃑
∑𝑭 ⃑⃑
∑𝑭 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 =
𝑻𝑽
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Two forces:
⃑⃑𝟏
𝑭 30 ⃑⃑𝟏
𝑭

⃑𝑭⃑𝟐 75 ⃑𝑭⃑𝟐

Three forces:

⃑⃑𝟑
𝑭 135 ⃑⃑𝟑
𝑭

⃑⃑
∑𝑭 ⃑⃑
∑𝑭

Conclusion:
REFERENCE

University Physics 14th by Young and Freedman

Calculus-Based Physics by Serway and Jewett

Physics for Scientists and Engineers by Serway and Jewett

Physics For Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Physics Principles and Problems by Glencoe, McGraw-Hill

Lecture Guide and Laboratory Manual in College Physics by The

Committee on Physics, Polytechnic University of the
Philippines, Sta. Mesa Manila

Laboratory Manual in Physics by Cynthia C. Llanes, Elizabeth R. Pader,

Gerardo C. Malab, Ariel H. Magat

Worktext for Calculus-Based Physics 1 by Amparo Faraon