An UDP Report on

“Generating Electricity through Piezo Electric Transducer”

1.Kanar Nakul (160853109020)

2.Pathar Milan (160853109032)
3.Senghani Adarsh (150850109016)
4.Thacker Nipun (150850109018)
5.Vadher Raj (150850109019)

Guided by:-
Ms Barnali Keralia.

Head of the Department

Ms Barnali Keralia.

Academic year
(2018-2019)

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 HJD institute of technical education & research-KERA

Department of Electrical Engineering

2018-2019

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is certify that the BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS report entitled

“Generating electricity through piezo electric transducer “ has
been carried out by Kanar Nakul (160853109020), Pathar Milan
(160853109032), Senghani Adarsh (150850109016) , Thacker Nipun
(150850109018) & Vadher Raj (150850109019) under my guidance in
fulfillment of the B.E. in Electricall Engineering (8th Semester) of the Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2018-19.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to our Principal, Prof B.H.Keralia- HOD of electrical

department, Asst. HJD Institute of Technical Education & Research- Kera,
under whose guidance and aegis we were provided an environment
conductive to complete our Project work because it gave us an opportunity to
study in detail on subjects like gear designing. The project study was very
helpful and really helped us to gain the practical knowledge of
engineering various concepts.

And last not the least we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to
all the faculties of HJD Institute of Technical Education & Research and our
fellow mates whose helping hard was always there. It was a leading factors
in completion of this report.
We sincerely hope that this report, with its content, will prove to be
appropriate. Any suggestions for improvements are welcome.

1.Kanar Nakul (160853109020)

2.Pathar Milan (160853109032)
3.Senghani Adarsh (150850109016)
4.Thacker Nipun (150850109018)
5.Vadher Raj (150850109019)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Abstarct

CHAPTER: 01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Goal

1.2 Piezoelectricity

1.2.1History of piezoelectricity

1.2.2Piezoelectric effect

1.2.3Direct and Reverse piezoelectric effect

1.2.4 Development of Piezoelectricity

1.2.5 Types of piezoelectric material

1.2.6 Bussiness canvass model

CHAPTER: 02 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 Problem Definition

2.2 Objective of work

2.3 Scope of work

2.4 Working of piezoelectricity

2.5 Block Diagram for generation of piezoelectricity

2.6 Circuit Diagram for generation of piezoelectricity

2.7Advantages

2.8 Uses

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CHAPTER: 03 STUDY METHODOLOGY

3.1 Definition of need

3.2 Human power harassing

3.2 Power Conversion- Piezoelectricity

3.3 Design Objectives

3.4 Product Creation and Analysis

3.5 Concept of Generation

3.6 Prototype

3.7 Engineering Analysis

3.8 Objective Function

3.9 Future Scope

CHAPTER:04 RESULTS/ SOLUTIONS

4.1 Calculation

4.2 Results and finding

4.3 Conclusions

CHAPTER:05 REFRENCES

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ABSTRACT

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and
wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a
lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the
utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much
relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China
where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded
and millions of people move around the clock.

This whole human/ bio-energy being wasted if it can be made possible for
utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful
energy sources in crowded countries In this project we are generating electrical
power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on the foot
step.

Nonconventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. Non-
conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy into the
electrical energy. we have used the technique of power generation through
footsteps as a source of renewable energy that we can obtained while walking
on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate forms and these
systems can be install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas.

The basic working principle of our project “footstep power generation system”
is based on the non conventional source of energy, here using piezoelectricity.
So in order to implement this foot step power generation system we just need
the piezo elements, hence when pressure is applied on them the output can be
accordingly obtained and stored which can be further used for further
applications.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GOAL

To aim our project to generate the power using footsteps and piezoelectric
material
• Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the
form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led
to machines to enhance the use of human-power in more efficient manner. In
this context, pedal power is an excellent source of energy and has been in use
since the nineteenth century making use of the most powerful muscles in the
body. Ninety-five percent of the exertion put into pedal power is converted into
energy.

• Walking is the most common activity in day to day life. When a person walks,
he loses energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound etc.,
due to the transfer of his weight on to the road surface, through foot falls on the
ground during every step. This energy can be tapped and converted in the usable
form such as in electrical form.
•The piezoelectricity generation does not need any fuel or perhaps any sort of
energy resource, simply making use of kinetic energy. Based upon your excess
weight from a person moving on the floor, producing this type of energy will be
eco-friendly and cost effective.

• Piezoelectricity is electrical energy produced from mechanical pressure,

including motions such as walking. When pressure is applied to an object, a
negative charge is produced on the expanded side and a positive charge on the
compressed side. Once the pressure is relieved, electrical current flows across
the material

• Piezoelectric transducers are based on when pressure is applied, force or

acceleration to a quartz crystal or other piezoelectric material develops a charge
through the crystal that is proportional to the applied force. Another feature of
the crystal is that the signal generated by the crystal decays rapidly.

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• The purpose of project is to design and build an energy harvesting
demonstration system that will provide a renewable source of energy. This
project involves the use of piezo-electric transducers for harvesting energy
produced from a foot plate. The piezo-electric crystals have crystalline structure
and ability to convert the mechanical energy (stress and strain) into the electrical
energy. Whenever there is some vibrations, stress or straining force is exert by
foot on floor then these crystals evenly converts it into electric power which can
be used for charging devices via laptop, mobiles, electronic devices etc.

A single foot step causes pressure when the foot hits the floor. When the
flooring is engineered with piezoelectric technology, the electrical charge
produced by the pressure is converted to an electrical charge by piezo materials,
then stored and uses as a power source.

1.2 PIEZOELECTRICITY
Piezoelectricity is the accumulation of electric charge in some solid materials
such as crystals, ceramics, biological materials like bones, proteins DNA etc.
The electrical charge accumulates when these materials are subjected to
mechanical stress or heat.

The word Piezo electricity was derived from Greek terms Piezein meaning
squeeze or press and electric. The piezoelectricity is generated as a result of
piezoelectric effect. The Piezoelectric effect is the linear electromechanical

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interaction between the electrical and mechanical states in the crystalline
structure of the material.

 THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880’s by Pierre and Jacques Curie.
They found that when pressure is applied to certain crystals like quartz or
ceramic, an electric voltage develops across the material.
The piezoelectric effect is due to the asymmetry in the crystalline structure.
This allows the ions to move along one axis than the others.
When a mechanical stress is applied, each side of the crystal acquires opposite
charges leading to a voltage drop across the crystal. This effect is linear and the
voltage disappears when the mechanical or heat stress is removed.

1.2.1 HISTORY OF PIEZOELECTRICITY

• The first scientific publication describing the phenomenon, later termed as

piezoelectricity, appeared in 1880.The word “piezo” is a Greek word which
means “to press”. Therefore, piezoelectricity means electricity generated from
pressure – a very logical name.

• The discovery of the direct piezoelectric effect is, therefore, credited to the
Curie brothers. They did not, however, discover the converse piezoelectric
effect.

• The discovery of piezoelectricity generated significant interest within the

European scientific community. Subsequently, roughly within 30 years of its
discovery, and prior to World War I, the study of piezoelectricity was viewed as
a credible scientific activity. Issues such as reversible exchange of electrical and
mechanical energy, asymmetric nature of piezoelectric crystals, and the use of
thermodynamics in describing various aspects of piezoelectricity were studied in
this period.

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 Development of piezoceramic materials during and after World War II helped
revolutionize this field. During World War II, significant research was
performed in the United States and other countries such as Japan and the former
Soviet Union which was aimed at the development of materials with very high
dielectric constants for the construction of capacitors. Piezoceramic materials
were discovered as a result of these activities, and a number of methods for their
high-volume manufacturing were devised. The ability to build new piezoelectric
devices by tailoring a material to a specific application resulted in a number of
developments, and inventions such as: powerful sonars, Piezo ignition systems,
sensitive hydrophones and ceramic phone cartridges,toys,etc.

1.2.2 DIRECT AND REVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

The piezoelectric effect may be direct piezoelectric effect in which the electric
charge develops as a result of the mechanical stress or reverse or indirect
piezoelectric effect (Converse piezoelectric effect) in which a mechanical force
such as vibration develops due to the application of an electric field.

A typical example of direct piezoelectric effect is the generation of measurable

amount of piezoelectricity when the Lead Zirconate Titanate crystals are
deformed by mechanical or heat stress.

The Lead Zirconate Titanate crystals also shows indirect piezoelectric effect by
showing vibration when an electric potential is applied.

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 The piezoelectric effect has wide applications in sound sensors, electronic
frequency generation, Scanning Probe Microscopy such as STM, AFM etc. The
simple application of piezoelectricity is the generation of Arc in Cigarette and
Gas lighters.

1.2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF PIEZOELECTRICITY

The piezoelectric is closely related to the Electric dipole moments in solids. This
may be induced for ions on the crystal lattice or may directly carried by the
molecular groups. Dipoles tend to align in regions called Weiss domains in the
crystals. These domains are randomly oriented in the crystals. The randomly
oriented domains can be aligned properly through the process called Poling. The
poling occurs when a strong electric field is applied at high temperature. All the
piezomaterials do not show the poling phenomenon. The piezoelectricity
depends on

1. Orientation of polarization with in the crystal

2. Symmetry of crystals

3. Strength of applied mechanical or heat stress

Converse piezoelectric effect is the mechanical deformation of the crystal lattice

due to a strong electric field.

1.2.4 TYPES OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

Main type of Piezoelectric Material used are

 Quartz Crystal Polycrystalline Ceramic
- Naturally piezoelectric material artificially polarized, man-made material
- High voltage sensitivity high charge sensitivity
- Stiffness comparable to steel unlimited availability of sizes and shapes
- Exhibits excellent long term stability materials available which operate at
1000 F (540 C)
- Non-pyro electric output due to thermal transients (pyro electric)
- Low temperature coefficient characteristics vary with temperature.

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1.2.6 BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

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 KEY PARTNERS
 Dance bar owners
 School & offices
 Energy Generating companies
 High authorities for smart highwat

KEY ACTIVITIES
 Generating electricity through Piezo-electric transducer.
 Installing the whole system.

KEY RESOURCES
 Man power is needed for large scale installation.
 Financial support are needed for large scale implementation.
 Efficient components are needed for maximum output.

VALUE PROPOSITIONS
 Simple mechanism.
 Easy working.
 Pollution free.
 Cheapest in long duration working.

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
 Totally self dependent working mechanism.
 Cost effective.

CHANNELS
 Various form of advertisement.

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COSTOMERS SEGMENTS
 Major construction companies.
 Municipal corporation in constructing foothpath in city area.
 Needfull companies.
 Municipal corporation
 Mobile manufacturing companies

COST STRUCTURE
 Initial designing.
 Raw material.
 Testing of experimental model.
 Large scale manufactuing.

REVENUE STREAMS
 Cost effective on large scale implementation.
 Simple and effective mechanism.
 Requires less man power to run after installation.

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 CHAPTER:-2 AIM AND SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Energy is nothing but the ability to do the work. In our day to day life energy is
the most common resource required for sustenance. Nowadays demand of
energy is increasing day by day.

To meet that energy demand, resources are required and wasted too. Electricity
is generated through resources such as wind, hydro, solar ,etc which needs big
plans and much investment too, much maintenance and pollution also which is
not affordable to common people.

Electricity is the basic need for human beings so to utilize the amount of energy
wasted, walking is the most common activity by human being which can
generate lots of energy through vibration. And this wasted energy can be utilised
by the piezoelectric effect.

Piezoelectric effect is the effect in which the energy is generated by applying

strain. This project gives idea of increasing use of stairs, the use of stairs is also
increasing day by day as in the small building also there are several floors and
when we are stepping on that stairs, the amount of energy being wasted can be
utilised and can be converted to piezoelectricity by piezoelectric effect. Thus the
generation of power is by walking or running on footstep and also the electrical
power generated is non conventional method.

Hence our project introduces the use of non conventional source of energy
which does not need any input to generate output.

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 2.2 OBJECTIVE OF WORK

Energy crisis is the main issue of world these days. The basic motto is to
meet that energy crises anyhow. So utilisation of waste energy needs to be
employed which can be done through human footsteps.

Foot power is very relevant from the energy saving point of view
especially where there are highly populated areas. For example the energy
generation through the footsteps can be employed in the countries like
India and china where the roads, railways ,bus stands, temples, all such
places are heavily crowded through the whole day. This all human energy
is wasted which can be efficiently utiltised through the foot steps. If the
appropriate utilisation of the energy generated through human foot steps
can be made then, it will be a very useful resource of energy in the
crowded countries.

The basic idea behind the innovation is to covert the weight energy into
electrical energy. For example such a electricity generating project can be
employed in the power generating floors which basically translates the kinetic
energy to electrical power when there is application of human footsteps on that
specific area.

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 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK

In last few years the use of low power electronic devices have been increasing
rapidly which are used in large number of applications in our day to day life.
With the increase in use of low power energy consuming devices, the concept of
energy harvesting which is an alternative resource energy for human sustenance
has shown a huge importance.

The innovation can be employed in various places such

as:-

-Generated power can be used in agricultural, home applications, street

lightning.

-Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure supplies.

- Metros, rural applications, etc

-It can be used as a source for both AC and DC loads.

-It can be also used in universities.

- Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

-Power Generating Sidewalk

-Gyms and workplaces

-Mobile keypad and Keyboards

-Power generating shoes

-People powered Dance Club

-Smart Highways

-Piezoelectric Car

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 2.4 WORKING OF PIEZOELECTRICITY

Piezoelectricity is the appearance of an electrical potential across the sides of a

crystal when you subject it to mechanical stress by squeezing it.
In practice, the crystal becomes a kind of tiny battery with a positive charge on
one face and a negative charge on the opposite face; current flows if we connect
the two faces together to make a circuit. In the reverse piezoelectric effect, a
crystal becomes mechanically stressed or deformed in shape when a voltage is
applied across its opposite faces.

Piezoelectric crystal consists of multiple interlocking domains which have

positive and negative charges. These domains are symmetrical within the
crystal, causing the crystal as a whole to be electrically neutral. The
piezoelectric effect occurs when the charge balance within the crystal lattice of a
material is disturbed.

When there is no applied stress on the material, the positive and negative
charges are evenly distributed and so there is no potential difference.

To generate electrical power using footsteps one step will be enough at this level
to produced electrical energy.

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 2.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR ELECTRICITY
GENERATION THROUGH PIEZOELECTRIC SHOES

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 2.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR GENERATION OF
PIEZOELECTRICITY

This is the basic circuit for utilisation of generated energy through

piezoelectricity.
When the crystals of piezoelectric materials are squeesed, the potential is
obtained across its terminals which is in form of AC.

Then the generated AC voltage is rectified by the rectifier and stored in the
capacitor for future use. In this project the output obtained is variable and so a
bridge circuit is required. The bridge circuit basically converts the variable
voltage in linear voltage and also an ac filter is to be additionally used to filter
out the harmonics and a storage capacitor is also required. An inverter
connected to battery and battery connection provide AC load.

Also the trickle charge can be provided to a battery to recharge it.

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 2.7 COMPONENTS

CAPACITOR:

A capacitors a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference
(voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in the dielectric
that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. An
ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
measured in faraday.

DIODE:

In electronics, a diodes a two-terminal electronic component that conducts

electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor
diode, used diode in circuit are 1n4007.

FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Full-bridge rectifier is commonly used as rectifier

circuits to convert the AC output of a piezoelectric into a DC voltage. The
rectifying circuits consist of 4 diodes. The voltage needs to rectify due to the
need for constant supply of voltage light up the series of LED placed in parallel.

LEAD ACID BATTERY

An array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually

linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is
a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Battery standby power applications.
Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and
wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or
Computer data centers.

PRIMARY BATTERY

Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable

batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly
used in portable devices such as in alarm and communication circuits where

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 other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells
cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily
reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery
manufacturers recommend against attempting recharging primary cells.

SECONDARY BATTERY

Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled
with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or
secondary cells can be recharged by applying electrical current, which reverses
the chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the
appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers Loads The USB charging
converter convert 12V dc to 5V dc. It consist of IC-AD84064, capacitor, diode
and LED. All of this component convert voltage to charge device like as
Mobile, IPod, Tab, MP3 devices, and charger light etc. All the rechargeable
equipment will be charged.

2.8 ADVANTAGES OF PIEZOELECTRCITY

- This is a green solution for power generation.

- The centralisation of power is minimised.

- Even the most untouched and remote areas can also be electrified.

- Dependence of thermal electricity is minimised which in turn save nature.

- Reduces environmental pollution.

- Saves more money.

- No moving parts- long service life.

- No need of fuel input.

- Compact yet highly sensitive.

- Reliable, economical, eco-friendly.

- Provides extremely wide range of dynamic output

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 2.9 USES

The electrical power that is produced by footsteps is mostly suitable at where

the numbers of pedestrians are more and also crowdie places.

- The places such as:

- Universities

- Bus Stands

- Arrival and departure of passengers at air ports

- Shopping Mall

- Food streets

- Footpath

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 CHAPTER 3 STUDY METHODOLOGY

3.1 DEFINITION OF NEED

Before an initial survey was conducted, a simple observation of how the people
behaves when using similar products was performed.

Over fifty exercising people were observed with the goal of understanding their
preferences in electronics usage and exercise habits. The pool of subjects in this
observation was 50% male and 50% female. More people were running, 77.5%,
than walking, 12.5%, and the other 10% were either using a bike or elliptical
machine. Most were found to be using a portable media device, 72.5%. Only
one in ten exercised within a group, indicating that most people prefer to be
alone during these activities.

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 Perhaps one of the most significant observations was in how people hold their
media players during activity. The results were spread out, and it was found that
the largest group of people, 52%, keeps the portable media device on the
machine they are using. The second largest group is those who used an armband
or another kind of strap attached to the body, representing 31%. Ten percent
preferred to simply hold the device in their hand, and the smallest group, 7%,
kept the portable media players in their pockets. Overall, these observations
conveys the significant insight regarding how the people behave with such
similar products.

3.2 HUMAN POWER HARNESSING

The human body is one of the most efficient storehouses of energy, and it
dispenses parts of the stored energy during everyday activity.
As per analysis,an average person weighing 68 kilograms, or 150 pounds, and
having 15% body fat stores an amount of energy equivalent to 384 mega
joules.Even if a fraction of this energy is siphoned off, it could potentially
provide a large and renewable source of energy for mobile devices.

So, why has human power harnessing not taken off as the next big thing?

The reason is that there is no method to efficiently and directly tap into this
stored energy. Human energy must be harnessed indirectly by utilizing the
forces expended on daily activities like walking, running, and sweating.
The everyday human activities consume power at a rate of 80 to 1630 watts.
While it is important to note that any technique that parasitically harvests
background energy from human activity would need to be completely
unobtrusive to be commonly adopted, it is certainly feasible to scavenge a
percentage of this energy for powering a mobile phone or mobile multimedia
device without putting an onerous load on the user.

Energy Expended in Typical Human Activities is evident that the largest usable
source of waste energy is that dissipated into the ground and shoes while
walking, which is estimated to be around 67 watts.

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 3.3POWER CONVERSION- PIEZOELECTRICS

Though the power expended during locomotion is readily available, it is

difficult to efficiently tap that energy without being obtrusive.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab has researched the
methods of converting human footfall pressure into useful energy, with a
concentration on using piezoelectric materials and inertia rotary generators.

In order to develop a working prototype of a military boot equipped with a

power harvesting bimorph composed of piezoelectric elements developed by;
this boot was capable of producing approximately 80 mW at its peak and
averaged 2 mW using a polyvinylidene difluoride piezoelectric element within
a civilian shoe, has shown the ability to generate a peak power of 20 mW with
an average of 1 mW.

3.4DESIGN OBJECTIVES

From the literature review and patent search, the following major design
objectives for the piezoelectric shoe:

1) The power output must be enough to charge an iPod, providing 5 volts and
0.5 amps. This need not be a constant supply.

2) Additional costs due to the generator and circuitry should be minimized for
the competitive market. The shoe should aim for an increase in 20% over its
non-energy harvesting counterpart. The shoe may not exceed the cost of the
most expensive running shoe currently on the market.

3) The output port should be compatible and easily attachable to a variety of

mobile electronic devices.

4) The shoe should meet the same comfort standards as other running shoes on
the market.

5) The shoe should emulate the standard look of a running shoe to comfort to
expectations.

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 3.5 PRODUCT CREATION AND ANALYSIS

After identifying the design objectives, the possible solutions to the problem.
The conceptual solutions that were generated all revolve around the idea that the
shoe can be used to generate power, which can subsequently charge an iPod,
cell phone, or other portable electronic.
The concepts are classified into the three key aspects of the product:

1) energy harvesting

2) energy utilization

3) mechanics of connecting the shoe and electronics.

3.6 CONCEPT GENERATION

The concepts relied on the state of the art piezoelectric devices. With these
technologies, it is known that electrical energy can be generated from kinetic
motion; the key questions for this product were therefore, where and how should
the piezoelectric devices be implemented to produce the optimal shoe.

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 One concept to establish the general location of the devices was to embed the
electronics into the sole of a shoe.Energy generating shoes generally have three
layers in the sole, the insole, midsole, and outsole, so it makes perfect sense to
sandwich the electronics within the midsole, using the surrounding material to
protect it from damage.
The second concept was to create an “extra sole” that could be attached
underneath the outsole. This idea could feasibly adapted but it would be much
thicker due to the need for an additional outsole to protect the electronics and
provide the user with traction. The final idea regarding where to place the
electronics is as an additional insole.

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 Most insoles are easily replaceable without any tools or permanent alteration to
the shoe, and this has been taken advantage of with products.

This concept could be adapted to any shoe, but again it would require a degree
of thickness for user comfort and protection of the electronics. Another
important consideration was how to arrange the piezoelectric devices and
circuitry. This issue is directly related to the pressure distribution along the sole
of a typical athletic shoe. During walking and running, the sole experiences
higher pressures in the back, or the heel area of the foot, as well as the front, or
ball area of the foot. The lower pressure areas are on the sides and arch of the
foot.

For the system to generate energy, the piezoelectric devices should experience
tension or compression, and the electronic circuitry should be reasonably
protected from deformation.

The ideas that were generated were to place piezoelectric devices in the ball,
heel, or both, and to place the electronic circuitry in the arch or outside the shoe.
The second important aspect of the product is in the energy utilization.

The initial idea behind the product was to have the ability to charge an iPod or
other electronic device. The easiest solution to implement would be to design
the shoe for the ability to charge a specific model of the iPod, requiring only one
output connection type from the internal electronics. To create a broader
consumer base, another idea was to develop connections for different types of
iPods as well as other portable media players. These could either come built into
the shoe in specific shoes sold to be compatible with specific media players or
as separate accessories to the shoe. A third idea was generated to create a sort of
compromise between the first two, which was to place the iPod on the thigh via
a special strap. It generates energy from the shoe to the thigh, and then connect
the headphones to the iPod on the thigh.

For other devices and batteries, the best idea would be to keep the device near
the shoe, such as on an ankle strap or somehow connected to the shoe itself.
When the shoe is not in use or not being used to charge, the team considered
hiding the electrical wire or connection in a zipper pocket, tucked into the shoe,
or as a retractable wire.

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 3.7 PROTOTYPE

The prototypes is developed in order to test the feasibility of the product. Based
on the analysis, we developed a test circuit and realized that piezoelectric shoe is
capable of producing sufficient power to run our systems.

The primary objective of the final prototype was to prove product feasibility.
Here we designed a circuit that would harness voltage spikes coming from the
piezoelectric input and convert it into usable electricity. The circuit converts
voltage spikes into DC voltage. The rectified input is then passed through a DC-
DC converter that reduces these spikes and creates a constant voltage. The
circuit will also involve a capacitor which would store the current until a trigger
switches the capacitor to release current to an electronic device that is connected
to the system. The energy harvesting circuit illustrates a simplified energy
harvesting circuit where a piezoelectric input is rectified and the converted
energy is stored in a capacitor or similar energy storage device. Based on our
analysis, the team inferred that the piezoelectric material produces a sufficient

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 amount of electricity upon excitation. If this material covers the front portion of
the shoe, there is ample space to position the circuit box in the heel. It should be
noted that the heel of the shoe has a thick cushion layer and does not undergo
circuit will be secure and insulated in the shoe large amount of bending.

3.8 PRODUCT ANALYSIS

Based on consumer surveys and observations, the piezoelectric power shoe is
expected to meet certain criteria in engineering performance and aesthetic and
emotional design. Here the analysis is performed to ensure that these conditions
have been met by the current design.

3.9 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

The main objective of the design, from an engineering standpoint, is to
maximize the power generation capabilities of the shoe while maintaining
certain applicable design constraints
To maintain the integrity of the shoe,this objective is based on the choice-based
conjoint results of the survey, which indicated that the power generation

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 capability is the most important design aspect over weight and compatibility in
the eyes of the customer.

3.10 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

To compose the objective function, there is a need to look at all of the variables
that will impact the objective to maximize the power output of the shoe.

The amount or total volume will be a crucial variable to determine the amount
of power. A second variable is the efficiency of the circuitry, and the third in
this case is the effectiveness of the piezoelectric material.

While this function seems simple and uninteresting for the time being, it will
provide an accurate way to model the power output of this particular shoe
design as future changes occur in technology and costs.

The constants for this equation are the use of standard 40-micron, 6.72 x 0.86
inch strips, the size of the 10.5-size sample shoe, and a jogging frequency of
1.25 Hz per foot. Uncontrollable parameters include differing forces and
pressures applied to the shoe by different people as well as the weather and
terrain through which the user will run.

The function being evaluated must have two major constraints. The First is that
the area and arrangement of the piezoelectric elements must not exceed the area
of the sole of the shoe. However, this turns out to not be an issue, since the
material is very thin and can be arranged in layers. Thus, we will modify the
constraint to take on the volume of piezoelectric material, which must be set to a
maximum at the product of the area of the front portion of the sole of the shoe
and the maximum thickness, which we will set to one-half of a centimeter, or 5
millimeters.
The second constraint is the cost of the PVDF. Looking at the high cost and
relatively low output of the piezoelectric materials, it will be unreasonable to
capture the cost at 20% above the normal shoe price. In time, research and
advances in the core technologies will drive the costs down and the efficiencies
up. With an effective circuit to convert the mechanical energy to electrical
energy, the power generation capability is mostly dependent on the amount of
piezoelectric material in the shoe

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 3.11FUTURE CONCEPTS

We have identified many potential design improvements that can be made to

the current product to make it more marketable.

For example:

a) Induction charging with the circuit built into the shoe: By using induction
energy transfer technology), the power generated can be transferred to portable
electronic devices eliminating the need for exposed jacks or adaptors. Using this
technology the inefficiencies caused due to dust and moisture can be reduced.

b) Induction transfer of piezo-generated energy: Another off-shoot concept of

induction transfer is the use of inductors to transfer directly the energy
developed by the piezo film to an external circuit. This way the circuit can be
built into the adaptor casing and not in the shoe. Cost of the overall product can
be significantly brought down as the circuit would be easier to build and
package.

c) Potential of MEMS and VLSI: Micro-electro-mechanical Systems (MEMS)

is a rapidly developing field. There is already research being done on energy
harvesting using MEMS technology. Utilizing these technologies the size and
possible the cost of the product can be brought down. Very-Large-Scale
Integration (VLSI) is another technology that could bring down the size of the
circuit to possibly a single chip, making the circuit more energy efficient.
Together using MEMS and VLSI, the density of energy conversion devices per
shoe can be significantly improved.
Though piezoelectric material has the property of converting mechanical energy
into electrical energy but developing piezoelectric generators is challenging
because of their poor source characteristics such as high voltage, low current,
high impedance and relatively low power output.

In the past these challenges have limited the development and application of
piezoelectric generators. The main limitation of our project is we could not
amplify the current or power from source to charge our battery faster with less
steps. Another problem is to find the better piezoelectric transducer in nearby
region. Here we have used several crystalline structures along with the
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 piezoelectric transducer as the thickness of these transducers is much less. So
these transducers could break by people pressure. But, finally we managed with
our mechanical structure to give the strength and got maximum output as mW
range.

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 CHAPTER:-4 RESULTS/SOLUTIONS

4.1 CALCULATIONS

Newton second law of motion

Newton’s 2nd law is defined as

“The acceleration of an object produce by force is directly proportional to

magnitude of the force, in the same direction as the net force and inversely
proportional to mass of the body.”

Mathematically

F =ma

Where

F = force exerted

m = weight of body

a = 9.8 m/

The unit of force is N which is equal to

N = kg

8.2 Einstein Mass-Energy equivalence

If mass of any object is multiplied to the square of speed of light will give us
energy of that object because the speed of light is very large number and
multiplied by itself, this equation point out how a small amount of matter can
release a huge amount of energy, as in a nuclear reaction.
Mathematically

E=m

The unit of energy is joule which is equal to

J = kg

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 J = N-m

As
N = kg
Calculation

Power estimation is found by some calculation i.e. first we have to find the
magnitude of force that is exerted by human foot on the ground because without
it we cannot find the power output. From a research there is a supposition that
while walking human exert force which is 1-1.5 times of his body weight. Now
assuming that the average weight of a student is 80 KG (including men and
women with their books, laptops, bags etc), the force can be calculated as

F = 80 9.8

F = 784 N

So approximately we take it 800N. To convert it into work done or energy we

will use

J = N-m

We will find the displacement and then the answer will be in J/step. So now
need to convert it into KWh as we know

1 kWh = 3.6 J

Finally we can find the units produced from one person and we can easily find
the total output of the day .

4.2 RESULTS AND FINDING

In 1 square ft. I used 12 piezoelectric

transducers.

As piezo transducers power generating varies with different steps, get

Minimum voltage=1 V per step

Maximum voltage=10.5 V per step

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Here we took an average of 50 Kg weight pressure from single person.
Considering the steps of a 50 Kg weighted single person, the average calculation
is:

It takes 800 steps to increase 1 V charge in battery.

So, to increase 12 V in battery total steps needed =(12 × 800) =9600 steps

As we will implement our project in a populated area where foot step as source
will available, I took an average of 2 steps in 1 second.

For 9600 steps time needed =9600/(60 × 2) =80 minutes. (Approximately)

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38 | P a g e
 Here we are connecting 8 piezoelectric transducers in parallel and the output is
given to bridge rectifier, the output obtained from piezoelectric transducer is ac
in nature and hence a rectifier is needed to convert ac to dc, which is here made
by connecting diode.The output from bridge rectifier is given to the
capacitor for filtering and from capacitor it is given to the LED connected to it.
When pressure is applied on the piezoelectric transducers, the LED glows which
shows that electricity is generated.

4.3 CONCLUSION

As the number of popular portable electronic devices increases almost

exponentially, the need for a portable energy device at a similar rater. Though
battery technology has come a long way, batteries still have a very low energy
density. The obvious need is to continously and efficiently.

The development of power-harvesting consumer products has proven that there

is a large potential in energy-harvesting from human motion. Using
piezoelectric materials, powerharvesting products were developed and
theoretically proven to generate enough energy to power regular portable
electronic devices. There is still a considerable amount of work needed to
improve the efficiency of the power-harvesting circuit and the overall
packaging. Overall, the potential energy harvesting is enormous, and the
products have the capability of revolutionizing the ways in which people
generate electricity and even exercise.

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 CHAPTEER:-5 REFRENCES
I. Electronic devices and circuit theory by Robert L.Boylestad and Louis
Nashlsky
II. Knight, Jones, & Field, “College Physics” (2007) p. 815
III. “Energy harvesting” How it works: Science and technology (third edition)
volume 13 by Marshall Caven Dish
IV. Nilsson J Thorstensson, a ground reaction forces at different speeds of
human walking and running. Act Physiologica Scandinavica. Vol 136
V. Bedford, B. D.; Haft, R. G. et al. (1963). Ideology of Inverter Circuits.
City New York and John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-96134-46
VI. Standard Reference Designations for Electrical and Electronics Parts and
Equipment’s: IEEE 200-1975
VII. Kendal J C (2001). “Power harvesting shoe.” IEEE seminar, 2003.
VIII. Henning, E. (2002). The Human Foot During Locomotion - Applied
Research for footwear.

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