Charge:

There are two types of Charges

1) Positive Charge
2) Negative Charge

- Same charges repel each other and different charges

attract each other

- SI unit of charge is Coulomb (C)

- 1 Coulomb means 6.24 x 1018 electrons

- An electron has negative charge of 1.6 x 10-19 C

Electric Current:

- The rate of flow of charge is called Current

- Movement of Electrons makes Current

- In an electric circuit the direction of electric current is
taken as opposite to the direction of the flow of
electrons.

- Means if electrons are moving in Left then current is

moving in Right direction

- The unit of electric current is Ampere

Q
- I= where I = Current, Q = Charge and t = time
t

- 1 Ampere current may be defined as the flow of one

coulomb of charge per second.

- Current is measured by Ammeter and Ammeter is always

connected in Series.
Electric Circuit:

- Closed path of an electric current is called Electric

circuit.

- If the Circuit is broken anywhere the current stops

flowing.

- Electricity flows in the circuit from the Positive Terminal

of the cell to the negative terminal of the cell.
Electric Potential:

- The amount of work done in bringing a unit positive

charge from infinity to that point is called Electric
Potential.

- The unit of electric potential is Voltage.

- Positive Charge move from Higher Potential to Lower

Potential
Whereas Electrons moves from Lower to Higher
Potential.

Potential Difference:

Cell/ Battery की Power को Potential Difference बोलते है

जैसे TV Remote का cell कुछ दिनोों use करने के बाि ख़तम हो जाता है
मतलब उसका Potential Difference कम हो गया है , नए Cell/
Battery का Potential Difference ज्यािा होता है उसे use करने पर
Potential Difference कम होता जाता है time के साथ
- The amount of work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from one point to another point is called Potential
difference.

- Potential difference is created by cell or a Battery.

W
- V= where V = Potential Difference, W = Workdone,
Q
Charge = Q

- SI unit of Potential difference is

Volt (V)

- Potential difference is measured by Voltameter and

Voltmeter is always connected in Parallel.
Circuit Diagram:

- An electric circuit contains a cell (or a battery),

connecting wires, Plug key and electrical components.

SWITCH OFF SWITCH ON

- Symbols used in Circuit Diagram

Ohm’s Law:

- The current passing through a circuit is directly

proportional to the potential difference (Voltage)

- Potential Difference ∝ Electric Current

V ∝ I
V = IR
Here R is constant for the given conductor and is called
Resistance.

- Ohm’s Law is valid only when temperature is constant.

If temperature changes resistance also changes दजसकी
वजह से Ohm’s Law भी change हो जाता है
Resistance:

- Something that opposes the flow of current that is called

Resistance.

V
- R=
I

- The SI unit of Resistance is ohm (Ω)

- The electrical appliance which is used to oppose the
current is called Resistor.

- Variable resistance (Rheostat) is the component used to

increase or decrease current without changing the
Voltage.

Factors affecting Resistance

1) Length of conductor –

अगर wire लम्बा होगा तो Resistance भी ज्यािा होगा

और अगर wire छोटा है तो Resistance भी कम होगा

Short Wire Low Resistance

Long Wire High Resistance

2) Area of Cross- Section –

अगर wire मोटा है तो Resistance कम होगा

और अगर wire पतला है तो Resistance ज्यािा होगा

Thick Wire Low Resistance

Thin Wire
3) Nature of Material -

ये Wire दकस चीज़ से बना है उसपर depend करता है

जैसे Silver, Copper का Resistance कम होता है और वहीों पर
Tungsten का Resistance ज्यािा होता है

Silver has the lowest resistance among all elements

COPPER
4) Temperature -

Temperature बढ़ने से Resistance भी बढ़ जाता है

Resistivity

- Electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-

sectional area and unit length is called Resistivity
L
R=ρ
A

- Here, ρ (rho) is a constant of proportionality and is called

the electrical resistivity.

- The SI unit of resistivity is Ωm

- Resistivity also increases if temperature increases.

- Insulators have high Resistance and Resistivity

- Conductors have low Resistance and Resistivity.

Combination of Resistors:

- There are two types of Combinations of Resistors.

1) Series Combination
2) Parallel Combination

Resistance in Series

- Same Current flows through the circuit means Same

current flows through each resistor.

- Voltage will be sum of all Voltages across each resistor.

- Ohm’s Law can be applied to this combination to find

Equivalent Resistance.

Equivalent Resistance (Rs) in series combination –

Rs = R 1 + R2 + R3

- Equivalent Resistance (Rs) is always greater than each

individual resistance in series combination.
 Rs > R1
Rs > R2
Rs > R3

Resistance in Parallel

- Potential difference between the two points across

resistors are same.

- There will be different current flowing through each

resistor.

Equivalent Resistance (Rp) in series combination –

1 1 1 1
= + +
RP R1 R2 R3

- Equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel combination

is always less than the individual resistances.
 Rp < R1
Rp < R2
Rp < R3

Advantage of Parallel Combination –

- In parallel combination each appliance gets the full

voltage.

- If one appliance is switched on, others are not affected.

Heating Effect of Electric Current:

- When an electric current is passed through a conductor,

it generates heat due to the Resistance.

- Workdone = VQ

Power:

- The rate of consumption of energy in an electric circuit

is called Electric Power.

Workdone VQ Q
- Power = = =V = VI
time t t

- Heat = Power x time

= VI x t
= IR x I x t [Because V = IR]
= I2Rt
Joule’s law of heating:

Factors affecting Heat produced –

1) Current in Conductor –
Current के बढ़ने पर Heat भी बढ़े गी, जैसे Transformer के wires
में ज्यािा Current होता है इसदलए वो wire ज्यािा गमम होते हैं
Because Heat is directly proportional to the square of
current.
H ∝ I2

2) Resistance –
Resistance के बढ़ने पर गमी बढ़ती है , जैसे Bulb, Press (कपडे
इस्त्री करने वाला press) के wires में ज्यािा Resistance होता है
इदसलए वो जल्दी गमम हो जाते हैं
Because Heat is directly proportional to the Resistance.
H∝R

Electric Coil

3) Time –
अगर दकसी wire में ज्यािा िे र तक Current चलता रहे गा तो वो wire
गमम हो जाता है , जैसे काफी िे र तक Phone को चलाने से Phone भी
गमम हो जाता है (Specially PUBG खेलते वक्त 😜)
Because Heat is directly proportional to the Time.
H∝T
Electric Bulb:

- The filament of Bulb is made of Tungsten.

- Tungsten has very high melting point (3380o C)

- Bulb के अोंिर Nitrogen और Argon गैस भरी होती है जो Bulb के

wire को जलने नहीों िे ती

Electric Power:

- The rate at which electrical energy is consumed is called

Electric Power.
2
2 V
- P = VI = I R =
R

- The SI unit of Electric Power is Watt (W).

- On large scale we measure electricity or electric power

as Kilowatt (1000 Watt).

- Energy is counted in (P x t) so the unit we use to measure

energy consumption commercially in KWh.

1 kWh = 1000 watt × 1 hour = 1 unit = 1000 W × 3600 s

1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 × 106 J

 Search “Gaurav Suthar” on YouTube for more Notes.
Love You 3000

Gaurav990823@okaxis

I have made all Subject and all Chapter Notes